Phakathi kwezidalwa ezimangalisayo zemvelo, intombazane yamakhaza ithatha indawo efanele. Isinambuzane se-arthropod sinezici eziningana zokuziphatha. Owokuqala ukugqagqana kwe-coracoid ekhanda, okwesibili ubuhlakani besilisa, obumbeke phansi njengesigaxa. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva, elinye lamaqembu amadala afana kakhulu namazeze kunabafana. Abesifazane abancane nabaphakathi be-scorpion bakhetha izindawo ezinomswakama, bangabonakala ehlathini lehlathi.
Obani oofezela?
Ukwakheka kwekhanda kuwuphawu lokuqubuka - ingxenye engaphambili isiphenduke irostrum. Lokhu kuhluma okufana nomlomo kwakhiwa kusuka kugabha le-chitin elimboza ibunzi (i-clypeus) ne-subgene. Inani le-rostrum ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezinhlanzi ze-scorpion lisuka ku-2-3 mm ukuqeda ukungabikho. Imishini yokusebenzisa imilomo igedla amazinyo, into yayo ende kunazo zonke yi-maxilla. Imihlathi emibili yakhelwe ukudwengula inyamazane.
Ukwakheka komhlathi ophansi (ama-mandibles) kuncike ekudleni kwesinambuzane. Ezinhlotsheni ezidla ezinye, ama-mandibles afana nesikere - acwengekile, amade, asikwe ngokungacabangi. Imihlathi yama-herbivores amafushane futhi awugqinsi ngamazinyo amabili.
Ama-Scavenger anezindlela eziphakathi nendawo zama-mandibles. Amehlo amakhulu e-facet akhiwe ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Phakathi kwabo kukhona amehlo amathathu alula nezimpondo. Izimpondo zeScorpion zingama-olodoory receptors, isitho sithatha iphunga elihlukahlukene, siqondise lesi sinambuzane emthonjeni wokudla noma kumlingani wokuzala. Izisekelo zezintuthwane ziphuzi, umbala oyinhloko onsundu.
Imininingwane. Cishe zingaba ngu-800 izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye no-370 fossil scorpion ezitholakala emhlabeni.
Izici zesakhiwo samaphiko
Ngabe ufezela lwanamaphiko? Izinhlobo eziningi zinamabili amaphiko amade anendawo ekhulile. Ekuphumuleni, zibekwa ngokuvundlile, zisakaza imiphetho ezinhlangothini. Umbala uyabala noma obala. I-membrane imbozwe izinwele ezacile. Izinambuzane zindiza kabi, zingemboza ibanga nje elifushane. Cishe ingxenye yesihlanu yezinhlobo ezaziwayo, amaphiko ancishisiwe, kanti kwezinye awekho ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi sendiza, amaphiko amancanyana wesinambuzane ahamba ngokuhlukile. Kumuntu obukele ngaphandle, ukunyakaza okunjalo kubukeka kungamampunge. Isikali sindiza kungathi siwela emgodini womoya okwesikhashana.
Bheka incazelo
I-Common Scorpion (Panorpacommunis) - ummeleli weqembu les scorpion. Iqembu okungokwalo lesi sinambuzane libizwa ngokuthi iPanorpa. Abamele bayo badla izinambuzane. Banomzimba ophuzi, omncane ophuzi onamabala amnyama emuva nesisu esingezansi. Ubude besinambuzane bungama-13 mm. Imilenze yohlobo eligijimayo, umbala ophuzi onsundu. Kuqukethe izingxenye ezi-5, amahlwili ama-2 kuTarsus. Izimpiko ezigqamile zimbozwe iphethini eyinkimbinkimbi yamabala amnyama. Iphiko lingama-35 mm. Isisu senziwe ngesimo esimaphakathi, sakhiwe ngezigaba eziyi-10.
Iqiniso elihehayo. Abantu abadala bePanorpa bahlasela i-spider webs bese bekhetha izimpukane ezingenamandla. Umnikazi we-web ngeshwa kungenzeka abe yi-dessert yesinyamazane.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Izinkomo zesidoda nowesilisa Scorpion zihlukaniswa kalula ngesakhiwo sokuphela kwesisu. Kwabesifazane, kuyakhonjwa, futhi kwabesilisa, izingxenye ezintathu zinombala obomvu futhi zigobile. Okweqile kukhulu kakhulu, kanti ekugcineni kukhona isigaxa-esifana nesitho sokulingisa. Ukubonakala okusongelayo kwale nqubo kuhlotshaniswa nokugwazwa kobuhlungu be-scorpion. Kepha lokhu kulingisa okuvikelayo okuvela ezitheni, empeleni akunangozi. Ubani angafanisa nobani? Isebenza ezilwaneni ezihleleke kakhulu, njengezinyoni.
