Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka | ||||||||||||
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Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | ||||||||||||
Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
Ingqalasizinda: | Amakati |
I-Superfamily: | EPortunoidea |
Buka: | Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka |
I-Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896
Umnotho kuma-wikids | Izithombe ku-Wikimedia Commons |
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Izithombe Zangaphandle |
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Imodeli enezinhlangothi ezintathu |
Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka (lat. Callinectes sapidus) - Umndeni wakwaCortunacee waseCrus. Kuqala kuchazwe nguMary Jane Rathban.
Incazelo
I-carapace eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ifinyelela kububanzi obungu-17,8-20 cm nobude obungu-7.5-10.2 cm. Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane. Isisindo sezilwane ezivuthiwe ngocansi sisuka ku-0.45 saya ku-0.90 kg. I-dorsal carapace inombala onsundu ompunga, onsundu, ngombala ohlaza okotshani noma ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngombala futhi inezikhala eziwolintshi ohlangothini ngalunye kuze kufike ku-8 cm.Izitho ezisesiswini ezingezansi nesisu zimhlophe ngombala.
Izindwangu zinemibala ehlukene yombala ngokuya ngobulili. Izihloko zezinsikazi zabesilisa ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izintokazi zibomvu.
Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka unezimbambo ezinhlanu zezimbambo zesifuba. Izimbambo zangaphambili zezinyawo ziguqulwa zibe yizicucu ezimbili eziqinile zamasayizi ahlukene. Isigaxa esikhulu sokuqhekeka sisebenza ekudobeni amagobolondo, ngenkathi sisebenzisa uzipho oluncane, umqhele uphula izicubu ezithambile bese uthumela ukudla lapho kuvulwa umlomo. Izimbambo zesihlanu zifana ngesimo kufana ne-kayak oar futhi isebenza ukubhukuda. Owevu aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bayakwazi ukulahla uzipho uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Lapho-ke crab ingabuyisa izitho ezilahlekile.
Amehlo ahleliwe ezigxotsheni ezimfishane zitholakala ngqo ngaphansi komphetho wangaphambili we-carapace ekhanda. Phakathi kwamehlo kukhona izibini ezimbili zezintuthwane ezimfishane nezincane.
Isikhathi sokuphila kohlaza okwesibhakabhaka sicishe sibe yiminyaka emi-2 kuye kweli-4.
Ukubhebhetheka
Izwe lakuqala lombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ugu lwe-Atlantic oluseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. EYurophu, le nhlobo yaqala ukutholwa ngo-1900. Namuhla ingatholakala ezindaweni ezinkulukazi zeBaltic naseNyakatho yolwandle. Kutholakala nezilwandle zaseMedithera nase-Adriatic.
Imithi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihlala ikakhulu ezihlanjeni nasemanzini angajulile ekujuleni kwama-36 m, ekujuleni kobusika. Ukhetha phansi enodaka nesihlabathi phansi.
Amakati amancane adinga ukushisa kwamanzi okuphakathi kuka-15 kuye ku-30 ° C. Izilwane ezindala zingabekezelela amazinga okushisa kwamanzi afinyelela ku-10 ° C. Izibungu, ngokungafani nezilwane ezincane nezindala, zifuna usawoti ophakathi, zingabekezeleli amanani angaphansi kwama-20 ‰.
Ukwakheka nokubukeka
Eqinisweni, lokhu akuyona neze inkala. Lolu hlobo lwempilo yasolwandle lungelwamagwababa, umndeni wezinkonkankala.
Lesi isidalwa sasolwandle esine-crustacean esinamabili amahlanu wemilenze:
- ngababili - ukuhamba, kuqhathaniswa nokukhubazeka emafeni enkalweni,
- eyesihlanu - incishisiwe futhi ifihlekile ngaphansi kopopayi.
Ngaphezulu kwale crab kunombala onsundu. Wathola igama lakhe, ngenxa yezindawo ezinkulu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezinhlangothini ze-carapace. Kukhona futhi amabala anemibala ephuzi futhi ephuzi yewolintshi. Ubukhulu begobolondo kumuntu omdala bungafinyelela ku-24 cm emadodeni futhi bufika ku-16 cm kwabesifazane. Isisindo sabamele kakhulu bale nhlobo sifinyelela ku-5 kg.
Ungayibona imifantu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngemikhumbi ebukhali ngaphezulu kwesiqophamlando: ezimbili ezinkulu nezincane. Awungeke ubathole esithombeni samaphaza asemancane: izipikili zisakhiwa, futhi izibonakaliso eziyindilinga kuphela zibonakala endaweni yazo.
Indlela yokuphila
Ngemuva kokuphola, izinsikazi zibuyela emanzini anosawoti angajulile, kanti ezesilisa zihlala emilanjeni yemifula.
Esikhathini esiningi, imifantu ifihla odakeni noma otshanini olwandle ukuze ibuke inyamazane yazo noma izivikele ezitheni. Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka unolaka impela uma uqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.
Habitat
Lezi zinkalankala zihlala emanzini oLwandle iPacific, emaJapan aseJapan, e-Okhotsk naseBering Seas. Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, bekhetha indawo efanayo nezimo ezifanayo njengesihlobo sayo esikude, i-Kamchatka crab, kusalokhu kubekezelela kancane okushisa okuphansi, ngakho-ke, kulezo zindawo lapho lezi zinhlobo zihlala ndawonye, u-bluu udluliselwa kulezo zingxenye ezansi lapho izimo zemvelo zingaphansi. kuyathandeka.
Abaphenyi bezilwane zasolwandle bathola iqiniso elihehayo: umqhele wabantu abadala bahlala ekujuleni kwama-300 m ebusika, futhi cishe ngo-50-100 m ehlobo. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi lanele kubo lisuka ku-0,5 liye ku-2,5 ° C. Ukukhula okusha nakho kungakuzwa okuhle ngamanani angalungile.
Ukudla imifino eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungafaka:
- ama-mollusks
- ama-urchins olwandle
- izibungu ze-polychaete,
- ama crustaceans amancane
- izinkanyezi zolwandle,
- olwandle anemones.
