Ushaka onekhanda elimnyama | |||||||||
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Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | |||||||||
Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
I-infraclass: | Gill |
Uchungechunge: | Hexanchida |
Umndeni: | Oshaka abanamakhanda amnyama (Chlamydoselachidae Garman, 1884) |
Buka: | Ushaka onekhanda elimnyama |
- I-didymodus painineus
Garman, 1884
Ushaka onekhanda elimnyama , noma i-lacquer (lat. Chlamydoselachusgicineus) luhlobo oluyi-relict lwezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous ezivela kuhlobo lwe-lamellar oshaka bomndeni ofanayo. Ngaphandle, kubukeka njengenyoka yasolwandle noma i-eel kunabanye oshaka. Ihlala olwandle lwe-Atlantic nolwePacific. Le nhlobo eyivelakancane itholakala emaphethelweni angaphandle eshalofini yezwekazi nasengxenyeni engenhla yomthambeka yezwekazi kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-1570. Ngenxa yobukhona bezinto zakudala, ushaka wamamellar ubizwa ngokuthi "insimbi ephilayo". Ubude obukhulu obuhleliwe buyi-2 m. Umbala onsundu onsundu. Ku-shark ye-lamellar, umzimba wenyoka, amachaphaza, ama-ventral kanye ne-anal fins agudluzelwa emsileni.
Ushaka uzingela njengenyoka, ugoba umzimba wawo futhi ugxume ubukhali phambili. Imihlathi emide futhi ephathekayo iyakuvumela ukuba uginye inyamazane enkulu ngokuphelele, kanti imigqa eminingi yamazinyo amancane abukhali ayenqanda ukugwema ukuphunyuka. Ukudla kuqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-cephalopods, kanye nezinhlanzi ezincane zama-bony kanye noshaka. Uhlobo olunamakhanda oshaka abamnyama ngokuzalwa okuphilayo kwe-placental live. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha iminyaka emi-3,5, lesi isikhathi eside kunazo zonke esaziwa phakathi kwezimpawu zomlomo wesibeletho. Ku-udoti kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-15 cubs. Ukuzala kabusha akuyona inkathi ethile. Oshaka abanjengengoshaka babanjwa ngokubanjiwe ngamanetha okudobela ukuthengisa; inani labo lokuloba lincane. Kwesinye isikhathi laba shaka benza iphutha lezinyoka zasolwandle.
Umnotho
Uhlobo lolu lwaqala ukuqashelwa ngokwesayensi ngudokotela waseGermany ichudologist uLudwig Döderlein, owavakashela eJapan phakathi kuka-1879 no-1881 futhi waletha izinhlobo ezimbili ezintsha eVienna. Kodwa-ke, umbhalo wesandla onencazelo ulahlekile futhi ukuqashelwa kwamukelwa yisazi sezilwane saseMelika uSamuel Garman, ochaze owesimame 1.5m obanjwe eSagami Bay, eJapan. UGarman uthi le nhlobo entsha ngohlobo olusha oluhlukile futhi wakhetha umndeni omusha. Igama lesayensi Chlamydoselachus painineus kuqhamuka ku-dr. I-χchipi (genus pad. χ. χχμύδ) - i-raincoat, i-σέλαχοσέ - ushaka ne-lat. usizi yinyoka. Isikhathi eside, lolu shaka lwaluthathwa njengokuwukuphela kwezinhlobo zohlobo lwalo nomndeni, kodwa ngonyaka ka-2009 kwachazwa uhlobo lwesibili lohlobo olufanayo - Chlamydoselachus africana .
Ukuqagelwa okubekwe phambili ngabaphenyi bokuqala mayelana nobudlelwane obusondelene nalolu shaka nabashaka bePaleozoic ngama-cladoselachia akuqinisekiswanga. Ngokusobala, oshaka be-lamellar basondele kakhulu emazinyweni aqunjelwe, imvamisa bahlangana ndawonye eqenjini elilodwa.