Ukubhebhetheka
I-scorpion ejwayelekile itholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseRussia. Izindawo ezihlala kuzo zingamahlathi athambile abanzi anomswakama obanzi, izihlambi ezinkulu kanye nemihume. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ze-scorpion zihlala ogwadule. Omunye wemindeni - iqhwa liyatholakala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Lezi izinambuzane ezincane ezingenamaphiko ezihamba ngokuxhuma. Zizwa zimnandi eqhweni, kepha ungakubekezeleli ukushisa.
Imininingwane. I-Autumn ne-scorpionesses yaseJalimane kubhalwe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu yesiFunda seLeningrad.
Indlela Yokuphila Nokuzala
Izinambuzane ziyasebenza emini nase kusihlwa. Ngeke uhlangane nabo, uhleli elangeni. ISkorpionnitsy ithanda ukucasha otshanini, izihlahlana eziminyene kanye nemfucumfucu yamaqabunga. Abadala bandiza kusukela ngoMeyi kuya ku-Okthoba. Izinhlobo ezihlaselayo iPanorpacommunis ezingahlasela noma yisiphi isisulu sosayizi ofanele. Kungaba isibungu, uvemvane, inundu ebusuku. Ngaphezu kokudla kwezilwane, abantu abadala basebenzisa umpe wezimbali.
Abesifazane be-Scorpion bayizinambuzane ngenguquko ephelele. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, abesilisa baheha abalingani ngokusatshalaliswa kwama-pheromones. Ezinambuzaneni, kunohlobo lwamasiko wokuthandana. Owesilisa unikeza insikazi inambuzane efile noma ithonsi lamathe ayo njengesipho. Umlingani udla izinkomishi ngesikhathi sokuzalela. Lapho kukhulu ukudla, inqubo iqhubeka isikhathi eside.
Ngemuva kokuzalela, insikazi ibeka amaqanda ku-moss nakudoti onamahlamvu. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe okuhle, badinga indawo enomswakama. Inzalo ivela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-7-8. Izibungu ama-omnivores; zondla imfucumfucu ebolile, izinambuzane ezifile nezilimele, ezitholakala emagqeni. Ikhanda lesibungu liqinile, izimpondo ezimfishane kanye namehlo amabili ayabonakala kuso. Amathuluzi omlomo athuthukiswe kahle. Umzimba ongu-20 mm ubude uqukethe izingxenyana ze-convex. Imilenze ye-thoracic itholakala ezigabeni ezintathu zokuqala.
Esiswini kukhona ukuphuma okuyi-8 okunamanzi - imilenze yesisu. Isidumbu sezibungu simbozwe nge-warts. Ukuze kuqunjelwe, isibungu sifinyelela emhlabathini. I-pupa yohlobo lwamahhala; ngaphansi kwezimo eziphikisayo, iwela ekuphanjukeni. Imvamisa, inqubo yokuba umuntu mdala ithatha cishe amasonto amabili.
Izimpukane ze-Scorpion ziyizidalwa ezingenangozi ngokuphelele futhi azilimazi abantu. Ama-scavenger amancane asusa izingosi zezinambuzane ezifile.
Incazelo Nezici
I-Adult scorpion fish - izinambuzane esigabeni esibizwa ngokuthi i-imago - ziyafana kwi-morphology nosayizi kwezinye izimpukane. Ubude bomzimba abudluli ku-1.5 cm, amaphiko ancishiselwe ku-3 cm. Umzimba ophuzi ophuzi uthweswe umqhele ngekhanda ngengubo - engaphambili yangaphambili, lapho kunesixhobo somlomo esifakwe imihlathi yokugedla. Kuphela zingakwazi ukuzala ukuluma kwe scorpion.
Izimpondo ezimbili ziphuma phezulu ekhanda. I-antenna ngayinye iqukethe izingxenye ezihlukile. Kungaba nezingcezu ezi-16 kuye kwezingama-60, kuya ngohlobo lofezela. Umklamo wesigaba unikezela ukuguquguquka futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, ukuqina.