Laba abamele ama-crustaceans baphila iminyaka engama-20. Abaphenyi bathi: abesilisa banomkhawulo weminyaka engama-25.
Ukuzala
Izimbangi zalo mmeleli wama-crustaceans zingahlukaniswa ngombandela zibe yizizukulwane ezimbili: iminyaka yeminyaka engathandeki. Izikhohlakali zabesifazane ziyavela kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili. Ukuqhekeka okukhulu kungenzeka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni. Amaqanda okugcotshwa ahlala izinyanga ezingaba ngu-11 (ancamathela kuma -opopods, emilenzeni yokubhukuda). Ngakho-ke, entwasahlobo yonyaka olandelayo, izibungu zivela kuzo, ezikhula cishe izinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, emva kwalokho ziba nefry (ngaphambi komlozo wazo kuba nesigaba esiphakathi nendawo sentuthuko - i-premalki).
Izinsikazi ezithwele amaqanda avundisiwe zihlala emanzini angajulile: ekujuleni okufika kumamitha ayi-100. Izinsikazi ezilungele ukuzalwa ekuqaleni kobusika zingena emanzini ajulile (ajule ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-200), ngoba abesilisa bahlala lapho ngenkathi ebandayo. Entwasahlobo, ngemuva kokuncibilika, ukuqala kokuzala, bese izinsikazi zibuyela emanzini angajulile.
Isizukulwane esisha sibonisa izikhathi eziyishumi nambili ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila kanye ne-6-7 kwesibili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuze kube isikhathi sokufikisa (iminyaka engu-8-9 ubudala), ukunyibilika kwenzeka kanye ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. I-craboids yabantu abadala i-molt kanye kuphela njalo eminyakeni emibili.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zemvelo zohlaza oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zi-croaker ebomvu (Sciaenops ocellatus), i-crocker ejwayelekile (Micropogonias undulatus), Isiliva laseMelikaI-Larus argentatus smithsonianus), izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-herons, kanye nezimfudu zolwandle.
Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ubhekwa njengento yokudlela futhi ubanjwa ngobukhulu obuningi.
15.09.2017
I-Blue crab (Latin Callinectes sapidus) ingeyomndeni kaCrab-diving (Latin Portunidae). Le crustacean ibaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiselwano, futhi ukubanjwa kwayo minyaka yonke kudlula amathani angama-28,000. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, inyama yayo ibhekwe njengento yobumnandi obuhle, ngakho-ke inani labantu liyancipha ngokuqhubekayo.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, sehle ukusuka kubantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezingama-900 kuye kwezingama-300. E-United States kuphela, izinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-4 500 zinamalayisense okubamba umkhovu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka unyaka ngamunye.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, sehle ukusuka kubantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezingama-900 kuye kwezingama-300. E-United States kuphela, izinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-4 500 zinamalayisense okubamba umkhovu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka unyaka ngamunye.
Ukuziphatha
Amawa aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ahlala ikakhulukazi ezigodini zeziyaluyalu nakwezinye izidumbu zamanzi asogwini aze afike ku-36 m ngokujulile futhi agcinwa emhlabathini onesihlabathi noma osilika. Ebusika, baya emanzini ajulile. Izilwane ezindala zibekezelela ukwehla kwamazinga okushisa afinyelela kuma-10 ° C, futhi izingane zizizwa zikhululekile phakathi kuka-15 ° -30 ° C. Izibungu, ngokungafani nozakwabo abadala, abasabeli kahle ekwehleni kukasawoti wamanzi ngaphansi kwe-20 PSU.
Ukuzingela kwenziwa ikakhulu kusuka ekuqamekelweni. Imbala ifihla emhlabathini noma ifihle emsukeni wezimanzi zasemanzini, ilinde ngesineke inyamazane ezayo. Kuyimpikiswano yokudla kuma crustaceans amaningi, ngakho-ke kunolaka olukhulu kakhulu kubamele bezinye izinhlobo.
Isisekelo sokudla izinhlanzi ezincane, izimbotshana, izibungu nezitshalo. I-Callinectes sapidus iyamangaza futhi ayikhethi kakhulu ngokudla. Angadla i-carrion, futhi ngokuntuleka kokudla, uqhubeka ku-cannibalism. Okokuqala, kudliwa abantu abancane nabagulayo. Izitha zalo eziyinhloko zemvelo izingwekazi zasolwandle, imifino, izinyoni zasolwandle nezinhlanzi ezivela emndenini iGorbylevyh (Sciaenidae).
Phakathi kwama-parasites amaningi, ama-shellfish flagellates Hematodinium perezi, isikhunta esilula kakhulu se-micosporidia Ameson michaelis, kanye ne-amoeba Paramoeba permiciosa kuyacasula ikakhulukazi. Ziyimbangela eyinhloko yokufa okuphezulu kohlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
I-Habitat yohlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Iblabha eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, ezisukela emanzini anosawoti wezindawo zokugcina olwandle kuya kumanzi acishe abe manzi emikhakheni evaliwe. Ikakhulu ikakhulukazi ihlala ezifundeni ezinamanzi amasha, futhi ihlala eshalofini. Indawo yokuhlala kohlaza okwesibhakabhaka isuka emgqeni wamamitha aphansi kuya ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-36. Izinsikazi zihlala emanzini ezinosawoti omningi ezihlahleni, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokubekwa. Ngenkathi ebandayo, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lehla, imifantu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ifudukela emanzini ajulile.
Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka - isilwane esinolaka
Ukudla okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Owembala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka badla izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokudla. Zidla i-shellfish, zithanda ama-oysters kanye nezimbaza, inhlanzi, ama-annelids, i-algae, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukungcola kwesitshalo noma kwesilwane. Badla imfuyo efile, kepha abayidli u-carrion obolile isikhathi eside. Owembala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwesinye isikhathi bahlasela imifantu esemncane.
