Ama-Shellfish luhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo ezibandakanya izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili. Azinawo umgogodla nomgogodla wamathambo, kepha zivame ukuvikeleka ngegobolondo elinamandla kakhulu elinomdlandla futhi elimbozwe ngalo ngaphezulu. Umzimba wezilwane awuhlukaniswa. Inesakhiwo esithambile futhi, ngenxa yegobolondo, isici esinjalo asikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi siyabuyisa ngokwemvelo.
Ama-mollus amelelwa ama-bivalves, ama-gastropods, ama-shellless nabanye abamele. Phakathi kwazo kukhona amadoda asogwini, utshani, iminenke yamagilebhisi, amacilongo, izinaliti, amakhoyili. Abantu abanjalo abahlukahlukene bangabesigaba sama-gastropods.
Ama-gastropods ekilasi yiqembu elihlukahlukene kakhulu nelilodwa lama-mollusks. Abamele izinto ezinjengalezi bahlukaniswa izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-90. Bahlala:
Uqedile umsebenzi esihlokweni esifanayo
Umzimba wama-mollusks uqukethe iminyango eminingana:
Zonke izitho zomzimba zihlelwe ngendlela ehlukile, kepha zinokubaluleka kokusebenza okuthile ngokomzimba ukuze kuvumelane nezimo, ukukhiqizwa kabusha nokuvikelwa kwe-mollusk. Babamba iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwayo okuqhubekayo.
Ikhanda linamabili, ngamabili amabili wezinsimbi kanye neso. Zonke izitho zangaphakathi zitholakala emzimbeni. Umlenze we-gastropod mollusk ingukuphuma komsipha kwengxenye yesisu somzimba. Ama-gastropod amaningi angama-fterrator, izilwane ezidla ezinye, kanye nama-parasites. Amamollusk amaningi ayizidalwa ezi-herbivorous; adla izicubu ezingaphansi.
Ummeleli ojwayelekile wama-gastropods ubizwa ngokuthi yichibi elijwayelekile. Lo muntu uhlala emanzini amasha, emifuleni engajulile, kulo lonke elaseRussia nasemhlabeni. Futhi ummeleli ojwayelekile wama-gastropods yinkunzane yamagilebhisi, ephindaphinda izici zesakhiwo esibonakalayo sabo bonke abamele isigaba esibekiwe.
Isistimu yokugaya yama-gastropods ihlukaniswa yizimpawu ezilandelayo: inolimi olunamazinyo angama-chitinous.
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Umdwebo 1. Umnenkezo wamagilebhisi. Author24 - Ukushintshaniswa online kwemisebenzi yezitshudeni
Kumabhilikidi e-herbivorous, i-grater (uthingo) isebenza ngokuhlwitha ukudla kwesitshalo, ezimobeni ezihlaselayo kusiza ukugcina inyamazane. Emgodini womlomo wamamollusks, kutholakala izindlala zesisu. Umgogodla womlomo udlulela pharynx, bese ungena esophagus, ongena esiswini namathumbu. Imisipha yokugaya ingena emathunjini. Kukhona i-anus lapho izinsalela zokudla ezingatholiwe ziphonswa ngaphandle. Ukuhleleka okuqhubekayo kohlelo lokugaya kwandise kakhulu amathuba wokuguqulwa kokudla kwama-mollusks, kwandisa amathuba abo okusinda, ukunwebeka kwama-niches emvelo futhi kwenza ukuthi lezi zinto eziphilayo zincintisane nabamele ezinye izigaba ngaphakathi kohlobo.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa lwama-mollusks lubonakala ngokuthi luqukethe amabhangqwana ambalwa ama-ganglia noma ama-nerve node asakazeke emzimbeni wonke. Ama-gastropods anezitho zomzimba ezikhule kahle: zinamehlo, amatende, izitho zokulinganisela nokuthinta. Banekhono lokubona iphunga, elikhulisa ukuzivumelanisa kwabo nezimo.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza lwama-gastropods luhlukaniswa iqiniso lokuthi luvulekile futhi luqukethe inhliziyo enamagumbi amabili nemithambo yegazi. Imikhumbi ivalwe ngamehlo emikhawulweni, kepha ingabuyeli enhliziyweni. IHemoglobin ayikho egazini le-mollusks, ngakho-ke inombala ogqamile ogqamile. Ama-mollusks aphefumula ngama-gill, nama-mollusks omhlaba anamaphaphu. Kukhona amagesi owodwa noma amabili emgodini wejazi le-gastropod mollusk. Amachibi, amakhoyili, iminenke yamagilebhisi, isigaxa sendwangu sidlala indima yamaphaphu. Umoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni wasemkhathini ogcwalisa “amaphaphu” ungena udonga lwengubo ungene emithanjeni yegazi egxotshwe kuwo, bese kuthi isikhutha esivela emithanjeni yegazi singene emgodini we "lung" bese siphuma.