Inhloso yama-antenna ama-sensorics, ukuqashelwa kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali ezivela ekudleni noma kumlingani ongathandana naye kwezocansi. I-scorpion inamehlo amathathu aqondile ekhanda lakhe. Lezi zinganyakazi, ezinamaphokhethi amakhulu, izitho zombono zihlala cishe yonke indawo ekhanda.
Impukane inombono womhlaba, kepha ibona imininingwane emincane. Uyakwazi ukubamba ukukhanya kwemvamisa nge-frequency ye-200-300 Hz, okungukuthi, impukane inombono ophansi we-inertia. Umuntu angazizwa eshayisana aze afike kumvamisa we-40-50 Hz. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke into ihlangana ibe ukukhanya okuqhubekayo.
Scorpion ngosayizi onesizotha, cishe njengomiyane
Isitho esibalulekile sezimpukane yisifunda se-thoracic. Ikhuluma ngokukhululekile ngekhanda nesisu. Esifubeni, amaphiko nemilenze kuqinisiwe. Izimpiko zeTranslucent ezinamabala amnyama zithuthukiswe kahle, kepha amantombazane anomhluzi awathandi ukundiza. Izindiza ezimfishane zamamitha ambalwa - ngendiza enkulu ayixazululwa.
Impukane inamabili amaphiko. Iphiko langaphambili likhulu ngosayizi kunasemuva. Izintambo zigoqa endizeni eyodwa. Ungenwe yi-mesh engajwayelekile yokuqinisa imicu (imithambo). Phambi kwephiko kukhona ama-cuticular thickenings (amafomu angewona aweselula).
Imilenze yesinambuzane inamathele esifubeni sofezela. Lezi yizinyawo ezigijimayo ezinonyawo oluqukethe izingxenye ezi-5 nezihlakala ezi-2. Ngaphezu komsebenzi wokunyakaza, emadodeni imilenze yenza omunye umsebenzi obalulekile. Ngosizo lwabo, insikazi iyagcinwa, igcinwe ngesikhathi somshado.
Isisu sezimpukane singama-cylindrical, aqukethe izingxenye eziyi-11. Ukuphela komsila emadodeni kuhlukaniswe ngokubabazekayo kube izingxenye futhi kugoqwa. Okunikeza ukufana ngokuphelele nomsila wes scorpion. Ekupheleni komsila wesiduna ukuqina kwesitho sangasese ngesimo esifana nesigaxa. Okusho ukuthi, ukugcwaliswa komsila wabesifazane be-scorpion kuthwala kuphela imisebenzi yokuzala.
Abantu, sebebonile impukane yeduna yesibungu, basheshe bakhumbule ufezela onobuthi. Kunokwesaba okungokwemvelo kokuxakwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukholelwa ukuthi ubuthi be-scorpion buyingozi kubantu. Kepha umsila wempukane, njengodosi, uphephile ngokuphelele.
Owesilisa kuphela onesixhobo sokulwa. Ukugwazwa kwesibazi sowesifazane noma ukufana kwaso kulahlekile. Izimpukane zes scorpion cishe aziqheleliseki kusuka ezinambuzini zovemvane. Ekhanda elimnyama kukhona izimpondo ezi-2 ne-eye yamehlo e-convex.
Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yekhanda umlomo, ifakwe imihlathi. Umzimba ophakeme uhlukaniswe kakhulu. Izigaba ezintathu zokuqala ziyimilenze yesifuba emifushane kakhulu. Ezingxenyeni ezilandelayo zomzimba ziyizimbili eziyisishiyagalombili zemilenze yesisu.
Ukuqina lapho ekugcineni, ngakho-ke kukhumbuza umsila wesibazi, ku-scorpion wesilisa kuphela
Isigcawu se Scorpion (I-Mecoptera) yiqembu elikhulu le-system (taxon), elihlanganisa umndeni we-scorpion wangempela (igama lesistimu iPanorpidae). Kuyi-4 genera kuphela enikezwe lo mndeni, kepha ukwahluka kwezinhlobo kukhulu kakhulu. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-420 zithathwa njengabesifazane be-scorpion beqiniso.