Indima ye-ecosystem of crab eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ama-humpbacks ase-Atlantic, imifino, izimfudu zasolwandle inyamazane ngohlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Zibuye zixhumeke ngokubalulekile kuketheni lokudla, ngokuba yizitha nezinyamazane.
Izinkalankala eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zithinteka yizinambuzane. Amagobolondo, izibungu kanye nama-leeches anamathiselwe esembozweni esingaphandle se-chitinous, ama-cropaceans amancane e-isopod ahlala ku-gill nasemzimbeni ophansi, izibungu ezincane ziyahlakazeka emisipha.
Yize uCapidus engumninikhaya wama-parasites amaningi, iningi lawo alithinti impilo yomqhele.
Inani lentengo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Owembala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka angaphansi kokudoba. Inyama yalezi crustaceans imnandi impela futhi ilungiswa ngezindlela eziningana. AmaCross awela kwizicupho ezingunxande ngesimo, amamitha amabili ububanzi futhi zenziwa ngocingo. Bahehwa isheyini nenhlanzi entsha efile. Kwezinye izindawo, imifantu nayo igcina iye kwizibambiso nakuma-donks. Abantu abaningi badla inyama yecrab, ngoba akuyona umkhiqizo obizayo wokudla emazweni akhelene nogu.
Amafulegi wombuso emikhunjini yabathengisi
Umkhumbi ngamunye othengisayo, lapho uhamba ngomkhumbi emanzini esifunda esisogwini, kufanele aphakamise ifulege likazwelonke lalelo lizwe ugu.
Ifulegi likazwelonke lesifunda esisogwini lindizela ku-foremast noma kwi-mainmast.
Kuliqiniso, ngasikhathi sinye, ku-hafel, umkhumbi kumele futhi uphathe ifulege lesifundazwe ibhaliselwe kulo.
Lapho imiswe emanzini esifunda noma lapho kugwazwa khona echwebeni, ifulegi lidluliswa lisuka eHffel liye ku-flagpole.
Amafulegi wombuso emanzini esifunda akhuphuka ngehora lesishiyagalombili ekuseni noma ekuphumeni kwelanga, kuye ngokuthi yini eza ngaphambili, bese yehla ngemuva kokushona kwelanga.
Amafulegi wombuso kufanele ahlanzeke, futhi futhi angabi nezikhala nemiphetho emile, namakhona.
Abalindi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi amafulegi wombuso akhuphukile awanamatheli ezakhiweni zemigqa, indandatho yawo nokugqigqa, futhi awasontanga ezungeze ama-halyards.
Amafulegi ahlanekezelwe kumele axishwe noma akhululwe kumafayili bese efakwa emabhokisini okugcina.
Ifulegi elehlisiwe akufanele lilimale kuzungeze ujantshi oseduze, ngoba lokhu kuwukungahloniphi ifulege lesizwe kanye nesimo. Ngokungahloniphi okunjalo, kungakhokhiswa inhlawulo enkulu kakhulu emkhunjini.
Imithetho yezindawo ezithile zokuhlafuna idinga ukuthi umkhumbi osendizeni uhlale undiza ifulegi likazwelonke, ngisho noma sekwenziwe umkhumbi. Isibonelo, umthetho onjalo uyasebenza eNorway.
Ekuhanjisweni komthengisi, kunomkhosi wokubingelela omunye umkhumbi wamasosha noma wabathengisi lapho uhlangana olwandle.
Esikhathi sasemini, lapho kumiswe emanzini noma ezweni elingasogwini lesifundazwe, umbutho wezempi noma omunye umkhumbi osemsebenzini odlula ngendlela yesiko unikezwa ngokwesiko ifulege likahulumeni lomkhumbi othengisayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, umlindi wehlisela phansi futhi ngokushesha waphakamisa ifulege lesifundazwe - lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "shayela ifulege indesheni."
Amafulegi wombuso ahlala akhushulwa.
Ifulegi elinamapayipi ensimbi liboshelwa halyard ene-bayonet yokudoba noma i-bayonet. Amafulegi anama-flanges angama-tenon afakwe ebhokisini imvamisa aboshwe kwi-halyard ene-straw. Kodwa-ke, kulula kakhulu ukubopha i-halyard ku-ogon ngosizo lwefindo elikhishwa ngokushesha - ifindo "lokususa ukungaluki".
Ifindo elilukiwe elingenalutho 'ngumfowethu' lefindo elicwengekile. Kuhle ukubopha amafulegi kuma-halyards, ngoba inganikezwa kalula ngisho nalapho i-halyard idonswa ngumoya onamandla nalapho iba manzi kakhulu.
Ifindo lokweluka okungenamikhawulo luhlobo “lefindo elukiwe” amatilosi abeliboleka ngempela kubeluki. Abaluki kuphela abanesidingo sokubopha amafindo ngokushesha okukhulu, kepha amatilosi ayedinga ifindo elingahlanganisi kuphela ukubopha nje kuphela, kodwa futhi alithukululwanga, ngokwesibonelo, lapho udinga ukunikela ngokushesha amagiya angaphansi komthwalo (ukungezwani), futhi uyazi ukuthi kunzima kanjani ukukhulula amafindo egiya elimanzi (izintambo zomhlaba), ikakhulukazi uma amagiya enziwe ngemicu yezitshalo, njenge-hemp (engajwayelekile esetshenziswa njengamanje) noma i-manila.
Amatilosi, abantu banothile, bathatha futhi bashintsha ifindo lokweluka kancane, beqa nje isiphetho esisekupheleni kwe-halyard emuva futhi sathola iluphu elithukulula ngokushesha, kufanele nje udonse isicoco se-halyard.
Ngakho-ke ngiyabonga futhi umnsalo ojulile wabaluki bethu abasebenza kanzima kusuka edolobheni lase-Ivanov elikhazimulayo laseRussia, futhi kubo uqobo kubo bonke abanye abaluki nabaluki, yize kunjalo, ifindo lasungulwa kudala futhi kungenzeka kakhulu ngabeluki besiNgisi.
