I-Ophiuri phakathi kwe-echinoderms yizilwane ezihamba phambili. Bahamba ngosizo lwemisebe, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngale njongo basebenzisa imilenze yabo ye-ambulacral. Yize ama-ophiurs enesakhiwo sogongolo, aziphatha njengezilwane ezihamba zodwa lapho zihamba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingalo zabo zensimbi ezimbili noma ezine ezigoba ngendlela efana ne-wave, futhi ugongolo lwabo olungakhokhelwa ngalesi sikhathi lingaqondiswa phambili noma emuva, bese kuthi idiski iphakanyiswe ngaphezu kwesiqalo.
Uhlome nge-ophiur, kunezinye izindlela zokuhamba. Ngakho-ke, abantu abathile bezinhlobo ezithile ze-ophiur, abathumba izinto ngomugqa owodwa noma emibili, badonswa kubo, ngenkathi bexoshwa yimisebe esele. Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ngaphandle kokungabikhona kwama-ampoules nezinkomishi zokuphuza, zisebenzisa imilenze ye-ambulacral ngesikhathi sokuhamba, uziyisa emhlabathini ongalingani. Endaweni ebushelelezi, njengodonga lwengilazi ye-aquarium, ama-snake angakwazi ukukhamba ngemilenze ye-ambulacral. Kulokhu, amaseli we-glandular we-ophiur afihla umumbu okhethekile we-viscous, ngenxa yokuthi imilenze yawo ibonakala inamathela ngaphezu komhlaba ongaphansi. Indima ebalulekile idlalwa yimilenze ye-ambulacral nalapho ugaya i-ophiur emhlabathini.
Imisebe nemilenze ye-ophiur ayisebenzisi nje ukuhambisa ngokugudla, kepha futhi ibamba iqhaza ekubanjweni kokudla kanye nokuthuthuka kwayo okulandelayo emlonyeni. Ziphinde zidle ngokudla izinyoka njengezilwane ezincane ezahlukahlukene, kanye ne-detritus, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zithanda i-algae kuphela.
Izinhlayiya ezincane zokudla kwe-ophiura zilethwa emlonyeni ngemilenze, nezilwane ezinkulu zibanjwa yimisebe, ethi, ikunqande, izilethe ngqo emlonyeni. E-ophiurs yaseYurophu, njengoba kuboniswa ngocwaningo lwezisu zabo, i-detritus, kanye nama-crustaceans amancane, ama-polychaetes, ama-mollusks, ama-echinoderms amancane nezinye izidalwa zasolwandle ezincane, akha isisekelo sokudla (cishe i-75-90%). Uma zigcinwa ezindaweni zokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi, zingaphakwa ngezinhlanzi ezigayiwe.
Ama-ophiuras angasizwa inyamazane ibanga elithile, emva kwalokho akhwela kuwo. Ucwaningo olukhethekile selukhombisile ukuthi imilenze ye-ambulacral ebhekelele ekucasukeni kokudla. Futhi uma imilenze ye-ambulensi ixhumana nenhlayiyana yokudla, ke iyayiqondisa emlonyeni, bese izinhlayiya zangaphandle ezingabonakali zibhekwa ngokushesha futhi zidilizwe.
Ama-Ofiuri azwela kakhulu nakwezinye izinto ezishukumisayo, ikakhulukazi ukukhanya. basabela ngokushesha emathonyeni ahlukahlukene emishini. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngamalungu abo omqondo.
I-Bioluminescence iyisici sezinhlobo ezithile ze-ophiur: i.e. bayakwazi ukukhazimula. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa bavele bakhanye imisebe nezinaliti zabo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izihlangu zomlomo. Ukukhanya okuqinile okuphuzi okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuyimpendulo ekucasukeni kwemishini, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuthinta i-ophiura. Ukukhanya kwe-ophiur akuqapheleki ngamapopodod ahlukahlukene, okuvame ukuhlala emizimbeni yabo, futhi kuvame ukukhwela ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi ze-ophiur.
Indlela yokuphila ephathekayo ye-ophiur, kanye namathambo aqinile, ukuze ivikele i-ophiur ekuhlaselweni yizitha ezincane. Kepha ku-ophiura, ungathola ama-ciliates ahlukahlukene, kanye nama-mollusks we-parasitic, ama-crustaceans kanye nezibungu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinambuzane nezindawo zokuphumula ze-inurur zimbalwa ngenani, yize zimelwe yizilwane ezivela emaqenjini ahlukahlukene ahlelekile. Phakathi kwama-Copepods, kunezinhlobo ezithile ezivuthisa ku-ophiur, zibeka amaqanda amaningi kuzo, eziphazamisa ukwenziwa kabusha okujwayelekile kwabanikazi bazo. Ama-Copepods ngamanye angadala ukwakheka kokudumba okukhulu okungathi yenyongo ezansi kwemisebe yenyoka.