Izinhlobo zezimpukane ze-scorpion emazwenikazi zisatshalaliswa ngokungalingani. Sekukonke, izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezingu-3 zihlala endaweni yaseYurophu neyaseRussia. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia nangale kwe-Urals, izinhlobo ezingama-8 zezimpukane zihlala futhi zizalele:
- I-Panorpa communis. Waziwa ngo ufezela ojwayelekile. Ukuchazwa kwesayensi ngale mpukane kwenziwa ngo-1758. Kugcwele kabanzi eYurophu naseRussia yonke, ngaphandle kwalezi zindawo ezisenyakatho.
- I-Panorpa horni. Kwethulwa ekuhlolweni kwebhayoloji ngonyaka we-1928. Isatshalaliswa ngaphezulu kweRussia.
- I-Panorpa hybrida. Kuphenywe futhi kuchazwe ngonyaka we-1882. Ngaphandle kweRussia, itholakala eJalimane, eRomania, eBulgaria. Yabonakala eFinland.
- I-Panorpa cognata. Impukane ichazwa ngonyaka we-1842. Yande emazweni ase-Eastern Europe. Ukusuka eRussia kwafika enyakatho ye-Asia.
- I-Panorpa amurensis. Scorpioness, okuyinto izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezazi ngayo kusukela 1872. Izimpilo kanye nezinhlobo eRussia Far East, zitholakala eKorea.
- I-Panorpa arcuata. Ukuchazwa kwesayensi kwenziwa ngo-1912. Izwe lakubo yiRussia Far East.
- I-Panorpa indivisa. Kwakungo-1957 kuphela lapho incazelo yesayensi evuselelwe yenziwa. Impukane isatshalaliswa enkabeni naseningizimu yeSiberia.
- I-Panorpa sibirica. Ihlala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeRussia, isuka lapho ifulathela eMongolia nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho yeChina. Kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngonyaka we-1915.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlaka zitholakala eRussia.
Ezinhlotsheni ezingamakhulu amaningana zezimpukane zes scorpion, ufezela ojwayelekile uhlala uhlala wedwa. Kufundwa kangcono kunamanye, kusatshalaliswa kabanzi eYurophu, kufaka phakathi neRussia. Scorpioness esithombeni - Imvamisa kakhulu umhlonyane ojwayelekile. Lesi sinambuzane sivezwa lapho sikhuluma nge-scorpion fly ngaphandle kokucacisa igama lesayensi lezinhlobo.
Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat
Izimpukane ze-Scorpion zitholakala ngamanani amakhulu emahlahleni, otshanini obude nasehlathini elincane. Bakhangwa yizindawo ezinomthunzi futhi ezimanzi lapho ezinye izinambuzane zihlangana khona. Ama-Scorpionesses abhekana nezikhathi ezomile noma ezinamaqabunga, ukuba sesiteji seqanda noma isiphungumangathi.
Befuna ukuba nocezu lwezilwane zasendle ekhaya, abanye abathanda kakhulu baqala ukwakha izinambuzane. Lezi vivariums zesinambuzane zivame ukuqukethe izimvemvane zasezindaweni ezishisayo. Isipiliyoni sokusebenzelana nabo siqongelele ngokwanele. Okulandelayo kulayini namanye ama-arthropods.
Imizamo ephumelelayo yokugcina i-scorpionesses seyenziwe. Bahlala kahle phakathi kwabantu bezizwe ezithile. Ukubanika ukudla akunzima. ISkorpionnitsy ayidingi indawo yezindiza ezinde. Ukuwabukela akulula kangako njengokubuka izinhlanzi e-aquarium. Izingcweti zemishanguzo, ochwepheshe kanye nama-amateurs, basaqhubeka nokuthatha isinqumo ngokugcinwa kwezindlu kwabesifazane bamakhaza.
Kumuntu, i-scorpion akuyona ingozi, ngokungafani nenkolelo evamile, ayikwazi ukugwaza
Umsoco
Noma yikuphi ukufa phakathi kwama-invertebrates kuyithuba labesifazane be-scorpion lokudla. Ngaphezu kwenyama efile, izimpukane ezindala zihehwa yizinsalela ezibolayo zemifino. Ngemuva kokubona isinambuzane siboshwe kuwebhu, intombazane yofezela izama ukusondela phambi kwesicabucabu siyidle. Iqhutshwe yisinambuzane, ufezela lungaba isisulu sesicabucabu.