Uhlelo lwe-mollusks oluvezwa luvezwa yinso elilodwa noma amabili. Imikhiqizo ye-metabolic yezinto eziphilayo ingena ezinso kusuka egazini futhi i-duct yayo ivuleke emgodleni wehembe, lapho ibuthelana khona.
Inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwama-mollusks iqukethe iqiniso lokuthi laba bantu baphinda bazalele izinhlobo zabo ngendlela yezothando. Izikebhe zamachibi, amakhoyili, ama-slugs yi-hermaphrodites.
Ama-mollus abeka iqanda elivundisiwe kumaqabunga ezitshalo kanye nezinye izinto zamanzi, phakathi kweziqalo zenhlabathi. Kuvela kuzo iminenke encane. Ama-gastropods olwandle amelelwa yizinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo. Futhi, kulezi zidalwa, umuntu angabona ukuthuthukiswa nge-metamorphosis noma ukuba khona kwesihlava sezinhlanzi zasolwandle.
Ukubaluleka kwama-gastropods ukuthi angasebenza njengezindawo eziphakathi nendawo zezikelemu ezihlwabusayo zomoya, okuyi-hepatic trematode. Futhi, ama-mollusks amaningi angukudla kwezinyoni nezinhlanzi. Ama-mollusks aphansi adla kubantu, ama-amphibians, ama-moles, ama-hedgehogs. Ama-gastropod amaningi ayizinambuzane zezingadi. Lokhu kufaka i-slug kanye nesigaxa samagilebhisi.
Ukufingqa konke lokhu okungenhla, singaphetha ngokuthi ama-mollusks e-gastropod ehlukile kulezi zici ezilandelayo zokuhleleka: ziyizilwane zokuqala, ezi-coelomic, ngokuvamile ezimelelwa yi-pericardium kanye nethambo lezindlala zocansi. Lezi zilwane zinokulingana okulinganayo phakathi kwezingxenye ezintathu zomzimba. Isidumbu simbozwe ngesibambo sesikhumba - ingubo futhi inomsebenzi wokuthola uhlelo lokuphefumula futhi ifaka izindunduma zezindlala zocansi kanye nethambo. I-conch ye-gastropod mollusks iqukethe izingqimba ezintathu: yangaphandle (i-organic), ephakathi (i-porcelain), ne-mama-ka-pearl (ngaphakathi). Igobolondo le-mollusk liyisakhi esiqhubekayo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo sokuvikela izinto emiphumeleni emibi yendawo.
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Incazelo ejwayelekile
Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo eziphila ngendlela yokuphila yesinambuzane. Umndeni u-Eulimidae ungabizwa ngawo, bona, njengomthetho, bahlanganisa umzimba we-echinoderms, ikakhulukazi lokhu:
Ezimeni eziluhlaza okotshani, imvamisa kunabanye, ungahlangana nesigaxa samagilebhisi esifaka igobolondo elivuthayo noma i-slug ngaphandle kwalolu phawu lwesici.
I-Biology inemininingwane yokuthi kungukucwazimula kwegobolondo okuyiyona nto eyinhloko ekwakhekeni kwama-asymmetries esakhiweni sangaphakathi sabamele abamele i-gastropod.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zalesi sigaba zihlala echibini lasolwandle, phakathi kwazo umuntu angahlukanisa:
Kepha emanzini amasha kunamakhoyili amaningi, utshani, kanye namachibi ajwayelekile.
Abamele amanzi bathanda ukuhlala ezansi, yize phakathi kwabo kukhona abafuna ukubhukuda. Lezi zinhlobo zifaka:
Kaningi, umuntu angabona izinhlobo ze-planktonic ezikhuphuka ngokukhululeka kwikholamu yamanzi. Abamele laba ababaningi, ngokungafani nabanye.
Izinhlobo ze-invertebrate nazo ziqhosha ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Abanye babantu abangakhuli ngaphezu kuka-2 mm, kanti abanye bafinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwengxenye yemitha. Ngokuqondene nesikhathi sokuphila, isikhathi siyahlukahluka kusuka ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya eminyakeni emi-3.
Lezi zidalwa ezihlukile zithanda indawo enomswakama nomoya ofanayo. Kepha esimweni sezulu esomile, bangazizwa bejwayelekile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imizimba yabo iqala ukukhiqiza kakhulu i-mucus, ebavikela ekushayeni ngaphandle.