Ama-ophiuras athambekele ekuhlalweni unomphela kwezinye izinto, ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kwenaliti yama-urchins olwandle. Ngakho-ke, i-ophiura Nannophiura lagani encane, enobubanzi bediski engaba ngu-0.5 mm, yavumelaniswa nokuphila olwandle i-urchin Laganum depressum. Cishe njalo kutholakala ngasohlangothini oluqondile lwaleli hedgehog eliyisicaba, lapho lisuka kwelinye inalithi liye kwelinye, njengenkawu encane ehamba kancane isuka esihlahleni iye kwesinye. Ngokuvamile, ama-ophiurs ahlala kumakhorali nesiponji. Iningi labamele ama-ophiur anemisebe engu-5 avela kusizinda se-ophiur egatsheni ahlala ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zamakhorali, futhi amanye aze adle ngezicubu ezithambile zabaphathi bawo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Ophiomaza Ophiur ngezinduna ezahlukahlukene zolwandle nakho kwaphawulwa. Futhi i-Ophiomaza cacaotisa ophiura yatholakala kaningi ngaphambili eceleni koLwandle olushisayo lwase-genus Comanthus, inkomishi yayo isonga kakhulu ngemisebe. Imvamisa, ama-ophiuras anemibala ngesizotha kunamanye ama-echinoderms, kepha umbala we-ophiura Ophiomaza cacaotisa uhlotshaniswa ngokuhlukahluka futhi uhambisana ncamashi nalowo mnikazi wokuxhumana .. Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zomzimba wazo ezidwetshwe ngombala obomvu okhanyayo noma obomvu, kepha lezi ophiuras azibonakali kangako ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncane. Imvamisa ethambile, eluhlaza okotshani, onsundu noma ephuzi ibonakala kakhulu kumbala we-Snake, evame ukugqokwa yizici ezahlukahlukene zombala ohlukile.
Yize kungasaziwa kangako izinsalela ze-ophiil ye-ophiur, ngakho-ke, azifundeki ngokuphelele. Ngaso leso sikhathi, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-180 zama-ophiur aqothulayo manje ziyaziwa. Ama-taxonomists esigabeni se-ophiur ahlukanisa ama-oda ama-3: i-ophiur yangempela (Ophiurida), i-oegofiurida (Oegophiurida) ne-frinofiurida (Phrynophiurida).
Isici se-Biological of Ophiura
Ngaphandle, ama-ophiurs afana ne-starfish. Umzimba umelelwa yidiski elisicaba, nemisebe emide engu-5-10 noma, uma umane ubeka, izandla zisuka kude nawo.
Idiski ephakathi enobubanzi obungadluli ku-10 cm, izingalo zingaba nobude obungama-60-70 cm. Izandla zomsila wenyoka zinama-vertebrae amaningana, imicu yemisipha ye-intervertebral inamathele kuzo, ngenxa yokuthi i-vertebrae ihunyushwa.
I-Ophiuros (Ophiuroidea).
Izinhlobo eziningi zikhombisa amandla okuhambisa imisebe kuphela ezindizeni ezivundlile, kepha ama-euryalid angakwazi ukugoqa izingalo zawo ziye esiswini, okungukuthi, ziye emlonyeni.
Amathambo e-ophiura ayindida, amelelwa yizakhi zangaphandle nezangaphakathi. Ingxenye yangaphandle iqukethe inamba enkulu yama-microscopic lens, anika i-carapace ukufana iso. Isisu nomhlane zimbozwe izikali calcareous. Ingalo ngayinye inemigqa emine yamapuleti athile wesikhumba. Umugqa ongenhla ungowokucekelwa phansi, ongaphansi ngomlomo (ngasohlangothini lomlomo), kanye nezintambo ezimbili ohlangothini. Amapuleti asohlangothini anezikhala. Kunezinhlobo zama-shrews ezithambo sangaphandle simbozwe ngesikhumba.
Ama-ophiuras ayaziwa ngesimo se-fossil kusuka ku-Ordovician yokuqala.
Kuyo kanye indawo yesisu kukhona umlomo onobume bepentagon. Leli fomu kungenxa yokuthi imihlathi emi-5, ifakwe ama-papillomas akhethekile, igijimela emgodini womlomo ngokushesha.
Isisu sibukeka njengesikhwama, sithatha ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yediski ephakathi. Lawa ma-echinoderms awanayo i-anus. Ukuze ukhiqizwe kabusha, i-snarker isebenzisa i-bursa - isikhwama esinesakhiwo se-membranous, lapho kuvuleka khona ama-gonads. Izindawo lapho izindlala zingena kuzo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-bursal fissures, zitholakala ngaphakathi kwe-disc.
Isistimu ye-hydraulic, ambulacral ofiur ijwayelekile kuwo wonke ama-echinoderms, ngaphandle kokuthi ayisebenzi ukuhambisa indawo yokubamba izinyoka ngoba imilenze yazo ye-ambulacral ayinazo izinkomishi zokugunda. Zitholakala ezandleni phakathi kwamapuleti e-lateral kanye nesisu. Imvamisa umbala ogqamile uvamile kuma-ophiur, kukhona ngisho nezinhlobo ezikhanyayo.
Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-120 ze-ophiur zihlala eRussia.