Impukane indiza, Izithombe okuvame ukumiswa ngokulengisa ikhanda lakhe ibheke phezulu, hhayi kuphela isikhafu, kepha futhi nomzingeli. Kulesi sikhundla, ubamba omiyane nezinye izimpukane ngemilenze yakhe emide eshwabene. Ezinye izinhlobo, ngaphandle kwenyama, zisebenzisa impova kanye nompe. Kukhona izimpukane ezincelayo okuqukethwe amajikijolo. Isibonelo, inani labantu baseSiberia izimpukane zaseSiberia libangela umonakalo omkhulu ekuvuneni kwama-currant amhlophe.
Ukuhamba ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-substrate, izibungu zezimpukane zidonsa ukudla okufinyeleleka kalula kulo ungqimba obalulekile - imfucumfucu yesitshalo, esesigabeni sokugcina ngaphambi kokuba ngothuli. Lokhu, kungabonakala, akuyona into enempilo ikakhulukazi yokuthi kusetshenziswe ubuncane bemizamo yokumba ukudla.
I-scorpion yona ngokwayo ingaya kwisinambuzane esidliwayo noma inyoni ukudla kwasemini. Ngaphezu kwezicabucabu, izinyamazane ezidla izigqoko kanye nezigqoko zokuzingela ziyazizingela. Izinyoni, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokudalwa, ziba izitha eziningi. Ingxenye yomsila, efana nesitho sofezela, ingaba isivimbeli esihle. Kepha izintokazi ziyancishwa. Yinye into esele - ukwanda kakhulu.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ukuphuma ngaphandle kwe-chrysalis isinambuzane sofezela Ihlala nezinkinga ezimbili: ukuthola ukudla nokuqhubeka nohlobo. Ukuthola abalingani be-scorpion abesifazane banikeza amasiginali wamakhemikhali - pitomones. Lapho uhlala emathangeni futhi ungaboni kahle emehlweni, ukuxhumana kwamakhemikhali kuyindlela ethembeke kunazo zonke yokwenza i-pair.
Abesifazane abahamba nge-scorpion abesilisa basebenzisa indlela esetshenzisiwe futhi ihlolwe. Zigcina insikazi ibazungezile, ifihla imfihlo yokugcona. Amaconsi esifazane, adonsa uketshezi, uba mncane ngokwengeziwe futhi abe ngaphasi kwezimfuno zowesilisa. Izinambuzane ziyaxhuma isikhashana ngenkathi owesilisa edla umlingani wakhe ngamathe.
Amadoda ezinye izinhlobo zezimpiko ku-arsenal anobuqili obufanayo. Banikeza isilwane esidliwayo noma izinambuzane zonke zokuthambisa. Isikhathi senqubo yokukopisha sincike ngosayizi wokudla okunikezwayo. Lapho ukudla kuphela, izinambuzane zilahlekelwa ukuthakazelana.
Ngemuva kokuhlangana nowesilisa, insikazi iqala ukubheka indawo enenhlabathi enamanzi. Amaqanda angama-2-3 amaqanda abekwa ezingqimbeni ezingaphezulu ze-substrate. Inqubo yokuba khona kwesigaba seqanda ayihlali isikhathi eside, izinsuku ezingama-7-8 kuphela. Izibungu ezivele ngokushesha ziqala ukukudla ngenkuthalo.
Izibungu zidinga ukwanda ngosayizi nosayizi owenele ukucwilisa. Njengoba sesikhuphuke cishe izikhathi eziyishumi, izibungu ziyagobhoza ekujuleni kwesiqalo esingaphansi komhlaba kanye nemidlwane. Esigabeni sabafundi, lesi sinambuzane sichitha cishe amasonto amabili. Ngemuva kwalokho kune-metamorphosis - ipupa iba yimpukane.
Isikhathi sokuguqulwa kweqanda likwenze isibungu kanye ne-pupae ibe impukane singaguqulwa kakhulu. Konke kuncike esikhathini sonyaka lapho kufanele uhlale khona kulesi simo. Umsebenzi ulula - ukuguqula izikhathi ezibandayo noma ezomile emhlabathini. Imvelo ibhekana ngempumelelo nalokhu.