Ngemuva kwalokho, kwanele ukuthi umhluzi uthole isitshalo esithile lapho ungadonsa khona izinto ezidingekayo futhi uthole amandla.
Izici Zokubonakala
Ngokuqondene nezici zokubukeka, iminenke ine-swymling ye-asymmetrical noma igobolondo le-conical. It, njengomthetho, yenza imisebenzi eminingana ngasikhathi sinye:
Yize kukhona abamele lapho ingekho noma ithuthukiswe kabi. Umzimba womuntu uthambile futhi ubude bommeleli wabantu abadala bunokwehluka kusuka ku-1 mm kuya ku-60 mm.
Isakhiwo sangaphandle sama-gastropods simelelwa ngendlela yezingxenye ezintathu zomzimba:
Ekhanda lomnenkezi kunezigaxa ezilinganayo, kwezinye izisebenzi zingenye, kwezinye izinhlobo zinamabili ngazimbili, kanti zingaphindwaphindwa. Amehlo angatholwa nokuba sendaweni ephezulu noma ngasisekelo saso. Ohlangothini lwangaphakathi lwe-mollusk kunomlomo. Ezilwaneni ezihlaselayo, ihluke kancane, njengoba itholakala kwi-proboscis ende, ethi, uma izingelwa, ingaphuma.
Isidumbu simbozwe ngesibaya sesikhumba - lolu luhlobo lwengubo, yokufihla ngosizo lwezinduna ezikhethekile into eyakha futhi yandisa igobolondo. Abanye abamele ama-invertebrates abekwa echibini ngokuphelele, kanti amanye alingxenye kuphela.
Iphakethe elibumba phakathi kwengubo nomzimba libizwa ngokuthi i-mantle cavity.
Amaphethelo atholakala ngaphandle - izingxenye zomzimba zesisu. Ngosizo lokunyakaza okufana negagasi kwemilenze, ama-mollusks ashukumisela ukwandisa ijubane lokuhamba, umuntu ngamunye afaka isigqi esikhethekile.
I-curl ingasontwa kunoma iyiphi indlela, inamathele emzimbeni ngamasipha aqinile, ngakho-ke awukwazi ukuyisetha kabusha. Ingxenye engehla yegobolondo ibukhali impela, njengoba iqukethe usawoti kalamula.
Isinki likhula ngokushesha ehlobo, futhi ebusika lo msebenzi uncishiswa kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umzimba awutholi izinto ezidingekayo ngamanani anele.
Ngaphezulu kwayo kunemigqa ebekiwe okulula ukucacisa ubudala be-cochlea.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi
Njengomthetho, ama-gastropod amaningi anesakhiwo sangaphakathi esifanayo. Incazelo yohlelo lwesitho:
- Isistimu ye-musculoskeletal iqukethe ithambo le-hydrostatic skeleton, elenza ukunyakaza ngenxa yokucindezela koketshezi ohlelweni lwezithambo zamalunga angaphakathi.
- Ukuphefumula kungabandakanya ama-gill noma amaphaphu, konke kuncike endaweni yokuhlala yomuntu. Zombili lezi zitho zitholakala emgodleni wehembe. Kumamobolishi e-pulmonary, ingubo iyagcwala umoya, futhi kukhona umgodi omncane kuyo, embozwe ngethala elimanzi lama-capillaries. Izakhamizi zamanzi kwesinye isikhathi kufanele ziguqele ebusweni bamanzi ukuphefumula nokugcwala ku-oksijini.
- Ukujikeleza kufaka inhliziyo enamagumbi amabili ukusuka ku-ventricle kanye ne-atrium, kukhona nemikhumbi evula emgodini phakathi kwezitho. Igazi liyisisombululo sika-saline esicacile esiphenduka isibhakabhaka emoyeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwakheka kuqukethe inani elikhulu le-hemocyanin.
- Uhlelo lwezinzwa lwe-gastropod mollusks luqukethe ama-nerve node, okuthiwa ama-ganglia, asakazeka emzimbeni wonke futhi axhunyiwe kusetshenziswa imicu ye-transverse and nerve fibers.
- Uxolo. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, abanye abamele banesifo esisodwa, abanye babili. Kukhona futhi izindunduma ezixhunywayo ezixhumene nengubo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-mollusks athuthukiswa kahle izitho zomzimba. Besebenzisa isende, abantu bathola imiyalezo ngobungozi noma ukutholakala kokudla. Kukhona ama-statocysts emnengeni - izitho ezibhekene nokulinganisela. Zethulwe ngesimo se-vesicle, ingxenye engaphakathi yayo embozwe nge-epithelium ye-ciliary.