Indawo yokuhlala ka-Ofiura
Indlela yokuphila ka-Ofiura kubhekisa phansi. Lezi yizakhamizi ezijwayelekile zolwandle olujulile, futhi amplitude wokusakazwa makhulu impela. Hlukanisa izinhlobo ze ezitholakala ezindaweni ezisogwini, kepha ikakhulu ama-snake aphila ngokujula kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana.
Lezi zinhlobo zakwalasha azikhuphukeli phezulu, okujulile kutholakala kwalasha kunokujula kwamamitha ayi-6,700. Indawo yokuhlala kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene inomehluko wayo: Abamele ikilasi elingashayi mkhuba bakhethe amatshe asogwini, amadwala wamakhorali kanye nesiponji se-algae, abathandi bezindawo ezimbi ezigcwele olwandle bacashe kusilika.
Ishayeka ngokuphelele emhlabathini, ishiya kuphela amathiphu wemisebe yayo ebusweni. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-ophiur zihlala ndawonye nenjabulo phakathi kwenaliti yama-urchins olwandle, emagatsheni ama-coral noma izipanji kanye ne-algae.
Ezindaweni, kunenqwaba yama-ophiur, enza ama-biocenoses ahlukile, abamba iqhaza elibalulekile empilweni yemiphakathi yasolwandle. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zithinta kakhulu ukusebenza kohlelo lwamanzi lonke, ngoba zidla izinto eziningi eziphilayo, futhi, futhi, nokudla kwezinye izimpilo zasolwandle.
Incazelo:
Ubuningi bomsila wenyoka owaziwayo ngokwale oda elithile. Idiski yalezi ophiur ngokuvamile imbozwe ngesikali, bese imisebe imbozwe ngamapuleti. Imisebe ayilona igatsha futhi iyashesha ukwedlula leyaleyo omele ukutholakala kwangaphambilini. Bagoba kuphela indiza evundlile, ngoba ukuvezwa kwe-vertebrae kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe - ngosizo lwe-tubercles ne-fossae.
Omunye wemindeni ebanzi kakhulu yalokhu ku-oda, i-Ophiacantliidae (Ophiacantliidae), uqukethe inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezilwane ezigcwele olwandle, futhi eziningi zazo zihlala ekujuleni okukhulu. Ku-inpakantpd, idiski esehlangothini dorsal imbozwe ngokuphelele ngesembozo se-Akukho esakhiwe ngokuseduze izifutho eziphansi, i-spikop noma izinaliti, ezifihla izindwani ze-disc. Imisebe inikezwe inani elikhulu leenaliti ezinde kakhulu futhi ezinamahloni. Ummeleli ojwayelekile kakhulu womndeni yi-ofiakant enezinhlwathi ezimbili (Ophiacanlha bidentata), esivame ukutholakala olwandle lwase-Arctic, Atlantic nasePacific ekujuleni kuka-10 kuye ku-4500 m.Lokhu kuno-ophiura onsundu onsundu, onobubanzi obungama-12 mm, onamandla okukhanya.
Amandla okukhanya asabalele kakhulu phakathi kwabamele omunye umndeni - ofiocomid (Ophiocomidae). I-Opliiopsila ascilosa ne-O. arenea zikhanya kakhulu, ihlala eMedithera morgue "ekujuleni okufika kumamitha ayi-100. Lezi ophiurs ziqala ukuvutha ngokucasuka okuncane. Kwanele ukuthinta nge-wand noma i-tweezers kuya ugongolo lwe-ophiura, njengoba ngokushesha kukhanya ukukhanya okukhanyayo ekuqaleni endaweni yokuthinta, khona-ke ukukhanya kukhanya imisebe esele. Ngokucasulwa isikhathi eside, la ma-snake anyoka akhanya ngokukhanya okuluhlaza okotshani, futhi kubonakala sengathi ukukhanya kuvela ebusweni bonke be-ophiura. Kodwa-ke, izifundo zomlando walezi zinhlobo zikhombisile ukuthi amaseli e-glandular, imfihlo yawo ebangela ukuvutha, itholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezithile zomzimba we-ophiur. Izinaliti, izingcwecwe zesisu nezasemuva zama-ray zingakhanya. Lesi sici sezinhlobo ezibaliwe sisetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekufundeni kwendlela yabo yokuphila. Zombili lezi zinhlobo ziyasebenza ebusuku, ekukhanyeleni kwelanga zicasha esihlabathini. ”Amandla okukhanya enza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubheka lezi zilwane ebusuku ngaphandle kokukhanya okwengeziwe. Kwavela ukuthi i-ophiur edliwayo yayikhombisa imisebe emithathu ukusuka endaweni yokukhosela, iwabeka njengomphumela wokugeleza futhi ngenxa yalokho ithumba nokuhlunga kwezinhlayiya zokudla kumiswe namanzi.