Izibungu ziyavela lapho umhlabathi ungagadli futhi ungomile, lapho kunenqwaba yezinsalela zokubola enhlabathini. Izimpukane zivela ngemuva kokukhishwa kwezinye izinambuzane - ukudla okungaba khona kofezela. Emgqeni ophakathi naphakathi nenkathi yehlobo kukhona okungenani izizukulwane ezintathu zabantu besifazane be-scorpion. Esimweni esidala, izimpukane zikhona kusukela enyangeni eyodwa kuya kwezintathu.
Esithombeni isibungu
Amaqiniso Ahehayo
Isazi se-entomologist sase-Austrian A. Handliersch, saphenywa ngonyaka we-1904 ifosili eliqukethe impukane elondolozwe kahle. Umsila wesinambuzane wasendulo wadukisa usosayensi.Wanquma ukuthi usethole uhlobo lwe-prehistoric scorpion Petetantantis rossica. Iphutha latholakala futhi lalungiswa kuphela ngemuva kwekota yeminyaka ngu-entomologist A. A. Martynov.
Uhlobo lokugcina lwe-scorpion fly (Mecoptera) olutholwe muva nje. Ngo-2013, watholakala epulazini laseBrazil esifundeni saseRio Grande do Norte. Lokhu kusikisela izimo ezimbili:
- umndeni omkhulu wabesifazane be-scorpion ungaphindwa usebenze isikhathi eside,
- ihlathi okuthiwa yi-Atlantic alifundiswanga kahle futhi lilungele ukunika abantu ukutholakala okusha kwe-botanical and biological.
Izinambuzane, kufaka nezimpukane zes scorpion, kwesinye isikhathi ziba ngabasizi kochwepheshe bezokuloba. Lezi zithandwa zenyama engaphili zingokuqala ukuba semzimbeni womuntu oshonile noma isilwane. Babeka amaqanda abo khona lapho. Ngokwezinga lokuthuthuka kwamaqanda nezibungu, ochwepheshe bafunde ukubala ngokunembile isikhathi sokufa.
Ukutadisha umkhondo oshiywe izimpukane, izintuthwane, izimbungulu kumuntu oshonile kungatshela ochwepheshe bezazi zasendlini okuningi. Ngosizo locwaningo lwe-entomological, kwakhiwa uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ezenzeka nomzimba ngemuva kokufa komuntu.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi abesilisa bezinhlobo ezithile zabafazi be-scorpion bahlanganyela imfihlo yabo yokuthunga nowesifazane. Abanye banikeza insikazi into edliwayo ukuze ifunelwe. Owesifazane uthatha owesilisa athandana naye ngokudla. Kunomshado omfishane wokulula.
Akuwona wonke amadoda afuna ukusesha inyamazane. Baqala ukwenza sengathi bangabantu besifazane, baphinda nokuziphatha kwabo. Umnikazi odidekile wesipho somshado usibeka kumenzi wesilo owesilisa. Njengoba esethole ucezwana lokudla, uyeka ukwenza, ushiya umuntu ofuna ukukhohlisa onenjabulo yomuntu siqu engenalutho.
16.09.2018
I-Scorpion (i-Latin Panorpa communis) - izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezivame kakhulu eYurophu ezivela e-Mecoptera ye-oda. Yathola igama layo ngenxa yokuba khona kwabesilisa esicelweni sesisu sesitho sokuzala, kukhumbuza ngokuqinile umsila we-scorpion obheke phezulu.
Ezinkulungwaneni zezinhlobo ezaziwa njengamanje ezivela emndenini we-True Scorpion (Panorpidae) ezwekazini laseYurophu, ezingama-21 ziphila, zonke azizibeki ebungozini empilweni yabantu nakwezinye izilwane. Kuliqiniso, ama-agrarians awawathandi. Izidalwa ezinokubukeka okumangalisayo zithanda ukuphuza ujusi kusuka amajikijolo avuthiwe, anciphisa ikhwalithi yesivuno.
Babizwa nangokuthi izimpukane zes scorpion. Ngo-2018, bathola isihloko esihlonishwayo esithi “Insect of the Year”, minyaka yonke esinikezwa yiGerman Entomological Institute eMunich (Brandenburg Land).