Njengamanje, imigqa eyenziwe ngefreyimu yokwenziwa enobubanzi be-6mm mm isetshenziswa njengamafayili wokuphakamisa amafulege asesimweni nasesiginali, okuthi, ikakhulukazi uma esekutsha, elula kakhulu ukusebenza nawo, kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umugqa udonswa ngaphandle futhi ungcoliswe ngothi lwensipho emapayipini aqeda futhi uthuli futhi uma umugqa onjalo ungaphansi komthwalo futhi okokufaka kuwo umanzi, khona-ke akulula kangako ukuwuthukulula. Ngisebenzisa ifindo lokusongela elingafakwanga lokukhulisa amafulegi kusukela ngo-1980, angikaze ngibenecala elilodwa lokuzitholela noma ubunzima bokungathumeki, vele, uma nje ibiboshwe ngokufanele.
Ngemuva kokuthi ifulegi liphakanyiselwe endaweni, okungukuthi, ekuphakameni okudingekayo - imvamisa lapho i-ogon ephezulu esisekelweni icishe ifinyelele ebhulokini lapho i-halyard ingeniswa ngayo, kuyadingeka ukudonsa i-halyard futhi uyilayishe e-duck noma ku-reiling. Kuyi-duck, i-halyard ifakwa nge-hoses ngabayisishiyagalombili bese ithanga ngalinye liqiniswa. Ekujuleni kwenhliziyo, kulula kakhulu ukubopha i-halyard ngommese onobuthi, okuzoba lula ukukunika ngisho nangaphansi kwengxabano enamandla futhi kumanzi.
Ekusebenzeni, i-halyard yesiginali, evikelwe yi-nblenochny nasesitimeleni, izokwehluka kulokho kukhonjisiwe kulesibalo, lapho i-halyard izophindwe kabili.
Ifindo elihlanzwa mhlophe laba negama laso ngenxa yokuthi emikhunjini ehamba ngomkhumbi anamathisela amhlophe kucwecwe ehlala ikhebula - izingxenye ezidlulayo zekhebula elibunjiwe, ezisebenza njengohlobo lwezinyathelo zokukhuphuka imicibisholo ehlala ikhebula.
Eminyakeni engaba ngamashumi amathathu edlule, kuma-80s, bekubuye kube nesiko ekuthengiseni ngomkhumbi uku “shayela” ifulegi emkhunjini oluzayo, uphambuke kulo ibangana elincane kodwa eliphephile. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi cishe kuyo yonke imikhumbi, ngesikhathi sasemini, umatilosi akahlali ebuke esondweni elinamasondo, kwakungekho muntu wokuvalelisa. Futhi ngenxa yezomnotho, imikhumbi empeleni ayiphakamisi ifulege lesizwe ngenkathi isolwandle. Ngakho-ke, ukwehla okukhulu kwabasebenza emikhunjini kanye nokonga okungenangqondo "kubulale" isiko elihle lasolwandle.
Ukuqhubeka kokuthunyelwe "Olunye usuku lokuzalwa"
Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka amatilosi bekhuluma ngamagagasi amakhulu angadonsa noma aqede umkhumbi wanoma isiphi isayizi. Isikhathi eside, lezi zindaba zazibhekwa njengezinganekwane zasolwandle kuphela, kodwa ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ososayensi bathola ubufakazi bangempela bokuthi lezi zinto zemvelo zikhona ngempela.Amagagasi anjalo athole igama - amaza okubulala.
Umlando wokutadishwa kwamagagasi ababulali
Okokuqala ngqa ngamaza okubulala, abizwa nangokuthi amagagasi azulazulayo, amaza e-monster namagagasi amhlophe, kukhulunywa ngo-1826 kuphela emphakathini wesayensi. Ngemuva kwalokho umcwaningi ongumhambi waseFrance uJules Dumont-Durville, naye owayengumdwebi wasolwandle ngasikhathi sinye, watshela ozakwabo ukuthi kolunye lohambo lwakhe wabona ngegagasi elingajwayelekile nelinobude obungaphezu kwamamitha angama-33.
Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi izikhulu zahlekwa, ngoba ngekhulu le-19 imfundiso kaGaussian esekwe emsebenzini weGaussian yayilawula umphakathi wesayensi.
Konke kwathathwa njengesisekelo saso, kusuka ekuholeleni ochwepheshe bezolwandle kuya kubakhi abakhulu bemikhumbi. Ngokwalo mbono, ngisho noma kunesivunguvungu esinamandla, ukuphakama kwamaza ngeke kweqe amamitha ayi-15. Igagasi lamamitha angama-20 ukuphakama olwandle lwaseGaussian livela kuphela uma izici eziningi ziyahlangana, okuyinto, ngombono, zenzeka kanye njalo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10.
Eminyakeni eyikhulu nesigamu ezayo, ingqikithi yamaza okubulala, yize kwesinye isikhathi iqhamuke emphakathini wesayensi, ayikaze ithathwe ngokungathi sína.
Kuphela ngoJanuwari 1, 1995, amakhilomitha ayi-160 ukusuka ogwini lwaseNorway, igagasi lababulali laqoshwa yimishini yesikhulumi sikawoyela iDropner. Ukuphakama kwawo kufinyelele ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-25.
Ipulatifomu yakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi ibekezelele igagasi elingamamitha angama-20, okuthi, ngalo mbono, kufanele lenzeke kanye njalo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10. Kodwa-ke, ngalolo suku, iDropner yahlangana nokwakhiwa kwamanzi amakhulu kakhulu okuwela endaweni yesikhulumi ngesivinini esingaphezulu kuka-70 km / h futhi kwalimaza.
Lesi sehlakalo sivuse isasasa elikhulu emphakathini wesayensi futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, amaza okubulala asephenduke enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokucwaninga ngababhali bezolwandle emhlabeni jikelele.
Yini i-wave wave futhi unamandla kangakanani
Ngakho-ke, ayini ngempela amaza okubulala futhi ahluke kanjani kumaza ajwayelekile? Eqinisweni, le nto yemvelo ihlala imangalisa, emehlweni ososayensi, kuze kube namuhla.
Kwenziwe lula, igagasi elizulazulisayo yigagasi elilodwa elikhulu elinokuphakama okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-20, eliziphatha ngokungemthetho. Amagagasi anjalo avela kungazelelwe futhi abe yingozi yangempela ngisho nasemikhunjini enkulu kakhulu.
Ukuqonda ukuthi yini ebeka engcupheni, kufanele ubheke izinombolo. Ngakho-ke, i-wave ejwayelekile yamamitha ayi-12 idala ingcindezi yokuqhuma kwamathani ayi-6 ngemitha yesikwere. Imikhumbi yanamuhla yakhiwa ngendlela yokuthi ibhekane nengcindezi yokuqhuma ilingana namathani ayi-15 ngemitha yesikwele, kangangokuba ngisho namagagasi amakhulu awawesabi.
Kodwa-ke, uma kukhulunywa ngamaza okubulala, khona-ke, ngokusho kososayensi, lapho behlangana nabo, ibutho lamathani ayikhulu ngemitha yesikwele noma izenzo ezingaphezulu komkhumbi. Ukucindezela okunjalo kungonakalisa amandla omkhumbi futhi kungaze konakalise nomkhumbi.
Ngakho-ke, akumangalisi ukuthi emakhulwini eminyaka adlule babembalwa kakhulu abafakazi bale nto - igagasi elimhlophe limane laqothula imikhumbi, laguqula laba yizi-chips, ukuze ababenayo babengenalo ithuba lokusindiswa.
Ngasikhathi sinye, amaza okubulala akufanele ahlanganiswe ne-tsunami ne-megatsunami. Lezi zinto zemvelo zibangelwa ukuhamba kwenqwaba yamanzi, imvamisa ehlotshaniswa nokushintshwa kwe-tectonic noma ukungena kwento enkulu emanzini. AmaTsunami aba yingozi ngokuqondile endaweni yogu nasogwini uqobo, futhi phakathi nolwandle alunangozi.
Amagagasi e-Monster avela kude kakhulu nogu, futhi aqhamuke ngokuqinile ngemuva kwesizinda salo lonke ugesi wamanzi, ongazola.
Kungekudala kakhulu, ososayensi bathola ukuthi kukhona namagagasi abulala abantu, okuluhlobo lwezimbobo. Ukujula kwabo kungaphindeka kabili kukagagasi elimhlophe kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izehlakalo ezinjalo zibonwa ezindaweni eziningi lapho kungenzeka khona ukunyakaza kwamagagasi, ngokwesibonelo, ku-Optics.
Izimbangela ezingenzeka zamaza okubulala
Namuhla, ososayensi basaqhubeka nokwakha izinkolelo-mbono maqondana nokuthi amaza okubulala awakheka kanjani ngqo. Inqubo yokubacwaninga iyinkimbinkimbi yokuthi amagagasi anjalo cishe akunakwenzeka ukuwathola ezimweni zokufakelwa. Bamuva nje abacwaningi abaphumelele ekwakheni imodeli yokulinga eduze kweqiniso echibini lamaza.
Kepha emuva emibonweni emayelana nemvelaphi yamagagasi adukayo. Ngemuva kokuhlaziya imininingwane ngezindawo lapho le ndaba ibivame ukubonwa khona, ososayensi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi amagagasi ababulalayo ngokuvamile atholakala ezindaweni lapho ukuqondisa okuyinhloko kokunyakaza kwamagagasi kugijimela khona lapho kuya khona ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Ngesinye isikhathi, lokhu kudala amaza amancane kakhulu, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ukuphakama okuhlaba umxhwele. Kwenzeka into efanayo nasezindaweni ezinjenge, ngokwesibonelo, iBermuda Triangle, ugu oluseningizimu ye-Afrika kanye nolwandle oluseningizimu ye-Atlantic Ocean esifundeni se-Gulf Stream.
Kodwa-ke, kuyaziwa ukuthi amaza okubulala avela yonke indawo, ngisho nasemachibini, ngokwesibonelo, eLake Superior, ngakho-ke lokhu akusona kuphela isizathu.
Okunye ukuqagela kufaka inkolelo-mbumbulu yokugxila ekugxiliseni, okusho ukuhlanganisa amagagasi amancane abe munye munxa munye ngenxa yokushona phansi kwephasi lolwandle.
Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi amaza amhlophe avele ekushayaneni kwe-ikhanda lokushona kwegagasi negagasi elikhulu. Lesi sakamuva sidonsa amandla okuqala, kepha ngenxa yomthelela siguqula ukwakheka kwawo. Kwenzeka into efanayo ngokusho komqondo ongewona olayini - igagasi eliphakathi nendawo lihamba futhi lidonsa ngamandla amaza amancane aseduze, liphenduka isilo esikhulu.
Kukhona eminye imibono, noma kunjalo, yonke idinga ukuqinisekiswa nobufakazi, ngakho-ke umsuka wamaza okubhubhisa abhubhisayo namuhla uhlala uyimfihlakalo.
Isigaxa sesiphaphalazi esikhulu
Isicabucabu se-spider esabanjwa edolobheni lase-Iwizumi, eJapan. Inani eliphelele ngamamitha amathathu, igobolondo 30 cm.
Yebo, imikhaza yesicabucabu ingelinye lama-arthropods amakhulu aphila manje - kahle, zihlulele: amasentimitha angamashumi amane nanhlanu yi-cephalothorax futhi, hop ... amamitha amathathu ububanzi bamatende ... Imilenze, ngiyaxolisa. Zonke amamodeli aphezulu alwa in hysteria kusuka emoneni. Kunolwazi mayelana nesikhala esingamamitha ayisithupha, futhi cishe amashumi ayisishiyagalombili cephalothorax, kepha akunamkhawulo emcabangweni wabadobi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la makhaza kuphela abamele abasindayo bohlobo lwasendulo lweMacroheria, ngakho-ke ngokuziqhenya baphatha isihloko esingesilo esokuthi "amaminerali aphilayo".