Iyathandeka kakhulu i -ionionoma (Ophiocoma delicata), etholakala ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-35 ukusuka ogwini oluseningizimu mpumalanga ye-Australia. Le ophiura ine-pentagonal encane, idiski elicinene kakhulu lombala wesinamoni obonakalayo onamabala ayindilinga noma nxazonke, ngalinye linomngcele omhlophe obanzi. Imisebe yemisebe nayo inezithoni ezimbili: enye ingxenye imfushane onsomi kanti enye icishe ibe mhlophe, imisebe-ke ibukeka ithambile.
Eogwini le-Pacific lamakhorali, ungathola omunye ummeleli we -ayiocomid - Ophiomastix annulosa.
Izinhlobo zomndeni we-amphiurid (Amphiiiridae), ezihluka ikakhulu ekwakhekeni kwe-angle yomlomo, phezulu lapho kuhlala khona izi-papillas ezimbili zomlomo ezingekho emthethweni. Kuyajabulisa ukukhumbula ukuthi ukukhanya kwe-ophiur kwaqala ukutholakala eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-170 edlule: kwabonwa e-Amphipholis squarnata. Kwavela ukuthi abantu abaphilayo kuphela abakwaziyo ukukhazimula, ngokukhanya okuyinhloko okuvela kusisekelo izinaliti, futhi imilenze, njengomthetho, ayikhanyi. Ngabe isho ukuthini i-glowworm ye-snake ayikacaciswa. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukugqama okukhanya okwenzeka lapho kuthinta ama-ophiuras kusabisa izinhlanzi ezidla zona. Ngaleyo ndlela izikhulu zithola ithuba lokusindiswa. Kuyamangaza ukuthi le ophiura encane kakhulu, enobubanzi bediski engeqi ku-4-5 mm, yakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila ezahlukahlukene futhi yasakazeka cishe kuyo yonke indawo ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo zolwandle. Ingatholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yoLwandle iBarents. Umbala we-ophiura ngombala omhlophe noma onsundu. Ihlala phezu kwe-littoral futhi yehlela ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-250. Le i-snake yi-hermaphrodite. Amaqanda akhe akhula nge-bursa, futhi isikhathi sokuzalela sandiswa kakhulu futhi imibungu ingatholakala ku-bursa unyaka wonke. Kuyivelakancane ukuthola amasampula alolu hlobo enediski eqinile, ngoba kaningi ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, i-ophiura ilahla ingxenye yendawo yediski, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nesisu nama-gonads. Ngokushesha, zonke izingxenye ezilahlekile zenziwa kabusha.
I-Little Sea amphiur Stepanova (Amphiura stepanovi) nayo inakekela inzalo. Izinhlanzi ezincane ku-bursa yayo zingatholakala ekuqaleni kwehlobo nasekwindla. Ihlola inhlangano yangaphakathi ye-amphiura ka-Stepanov, u-D. M. Fedotov wafika esiphethweni sokuthi u-A. stepanovi uyinhlobo ye-hermaphroditic, ebonakala ngokuzalwa bukhoma. Uhlala ungcwatshwe esihlabathini noma ucashe egobolondweni lama oysters. Le ophiur itholakala oLwandle Olumnyama ifike kumamitha angama-250, kanye naseLwandle iMarmara.
KuLwandle iMedithera, ogwini lwaseYurophu loLwandlekazi i-Atlantic kanye nasogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Afrika, kuyizinhlobo ezisondelene kakhulu nezangaphambili - I-Amphiura chiajei. Ibekwe esihlabathini, le nsimbi yezinyoka isimba ngokushesha kuyo ngosizo lwemilenze ye-ambulacral, ishiye kuphela izeluleko zemisebe ezinamathele ngaphezu komhlaba. U-Ofiura uqinisa izindonga zokucindezelwa okwenziwe esihlabathini nge-mucus ukuze zingaboli, futhi ukunyakaza okufana negagasi nemisebe ehlukahlukene yediski kufaka isandla ekujikelezweni kwamanzi ezindaweni zokuphumula, okwenza kube nezimo ezinhle zokuphefumula. Ukuqashelwa kwezimonyo ezisezinhlwini zasemanzini kukhombisa ukuthi izinyanga ezingaba ngu-18 ophiurs angahlala angcwatshwe esihlabathini, angashiyi nkululeko yokuzikhethela. Bayakwazi ukwenza ngosizo lwemisebe kuphela ukunyakaza okuncane emhlabathini. Ama-ophiur adla izinhlayiya ze-detritus ezimiswe emanzini, azithatha ngemisebe ye-coccyx edalulwa ngaphezu kobuso bomhlaba. Izinhlayiya ezihloswe kahle zahanjiswa emlonyeni ngosizo lwemilenze ye-ambulacral, futhi izinhlayiya ezinkulu zazithwalwa yimisebe ngokwazo. Kwavela ukuthi lolu hlobo aluso lubambe inyamazane bukhoma. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izinhlayiya zokudla ezilethwe emlonyeni zingena kuwo. Imilenze eseduze yomlomo yohlobo lokudla futhi ikulahle ngokwengxenye. Futhi balahla izinsalela ezingaphathwanga kahle.