Incazelo
Ushaka onekhanda elimnyama uthole leli gama ngenxa yokugoqwa kwesikhumba saso okubanzi okwenziwe yimicu ye-gill emboza amashele e-gill. Kunezinhlobo ezi-6 Slots ohlangothini ngalunye. Izinduna zezimbhangqwana zokuqala ezivela ngezansi ziyaxhuma futhi zakha i-lobe ebanzi yesikhumba.
Ubude balo shark bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-2, kepha imvamisa buba cishe ngamamitha ayi-1.5 kwabesifazane kanye no-1,3 m kwabesilisa. Umzimba uphakeme kakhulu. Ikhanda libanzi futhi lithambile, i-muzzle imfushane futhi iyindilinga. Amakhala anjenge-Slit-like akhiwe mpo futhi ahlukaniswe izikhala ezingenayo nezingenayo eziphuma emikhombeni yesikhumba. Amehlo amakhulu avele phezulu ngokuqondile. Akunalo ulwelwesi olugqamile. Amachaphaza amachashaza, i-anal kanye ne-ventral fins atholakala eduze komunye nomunye ngemuva komzimba. Amaphiko we-pectoral amafushane futhi ayindilinga. Amaphiko we-ventral and anal mikhulu futhi ayindilinga. I-caudal fin ende inesimo esicishe sinxantathu futhi siqukethe lobe eyodwa ephezulu. Ngaphansi kwesisu kukhona izimbobo zesikhumba ezihlukaniswe umsele, umsebenzi wawo awaziwa. Ingxenye ephakathi yomzimba wezinsikazi yinde kunaleyabesilisa, amaphini abo asesiswini atholakala eduze kwe-anal. Umlomo wale shark ucishe ube mncane, futhi hhayi ophansi, njengabaningi abanye oshaka. Ama-grooves asemakhoneni omlomo awekho. Izinsimbi zemoto zivele zivele. Emhlathini ongenhla naphansi, 19-31 no-21- 29 wamazinyo ngokulandelana. Kunamazinyo acishe abe ngu-300 emlonyeni. Zifana nezikhonkwane ezihlome ngezintathu: izinyo ngalinye linamaphawu amathathu agobile acishe abe ubude obufanayo, phakathi kwawo kunamaphondo amancane. Ama-dermic denticles mancane ngesimo esifana ne-chisel, ebusweni be-dorsal be-caudal fin bakhulu futhi babukhali. Umbala uluhlaza onsundu noma mpunga. Kusuka ku -gengener yakhe wase-Afrika Chlamydoselachus africana ushaka we-larky uhlukaniswa inani elikhulu lama-vertebrae (160- 171 uma uqhathaniswa ne-147) kanye nokujika kwe-valve yamathumbu Kuvunguza (35- 49 uma kuqhathaniswa ne-26-31), kanye nokuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene kwe-morphological, ngokwesibonelo, ikhanda elide nelifishane elishayile. Ubude obuqoshwe phansi besilisa buyi-170 cm, kuthi abesifazane kube ngu-200 cm.
Indawo yokuhlala nendawo yokuhlala
Ushaka onamakhanda amnyama uyizinhlobo zasolwandle olujulile, utholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-Atlantic and Pacific Ocean ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. KuLwandlekazi i-Atlantic Ocean, kusatshalaliswa kusuka eNyakatho Yurophu kuya eSouth Africa. Izindawo ezisenyakatho nezisondele lapho zingabanjwa yiNorway Varangerfjord namanzi eduze kwaseSvalbard. Empumalanga ye-Atlantic, laba shaka bahlala ogwini olusenyakatho lweNorway neScotland, entshonalanga ye-Ireland nokusuka eFrance baye eMorocco, kubandakanya iMadeira neMauritania. E-Central Atlantic, atholakala kanye naseMiddle-Atlantic Range ukusuka enyakatho ye-Azores iye eRio Grande Rise ogwini oluseningizimu yeBrazil, kanye naseVavilov Ridge, ugu lwaseNtshonalanga Afrika. ENtshonalanga ye-Atlantic, la oshaka bavamile emanzini aseNew England, Georgia naseSuriname. Engxenyeni esentshonalanga yoLwandlekazi iPacific, oshaka be-lamellar bahlala kusuka eHonshu Island, eJapan, kuye eTaiwan, kanye nogu lweNew South Wales, Tasmania neNew Zealand. OLwandlekazi oluphakathi nolusempumalanga yePacific Ocean, kwaphawulwa emanzini aseziQithini zaseHawaii, eCalifornia nasenyakatho yeChile.