Lawa ma-nyashas asabekayo aseJapan empeleni anokuthula nokuzola, njengezinkomo zamadlelo. Azulazula ebumnyameni bolwandle, ahlanze - njengezicucu, acosha izinsalela zanoma iyiphi into yezinto eziphilayo eqongelela lapho, athole imali eyengeziwe njengokuhleleka. Abayishintshi umbala wabo obomvu-obomvu-obomvu, abaphenduli amehlo abo ngeziqu, ngamagama, ukubamba okukhaliphile okuqhamuka emndenini omuhle. Bangakwazi ukuhlobisa i-carapace yabo, sebethembele kuyo noma imuphi umgqomo ongatholakali, ngakho-ke bangabesigaba sokuhlanza umhlobiso.
Kulungile, kungani spider? Unemilenze eyisishiyagalombili! Hhayi, kukhona imilenze eyisishiyagalombili, ngokwendlela, ngoba ama-helipit anezinswelaboya ezingazibali, yilezi, izandla. Ngale ndlela, kuyamangaza ukuthi kwabesilisa “izingalo” zinde kakhulu kunokuhamba ngemilenze, kuthi kwabesifazane, kunalokho, kufushane. Futhi isicabucabu - kahle, wake wambona umenzi we-haymaker? Futhi uvuselele inkumbulo yakho - yonke imibuzo izonyamalala ngokushesha.
By the way, bakhulela ezilo ezinamamitha amathathu isikhathi eside futhi kancane. Baphila iminyaka eyikhulu, uma bengaphenduki ama-sashimi, ngakho-ke kuphi ukushesha okuthile? Kepha imifantu isiphenduka isashimi nezinye izitsha zasendaweni ngokuhlelekile, okumnandi kakhulu.
Inqubo yokusabalalisa - okungukuthi, ukuzalanisa - iyinkathi yezinkalankala kanye ngonyaka, futhi ngaleso sikhathi abantu babamba umoya wabo futhi bayeke ukuyibamba ukuze banelise izidingo zabo zesisu futhi babone ukwaneliseka okuhlukile ngokuphelele. Owesifazane, ngaphandle kokukhohlisa, ubeka amaqanda ayisigidi nohhafu, futhi (njengezicabucabu, ngendlela, nansi enye into efana nalena) uwahudula kuye / ngemuva kwakhe, eshaya izinyawo zakhe ngamanzi bese emgcwalisa umoya-mpilo. Kuliqiniso, ukuthunywa kukamama ongazinikeli kugcina ngesikhathi kuqhamuka isibungu seplankton sokugcina eqandeni - ngemuva kwalokho inyenyeka isuka embhoshongweni omkhulu wensimbi onqenqemeni lwenzalo. Malyavki ayinayo imilenze noma igobolondo, futhi ulenga ngesimo sezibungu aze azitholele zombili. Ngemuva kwalokho bagcobhoza phansi kuze kube yilapho igobolondo labo langaphandle liqhuma futhi livumele imboza encane ukuba izibonakalise kuyo yonke inkazimulo yayo.
Ekudingisweni, azizalwa ngokuzithandela okukhulu ngenxa yobukhulu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi zithanda ukuhlala emazingeni okushisa angama-degree ayi-10, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile zi-capricious. Kepha uma endlini yakho ezweni i-aquarium ngengozi yamalitha ambalwa, ungazitholela isilwane esimnandi esinjalo, kwesinye isikhathi, usikle phakathi kwamehlo akho futhi wesabise omakhelwane abangazi ..
Izinto ezi-10 ezithokozisayo ezibhekene nazo
Khohlwa ngeMars. Ukubhukuda ujule ngokwanele futhi uzothola komunye iplanethi. Ekujuleni kwenhliziyo kunezinto ezindala kunama-dinosaurs asendulo namahlathi.
Ngenkathi abahlukahlukene banokubonakala okuhle kakhulu, babhekana nezimo ezisongela impilo, njengezifufula ezinobuthi nemikhomo esimweni esibi. Kepha kukhona amaqhawe azifaka engcupheni, asindisa yonke into - ukusuka kunhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ukuya kwelinye elinobuthi kunabo bonke.
10. Ibhola ebabayo ebabayo
Lapho u-Emerik Benhalassa muva nje evakashele indawo edonsela eduzane naseBali, wadubula ibhola elihle. Isidalwa sasibukeka njengesihambi, kepha ososayensi besele bazi ngabo isikhashana. Ngisho negama labo limnandi - i-nudibranch.
Lezi zidalwa ezilingana nengalo zingama-sea slugs. Imibala isukela kokuluhlaza kuya kokwethanjeni, inemizimba emide enama-appendages anjengomlenze namabhaluni esikhundleni samakhanda. Lolu hlobo oluthile, iMelibe viridis, lwaluwuhlobo oluvamile lwe-nudibranch. Okwenze ukuthi irekhodi likhetheke ukuthi libonisa isenzeko esingajwayelekile sokudla.
AmaNudibranch anendlela eyingqayizivele enxephezela umbono ophansi. Basebenzisa ikhanda labo njengenethi, balule kakhulu ngasolwandle. Imigqa yezinzwa itholakala eceleni komngcele. Lapho bethola umqhele omncane noma imbobo, ikhanda le-gelatinous livalela futhi libambe inyamazane.
9. Ijellyfish ngosayizi womuntu
Isazi sebhayoloji uLizzie Daley ubhukude ngasogwini lweCornwall e-United Kingdom. Ngenhlanhla yalabo abathanda amabhola amakhulu wejeli, uDan Abbott wayenaye. Umenzi wefilimu ongaphansi kwamanzi wahlunga umhlangano wakhe nesidalwa esingajwayelekile.
Ngenkathi kudonswa eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNgilandi, lo mbhangqwana waphawula ukuthi kuqhamuka kanjani ijellyfish enkulu emanzini amnyama. Kwakuyimboni ye-jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo), okuyisidalwa esingajwayelekile esaziwa nangokuthi i-jellyfish ngesivalo sikadoti.