Uhlelo lokugaya lubandakanya:
I-anus itholakala eduze nama-gill futhi ivulekela ngaphandle. Futhi, abameleli be-invertebrate banolimi lwemisipha, lapho kutholakala khona amazinyo ama-chitinous. Kusemphinjeni, lapho kuvulwa khona izindlala zamathe.
Ngokuya ngezimpawu, bonke abantu bangama-dioecious noma ama-hermaphrodites, izinhlobo zokugcina ikakhulukazi zifaka abamele umhlaba. Bangakwazi ukuzala kuphela ngocansi. Ukuvuthwa kutholakala esinezinyanga eziyisithupha.
Kuyajabulisa ukuthi lapho kuhlangana, omabili abalingani bavundiswa. Ukuzala kabusha kwenziwa ngemuva kokuthi amaseli ocansi wesilisa angene ekuvulelweni kobulili besifazane, kanti nokuzala kungenzeka kungenzeki ngokushesha.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi insikazi iyakwazi ukuhlehlisa lo mzuzu kuleli cala elifanelekile, kuyilapho igcina isidoda ngaphakathi singafanele.
Ngemuva kokuba ibekele amaqanda, futhi yakhiwe ngokuphelele ama-mollusks kusuka kubo vele. Abanye abamele ekuqaleni bavela izibungu kuphela.
Isakhiwo
Isibonakaliso esibonakalayo sama-gastropods ukuba khona kwegobolondo elingenalutho elimboza ingemuva lesilwane, isb. Amagobolondo ahlukene ngesimo nangobuciko: obumbeke kakhulu, umdwebo wendiza futhi umucu omise ngendlela. Isibonakaliso sesibili sama-gastropods ukulahleka kokulingana kwamazwe amabili ngenxa yokuba khona kwegobolondo le-turbospiral kuma-mollusks amaningi, i.e. kusonteke kube ukwindilinga, okuvukelayo okulele ezindizeni ezihlukile. Kanye negobolondo le-turbo-spiral, isikhwama sangaphakathi sisontekile ngawashi. Igobolondo linesiqongo nomlomo - umgodi lapho kuphuma khona ikhanda nomlenze we-mollusk. Isinki inezendlalelo ezintathu: eyangaphandle iyinyoka, eyiphakathi iyisihlalo sobumba kuthi yona engaphakathi ibe ngumama weparele. Kukhona ama-gastropods, lapho igobolondo lingena ngaphakathi noma linyamalale. Igobolondo lixhuma emzimbeni nomsipha onamandla, ngesikhathi sokuncipha lapho okotshwa kudonswa khona igobolondo.
Ingxenye ethambile yomzimba we-gastropod mollusk iqukethe inhloko, isiga sangaphakathi nomlenze. Ikhanda linalo: umlomo, amatende kanye namahlo amabili. Ngasohlangothini lwe-ventral kukhona umlenze omkhulu wemisipha onendawo ephansi ebanzi ebizwa ngokuthi ukuphela. Umlenze ukhonza ukuhambisa imollusk, evele kancane kancane emlenzeni, ngenxa yamagagasi okwenziwa umlenze kusukela emuva kuye phambili. Okuwukuphela kukodwa kugcotshwe ngemichilo ekhishwa isikhumba, okunciphisa ukungqubuzana futhi kusize ukunyakaza endaweni enzima.
I-sac yangaphakathi i-protrusion enkulu kakhulu ohlangothini lwe-dorsal, ngaphakathi lapho kutholakala khona izitho eziningana zezitho. Ngaphansi kwesinki kukhona ingubo yengubo esikhwameni sangaphakathi. Umphetho waso wangaphambili, ulenga ngokukhululeka phezu komzimba, umboza umgodi wengubo. Iningi lama-gastropod libonakaliswa ukungabikho kokulingana okubumbene ngenxa yobukhona besimo segobolondo le-turbospiral, ngakho-ke, i-asymmetry yezingubo ze-mantle cavity kanye ne-sac yangaphakathi (i-atrium eyodwa, izinso elilodwa, i-gill eyodwa) iyabonakala.
Izitho zokuphefumula zitholakala emgodleni wengubo, ekumbekeni, ekuhlaziyeni nasekuvulekeni kocansi kuvuleleke kuyo. Esithweni somlomo wesibeletho kukhona umhlathi obhangqekile noma ongakhokhelwa kanye ne-grater (i-radula), izindunduma zezindlala zamachashazi ezibunjiweyo ziphumela kuwo, kwezinye izinhlobo nakwezinye izindlala (ezinobuthi noma zokuphuma kwe-acid). Ukuqhubeka komgogodla womlomo yi-esophagus emincane (kungenzeka ukuthi kune-goiter ebanzi), kudlula esiswini, lapho isibindi sivuleka khona - indlala yokugaya ukudla. Amathumbu avela esiswini, amafushane kwizilwane ezidla ezinye futhi amade kuma-gbropor gollropod mollus. Ivula ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa i-anus. Kuwo wonke ama-gastropods anamuhla, amathumbu akha i-bend efana ne-loop, ngakho-ke i-anus ilele ngaphezulu kwekhanda noma emzimbeni ngakwesokudla sekhanda.
Uhlelo lokuphefumula ngezinhlobo ezihlukile zama-gastropods luhlukile. Kwezinye izinhlobo, izitho zokuphefumula yi-ctenidia. Ama-gastropods angaphefumula namaphaphu, kanye namakheshi, nangosizo lwethambo lejazi.
Iminenke inohlelo lokujikeleza oluvulekile: inhliziyo imelwe yi-ventricle eyodwa ne-atrium eyodwa (ngamafomu angavamile, ama-atria amabili). Igazi elinama-oxid kusuka e-atrium liphonswa ngaphakathi kwe-ventricle, bese lisakazeka nge-aorta yegatsha emzimbeni wonke. Inhliziyo yeminenke itholakala ngaphakathi kwethambo le-pericardial, lapho izitho zokuthamba nazo zixhumana khona - inso elilodwa, kuyaqabukela umbhangqwana.
Ema-gastropods, isimiso sezinzwa sakhiwe ngezindawo ezisakazeke emzimbeni wonke; ezinhlotsheni eziningi, izakhi zezinzwa zigxila ekugcineni komzimba. Uhlelo lwezinzwa lunezigaba ezi-5 zama-nerve node (ganglia): isibumbu, unyawo, unyawo, noma i-pedal, i-visceral ne-parietal, exhunywe ngentambo yezinzwa. Emigibeni yokugcotshwa kwe-anteropodiya kanye nabamele abokuqala kakhulu kwezinye iziqongo ezimbili, amafomu wesiphango, naphezu kwegillary ephakeme ne-posterior gill, ukuhlangana kwendlela akulona uphawu.
Izitho zomqondo ze-gastropod zifaka phakathi amehlo, umuzwa wokuthinta - i-head of tentery, isitho se-olildory - isibili sezinhloko zekhanda ezinhlotsheni zomhlaba, izitho zokulinganisela - i-statocysts, evaliwe ama-vesicles, isitho somqondo wamakhemikhali - osfradia, esisisekelo se gill futhi sihloselwe ukuhlolwa amanzi angena emgodleni weengubo. Isikhumba seminenke sibuye sicebile kumaseli abucayi. Amangqamuzana ezinzwa asematendeni, izindawo zesikhumba eduze komlomo zinikezela ukuqashelwa kokudla, umuzwa wokusondelana kwezilwane ezikude nebanga futhi ubuyela endaweni yazo.
Umsoco kanye Nenani
Ama-invertebrates anendlela ekhethekile yokudla. Isibonelo, abantu abathanda imifino babe ne-grater emlonyeni wabo abakukhafula ukudla kwabo, futhi bakha ukudla ngesitho esifanayo ukwenza kube lula ukugwinya. Kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, i-proboscis itholakala ngaphambili komzimba, iphelela emlonyeni. Abamele abaningi ngokwemvelo basebenzisa amazinyo abo ukubamba lowo ohlukunyeziwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izinhlobo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu alandelayo:
Ngokuqondene nokubaluleka kwama-gastropods emvelweni, adlala indima ebalulekile. Kuyafaneleka ukuthi uqaphele ezimbalwa zazo:
- ukudla njengokudla kwezilwane, izinyoni, izinhlanzi kanye nezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo,
- Ukudla okumnandi okumnandi kakhulu emazweni amaningi,
- kusebenza njengomthombo wedayi onsomi,
- ukubola okuphathelene nezinto eziphilayo emzimbeni womuntu,
- cebisa inhlabathi ngamaminerali.
Lababantu abahehayo futhi bangaba nemithelela emibi yemvelo, bangamabutho aphakathi nendawo ama-flatworms okuyisisekelo, okungukuthi, asebenza njengabathwali balesi sifo. Kepha indebe yamagilebhisi engenangozi ngokuphelele ibonakala ingalimaza kakhulu umhlaba wezolimo.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ngaphandle kwama-mollusks emifuleni nasemachibini, kuzovela isiyaluyalu sangempela. Bazomane bakhuphuke futhi bagcwalise ngokumila okuluhlayo.