Ikhanda
Enye yezimpawu zokuqokwa kweqembu ukuba khona kwe-rostrum eyakhiwa yi-clypeus ende ne-subgenus. Ubukhulu balokhu kwakhiwa, noma kunjalo, buyehluka ngokungabi bikho ngokuphelele kwabameleli bohlobo Brachypanorpa (Panorpodidae).
Ngemuva kwe-rostrum kukhona izinto zokuhlobisa zomlomo zomlomo. AmaMaxillae ayisici sawo eside kunazo zonke: izindondo zawo eziphakeme zinamathela odongeni lwangemuva lwangaphakathi nolwelwesi lwe-rostrum. Ukwakheka kwama-mandibles kuvela ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa nezimpawu zokudla okunempilo. Ngakho-ke kubamele abakhethekileyo bemindeni iBoreidae, Panorpodidae ne-Eomeropidae bamfushane, bukhulu futhi baphatha amazinyo amabili (noma ngaphezulu) angaphansi. Ngezindlela zokuphamba (i-Bittacidae), ama-mandibles amade, athambile, asikwa ngokungacimekiyo, ngezinyo elilodwa, futhi asebenza njengesikhafu. Ama-scavenger scavenger abonakala ngendlela yama-mandibles aphakathi kwalezi zinketho ezimbili. Babuye bancelise igazi, abesifazane kuphela abaphuza igazi, ngokunokwenzeka. Ukuluma kubuhlungu, ukuvulwa kokulunywa kukhulu impela.
Inani lezigaba ze-antenna lisukela ku-16 ukuya ku-20 kwe-bittacid ne-boreid liye ku-60 kuma-ateropanorpids nama choristids. Bakhuluma ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamamitha we-antenna, bachaza i-filiform kanye ne-antenna ecacile. Ngokunokwenzeka, ama-antenna adlala indima ebalulekile ekufuneni ukudla kusuka ezinhlotsheni ze-scavenger, nasekufuneni umlingani ocansini, obamba iqhaza ekhemisi.
Isifuba
Isifuba sivezwa ngekhanda nesisu ngokukhululeka futhi, ngokuvamile, kubonakaliswa uhlelo lwe-neuroteroid lwesakhiwo. Ukuguqulwa okuyinhloko kwesifunda se-thoracic kuhlobene nokuncishiswa kwamaphiko kubamele beminye imindeni kanye nokuguqulwa kwamalambu kube ama-grabers ngenxa yendlela yokuphila yangaphambili ye-bittacid.
Engqulweni yokuqala, ngababili abangamaphiko angenasici, anwebekile agobeke kahle anendawo yokuzimela ethuthukisiwe kanye ne-pterostigmus ebizwayo. Ulwelwesi olungabonakali (ngesinye isikhathi olubonakalayo) lwamaphiko lumbozwe ngezinwele ezimfushane. Esisekelweni samaphiko kukhona izitho zesikhumba. Abamele lokhu kuthunjwa banendiza “ebuthakathaka” futhi kuma-scorpionesses amaningi (ngokusho kokuqagela okuthile, ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu zohlobo olwaziwayo), amaphiko ancipha (ngesinye isikhathi aze anyamalale ngokuphelele). Yize ukubonakaliswa okufanayo kutholakala emindenini eminingi lapho izinhlobo zezimpiko zivame kakhulu (isibonelo, iBittacidae), emindenini emibili - i-Apteropanorpidae neBoreidae - ukuncishiswa kwamaphiko kungenzeka kakhulu kunokuhlukile. Ikakhulu, kuma-borid, izimpiko zezinsikazi ziphenduka amapuleti afakwe sclerotised, kuthi emadodeni ziguqulwe zibe izingwegwe ezincanyana, ezisetshenziselwa ukubamba owesimame ngenkathi kukopishwa.
Amalungu amaningi we-oda anemilenze egijimayo ene-paw enezingxenye ezinhlanu kanye nezihlakala ezimbili. Impela, iqhaza lezinyawo ekuhambeni kwezindlela zezintambo libaluleke kakhulu. Kushintshiwe ukuze kuthwebu izisulu zezisulu zabantu abadala bomndeni. AmaBittacidae aphethe uzipho olunye kuphela, ama-spurs amabili ku-shin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye yesihlanu yelungu elinjalo iyakwazi ukubambelela kwesine. Amaphethelo abesifazane besibabazi salo mndeni mude kangangokuba kuholela ekufaneni kwangaphandle kwesinambuzane esinganyakazi kumiyane enezinyawo ezinde (Tipulidae).