Abamele lolu hlobo lwe-Amphioura lungatholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zolwandle. Isibonelo, i-Amphiura antarctica itholakala emanzini ase-Antarctic. naseLwandlekazi Olushisayo lwe-Atlantic, kwahlaselwa izingane ezincanyana A. stimpsoni. Ezilwandle zethu eziseMpumalanga Ekude, oLwandle lwaseJapan, eStaritra Strait, oLwandle i-Okhotsk, emanzini angajulile weSouth Kuril Islands, i-ophiura AmphioHia fissa enkulu enkulu ebomvu imvamisa indawo ejulile. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa njengokudla kwezinhlanzi ezingaphansi.
Akusekho okuvame kakhulu olwandle lwethu oluseFar East nasenyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean, kanye naseBarents, White, naseKara Seas, okuyi-spiny Snake esebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu (Ophiopholus aculeata), ongowomndeni wama-ophiactids (Ophiactidae). Imvamisa itholakala hlangana namaqoqo wesiponji, amatshe, kanye ne-alcare calcareous ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-5 kuye kwangama-500. Imisila yenyoka enesihlwathi inombala we-motley of brownish-purple or red, kwesinye isikhathi iphethini eliluhlaza okotshani. I-disk ihleli ngezinaliti ezincane, imvamisa ezinemibala ehlukahlukene.
Emndenini we-ophiactid, izinhlobo zezilwane zitholakala ezingakhiqiza i-asexally. I-ophiura Ophiaclis virens emincane engu-6 beam, ehlala oLwandle iMedithera nolwandle i-Atlantic Ocean isatshalaliswa ngokuhlukanisa umzimba ube izingxenye ezimbili. Ngemuva kokwehlukana, ingxenye ngayinye isheshe ibuyise elahlekile bese iphinda ibe yi-6-beam, noma kunjalo, imisebe ihluka ngosayizi. Ukukhula kwemisebe kwenzeka ngenxa yokufakwa kwezigaba ezintsha emikhawulweni yazo, ngakho-ke izingxenye ezindala ziyavela ngaphansi kwemisebe.
Abamele umndeni we-Ophiotrichidae (Ophiotrichidae) bavame ukutholakala emanzini ashisayo ezihlahleni zamakhorali. kubonakaliswa ikakhulukazi ukuthi abanazo i-papillas yomlomo, futhi esiqongweni semihlathi kuneqembu lama-papillas wamazinyo. I-disc yama-ophiotrichids imbozwe esikalini, engafakwa isembozo ngesigaxa esiminyene samathumbu amancane nezinaliti. Imibala ihlala enemibalabala futhi inephethini elihle kakhulu. I-Ophiomaza sasalica, ehlala iminduze yolwandle, ivame ukupenda umbala womsingathi. Ubumnandi obuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka be-ophiothrix coerulea. Kwatholakala olwandle iPacific Ocean eduze naseLiu Kiu Islands. Uhlangothi lwakudala lwale ophiura lunephethini eqondile njengoba izihlangu zemisebe zakhiwe ngokuhlanganiswa okumhlophe, nemisebe enamasongo amnyama, phakathi lapho amachashazi amhlophe egqame khona ezivikelweni ezingaphakathi zemisebe. Imisebe yenaliti ngopende onsomi.
I-ophiura Ophiotlirichoides pulcherrima etholakele ayikho enhle kangako. Igama lalesi sipikili esihunyushelwa olimini lwesiRussia lisho ukuthi "amahle kakhulu." Le ophiura inediski enamacici aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuphuzi. Umlomo uvikela iphuzi ngensimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Imisebe eshintshashintshayo ngezihlangu zamakhaza ezi-blue and yellow. Izinaliti zemisebe zinengilazi enamaphethelo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ummeleli kuphela womndeni we-Ophiotrichid osezwaneni zethu kwesinye isikhathi utholakala eningizimu yeLwandle Olumnyama. Le ophiotrix eyi-brittle ophiotrix (Ophiothrix fragilis), ibhebhetheke kakhulu oLwandle i-Atlantic ngasogwini lwaseYurophu nase-Afrika, kanye naseLwandle iMedithera. Ama-ophiotriks angenakonakala avela endaweni yokukhanya ukuya kumamitha ayi-1200. Le ophiura idla ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezingezansi - izibungu, ama-mollusks kanye nama-urchins amancane olwandle. I-brittle ophiotrix imvamisa ihlala ezindlini zokukhosela ezahlukahlukene, phakathi kwamatshe, kumagobolondo angenalutho ama-mollusks.
Abamele umndeni wamaiodermatids (Ophiodermalidae) asatshalaliswa ikakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo. EGulf of Mexico naseLwandle lweCaribbean, i-opioderma (Ophioderma brevispina) yesifushane ihlala ku-littoral. Ngokungafani nezinye i-ophiur ezihamba ngosizo lwemisebe, le ophiura isebenzisa imilenze ye-ambulacral ngesikhathi sokuhamba, inamathela ebubini be-substrate.