Oshaka bePlacid batholakala ekujuleni kuka-120-1450 m, yize kungenqabile kwehle ngaphansi kuka-1000 m. ESharuga Bay, laba oshaka bavame ukuwela enetheni ngokujula kwamamitha angama-50 kuye kwangama-200, ngaphandle kwenkathi kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya kuLwezi, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi ekujuleni kwe-100 m lidlula i-15 ° C, bese oshaka beya ekujuleni okukhulu. Lezi oshaka ezingezansi kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala kukholamu yamanzi. Ebusuku, oshaka abamba njengoshaka bangakwazi ukufuduka bebheke phezulu futhi bagibele beyofuna inyamazane iye phezulu kwamanzi. Kulesi zinhlobo, ukwahlukaniswa kwendawo kuyabonakala ngokuya ngosayizi nokulungela ukuzala kabusha.
Ibhayoloji
Oshaka abanjengeshaka baguqulwa ukuze baphile ngokujula, umthambo wabo ubalwa kabi, isibindi sikhulu kakhulu, sigcwaliswe ngama-lipids aphansi, okubenza bakwazi ukulingana kwikholamu yamanzi ngomzamo omncane. Lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezimbalwa zikashaka ezinomugqa we-lateral “ovulekile”: amaseli wezinwele asebenza njengama mechanoreceptors atholakala ezitolo ezixhumana ngqo namanzi olwandle azungezile. Isakhiwo esinjalo sithathwa njengesisekelo koshaka futhi sibavumela ukuba bambe ukuhamba okuncane kakhulu kokuphanga okungenzeka. Iningi labasakazi abanjwa njengoshaka babengenayo ithiphu yomsila, okungenzeka ukuthi wumphumela wokuhlaselwa kwabanye oshaka. I-tapeworm iyaqina kulokhu kushaka. I-Monorygmatrematode I-Otodistomum veliporum kanye nematode Mooleptus rabuka .
Umsoco
Imihlathi emide koshaka abavuthayo yeluliwe kakhulu futhi iwavumela ukuba agwinye yonke inyamazane engxenye yobude bayo. Kodwa-ke, ubude nokwakheka kwemihlathi akubavumeli ukuba balume ngamandla afanayo noshaka abanesakhiwo sendabuko esithe xaxa. Eziswini zabaningi oshaka ababanjiwe, kutholakale imfucumfucu yokudla okungabonakali, okukhombisa ukugaya okusheshayo kanye / noma izikhala ezinde phakathi kokudliwayo. Ukudla koshaka be-laconic kubandakanya ikakhulu ama-cephalopods, kanye nezinhlanzi zama-bony kanye nabanye oshaka. Omunye ushaka, obude obuyi-1,6 m, wabanjwa ogwini lweChöshi, wathola ishonaphi lekati elimnyama laseJapan elinesisindo esingu-590 g esiswini. ISaruga Bay ilinganiselwa kuma-60% ama-squid adliwayo, kufaka phakathi hhayi izinhlobo ezihamba kancane kuphela I-Chiroteuthis futhi I-Histioteuthiskepha futhi kunamandla amakhulu Onychoteuthis, Sthenoteuthis, futhi Ama-Todarodeuhlala olwandle oluvulekile.
Umbuzo wokuthi umuntu obhukuda kabi kangako, njengoshaka ovuthayo, angazingela kanjani ama-squid okusheshayo, yisikhathi sokuqagela. Ngokusho kwenye i-hypothesis, oshaka abanezinwele ezimnyama badla belimele noma bebuthaka ngemuva kokuqola abantu. Ngokwenye imibono, bagoba bese begxumela phambili, njengezinyoka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayakwazi ukuvala ama-gill slits, badale ingcindezi engemihle ngaphakathi komlomo womlomo, futhi bancele isisulu. Amazinyo amancane kakhulu, abukhali futhi agobile ngaphakathi kweshaka njengoshaka ayakwazi ukubamba kalula i-squid, ikakhulukazi uma imihlathi ingaphambili. Ukuqashelwa koshaka abathunjiwe ekudingisweni kukhombisa ukuthi babhukuda ngomlomo wabo we-ajar. Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi ubuhle bezinyo ebumnyameni bungadukisa ama-squid futhi bube nokuhlasela.