I-Paleontology
ISkorpionnitsy iyiqembu lasendulo nelakudala lezinambuzane elinoguquko oluphelele, olwaluvele lubalulekile ku-Paleozoic ne-Mesozoic, lubalulekile ekuthini stratigraphic kanye phylogenetic. Ingxenye yezinhlobo zezimbaza ezaziwayo yaziwa kuphela ngesimo sefossil, ikakhulukazi kusuka emaphepheni amaphiko. Bavele esikhathini se-Permian, lapho, ngo-1904, isazi sempi sase-Austrian u-Anton Gandlirsch sichaza ummeli wokuqala wakudala wento etholakele emfuleni i-Kama (endaweni yaseKazan ezintabeni eziSilent). Wayengajwayelekile kangangoba wayechazwa njengesibazi. I-petromantis rossica I-Handl., I-fallity yayo yafakazelwa kuphela ikota yeminyaka kamuva yi-Russian paleoentomologist A.V. Martynov. Ukutholwa kwemvume kutholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Umndeni wakudala kakhulu nowakudala wayo yonke imbandezelo kufanele ubhekwe njengamatekisi † Kaltanidae (archetype, banesethi ephelele kunazo zonke yezinhlamvu ze-plesiomorphic). Imindeni engaphezu kweshumi nambili yofezela iye yaqothuka kuleli zilo lwanamuhla ayimelwe († Aneuretopsychidae - † Choristopsychidae - † Cimbrophlebiidae - † Dinopanorpidae - † Holcorpidae - † Kaltanidae - † Mesopanorpodeeisisisisudisisudisisistuis - syesopisis - †esopisis - †esopisis - † Mesipanorpode - seesopis - †esopisis - † Mesipanorpode Thaumatomeropidae). Ngokusho kwabanye ababhali, umndeni we-Paleozoic † Protomeropidae, ohlanganisa nezinhlobo Westphalomerope maryvonneae, ubheke isinambuzane esidala kakhulu ngoshintsho oluphelele.
Isikhundla esikuhlelekile kanye nesimo seqembu
Ngokwesiko, izimpukane ze-scorpion, kanye nama-dipterans namazeze, zithathwa njengengxenye yeqembu le-Antliophora.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-90 yekhulu lama-20, i-holophilia of scorpion flies (ekwakhiweni okwethulwe kulesi sihloko) ibingabazeki. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha entsha mayelana nokwakheka kwama-ovaries kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswa ngomlomo, kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwesakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-DNA se-loci eminingana, kwenze ukuthi sikwazi ukubheka i-scorpion njenge-paraphyletic taxon maqondana nenye "i-oda" yezinambuzane - amaza. Ngokwale mibono, iqembu elihlangene labesifazane kanye nawofishi elihlanganisiwe liqukethe amagugu amabili: elinye lifaka namazeze kanti imindeni iBoreidae neNannochoristidae, neminye imindeni yabesifazane be-scorpion iwele komunye.
Ukuziphatha
Isidlakela esidliwayo sidla ikakhulu izinambuzane ezifile nezigulayo. Kubantu abaphilile, ihlasela kakhulu. I-Kleptoparasitism iyisimo sakhe. Uvame ukuntshontsha inyamazane yomunye umuntu kuma-spider webs.
Ngesikhathi sesenzo esingesihle, umnikazi wewebhu ubona isela lesisulu sakhe, livame ukusondela kuye, kodwa ngomzuzu wokugcina uqeda intukuthelo yakhe elungileyo futhi wenqaba ukulwa. Okudale ukuthi lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwemicimbi kusaziwa namanje.
Isinambuzane siyasebenza phakathi nosuku, futhi ebusuku siphumula emacembe ezitshalo.
Ngaphezu kokudla kwezilwane, imenyu ifaka umpe wezimbali, ujusi wezithelo ezivuthiwe namajikijolo. I-Barberry (Berberis) ne-currant (i-Ribes) bayithanda kakhulu. Kwenziwa imbobo encane ekhasini labo ngosizo lwezinto zokugaya, ngemuva kwalokho kube nokuthokozela koketshezi olunamavithamini noshukela. IScorpio indiza iningi layo njengazo zonke izingcezu zezitshalo eziqale ukubola.
I-imago ingabonakala ngo-Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba.