Ukuvela kwama-Dicynodonts kungachazwa kanjena: umlomo wofudu, umzimba wemvubu namafungs amabili e-walrus.
Ososayensi bachaza iDicinodont njengemincane - ingadluli imitha elilodwa ubude, i-herbivore enohlobo lwesigebhezi esimfushane nomsila omfishane omfishane. Izazi ze-Paleontologists ziphakamisa ukuthi wayengaphila ngezimbobo. Ososayensi bakholelwa nokuthi ama-Dicynodonts angamalungu eqembu lezilwane ezichazwa njengohlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo, okuvela kuzo izilwane ezincelisayo.
I-Dicinodont (lat.Dicynodontia)
Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi ubufakazi bokuqala bokubonakala kwezimpawu ezihlukanisayo zocansi kwezilwane zasemhlabeni imfashini enkulu kaDicinodont, owayehlala eMhlabeni kudala ngaphambi kwama-dinosaurs. Kwezilwane ezihlala esikhathini se-Permian, ama-Dicynodonts ayizilwane ezihlala isikhathi eside kunazo zonke. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, ama-Dicynodonts avele emhlabeni wethu ngasekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Paleozoic, cishe izigidi ezingama-30 ngaphambi kokufika kwenkathi yedayinaso.
Ezinye izinhlobo zeDicynodonts zahlala kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-Upper Triassic futhi zahlala endaweni yase-Australia yanamuhla eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-105 edlule. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho kwatholakala khona izinsalela zezilwane zasendulo - umhlathi, umhluzi noqhwaku. Yize bekukholakala ngaphambili ukuthi ama-Dicynodonts afa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-220 edlule. Ngesinye isikhathi, leli lizard elicijile kwakuyiso isilwane esivelele eMhlabeni, ngokusho kwesazi se-paleontologist sase-Australia uTalborne.
Dicinodont Placerias hesternus
Abanye abacwaningi abavumelani nokutholwe nguTalborne futhi bakholelwa ukuthi izingxenye zesikhumba esidala zingaba sezidakamizwa ezinophondo. Isibonelo, uFraser, isazi se-paleontologist eMnyuziyamu Wezemvelo waseVirginia, ubuza umbuzo wokuthi ama-dicynodonts asinda ekuqothulweni kwezilwane eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-200 edlule (njengoba kusikiselwe ukushayisana kweplanethi yethu ne-asteroid enkulu). Kodwa-ke, uTalborne uthi amaDicynodonts angacasha empumalanga yesifunda saseGondwana, endaweni lapho sekuphele amakhulu eminyaka yaphenduka i-Australia.
Izinhlobo zama-dicynodonts.
Ukutholakala kwezinsalela ezinkulu zezinsalela zeDitsinodontov kwatholakala eduze naseKotelnich. Lapho befunda lokhu bakuthola, ososayensi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi izidalwa zakudala zaba nezinguquko ezinkulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. abameleli bakamuva kakhulu baleolinin babenobukhulu bendlovu yesimanje. Ama-dicynodonts ngosuku lwawo olusakazekile asakaza inyama kuwo wonke amazwekazi oMhlaba aya e-Australia, lapho kutholakala khona izinsalela zawo.
Dicinodont listozavr.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, kuye kwavubukulwa lapha eNingizimu Afrika futhi kwenziwa ucwaningo oluningilizayo cishe lwazo zonke izingcweti ezitholakele zeDicinodonts. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwesayensi inika umbono ocacile wokuba khona kwalezi ezihubhisayo zasendulo zokuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezenhlalo. Kwatholakala ukuthi ama-Dicinodonts abephila impilo yomhlambi, ahlala eduze kwamachibi, futhi ngokusobala ayengamakhambi. Isilwane sasingahamba kahle emhlabathini, kepha sasiphila impilo yasemanzini.
Dicinodont Hundezahn.
Ekuhambeni kwezinguquko, ngokusho komqondo osungulwe kahle ososayensi, amaDicynodonts asephelile ayenokushisa komzimba okuhlala njalo, enejazi lezinwele, futhi futhi e-viviparous.
Ezinhlotsheni ezifanayo ze-Dicynodonts, kwatholakala ukutholakala kobudemoni bocansi, obuzibonakalisa izici ezihlukile zomzimba phakathi kobulili obuhlukile (ngosayizi, ukwakheka nombala), lapho abacwaningi bathola ubufakazi obukholisayo. Ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kokwehlisa isithunzi ngokocansi eDicynodonts kwavela eminyakeni engama-252-260 million edlule. I-Dicinodont yesilisa, ngokungafani nowesifazane, yayinamafangqa amabili amakhulu akhula phansi ephuma emhlathini ongenhla.