Umjikelezo wokuphila
Oshaka bePlacid bazalwa ngokuzalwa bukhoma kwe-placental. Umbungu okhulayo udla kakhulu isikhupha, yize umehluko wesisindo phakathi kweqanda nosanda kuzalwa ukhombisa ukuthi umama, ngendlela engaziwa, upha ne-embryo izakhamzimba. Kwabesifazane abadala, kukhona ama-oviducts amabili asebenzayo nesibeletho esisodwa esisebenza ngakwesokudla. Ukuzala kabusha akuyona inkathi ethile ngokwemvelo, ngoba laba shaka bahlala ekujuleni lapho ushintsho lwesizini lungabalulekanga. Esiqongweni esingaphansi kwamanzi, esiyingxenye ye-Mid-Atlantic Ridge, kwaqapheleka ukuqokelelwa koshaka bama-clownish, obekubandakanya abesilisa abangu-15 nabesifazane abangu-19. Ku-udoti kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-15 izingane ezisanda kuzalwa, isilinganiso esingu-6. Njalo emavikini ama-2, insikazi ibeka iqanda elilodwa ku-oviduct ngayinye. IVitellogenesis kanye nokukhula kwamaqanda amasha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kuyaphela, mhlawumbe kungenxa yokuntuleka kwesikhala samahhala ngaphakathi komthambo womzimba.
Amaqanda nemibungu esencane ekuqaleni kwentuthuko ifakwe kaputeni weqanda elincane eli-brown ellipsoidal. Embungwini obude obu-3 cm, ikhanda likhonjwa, imihlathi isivele yakhekile ngokuphelele, kuvela amagalari angaphandle futhi wonke amabele akhona. Umbungu obungu-8-10 cm ubude uphonsa ikhephisi leqanda, elisuswa emzimbeni kamama. Kuleli qophelo, umbungu usungule ngokuphelele ama-gill angaphandle. Usayizi we-yolk sac uhlala ungashintshiwe kuze kube yilapho umbungu ukhula ube ngu-40 cm. Bese uqala ukushwabana bese unyamalala ngokuphelele lapho umbungu ufinyelela ku-50 cm. Ngokuhamba kwenyanga, umbungu ukhula ngesilinganiso esingamasentimitha ayi-1.5. Ukuzalela imibungu kuqhubeka isikhathi eside, mhlawumbe kuze kube yiminyaka emibili, futhi ngokusho kweminye imibiko, hhayi ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-3.5, okubeka ushaka onekhanda elimnyama endaweni yokuqala kule pharamitha phakathi kwawo wonke ama-vertebrates. Ubukhulu boshaka osanda kuzalwa buyi-40-60 cm. Abesilisa nabesifazane bafinyelela ebusheni ngobude obungu-1-1.2 m no-1,3-1,5 m, ngokulandelana.
Ukusebenzisana kwabantu
Ushaka onekhanda elimnyama uyingozi kubantu. Ayinayo inani lentengiso ngenxa yokutholakala kwayo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ifika ngokubamba okumbalwa futhi isetshenziswe njengokudla. Labo shaka babanjwa njalo ngama-gillnets eSuruga Bay ngesikhathi sokudoba ngababili nangama-mackerel wamanga. Abadobi baseJapan babheka laba oshaka njengezinambuzane ngoba zonakalisa amanetha. Ngokokuqala ngqa, ukubonwa koshaka basendle ku-vivo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa iJohnson Sea Link ngaphansi kolawulo olukude lwamanzi ngo-Agasti 27, 2004. NgoJanuwari 21, 2007, umdobi waseJapan wathola ushaka ovuthayo ebusweni bamanzi, egula noma ebuthakathaka emanzini afudumele. Wamletha e-Avashima Marine Park eShizuoka, kepha ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa ushaka washona. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature inikeze le nhlobo isimo se-Least Concern.