Ngeshwa, yilokhu “inhloko” yakhe ebukeka ngayo. Ngemuva kwedome elikhulu kunwebeka amatende ayisishiyagalombili awugqinsi akwazi ukugwaza. Njenge-jellyfish enkulu kunazo zonke e-United Kingdom, izidalwa ezinobukhulu babantu zaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi zigezwa ngasosebeni. Kwabahlukahlukene, ukuhlangana ne-ekhokhonfish e-jellyfish bukhoma nje ukuntanta olwandle kuyinto etholakalayo.
8. Ukulungiswa odidekile
Ababili abebehamba ngezinyawo bahlola umhlanga wamakhorali ogwini lwaseGibhithe, lapho omunye wabona ukuthi banesiphuphutheki. Kwakuyi-remora (wayenamathela). Lezi zidalwa zinesitho esinjengendebe-enjengekhanda emakhanda asisebenzisayo ukujoyina amabutho amakhulu. URemora ube edla imvuthuluka yalokho okubulawa yinkosi ngendlela engacacile.
Ngalesi sizathu, bakhetha ukunamathela koshaka. Le remora ethile izame ukufaka isihlalo somunye wabaphambukeli. Lesi sigameko sathathwa kwifilimu futhi sashicilelwa ngonyaka we-2017. Uveze ukuthi inhlanzi ibhukuda kanjani kumuntu, “emaphepheni” i-wetsuit bese ngenkani ilandela umuntu ophambukayo njengoba eqhubeka nokuhlola idwala.
I-remora ebude obungu-0.3 kuya ku-0.9 m ubude ibibonakala ngathi iyadideka futhi idideke i-diver noshaka. U-Enric Sala, isazi semvelo yasolwandle, usebone amacala amaningi anjalo. Ngenkathi edonsela eduzane naseSouthern Line Island ngonyaka ka-2009, naye uqobo wahlatshwa usizi.
7. Ihlathi elingaphansi kwamanzi
Ama-divers athola iziqu zasendulo ngaphansi kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, akukho lutho olungashayi emhlolweni lapho kutholwa isidlovukazi saseBrithani esahlola ulwandle ogwini lwaseNorfolk.
Ngo-2015, uDon Watson wahlulwa ezifundweni futhi wagcina endaweni lapho kwasolwandle okwakhiwe khona izingodo ezinkulu. Kwavela ukuthi leli yihlathi elineminyaka engu-10,000 ubudala.
Isici sobudala kwakungeyona ukuphela kwesici esatholakala. Ihlathi elibusayo lahlanganisa izinkulungwane zamahektha abekade exhuma izwekazi laseYurophu neGreat Britain. Lo mhlaba wabizwa ngokuthi i-Doggerland, futhi izinto zakudala ezaphakanyiswa ngabadobi zibonisa ukuthi kwakuhlalwa khona ngabazingeli beMesolithic.
Eminyakeni engaba ngu-10 000 edlule, amahlathi afinyelela amazinga awo aphakeme, enikeza amathuba amaningi okuzingela, kubantu nasezilwaneni. Namuhla, ama-oki ajabulisa uhlobo oluhlukile lwamakhasimende. Izinhlobo eziningana zokuphila kwasolwandle njengamanje zihlala ehlathini njengesihlahlana.
6. Ukusindisa izinhlanzi ze-hedgehog
Izinhlanzi zeHedgehog zivame ukudidaniswa nezinhlanzi zenja. Kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani. Ngendlela efanayo nenhlanzi yenja, inhlanzi ye-hedgehog iyakhuphuka ngokulinganayo ukuze umhlaseli angayigwinyi. Zinezikhala ezinde zomzimba wonke nomzimba obulalayo we-tetrodotoxin kwezinye izitho. Cishe izikhathi ezi-1,200 ezibulala kakhulu kune-cyanide, ubuthi bungena esikhunjeni sabo.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, bambalwa abantu ababengaphatha izinhlanzi ze-hedgehog bukhoma ngezandla zabo. I-YouTube Blogger Key Bole isanda kulayisha ividiyo ebonisa ukuthi umuntu osihlukanisi wenza kanjani lokho. Indoda yeza inhlanzi ye-hedgehog inegiya elikhulu emlonyeni.
Wabamba inhlanzi, ezama ukungamesabi. Isidalwa lahlala ngendlela ezolile futhi lingavuvukanga. Lokhu kungadabukisa, ngoba izipikili zingabeka engcupheni impilo yomdwebi.
Indoda ikhishwe ngokucophelela. Kepha ngasekupheleni, kwathatha ama-jerks ambalwa amabi - kwathi izinhlanzi ze-hedgehog zavuthwa. Ungesabi, isiphambukeli sathatha inhlanzi ngekhanda ukugwema ama-spikes, futhi yakwazi ukukhipha isicoco.
5. Isidleke esikhanyayo
Ngo-2017, i-diver yathola okuthile okuxakayo ogwini lwase-Australia. Kwakufana nohlobo lwesidalwa esithile. Kwakuyishubhu, kuyi-translucent futhi kukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhanya.
Abasizi bezokuzenzisa basheshe bacabange ngezilwane ezingaqondakali, kepha izazi zezinto eziphilayo zazinombono ohlukile. Ipipi lalingesilo isidalwa, kepha isidleke se-squid esinezintambo zamaqanda. Lezi zokugcina zazinombala opinki, ofana neparele.
Ukuhlonza umzali we-squid masonry kunzima ngokumangazayo. Akukho lutho oluqinisekile, kepha ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lo mbhobho wenziwe nge-squid engaqondakali (Thysanoteuthis rhombus).
Lezi zidalwa ezinkulu ngendlela yama kite zihlala nabalingani bazo impilo yazo yonke, futhi lokhu kungunyaka. Ukukhanya kwepayipi kuvela ngqo emaqanda. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kungani ehla enyuka, yize kutholakale inkomba kuzibungu zedayimane. Ocwaningweni olwedlule, amaqanda edayimane avulwa futhi athola ukuthi amathole anamaseli we-pigment, womabili abomvu nphuzi.