I-dicinodont Australobarbar yasendulo (lat. Australobarbarus) etholakala esifundeni saseKirov.
Ama-Paleontologists awatholanga zimpawu ezicacile zokuthi amafangqa asetshenziswa yizilwane ukumba izimbobo. Futhi futhi ama-fangs awakwazanga ukusebenzela ama-Dicinodonts ngokudla, ngoba ayengekho kubantu besifazane. Kodwa-ke, la mafangwane akhula ngesikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane. Esimweni lapho i-fang yephuka khona, akusaphindi kukhule futhi. Ngazo zonke lezi zimpawu, ososayensi baphetha ngokuthi amafanga abonisa ukubonakaliswa kobulili obuhlukile. Okunokwenzeka ukuthi, kwakukhona amafangs aqinile asetshenziswa abesilisa ezimpini zesiko kowesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzala, nokuzivikela bona kanye nenzalo yabo kwabazingeli.
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DICYNODONTS
Ngohlobo lwencwadi
Umqulu 9. IMoscow, 2007, k. 112
Kopisha isixhumanisi sebhayibheli:
I-DICYNODONTS (Dicynodontia), inyoni yezilwane ezihuqayo ezingasasebenzi zesilo sesilwane. KULUNGILE. Izinhlobo ezingama-40, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-150. Kwi-Middle Permian, uD. Wavela endaweni yaseGondwana, eTrassassic - kuwo wonke amazwekazi, kubandakanya nase-Antarctica, e-Australia bahlala khona kuze kube seCretaceous. Ubude bomzimba busuka ku-10 cm buye kumamitha ayi-4. Igama (elihunyushwe lisuselwa esiLatin elithi "canine-canine") linikezwa ubukhona bezimpawu ezimbili emhlathini ongenhla. Amazinyo asele athathelwa indawo yisembozo sophondo. AmaHerbivores mhlawumbe amba izimpande zezitshalo ezithambile kusuka emhlabathini. Kwi-Late Permian ne-Triassic - DOS. iqembu elikhulu lezilwane ezimibalabala.
Ama-dicynodonts - i-Dicynodont
ama-dicynodonts |
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U-Owen, ngo-1859
I-Dicynodontia Kuyinto yamatekisi avela ku-anomodont ye-therapside nesiqalo maphakathi ne-Permian, ebibusa i-Late Permian futhi iqhubeke kulo lonke i-Triassic, ezinye kungenzeka zigcinwe kwi-Cretaceous yasekuqaleni. Ama-dicynodonts ayengama-herbivores anemisipha emibili, yingakho igama lawo, elisho ukuthi "izinja ezimbili zezinyo." Zibuye futhi ziphumelele futhi zihluke kakhulu kuma-Therapid aqhamuka ezingelona izilwane ezincelisayo, ngohlobo olungaphezu kuka-70 lwenkampani yofuzo esukela usayizi we-rat-to -lovu.
DICINODONTS
DICINODONTS (I-Dicynodontia), isizinda sokuphindaphindeka kokuphindaphindeka kokudonsela phansi kwe-terapsid. Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke eqenjini. Yaziwa kusuka eLate Permian kuya kuLate Triassic wawo wonke amazwekazi (okutholakele okuyinhloko eSouth Africa). Ubude kusuka ku-20 cm kuya ku-4 m .. Isigaxa sikhulu, ngobukhulu obunamandla bamathambo ophahleni. Ulwanga lwesibili lubucayi. Amazinyo athathelwa indawo ngumlomo oshubile, lapho izingcibi ezi-2 ezikhulisiwe zagcinwa, kubamele abezomlando - namazinyo wangemuva wangemuva. Amathambo amakhulu, nezandla eziqinile ezinamacici ayisihlanu ezinofifi olukhulu oluyisicaba. Imindeni eyi-6, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100. Ama-Hydro nama-amphibionts, futhi amafomu wokumba. Iningi lama-dicynodonts ayengama-herbivorous, amafomu amancane ayengama-omnivores.
Bona ukuthi ama-Dicinodonts akwezinye izichazamazwi:
DICINODONTS - (I-Dicynodontia), isizinda sokuphindaphindeka kokuphazanyiswa komhlaba. Eziningi kakhulu. iqembu eqenjini. Yaziwa ukusuka eLate Perm kuya kuLate Triassic wawo wonke amazwekazi (ukutholwa okuyinhloko eSouth Africa). Ngoba kusuka ku-20 cm kuya ku-4 m. Isigaxa sikhulu, sinamandla ... ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary
DICINODONTS - (Dicynodontia) isizinda sezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinjengezilwane. Herbivores abahlala emaxhaphozini. Imvamisa, kukhiqizwe kuphela ama-canine amabili emhlathini ongenhla, noma abengekho. Yaziwa kusuka kuyi-Permian kanye ne-Triassic of Africa, i-Permian of Europe, Triassic of Asia, S. and Yu .. ... ...
Ama-Dicynodonts - (Dicynodontia) isizinda (noma ngaphezulu) kwezinto ezihubhayo. Bebabanzi ekugcineni kwe-Permian nokuqala kwezikhathi ze-Triassic. Izikali ezisuka ku-rat kuya kubhejane. Isigaxa sikhulu, amazinyo ancishisiwe, ngoba ... ... Big Soviet Encyclopedia
ama-dicynodonts - (group di (s) two + kycn (kynos) inja + odus (odontos) izinyo leqembu le-romorphic (bheka ama-theomorphs) ama-vertebrates wokuphela kwesiqalo sePaleozoic yesikhathi se-Mesozoic, esibonakala ngokuba khona (kuphela emihlathini ephezulu) yamazinyo amabili amakhulu ama-canine ( ukude ... ... Isichazamazwi samagama angaphandle olimi lwaseRussia
I-Dicinodont -? Kingdom I-Dicynodonts Isayensi Ukuhlukaniswa KweSayensi: Uhlobo Lwezilwane: I-Chordates Class ... Wikipedia
I-Canneymerides -? † ICannadiamerid Wadiazavr (Wadiasau ... Wikipedia
Uhlu lwamhlu -? † I-Lysrosaurs Lystrosaurus murray Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi ... i-Wikipedia
I-Cannemeria -? † I-Cannemémeria ... I-Wikipedia
Placerias -? I-Placerias ... i-Wikipedia
I-Cannemémeria -? † Ukubuyiselwa Kwempilo yaseCannemémeria kweKannemeyeria Isayensi yohlelo: Izilwane Uhlobo ... Wikipedia
Izici:
Ama-dicinodonts esigaxa akhethekile kakhulu, akhanya kepha aqine, ngama-synapsid okuvuleka kwesikhashana emuva kwesigaxa kukhuliswe kakhulu ukuhlalisa imisipha emikhulu yomhlathi. Ingxenye yangaphambili yesigebhezi kanye nomhlathi ophansi zivame ukuba mncane futhi zinamabala kuzo zonke kodwa zinhlobo zezindlela zakudala. Esikhundleni salokho, ingaphambili lomlomo lifakwe uqhwaku olubi, njengakufudu kanye nama-ceratops dinosaurs. Ukudla bekucutshungulwa ngokubuyisa umhlathi ophansi lapho uvala umlomo, kukhiqizwe isenzo esiqinile se-shear esasizovumela ama-dicynodonts ukuthi akwazi ukubhekana nezinto ezinzima zesitshalo. Ama-genera amaningi abuye abe nama-fangs, okukholelwa ukuthi yisibonelo se-dimorphism yezocansi.
Umzimba umfishane, uqinile futhi umise umphongolo, unemilenze eqinile. Ngohlobo olukhulu (isb. dinodontosaurus ) imilenze yangemuva yayiqhutshwa ngokuthe nkqo, kepha izibambo zangaphambili zazigaxe lapho kuhlanganisiwe. Zombili i-pectoralis ne-ileum zinkulu futhi ziqinile. Umsila mfushane.
I-Endothermia nezinwele
Ama-dicinodonts kudala asolwa ngezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele. Amathambo abo ahlanganiswa kakhulu yimisipha futhi aneziteshi ezingamaHaversian, futhi ubukhulu bomzimba wabo buba negalelo kulondolozo lokushisa. Ebantwini abasha, amathambo aqiniswe ngamandla kangangokuba anezinga eliphakeme leziteshi kunakwamanye ama-terapsid amaningi. Noma kunjalo, izifundo kuma-dicynodonts we-LAT-Triassic dicynodonts wamamodeli wokugaya we-patadox wamaphoyisa wokugaya ejwayelekile kakhulu ezilwaneni ezinokudla okuhamba kancane.
Muva nje, ukutholakala kwezinsalela zezinwele emapholini aseProvince kungasithethelela isimo sama-dicynodonts njengezilwane ezi-endothermic. Njengoba la maprotheni aqhamuka ezinhlotsheni ezi-carnivorous kanye nokugaya ama-dicynodonts amathambo amaningi, kuye kwahlongozwa ukuthi okungenani ezinye zalezinsalela zezinwele zivela kuma-dicynodonts ezidla inyama.
I-Pentasauropus amathrekhi ama-dicynodonts asikisela ukuthi ama-dicynodonts ayengamaphampu we-meaty ezinyaweni zawo.