Amanothi
- N Izivumelwano ze Chlamydoselachus painineus Garman, 1884 ku-database yeFishBase (Ibuyisiwe ngo-Agasti 3, 2016).
- Impilo yezilwane. Umqulu 4. Lancelet. Ama-cyclostomes. Izinhlanzi zeCartilaginous. Inhlanzi / amathambo T. S. Rassa, ch. ed. V. E. Sokolov. - 2nd ed. - M: Ezemfundo, 1983 .-- S. 26 .-- 575 k.
- ↑ Gubanov E.P., Kondyurin V.V., Myagkov N.A. Shark of the World Ocean: A Guid-Guide. - M: I-Agropromizdat, 1986. - S. 45. - 272 k.
- ↑I-Reshetnikov Yu.S., Kotlyar A.N., iRussia T.S., Shatunovsky M.I. Isichazamazwi sezilimi ezimbili samagama ezilwane. Izinhlanzi. IsiLatin, isiRussia, isiNgisi, isiJalimane, nesiFulentshi. / ihlelwe yi-Acad. V. E. Sokolova. - M: Rus. Yaz., 1989 .-- P. 18. - 12,500 amakhophi. - I-ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
- ↑ 123456 Impilo Yezilwane: ngamavolumu ayi-6 / N. A. Gladkov, A. V. Mikheev. - EMoscow: Ukukhanyiselwa, ngo-1970.
- ↑ 12345Chlamydoselachus painineus (eng.). Uhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN Yezilwane Ezisongelwe.
- ↑Chlamydoselachus painineus (NgesiNgisi) kudatha yeFishBase.
- ↑ 1234UGarman, uS.Shark Eyisimanga // I-Bulletin ye-Essex Institute. - 1884. - Cha. 16. - S. 47-55.
- ↑UGarman S. Ushaka ongaziwa // Ukuqhubeka kwe-Imperial Society yabathandi besayensi, i-anthropology ne-ethnography. - 1884. - Cha. 16. - S. 47-55.
- ↑ 12345678U-Ebert D. A., Compagno L. J. V.Chlamydoselachus africana, uhlobo olusha lukashaka othosiwe ovela eningizimu ye-Afrika (AmaChondrichthyes, Hexanchiformes, Chlamydoselachidae) (Eng.) // Zootaxa. - 2001. - Umq. 2173. - P. 1-18.
- ↑ 123UMartin, R.A.Ulwandle Olujulile: UFrown Shark. Isikhungo se-ReefQuest soCwaningo lweShark.(Akuchaziwe) . Usuku lokwelashwa ngoDisemba 29, 2012.Kulondolozwe uJanuwari 5, 2013.
- ↑Okokugcina, P.R., Stevens, J.D. Oshaka kanye nemisebe ye-Australia. - (kwesibili.). - IHarvard University Press, 2009. - P. 34-35. - I-ISBN 0674034112.
- ↑ 123Aidan martin rOda i-Chlamydoselachiformes. elasmo-research.org. Usuku lokudlulisa icala ngo-Okthoba 16, 2012.Kugcinwe ngo-Okthoba 18, 2012.
- ↑ 1234ICapagno, uLeonard J.V.1. I-Hexanchiformes kuya kuLamniformes // ikhathalogi yezinhlobo ze-FAO. - IRoma: Inhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo Yezizwe Ezihlangene, ngo-1984 - Vol. 4. AmaShaka Womhlaba: Ikhathalogu Engaziwa Futhi Ebonisiwe Yezilwane Zomshaka Zaziwa Kuze Kube Manje. - P. 135. - I-ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
- ↑ 12345I-Ebert, D.A. Oshaka, amaRay, namaChimaera aseCalifornia. - ECalifornia: University of California Press, 2003. - P. 50-52. - I-ISBN 0520234847.
- ↑ 12UJenner, uJ.Isisekelo Sakwalasha: Isasasa, amaqiniso, kanye ne "Bubba" 2004(Akuchaziwe) . NOAA Ocean Explorer .. Usuku lokwelashwa ngoDisemba 29, 2012.Kulondolozwe uJanuwari 5, 2013.