Ezilwandle zethu, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu yilezo zomndeni omkhulu we-Snake - umndeni we-Ophiuridae wangempela. Lo mndeni uhlanganisa i-opusura enkulu ye-genus, ebanzi kulo lonke ulwandle. Ummeleli wesici esikhulu kunazo zonke zohlobo lwe-Ophiur yohlobo lwe-Ophiur yi-Ophiura Sarsa (O. sarsi), esivame kakhulu olwandle lwase-Arctic, enyakatho ye-Atlantic ne-Pacific Oceans kusuka emanzini angajulile kuze kube ngamamitha ayi-3000. Njengabanye abamele lo mndeni, i-Ophiura Sars inediski enkulu, ene-disk enkulu isisekelo semisebe ohlangothini lwe-dorsal lwe-neckline, lined nge-papillomas, nemisebe emifushane.
U-O. umllispina uhlala eduze nolwandle lwase-Australia, olusondelene neSarsa ophiura echazwe ngenhla. Idiski yakhe futhi imbozwe amapuleti amakhulu, futhi imisebe imfushane, okunikeza ophiura ukubukeka "stocky".
Abamele kakhulu abakheke kabi kakhulu bohlobo lwe-Amphiophiur (Amphiophinra). Idiski yabo iphakeme ”embozwe ngopelesi, ovame ukuvuvukala, imisebe iqinile, icishe ibe nxantathu esigabeni sesiphambano. Izinhlobo zalolu hlobo zivame kakhulu ekujuleni okukhulu. KuLwandle i-Okhotsk, ngaseningizimu yeziqhingi zaseSouth Kuril, ngasogwini lwaseJapan, esifundeni sase-Alaska naseCalifornia ekujuleni kuka-130 kuye ku-1076 m, i-ophiura Amphiophinra pondcrosa ihlala. Le ophiura ebomvu yamakhorali ingenye enkulu kunazo zonke eqenjini le-ophiur yangempela. Idiski yayo, embozwe amapuleti aqinile avuvukele, kwesinye isikhathi iba nobude obungaba ngu-5 cm, kanti imisebe ingamaphindwe amane kuya kwayi-5 ubude kunediski yediski.
Abamele lolu hlobo lwe-Ophiopleura (Ophiopleura) bane-disc embozwe yisikhumba esithambile esifihla izikali ezincane. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu olwandle lwethu olusenyakatho yi-O. borcalis. Ingaphezulu le-disc yakhe ibonakala ngokuphelele i-satin. Le ngenye ye-ophiur enkulu kunazo zonke, ububanzi be-disk yayo kwesinye isikhathi budlula ama-4 cm. Umbala wale ophiura ubomvu, ophuzi-orenji noma owolintshi.
Izinhlobo zomndeni walezi ophiur zitholakala emanzini ase-Antarctic. Abanye babo banakekela inzalo. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu yi-Ophionolns hexaclis, okuvela kuyo izinsana zayo ezikhiqiza amaqanda esifazane. Le ophiura ebomvu enemigqa eyisithupha enobubanzi obungu-3 cm itholakala ekujuleni kwesiqhingi saseKerguelen. I-disc yabesifazane ivame ukwelulwa yimibungu emincane eminingana, ububanzi be-disc yayo engaba ngu-1 cm futhi ubude bemisebe buyi-2,5 cm. Amaqanda abukeka njengama-vesicles, futhi kulolo nalunye lwazo kuphela ukukhula kweqanda elilodwa, okuwela ku-lumen of the ovary bese kukhula lapho ngemuva kokukhulelwa ku-ophiura encane. Amaqanda asele ewohloka, kungenzeka ukuthi aye ekudleni kombungu okhulayo. Ukufakwa amaqanda kanjani akukacaci. Ngokusobala, isidoda singena kwi-bursa kanye namanzi ageleza njalo. Kuvela ama-ophiur amancane, mhlawumbe ngokusebenzisa umfudlana webhasal, i-ovary ephumile incishiswa kakhulu.
Imisila yenyoka ayisaxaka, njengoba ifomu layo langempela lifana nokuthile phakathi kwenkanyezi ne-ophiura. Ukusuka lapha kufika igama labo - i-starfiura (Astrophiura). Kodwa-ke, ukutadisha ngokucophelela kwalezi zilwane kukhombisa ukuthi azihlangene nezinkanyezi, kepha ama-offnurs wangempela. Zinenqwaba yamapuleti ediski nemisebe ikhula kakhulu futhi yakhe okuthile okufana nesihlangu, futhi izingxenye zamahhala zemisebe ziba buthaka kakhulu. Lezi zingxenye zemisebe zithathwa iskena esiswini nasesiswini, kanye nama-ambulacral pores kanye nobude bemilenze. Indlela yokuphila yalezi ophiur ezithakazelisayo ayaziwa. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka okubanzi kwesihlangu sediski, ukuthuthukiswa okubalulekile kwemilenze ye-ambulacral yengxenye yesihlangu kuphakamisa ukuthi i-starfiura inamathela emadwaleni nasematsheni bese iyondla, ihlunga amanzi ngezinzipho zomlomo we-ambulacral. Kunezinhlobo ezi-6 kuphela zohlobo lwe-Starfiur, ezinhlanu zazo zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zoLwandlekazi lwePacific kanti uhlobo olulodwa lutholakala ogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika kanye nasemanzini angaphansi kolwandle i-Indian Ocean. Imililo yezinkanyezi yatholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-90 kuye kwangama-3080. I-Astrophiura chariplax yatholakala kuLwandle iBering (enyakatho yeCommander Islands) ekujuleni kwama-2440 m. Ngasogwini lweCalifornia ekujuleni okungaphansi kwama-1000 m A. rnarione kwatholakala.
