Ezilwandle nakulwandle lomhlaba wonke kukhona inani elikhulu lezinhlanzi nezilwane zasemanzini. Abamele izilobe ezinkulu kakhulu nezizidlayo kakhulu akuvamile ukubhukuda ziye ogwini. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi abadobi noma izivakashi ezikebheni zobumnandi ziyakwazi ukubona izinhlanzi ezinekhala elide, igama elingalazi. Nanku umbuzo ophakamayo: luhlobo luni lwenhlanzi futhi kungani luyikhala elinje?

Umbhalo: Eduard Matveev · Novemba 6, 2016

Kungani inhlanzi inekhala elide?

Ososayensi bake bakholelwa ukuthi kudingeka impumulo ende ukuze kudwetshwe ukudla okuvela olwandle. Kuyiqiniso, ikhala lisebenza njengesikhali sezinaliti zenhlanzi, kodwa, njengoba kwenzeka ezifundweni zakamuva, lesi sitho sibuye senze omunye umsebenzi.

• Izinaliti zenaliti zibamba kahle ukufakwa kwamandla kagesi okwenziwe abanye abahlala olwandle noma abadobi abangena emanzini ngenjongo yokuphangwa. Kuvela ukuthi ikhala lisindisa inhlanzi ekufeni, futhi ayidingi amehlo ayo. Inhlanzi enekhala elide iyizwa kalula ingozi, ngenxa yalesi “simo sephunga” ingathatha ikhava noma ihlasele ngesikhathi.
• Umsebenzi ofanayo wenza ikhala le-paddlefish. Ucwaningo oluningi selukhombisile ukuthi uyayizwa indlela abanye babameleli befauna amakhilomitha athile. Ekhaleni futhi liyamsiza ukuba ajahe futhi ashaye inyamazane yakhe. Le nhlanzi enekhala elide elibukhali ifakwe ku-Red Book njengezinhlobo ezingandile noma ezisengozini.

Indawo yokuhlala yenhlanzi

Kutholakala iliva emigodini yoLwandle lweCaspian Aral. Iyatholakala nasezisekelweni ze-Azov nama-Black Seas, kodwa kuphela ezimweni ezingandile. Iliva kungokwenhlanzi ezifudukayo. KuLwandle lweCaspian, zitholakala ikakhulu eningizimu, kuthi lapho ziphonseke ziwele eMfuleni iKura ngesikhathi sokuhluma. Engxenyeni ye-Iranian, baya ukuvela eSefidrud. KwiVolga, le nhlanzi ayivamile. Kepha kukhona ameva ambalwa eMfuleni i-Ural.

Ameva (Acipenser nudiventris).

Phambilini oLwandle i-Aral, iliva laliyizinhlobo eziningi futhi kwakunguyena kuphela owayemele ama-sturgeon, kodwa ngemuva kokuba abantu behlukanise ama-sturgeon olwandle, inani leva lancipha. Ngesikhathi sokuhlakazeka, isipoki sikhuphuka phezulu emfuleni i-Amu Darya neSyr Darya, ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-2600. Isigaxa sihlala futhi esigodini sase-Ili-Balkhash.

Ukuvula nokudla

Isikhathi sokuphila kwale nhlanzi eyi-sturgeon singadlula iminyaka engama-30. Ubude bomzimba bungafinyelela amasentimitha angama-214, futhi isisindo singaba amakhilogremu angama-30. OLwandle i-Aral, iningi lezinhlanzi ziyaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-12-16. Futhi ukuvuthwa kwabo ngokugcwele kwenzeka lapho befika eminyakeni engu-12-16.

EKura, iningi lezintambo ezineminyaka engu-6-23 liyabanjwa, kuthi iningi labesifazane libe neminyaka eyi-19, kuthi abesilisa babe neminyaka eyi-16.

Isisindo esivamile sameva abanjwa oLwandle i-Aral cishe amakhilogremu ayi-16, kanti kwiKura kunabantu abakhulu abanezinsimbi ezingamakhilogremu angama-20. Iliva elilodwa labesifazane i-Aralskigo liletha amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-216- 328, futhi emeveni eCaspian, inzalo iyaguquguquka phakathi kwamaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-280-1290.

Ameva yisihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-sturgeon.

OLwandle i-Aral, lezi zinhlanzi zidla ikakhulu ama-mollusk, kanye naseCaspian, ngaphezu kwama-mollusks, zibuye zidle nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Ameva ahlala eLake Balkhash ahola indlela yokuphila yokuphinga ngokuphelele, kanti echibini, njengase-Aral, kuphela umjaho wasebusika.

Ngo-1933, izikhala zabantu abadala ezingama-289 ezivela oLwandle i-Aral, ezisisindo sisuka kumakhilogremu ayisi-6,7 kuya kwayi-30, zethulwa ngokusemthethweni ngomgwaqo eMfuleni i-Ili. Lezi zinhlanzi zabekwa eMfuleni i-Ili ngo-1934. Inzalo eyavela isineminyaka eyi-14 yaphinde yabuya eMfuleni i-Ili. ELake Balkhash, usayizi we-spikes oneminyaka engu-11 ubudala ucishe ube amasentimitha ayi-130, futhi isisindo sifinyelela kumakhilogremu ayi-9.5.

Inhlansi yenhlanzi e-aqureyum yesibani.

Emvelweni, ameva ahlangana ne-sturgeon, i-beluga ne-stellate stellate. Ingxube yameva ene-stellate sturgeon ibizwa ngokuthi "stellate sturgeon". Ku-Kura, inhlanganisela yameva nge-sturgeon neva ene-stellgeon stellgeon, enamandla amakhulu, yakhiqizwa ngokwezifiso.

Ukudoba nge-Spike

Iliva linenani elifanayo lokudoba njengawo wonke ama-sturgeon. Kulokhu, ameva abanjwa kakhulu. Ngo-1930s, cishe amathani ayi-620 wesikebhe ayembiwa minyaka yonke, kepha ngawo-1960s, amasheya ale nhlanzi ayesehliswe kabuhlungu - akusekho ukukhiqizwa okungaphezu kwamathani ayi-9 ngonyaka. Lesi simo saholela ekutheni ngo-1983 iliva lafakwa kwiBhuku elibomvu lase-Uzbekistan. Namuhla, inani labantu base-Aral spike libhekene nokuqothulwa ngokuphelele.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

MARINE DRAGON NOMA SEA SCORPIO

Izinhlanzi ezinobuthi kakhulu ezilwandle eziningi zaseYurophu zihlala oLwandle Olumnyama kanye naseKerch Strait. Ubude - kufika kumasentimitha angama-36. Engxenyeni esentshonalanga yoLwandle iBaltic kukhona uhlobo oluncane - udrako omncane wasolwandle, noma i-viper (amasentimitha ayi-12-16). Isakhiwo sezinto ezinobuthi zalezi zinhlanzi ziyefana, ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu zobuthi kuyafana.

KuDrako wasolwandle, umzimba udonswa usuka ezinhlangothini, amehlo athe njo phezulu, ahlanganiswe abheke phezulu. Inhlanzi ihlala duzane naphansi futhi ijwayela ukungcwaba emhlabathini ukuze kubonakale ikhanda kuphela. Uma ugxumela kulo ngonyawo lwakho olungenalutho noma ulibambe ngesandla, izinhlansi zalo ezibukhali zibhoboza umzimba walowo "owonile." Izindlala ezinobuthi zes scorpion zifakwe imisebe engu-6,7 ye-anterior dorsal fin nemikhondo ye-gill Cover.

Ngokuya ngokujula komjovo, usayizi wezinhlanzi, isimo sesisulu, imiphumela yokuhlaselwa kukadrako kungahluka. Ekuqaleni, ubuhlungu obukhali, obuvutha bumsindo buzwakala endaweni yomonakalo. Isikhumba esendaweni yesilonda siphenduka sibomvu, kuvela ukuvuvukala, kuvela izicubu zomzimba. Kukhona ikhanda, umkhuhlane, izithukuthuku zamaphaphu, izinhlungu zenhliziyo, ukuphefumula kubuthaka. Ukukhubazeka kwezitho zomzimba kungenzeka, futhi ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu - ukufa. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile ubuthi buyanyamalala ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-2-3, kepha ukutheleleka kwesibili kukhula esilondeni, i-necrosis kanye nokuvilapha (okufika ezinyangeni ezi-3). Kusungulwe ukuthi ubuthi bukadrako buqukethe izinto ikakhulukazi ezisebenza ohlelweni lokujikeleza, amaphesenti obuthi be-neurotropic buncane. Ngakho-ke, iningi lamacala wobuthi aphela ekululameni komuntu.

FUTHA FUTHI USE Cow

Izihlobo eziseduze zikadrako. Ubukhulu bawo obujwayelekile ngamasentimitha angama-30- 40. Bahlala oLwandle Olumnyama naseMpumalanga Ekude.

I-Stargazer, noma inkomo yasolwandle, ehlala oLwandle Olumnyama, inomzimba omfushane onsundu obomvana onamabala amhlophe, angakhethi ntambo agijimayo emgqeni we-lateral. Amehlo ezinhlanzi aqondiswa phezulu esibhakabhakeni. Kungakho igama laso. I-Stargazer ichitha isikhathi esiningi isezansi, iwela emhlabathini, ngamehlo nomlomo ilenga nolimi lwayo ilenga ngaphandle, okusebenza njengesibambiso senhlanzi.

Kukhona izikhala ezibukhali ezingxenyeni zegill nangaphezulu kwamaphinifa wenkomo yolwandle. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, ukusuka ekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya kuSepthemba, ukuqongelelwa kwamaseli akhiqiza ubuthi kuba ngaphansi kwawo. Ngokudlula emifantwini, ubuthi bungena esilondeni.

Kungekudala ngemuva kokulimala, umuntu unobuhlungu obukhali endaweni yomjovo, izicubu ezithintekile ziyaqhuma, futhi ukuphefumula kunzima. Kungemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa umuntu elulama. Ubuthi obukhishwa ama-stargazers bufana nobuthi bezinhlanzi zedrako esenzweni sazo, kepha azange bufundwe ngokwanele. Kunezimo ezaziwayo zokubulawa kwabantu ezilondeni zalezi zinhlanzi ezihlala oLwandle iMedithera.

MARINA RORA (SKORPENA)

Kutholakala oMnyama kanye nase-Azov Seas; kuvamile naseKerch Strait. Ubude - kufika ku-31 amasentimitha. Umbala unombala onsundu: emuva kunombala onsundu ngombala onamabala amnyama, isisu sipinki. Ikhanda elikhulu, lithambile kancane ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi. Amehlo asethelwe phezulu futhi asondele. IScorpene ithanda indawo enamadwala futhi ngokukhanya okuphansi ifana netshe elinamila akhula kuyo. Imisebe eyishumi nanye ye-anterior dorsal, omunye wemisebe engaphakathi nantathu ye-anal fin inezindlala ezinobuthi. Ubuthi abakhiqizayo buyingozi ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Imijovo yeFin ibuhlungu kakhulu. Kwimithamo emincane, ubuthi bubangela ukuvuvukala kwasekhaya kwezicubu, kumithamo emikhulu - ukukhubazeka kwemisipha yokuphefumula. Ubuthi be-ruff yasolwandle liqukethe ikakhulukazi izinto ezisebenza egazini, ngakho-ke izimpawu zokuthi ubuthi kwizisulu ziqhubeka izinsuku eziningana bese zihamba zingahambanga.

I-SKAT-TAIL TAIL (SEA CAT)

Lezi zinhlanzi, ngenye indlela ezibizwa ngokuthi amakati olwandle, zitholakala olwandle olumnyama, Azov naseningizimu yeBaltic. EMpumalanga Ekude, e-Gulf of Peter the Great, isiqhwaga sihlala; emanzini aseningizimu yePrimorye, i-stingray ebomvu ivamile. Izinhlobo zomuntu ngamunye zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,5 ubude (umsila kufika kumasentimitha angama-50-80). Lezi zinhlanzi zaziwa kahle, zinomzimba omfushane owenziwe ngamadayimane, ophela ngomsila omude omfishane, ofakwe isikejana esibukhali esivela ezinhlangothini (kwesinye isikhathi ezimbili noma ezintathu). Izindlala zoshevu zilala emihlanganweni emibili ephansi yes spike. Ama-stingrays ahola indlela yokuphila ephansi. Uma ngephutha usika i-stingray egqitshwe emhlabathini emanzini angajulile nesihlabathi esinesihlabathi, uqala ukuzivikela futhi unikeze isilonda esijulile kumuntu “ngesikhali” saso. Isikhuso simkhumbuza ngokushaywa ngommese okungacaci. Ubuhlungu bukhula ngokushesha futhi ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-5 ukuya kwe-10 bube bungabekezeleleki. Izehlakalo zasendaweni (edema, hyperemia) zihambisana nokufikelwa amandla, isiyezi, umsebenzi wethonya lemithambo. Ezimweni ezinzima, ukufa ngenxa yokuhluleka kwenhliziyo kungenzeka. Imvamisa, ngosuku lwe-5-7, isisulu siyalulama, kepha isilonda sipholisa kakhulu kamuva.

Ubuthi bekati lekasolwandle, selungene esilondeni, lubangela izehlakalo ezibuhlungu ezifana nokukulunywa yinyoka enobuthi. Isebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zombili izinqubo zezinzwa nokujikeleza.

BHALA BHALA noma i-KATRAN

Ihlala olwandle lwaseBlack, Barents, Okhotsk naseJapan. Ubude bude bufika kumamitha ayi-2. Ibizwa ngokuthi ngama-prickly ngemikhondo emibili ebukhali eqinile, ngaphansi kwayo kukhona izidakamizwa ezinobuthi phambi kwama-dorsal fins. Bona katran bayakwazi ukuhambisa amanxeba ajulile ku-scuba diver engenandaba. Ukusabela kokuvuvukala kuqala endaweni yesilonda: izinhlungu, i-hyperemia, i-edema. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nokushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo, ukuphefumula kancane. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi ama-katrana namazinyo oshaka, naphezu kosayizi bawo abanesizotha. Ubuthi bayo, ngokungafani nezinye, buqukethe ikakhulukazi i-myotropic (esebenza emisipha) futhi buba nomphumela obuthakathaka, ngakho-ke, ngobuningi obunobuthi babantu buyaphela ekululameni ngokuphelele.

I-KERCHAK, I-SEA PERFISH, i-RINSTER-NOSAR, i-AUHA noma i-CHINESE RAT, I-SEA MOUSE-LIRA, ISAKHIWO

Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlanzi ezinobuthi, ezilwandle zethu kukhona nama-cherch asolwandle ahlala eBaltic, Barents and White Seas, monkfish and sea mouse lyre oLwandle Olumnyama, ama-bass olwandle oluseBarents Sea futhi, ekugcineni, a-high beam perch ahlala eJapan nase Izilwandle zaseBarents. Zonke lezi zinhlanzi 'zinesikhali' esinoshevu ngendlela yezikhala ezibukhali nameva, kodwa-ke, ubuthi obukhiqizayo abubi yingozi kubantu futhi bubangela ukulimala kwendawo kuphela.

I-Kerchak	I-Sea bass	I-Ruff Nosary

I-Auha noma isi-Chinese ruff	Igundane lasolwandle - ulwelwesi	Isigxobo esiphakeme esiphakeme

KUDINGA UKUZE WONKE

Ukuvimbela ubuthi, abathanda i-scuba diving, abahlukanisi, abahlukanisi be-scuba, izivakashi kanye nokuphumula nje olwandle kumele babheke lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo.

Ungalokothi uzame ukubamba izinhlanzi ngesandla esingavikelekile, ikakhulukazi lezo ongazazi, ezitholakala emifantwini noma zilele phansi.

Akuvikelekile ngaso sonke isikhathi, njengoba abahluzi be-scuba abanolwazi bekufakazela lokhu, ukuthinta izinto ezingaziwa ezitholakala enhlabathini enesihlabathi. Kungaba ama-stingring afihliwe, ama-dragons olwandle, izinkanyezi kanye nolwandle lwegundane lolwandle. Kuyingozi futhi ukugquma emihumeni engaphansi kwamanzi ngezandla zakho - kuzo ungakhubeka ku-scorpion efihlekile.

Abathandi bezinyawo abahamba ngezinyawo ezintanjeni ogwini olusezingeni eliphansi kufanele babheke izinyawo zabo ngokucophelela. Khumbula: amadragoni asolwandle avame ukuhlala esihlabathini esimanzi ngemuva kokubuya kwamanzi, futhi kulula ukuqhubekela phambili. Izingane nalabo eza kuqala ogwini lolwandle kufanele baxwayiswe ngalokhu.

Izinyathelo eziphuthumayo uma kunenkinga yezinhlanzi ezinobuthi ezinama-spickes spikes kufanele kuhloswe ngazo ukudambisa izinhlungu ezibangelwa usizi nobuthi, ukunqoba umphumela wobuthi kanye nokuvikela ukutheleleka kwesibili. Lapho alimele, ngokushesha kudingekile ukuthi unikeze ubuthi obunamandla esilondeni ngomlomo ngegazi imizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwengama-20. Uketshezi oluhlongozwayo kumele lukhululwe masinyane. Akunasidingo sokwesaba isenzo se-toxin: izinto ze-bactericidal eziqukethwe emathendeni zivikela ngokuphepha ubuthi. Kodwa-ke, khumbula ukuthi le nqubo akufanele yenziwe kunoma ngubani onamanxeba, ukulimala nezilonda ezindebeni nasemlonyeni. Ngemuva kwalokhu, indawo ye-lesion kufanele igezwe ngesisombululo esinamandla se-potassium permanganate noma i-hydrogen peroxide bese ifaka i-aseptic dress. Ngemuva kwalokho isisulu sinikezwa i-painkiller ne-diphenhydramine ukuvimbela ukuvela kokungezwani komzimba, kanye nokuphuza kakhulu, itiye elinamandla mhlawumbe. Esikhathini esizayo, usizo oluvulelekile lukadokotela luyadingeka.

Ekuphetheni, sikukhumbuza futhi: qaphela futhi uqaphele lapho ubhukuda, ushona phansi futhi ubhukuda nge-scuba diving. Ungakugwema kalula ukuxhumana okungathandeki nezakhamizi eziyingozi, ngoba zona ngokwazo azihlaseli umuntu, kepha sebenzisa izikhali zazo kuphela ukuzivikela.

A. POTAPOVA, uchwepheshe wezidakamizwa, no-A. POTAPOV, umphathi wezemidlalo e-scuba diving (Leningrad].