- ↑ 12E. I. Kukuev, V. P. Pavlov.Icala lokuqala lokubanjwa kwenqwaba koshaka ongafakwanga u-Chlamydoselachus pamusoro kokukhishwa kwe-Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Eng.) // Ijenali le-Ichthyology. - 2008-09-30. - Umq. 48, kukhishwe. 8. - P. 676-678. - ISSN0032-9452. - doi: 10.1134 / S0032945208080158.
- ↑I-Froese, iMvula, noDaniel Pauly, eds. (2010). "I-Chlamydoselachus painineus" ku-FishBase. Uhlobo lwango-Ephreli 2010.
- ↑ 1234Kubota, T., Shiobara, Y. no Kubodera, T. Imikhuba yokudla koshaka othosiwe weChlamydoselachus painineus eqoqwe kusuka eSuruga bay, maphakathi neJapan // Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. - 1991. - T. 57, Cha. (1). - S. 15-20.
- ↑ 1234567UTanaka, S., Shiobara, Y., Hioki, S., Abe, H., Nishi, G., Yano, K. noSuzuki, K. I-biology yokuzala koshaka othosiwe, iChlamydoselachus painineus, evela eSuruga Bay, Japan // Ijenali yaseJapan ye-Ichthyology. - 1990. - T. 37, Cha. (3). - S. 273-291.
- ↑UMartin, R.A.Ulwandle Olujulile: UFrown Shark(Akuchaziwe) . Isikhungo se-ReefQuest soCwaningo lweShark .. Usuku lokwelashwa ngoDisemba 30, 2012.Kulondolozwe uJanuwari 5, 2013.
- ↑UMartin, R.A.Ukuzwa nokutholwa kokudlidliza(Akuchaziwe) . Isikhungo se-ReefQuest soCwaningo lweShark .. Usuku lokwelashwa ngoDisemba 30, 2012.Kulondolozwe uJanuwari 5, 2013.
- ↑Collett, R. Ku-Chlamydoselacnusgicineus garman. Ushaka omangalisayo otholakala eNorway 1896 // Christiania. - 1987. - Cha. 11. - Isigaba 1-17.
- ↑IMachida, uM, Ogawa, K. no-Okiyama, uM. I-nematode entsha (Spirurida, Physalopteridae) kusuka ku-frill shark yaseJapan // I-Bulletin ye-National Science Museum Series A (Zoology). - 1982. - T. 8, Cha. (1). - Isahluko 1-5.
- ↑Moss, S. I-Feeding Mechanisms in Shark (English) // American Zoologist. - I-Oxford University Press, 1977. - Vol. 17, cha. (2). - P. 355-364.
- ↑INishikawa, uT. Amanothi ngeminye imibungu yeChlamydoselachus painineus, i-Garm // Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses. - 1898. - Cha. - S. 95-102.
- I-Japan Marine Park ithungela iRare 'Living Fossil' Shark ecijile, Izithombe zohlobo oluhle 'Oluhle Ngokwedlulele'.(Akuchaziwe) . Underwatertimes.com. Janawari 24, 2007. Usuku lokwelashwa ngoDisemba 30, 2012.
Izinkomba
Fumio Nakagawa. I-Chlamydoselachus straineus Garman, 1884 (isiNgisi) (isixhumanisi esingafinyeleleki). J-elasmo (Ephreli 30, 2012). - Izithombe zamazinyo, isikali se-placoid nawo wonke ushaka we-laconic. Usuku lokudlulisa icala ngo-Okthoba 16, 2012.Kulondolozwe ngo-Okthoba 23, 2012.
Deynega V. A., Ngolwazi lwe-anatomy Chlamydoselachus masaine, garm / [Op.] V.A. Deynegi. 1-. - eMoscow: uhlobo. Imp. Mosk. Univ., 1909. - 26. - (Proxpings of the Comparative Anatomical Institute of Imperial Moscow University / Kuhlelwe nguM. M.. Menzbira pr., Isikhombi 7). Isikhumba. - 1909. -, 66 p., 4 k. isilika.