Umndeni omncane we-ophioleucid (Ophioleucidae) uqukethe izinhlobo ezingama-5 kuphela nohlobo olulodwa nesigamu, ezisatshalaliswa ikakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo. Kodwa-ke, enye inhlobo yalo mndeni - i-Ophiostriatus striatus - ihlala e-Arctic Ocean (enyakatho yoLwandle lwaseKara), eLwandle Laptev nasenyakatho ne-Iceland. Yatholakala ekujuleni kuka-698 kuya ku-4000 m.
Engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandlekazi iPacific (esifundeni saseCommander Islands), ekujuleni kuka-2440 m, ummeleli wolunye uhlobo lwe-ofnoleucid, u-Ophioleuce oxycraspedon, wahlangatshezwa. Lolu hlobo luphawulwa ngohlangothi lwesisu olusicaba kakhulu lwe-disc kanye nokuba khona komngcele wamaphephaphu amancane asondele emaphethelweni alo.
Ngo-1972, kwachazwa uhlobo olusha lwe-ophioleucid olujulile, iBathylepta pacifica. Le ophiura yatholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yoLwandlekazi iPacific (empumalanga yePava Caledonia) ekujuleni kwama-6680-6830 m phakathi nohambo lomkhumbi wokucwaninga waseVityaz.
Izinhlobo zemindeni emithathu - i-Ophionereididae, iHemieuryalidae kanye ne-Amphilepididae - azitholakali kwizilwane zethu. Kuliqiniso, enye inhlobo yomndeni wokugcina - i-Amphilepis norvegica, esatshalaliswa olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean isuka eCanary Islands naseLwandle iMedithera kuya ogwini lweNorway kanye naseLofoten Islands ekujuleni kuka-100 kuya ku-2900 m, kungenzeka ihlale engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yoLwandle iBarents, kodwa kuze kutholakale lapho.
Ukudla okwenziwe nge-Opiura nendlela yokuphila
Ama-Ofiurs atholakala phansi, ukujula kwawo kusuka ku-6 kuye ku-8 km. Kodwa-ke, inani elikhona lihlala ekujuleni okungaphezulu kwama-500 m, kwesinye isikhathi amadwala wamakhorali angaba yindawo yokuhlala. Ziqhubekela phansi, zigobhoza emhlabathini futhi zigobise imisebe yazo. Iminyakazo iba jerky, kuqala imishayo emibili idonswa phambili, bese iyiphonsa emuva. Lapho kudliwa, imisebe iyajaha.
Igama lesiRussia "inyoka" liyiphepha lokulandela igama kusuka egameni lesayensi le-ophiura.
Njengoba izandla zezinye ze-ophiur zigqinsiwe, zihlangana ngamanani amakhulu, zifana nekhaphethi elivulekile, elakhiwe ngamatende. Ihlotshiswe imisebe, ama-ophiurs adala izicupho lapho abahlali abaphansi bewela khona, isibonelo, i-jellyfish, izibungu noma iplankton. Ezinye izinhlobo zidla izinto ezifile.
Ama-Wormtail angakwazi ukubuyisela imisebe elahlekile, noma kunjalo, ngokulahleka kwazo zonke izandla, bafa ngokushesha. Ezindaweni ezihlala abantu abaningi, kuba lula ukuba inhlanzi. Kwesinye isikhathi zihlala kuma-urchins olwandle, amakhorali kanye nolwelwe.
Bathola igama labo njengendlela yokuhamba eyinqayizivele.
Ukusakazeka kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-ofiur
Iningi lezinyoka lihlukaniswa ngokobulili, kepha kwesinye isikhathi i-hermaphrodites nayo ivela. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezizalela kabili, zilandelwe kabusha kwezingxenye ezingekho zomzimba. Bahlakulela, bebhekana ne-metamorphosis, ngokwakhiwa kwesibungu - i-ofiopluteus. Uma ukuthuthukiswa kuqondile, ngaphandle kwe-metamorphosis, khona-ke amaqanda adlulela ezigabeni zokuthuthuka ku-bursa, okubuye kube yisitho sokuphefumula. Kamuva, inyoka encane iphumela emanzini, ingene emanzini avulekile.
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Izici Zesakhiwo se-Ofiura
Use isithombe se -ura kufana ne-starfish, noma kunjalo, lokhu kufana kukhawulelwe kuphela yizimpawu ezithile zangaphandle. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi nomlando wokuthuthuka walezi zinhlobo ezimbili zehluke kakhulu.
Ukuvela kwe-ophiur kuqhubekele ekukhuleni kwemisebe, noma "izingalo" zesilwane, ezihlukaniswe nomzimba oyinhloko. Ngosizo lwabo, ama-ophiuras ahamba kahle olwandle.
Idiski ephakathi nendawo yomzimba ububanzi ayidluli ku-10-12 cm, kanti imisebe evela kuyo ifinyelela ku-60 cm ubude.Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-ophiur nabanye abamele ama-echinoderms asesimweni sale misebe.
Imvamisa kukhona ezinhlanu, kepha kwezinye izinhlobo inani lingafinyelela emisebeni eyishumi. Ziqukethe ama-vertebrae amaningi, aqiniswe kanyekanye ngemicu yemisipha, ngosizo lapho "izingalo" zihanjiswa.
Ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa okunje ukwakheka kwesakhiwo Imisebe yezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukunqenqema ibe yibhola kusuka ohlangothini lwangaphakathi oluya emzimbeni omkhulu.
Ukuhamba kwe-ophiur kwenzeka ngendlela ehlasimlisayo, imisebe embalwa iphonswa ngaphambili, ebambelela ekungalingani kogwalo lwasolwandle futhi qinisa umzimba wonke. Ama-vertebrae ngaphandle avikelekile ngamapuleti amancanyana wesikhumba, ahlanganisa imigqa emine.
Izithambeka zesisu zisebenza njengesembozo sama-ambulacral grooves, amapuleti asemuva afakwe izinaliti eziningi ezinesakhiwo nokubukeka okuhlukile.
Ingxenye yangaphandle yamathambo imbozwe ngama-microscopic lens flakes. Lolu uhlobo lwesithombe esihlangene seso. Ngokuntuleka kwezitho ezibonakalayo, lo msebenzi wenziwa yi-carapace uqobo, ekwazi ukuphendula ushintsho lokukhanya.
Ngokungafani ne-starfish, imilenze ye-ambulensi ephuma emigodini ku-vertebra ngayinye ene-radial ayinazo izimbotshana nezinkomishi zokugunda. Baneminye imisebenzi: ethambile nokuphefumula.
Njengama-ray, i-disc ye-Snake embozwe ngokuphelele ngamapuleti wamathambo ngendlela yezikali. Imvamisa ifakwa ngenaliti ehlukile, amashubhu noma amathanga. Maphakathi nohlangothi lwe-ventral kunomlomo we-pentahedral.
Ukwakheka komlomo kukhonjwe ngomhlathi - izihlokwana ezinhlanu ezinxantathu ezinikezwe ngamapuleti omlomo. Isakhiwo somlomo nemihlathi kuvumela i-ophiur ukuthi ingagcini nje ngokudla, kodwa futhi futhi ukuze ibambe futhi ibambe.
Umsoco
Ukudla kwe-Wormtail ezintweni eziphilayo zasolwandle. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe izibungu, ipulankton, izidalwa ezincane zasolwandle, ulwelwe kanye nezicubu ezithambile zamakhorali. Imisebe ye-ophiura nemilenze yayo kuvame ukubandakanyeka ekubanjweni, ekugcinweni nasekubuyiselweni kokudla emgodini womlomo.
Izinhlayiya ezincane ne-dendrite engezansi zikhangwa yimilenze ye-ambulacral, kanti inyamazane enkulu ibanjwa yimisebe, ethi, isonteke, ilethe ukudla emlonyeni. Umsele wamathumbu uqala ngomlomo ama-echinoderms, okubandakanya:
- I-Esophagus
- Isisu, esihlala iningi lomzimba
- I-Cecum (akukho ukuvulwa kwe-anal)
Cishe wonke ama-ophiuras ayakwazi ukuzwa inyamazane kude. Indima ebalulekile kulokhu idlalwa yimilenze, ebamba iphunga lokudla okuzayo. Ngosizo lwemisebe, isilwane sihamba ngendlela eyiyo, sifinyelele umgomo buthule.
Lapho izilwane zigaya ukudla ngezikali zomlomo, yonke imisebe iqondiswa ngokuthe ngqo phezulu. Imiphakathi emikhulu yama-ophiur angamagatsha isebenzisa imisebe yawo “yama-shaggy” ukudala izicupho ezingakhethi lapho kuhlangana khona izibungu ezincane, ama-crustaceans noma i-jellyfish.
Ikhaphethi enjalo yemisebe enamagatsha ibamba kalula nokudla kwasolwandle okumisiwe (ipulangwe). Le ndlela yokudla umayelana nokunikezwa kwe-mucosal-ciliary fterrators. Kukhona ama-echinoderms nabadli bezidumbu.
Izinhlobo ezithile ze-ophiur, ngokwesibonelo, ophiura omnyamaingagcinwa kuma-aquariums. Izilwane ezifuywayo ezinjalo zondliwa ngezakhi ezikhethekile zasolwandle ezomisiwe, kodwa futhi ungazifaka izingcezu ezincane zezinhlanzi ezintsha.