Etafuleni lokuphilayo, lapho kumele bonke abamele umndeni we-gastropod, izinhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo. Futhi ngayinye yazo inezimpawu zayo zokungafani futhi ithatha indawo yayo ngokwemvelo.
Ukuzala
Kwabamele iziqeshana ezihlukene zeminenke, uhlelo lokuzala lunesakhiwo esehlukile. Phakathi kweminenke kukhona izinhlobo ze-dioecious ne-hermaphroditic. Umanyolo ungaphakathi kuma-gastropods amaningi. Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuqhakaza: amanye akhulula amaqanda kanye nesidoda ngqo emanzini, lapho kwenzeka khona ukuvundiswa, abanye bakha izintambo, amakhukhunathi amaqanda asongwe ngomumbu, futhi bawanamathisele engxenyeni engaphansi, ama-gastropods asemhlabathini abeka amaqanda enhlabathini emanzi noma anamathele ezitshalweni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-gastropods nakho kuhlukile: kungaba ngesigaba se-larval, noma kuqondile, okuwukuthi, imollusk encane, engakhekanga ngokuphelele ephuma iqanda. Ama-mollusks e-Viviparous nawo avela lapho amaqanda ekhula ezindaweni ezikhethekile zohlelo lokuzala lukamama.
Iningi lama-gastropods londla izitshalo eziphilayo kanye ne-detritus. Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zohlobo lwe-gastropod, kukhona izilwane ezidla ezinye, abahlanza, kanye nama-parasites, nabadli bezidumbu, i.e. bahlangabezana nazo zonke izindlela zokudla ezondlekile kuhlobo lwama-mollusks. Ama-gastropod uqobo angukudla cishe kwazo zonke izilwane, emhlabeni nasemanzini.
Ama-gastropods ahlala yonke indawo, ahlala ogwini lolwandle nolwandle nokujula kwalo, imizimba yamanzi ahlanzekile. Iminenke yazijwayeza ukuhlala emhlabeni, yasakazeka ngisho nasemahlane ogwadule, emihumeni.
Incazelo Nezici
Into yokuqala efanele ukusho lapho uxoxa ama-gastropods, ngakho-ke lokhu ukwehluka kwabo. Cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Kukhona eziningi kakhulu zazo ukuthi lezi zinhlwathi zihlala emanzini anosawoti olwandle, sezithandile ngokujulile nokujula kwamanzi, nemifula emisha, amachibi, ngisho nasemhlabathini, futhi ungahlangana nazo hhayi emahlahleni aluhlaza kuphela, kodwa futhi naseziwugwadule nase amadwala.
Ukuziqhayisa gastropods amasayizi nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Abanye abantu abakhuli ngaphezu kwamamilimitha amabili. Abanye bayakwazi ukufinyelela kufinyelela kumitha yemitha. Abaphili isikhathi eside: kusuka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kuya eminyakeni emithathu.
Lezi zidalwa zinobuhlanya othandweni nendawo enomswakama, futhi nomoya nawo kufanele ugcotshwe. Uma kungazelelwe kushisa kakhulu noma komile, abaninikhaya bakhipha umiyane omningi, ngakho igobolondo labo nokuqukethwe kwalo kuvikelekile ekomeni. Ngemuva kwalokho, iminenke ifakwa emhlolweni futhi ihlale ikulesi simo ize iphinde iwele ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Izindawo eziyintandokazi zalezi zidalwa amathokhethi otshani obukhulu.
Uma sibheka ukumelwa okujwayelekile kwekilasi, khona-ke lokhu kunkumba okune: umzimba (obanzi ngaphambili futhi uthinta uhlangothi oluphambili, engxenyeni ephezulu kukhona ukukhula ngesimo se-hump), inhloko (phezu kwayo kuboshwe amatende namehlo) nomlenze (obukhulu, obuphela ngesandiso, njengonyawo).
Konke lokhu kumboza ukucwila. Isimo saso siyahluka: sisuka esontekile saya ku-conical, futhi sicaba, kepha sihlala siqinile, ngaphandle kokhokho. Kepha kukhona abantu lapho le nto ingathuthukiswanga, i.e. akekho ngokuphelele, sikhuluma ngama-slugs. Futhi ngokwesibonelo, kubantu abahlala olwandle, le ngxenye inobukhulu obunesizotha kakhulu.
Uma kungekho okusongela isilwane, sibeka kuphela umzimba enqolobaneni yaso. Uma imnenke ibona ingozi, isinki liba yisiphephelo salo, likwazi ukulingana nomnikazi wonke. Umehluko ovela kwamanye ama-mollusk ukulahleka kokulingana kwezizwe ezimbili.
Labo. uma ezinye izilwane zinezimbotshana ezimbili, ama-gill, njll ukwakheka kwama-gastropods Lokhu akusho ukuthi, izitho zabo zomzimba ziyakwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle komlingani. Konke lokhu kungumphumela wokuba khona kwegobolondo elijikelezayo. Ama-invertebrates awanakho ukuzwa nezwi; ukuthinta kanye nomuzwa wephunga kuzisiza ukuba zikwazi ukuhamba.
Inani
Ngaphandle kwama-gastropods ezindlini zokugcina kuzoba nokudideka kwangempela. qaphela, ukuthi inani lama-gastropods kuhle. Akagcini nje ngokudla izitshalo ezibolile, futhi uvimba nokugcwala kwamachibi, imifula, izindunduma nolwandle. Iminenke yomhlaba iyakwazi ukucebisa inhlabathi ngamaminerali. Kepha ezinye izinhlobo zemollus, kunalokho, ziyingozi. Isibonelo, ama-slgs abhubhisa izitshalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zidalwa zihlala endaweni yazo emgqeni wokudla; ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi kanye nemikhomo azinakuphila ngaphandle kwazo. Hhayi ukungadli ngokudla kubo nakumuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagobolondo enza ubuciko obuhle nokuhlobisa.
Izici ezijwayelekile zesigaba
Ama-Gastropods abale imindeni engaphezu kwama-400 enezinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu futhi asatshalaliswa cishe kuyo yonke indawo. Njengoba babeyizakhamuzi zasolwandle kwasekuqaleni, eziningi zazo zavela futhi zajwayela impilo emanzini amasha nasemhlabeni, okukhona kuphela kulesi sigaba. Iminenke itholakala ekujuleni kolwandle, emanzini angajulile, emathangeni aminyene, emadwaleni nasezinkangala. Lezi izidalwa eziphila ngokukhululeka ezinendlela yokuphila ehambayo. Iningi lamalungu ekilasi ama-phytophages nama-detritophages, kepha iminenke nezidambisi zangaphambili ziyatholakala. Abangaphambilini (umndeni wakwaCones) bancisha izisulu zabo ubuthi obunamandla, kuyilapho owokugcina (umndeni wakwa-Eulimidae) uncamela ukuhlakulela izidumbu ze-echinoderms.
Ngaphezu kokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo, isigaba sama-gastropods siveliswa ngosayizi waso ocebile osayizi (ukusuka ku-2 mm kuya ku-75 cm) nezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zokuphila zabamele bayo (kusuka ezinyangeni ezimbili kuya eminyakeni eyi-15). Ukuze uthole iminenke, indawo enomswakama ibalulekile, ngokuntuleka kwayo ivikela imizimba yayo ekushayeni ngosizo lwe-mucus oluphephile.
Isakhiwo sangaphandle
Umzimba onama-symmetry ambili ku-bivalves nama-cephalopods, noma i-asymmetric kuma-gastropods. Iminyango enjalo ihlukaniswa: ingxenye yekhanda enezitho zokubukwa nezokuma, umzimba uqobo kanye nomlenze - ukwakheka kwemisipha, kukhonza ukuhambisa. Yonke imincintiswano iboniswa ukuba khona komlenze, ngenkathi kuma-cephalopods yaguqulwa yaba ngama-tentpentel kanye ne-siphon.
Umzimba wemollusk uzungezwe yigobolondo, usebenza njengendawo yokunamathiselwa emisipha. Kuma-gastropods, inesakhiwo sonke ngendlela ye-splal curl. Kuma-bivalves, amelwe yimikhawulo emibili exhunywe imicu eguquguqukayo yezicubu ezixhumekile. Iningi lama-cephalopods alinayo i-conch.
Ingubo, ethunyelwa ngamaseli e-epithelial, isuka ezingxenyeni ezingemuva zomzimba. Kuhlangana nomzimba kwakha umgodi lapho khona imisebe yegill, izitho zomzimba, izindunduma zethambo lomgudu womgudu wokugaya ukudla, uhlelo lwezitho zangasese, kanye ne-anus.
Ama-mollusks izidalwa ezi-coelomic, kepha ubuhlakani bawo besibili bugcinwe kuphela eduze kwenhliziyo kanye nezitho zangasese. Ingxenye esemqoka yesikhala sangaphakathi imelelwa yi-hemocele.
Izici zesakhiwo zamamollusks ngokuqhathaniswa nama-annelids
Isimilo | AmaMollus | Ama-Annelids |
---|---|---|
Ukwakheka komzimba | Ihlukanisa ibe yinhloko, isiqu kanye nomlenze | Isahluko |
Qhwa | nakhu | Cha |
Umsebenzi wereferensi | Isikhumba esingaphandle simelwe igobolondo | Ngenxa yenkundla egcwele uketshezi |
Ukunyakaza | Imisipha ekhethekile | Isikhwama semisipha |
Yiziphi izitho ezintsha ezivele emollusks uma ziqhathaniswa nezibungu?
Ama-Shellfish anezitho ezikhethekile. Lolu uhlelo lokugaya, lokugaya ukudla, olufaka iminyango eminingana, kunenhliziyo, isibindi. Izitho zokuphefumula - ama-gill noma izicubu zamaphaphu.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza aluvaliwe, ngo-annelids - luvaliwe.
Isistimu yezinzwa yama-mollusks inendlela ye-nerve ganglia, ehlanganiswe yodwa ngama-nerve fibers. Ama-ringworms kuphela ane-nerve chain esifundeni sesisu, esihluma ngezigaba.
Ngabe ama-mollus aguqulwa kanjani endaweni yawo?
Abamele lolu hlobo bahlala izikhala ezivulekile zamanzi nomhlaba. Ngokuhlala ngaphandle kwendawo yokugcina nokuphefumula umoya wasemkhathini, kwavela izicubu zamaphaphu ezinempilo. Abahlali bamachibi bathola u-Oh2 usebenzisa imigoqo yama-gill.
Ngabe ama-mollusks azivikela kanjani ezitheni?
Ukuhamba emanzini, ama-cephalopods ahunyushelwa ku-jet propulsion, ukuze asheshe abalekele izitha.
Izinto ezinoshevu nezamakhemikhali (uyinki) zisebenza njengesivikelo kwabazingeli. Abanye bayakwazi ukumba ngaphansi kwesihlabathi esinesihlabathi ngemizuzwana uma kukhona okusongela noma ukucasha kusetshenziswa umlenze osentwasahlobo.
Yini umsebenzi wegobolondo le-mollusk?
Okokuqala, kungumsebenzi wokuxhaswa, usebenza njengesithambo sangaphandle. Futhi, igobolondo elinamandla lama-bivalves nama-gastropod liyadingeka ukuvikela ezintweni eziphikisayo. Ngakho-ke, lapho ingozi isondela, bacasha kuyo futhi bangakwazi ukufinyelela kwezinhlanzi eziningi.
Ukufana nokwehlukanisa kwama-gastropods kanye nezimbali
Izakhiwo | Ama-gastropods | Bivalve |
---|---|---|
Isigaba esingahlelekile ngokwenqubo | Izidalwa ezinhlobonhlobo | |
Isembozo sangaphandle | Umzimba uzungezwe yigobolondo (lonke noma ingxenye) | |
Qhwa | Isiqephu, i-asymmetric futhi esisontekile | Inamaphiko amabili |
Ukwakheka komzimba | Ikhanda, i-Torso ne-leg | I-Torso, umlenze |
Abahlaziyi | I-Tactile, ukwamukelwa kwamakhemikhali, ukulinganisela kanye nombono. | Kwenziwe ngaphansi |
Habitat | Amanzi nomhlaba | Amachibi |
Izici Zokuphindaphindeka
Ama-gastropod azala ngokocansi kuphela futhi amelelwa ngama-mious kanye ne-bisexual mollusks. Eyokuqala ine-testis eyodwa ene-vas deferens (abesilisa) noma i-ovary eyodwa ene-oviduct (abesifazane). Owesibili ubonakala ngokuba khona kwendlala ye-hermaphroditic, eyakha amaseli ayo bobabili ubulili.
Iningi lemashi yasolwandle neminye imithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile imelelwa yizinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhula ngokuguqulwa. Izibungu zazo, ezibizwa ngama-veliger, zihamba emanzini ngosizo lwe-sail (velum) ene-lobes. Ama-gastropod hermaphrodites (umhlaba, amanzi amaningi ahlanzekile kanye nolwandle oluthile) akhula ngendlela eqondile. Amaqanda agcotshisiwe ikakhulukazi abekwa otshanini nasembozweni seqabunga, ezintweni zokusiza noma enhlabathini evulekile. I-hatch entsha evela emaqanda.
Hlukanisa ngaphakathi kwesigaba nabamele zeziqongo
Ngokuya ngesakhiwo somzimba ekilasini, ama-gastropod ahlukanisa izisekelo ezintathu:
- pulmonary (ngokwesibonelo, isigaxa samagilebhisi esinegobolondo noma i-slug ngaphandle kwesisodwa),
- i-prothoracic (isoseji lwasolwandle noma umnenke wokudonsa),
- ama-posterior noma ama-pteropods (ulwandle lwe-slug, i-glaucus noma i-angelfish).