Indaba
Ama-dicinodonts ayaziwa kusukela maphakathi nawo-1800s. Isazi sokuma komhlaba saseNingizimu Afrika u-Andrew Geddes Bain wanikeza incazelo yokuqala yama-dicynodonts ngonyaka we-1845. Ngaleso sikhathi, uBane wayengumphathi wokwakha imigwaqo yamasosha ngaphansi kwezidumbu zeRoyal Engineers futhi wathola izidumbu eziningi ngesikhathi sokuqoshwa kwakhe eSouth Africa. UBane wachaza lezi zinsalela kwincwadi ebhalwe ngo-1845 Ukuqhubeka kweLondon Geological Society ebabiza ngokuthi "izikhulu" ngenxa yamanga abo amabili adumile. Ngawo lowo nyaka, isazi se-paleontologist esingumNgisi uRichard Owen sathi izinhlobo ezimbili zama-dicynodonts aseNingizimu Afrika: I-Dicynodon lacerticeps futhi Dicynodon bainii . Njengoba uBane ayematasa yiRoyal Engineers Corps, wayefuna ukuthi u-Owen amchaze kabanzi ngokugcwalisa kwakhe ifossil. U-Owen akazange ayishicilele le ncazelo kuze kube ngu-1876 kuyo Ikhathalogi echazayo nebonisa imifanekiso yeFossil Reptilia South Africa ekuqoqweni kweBritish Museum . Ngalesi sikhathi, kuchazwa ama-dicynodonts amaningi. Ngo-1859, kwavela enye inhlobo ebalulekile Ptychognathus declivis waqanjwa waseNingizimu Afrika. Ngemuva konyaka, ngo-1860, u-Owen waqamba leli qembu ngokuthi i-Dicynodontia. I-AT ikhathalogi echazayo neboniswayo , U-Owen uhlonipha uBain akha i-Bidentalia njengegama elizongena esikhundleni se-Dicynodontia yakhe. Igama elithi Bidentalia laphela ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa eminyakeni elandelayo, lathathelwa indawo ukuthandwa kukaDicynodontia Owen.
Ezentela
UDicynodontia ekuqaleni waqanjwa isazi se-paleontologist sesiNgisi uRichard Owen. Yakhiwa emndenini we-oda le-Anomodontia futhi ifaka phakathi ukuzalwa kwengane I-Dicynodon futhi I-Ptychognathus . Amanye amaqembu e-Anomodontia afaka iGnathodontia, eyayihlanganisa I-Rhynchosaurus (manje eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-archosaurus) ne-Cryptodontia, okubandakanya oudenodon . Ama-Cryptodonts ayehlukile kuma-dicynodonts ngenxa yokuntuleka kwawo kwama-fangs. Naphezu kokuntuleka kwama-fangs, oudenodon ayisabekwa njenge-dicynodonts, futhi igama elithi Cryptodontia alisasetshenziswa. UHuxley wabukeza i-Dicynodontia ka-Owen njenge-oda efakiwe I-Dicynodon futhi oudenodon . I-Dicynodontia yalinganiselwa kamuva njenge-suborder noma i-infraorder neqembu elikhudlwana le-Anomodontia, elihlukaniswa njengomyalo. Isikhundla seDicynodontia sihluke ezifundweni zakamuva, u-Ivakhnenko (2008) ebala isizinda sakhe, u-Ivanchnenko (2008) ebala infraorder yakhe, no Kurkin (2010) ebheka i-oda lakhe.
Ama-taxa amaningi aphezulu, kufaka phakathi imigwaqo nemindeni, asungulwe njengendlela yokuhlukanisa inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zama-dicynodonts. UCluver noKing (1983) bakhomba amaqembu amaningi amakhulu eDicynodontia, kufaka phakathi iDiictodontia, i-Endothiodontia, i-Eodicynodontia, iKingoriamorpha, iPristerodontia, neVenyukoviamorpha. Imindeni eminingi iye yaphakanyiswa, kubandakanya uCistecephalidae, Diictodontidae, Dicynodontae, Emydopidae, Endothiodontidae, Kannemeyeriidae, Kingoriidae, Listosaurus, Myosauridae, Oudenodontidae, Pristerodontidae noRobertiidae. Kodwa-ke, ngokukhula kwama-phylogenetics, iningi lalawa a-taxa awasabhekwa njengasebenza. UKamerer no-Angielczyk (2009) baphakamise ukuthi inqubo yezinkinga nokuqanjwa kwe-Dicynodontia namanye amaqembu wemiphumela evela kwinani elikhulu lezifundo ezingqubuzanayo kanye nokuthambekela kwamagama angavumelekile kwasungulwa ngephutha.