4. I-Tangled Whale Shark
Ngo-2018, abahlaseli be-scuba baxwayise uMnyango Wezemvelo Nezemvelo waseHawaii ukuthi ushaka whale usenkingeni. Lokhu kwakungewona umsebenzi olula. Oshaka be-whale akuyona nje inhlanzi enkulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni, kodwa futhi nezilwane ezinomusa nazo ezisengozini. AbakwaDivers babike ukuthi lesi silwane siboshwe ngentambo, abakwazanga ukumsiza.
Kamuva ngalowo nyaka, umndeni waseHawaii wabaphambukeli wahambela olwandle eduze kwesiqhingi saseLanai. Naphezu kweminyaka yokukhululwa, abakaze babone oshaka, futhi bajabule lapho bethola insikazi ibanga elithile ekujuleni.
Akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthi baqonde ukuthi ushaka ulimele kakhulu. Intambo esindayo isike yangena phakathi kwe-pectoral fin yamshiya nezibazi emhlane.
Ukuze akhulule ushaka, uyise wenza uchungechunge lwamamitha amabili okujula ngamamitha ayi-18. Ukuzola kwesilwane bekungakholeki. Imvamisa, oshaka abasemanzini batheleka lapho bethintwa, kepha bekuvumela ukuthi indoda ibone intambo isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yehora, ize ikhishwe.
3. Umkhomo uhlasele i-diver
Imikhomo ye-Humpback imvamisa ivezwa njengezikhulu ezinkulu. Isazi sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle uNan Hauser, owayeneminyaka engama-28 nesipiliyoni sokudaya ngemikhomo, akakwazanga ukuvumelana - kuze kube ngu-2018.
Lapho udonsa ngesikebhe eCoke Island, umkhomo omkhulu we-humpback whale weza eHauser. Sinesisindo esingu-22,700 kg, lesi silwanyana siziphatha kabi. Bekubonakala sengathi kucindezela uHauser ukuthi abekwe ekhanda lakhe noma efihlwe ngaphansi kwe-pectoral fin enkulu.
Kwadlula imizuzu engaphezu kwe-10, isazi sebhayoloji sasizolile. Ukuhamba komkhomo kwakungeyona eyodlame, kepha umehluko ngosayizi wawenza ube yingozi. Ngesinye isikhathi, waze wakhipha nowesifazane emanzini.
Emuva ebhodini, uHauser wabona ukuthi lesi simo sasingelula njengokushayisana nomkhomo onolaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomkhomo we-humpback wayefihle ihlosi lomhluzi ongu-4.6 wamamitha ubude. Kwakukhona ne-humpback whale yesibili eshaya amanzi eduzane nomhlaseli.
Amacala abhaliwe lapho imikhomo ye-humpback isindisa izimpawu zomhlambi namawundlu ezinye izinhlobo zemikhomo ezivela emikhombeni ebulala. Ukube lokhu kwakufana nokuziphatha okufanayo, lokhu kungaba yicala lokuqala elaziwayo lapho iziqhwaga zivikela umuntu engozini.
2. Isidalwa esidala kunama-dinosaurs
Ekujuleni kolwandle kukhona isidalwa esimangalisayo. Ushaka onezinyawo eziyisithupha ushaka omkhulu owalima ulwandle ngaphambi kokuvela kwama-dinosaurs amaningi. Izinhlobo, ezineminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-200 ubudala, cishe zasinda esenzakalweni esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ukuqothulwa kwesibalo samaPrincess, okusinde ngamaphesenti amane kuphela ayo yonke impilo yasemanzini.
Wabona ukuvela nokuqothulwa kukasaziwayo we-megalodon monark shark. Ushaka onemilenze eyisithupha usekhona. Ngokwemvelo, abacwaningi bangathanda ukutadisha lesi sidalwa sakudala, kodwa indawo yabo ejulile iyinkinga.
Ngo-2019, ososayensi bathatha isinqumo sokuntywila ngokujulile. Beshaye i-jackpot eBahamas. Lapho insiza engaphansi kwamanzi ifinyelela kumamitha angama-990, kuye kwasondela kuye ushaka omkhulu wamatshe ayisithupha. Owesifazane omude ongamamitha angu-4,9 wayebonakala enelukuluku lokuhluka. Ubuke abaphenyi ngamehlo akhe amakhulu aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi wasithinta ngokucophelela isixhobo.
Kodwa-ke, amandla akhe azibonakalisa ngenkathi edabula isheyisi elinikezwe ngaphandle kwe-submersible futhi ethuse wonke umuntu ngaphakathi. Wayesondele kakhulu. Kepha kamuva ngalobo busuku, ososayensi bathola ushaka wesilisa ongama-gill ayisithupha, waba yisilwane sokuqala esithombeni esinezimpawu zokulandela umkhondo wasemanzini.
1. Umfula ugoqwe ubuthi
ICenote yisehluleki ePeninsula yaseMexico. Ukusuka ngaphezulu, kubukeka njengechibi lamanzi ajwayelekile lamanzi. Kodwa-ke, abahlukahlukene abawehla cishe ngamamitha angama-30 bahlangabezana nombono omangalisayo - umfula ongaphansi kwamanzi. Eduze kwalo inkungu esabekayo, emboza umfula ngemivimbo okungenani amamitha amathathu.
Abanye abahlukahlukene abazama ukungena enkungwini bavame ukwethuka. Ifu lingcwele i-hydrogen sulfide futhi linomthelela ekuwohlokeni okukhulu lapho ubhukuda. Igesi iyabulala uma idonsa umoya. Lokhu akuyona into efanele ukuzizwa ulahlekile.
Eqinisweni, umfula ubizwa ngokuthi yi-halocline. AmaCenotes anamanzi olwandle nawamanzi amasha. Amafomu omfula lapho ehlangana futhi engakwazi ukuhlangana ngokuphelele ngenxa yokuhluka kobukhulu.
Izingxenye ezihlangane ngempela zakha umfula we-halocline, umfula ongaboli ngaphansi kwamanzi amnandi kepha ngaphezulu kwamanzi kasawoti. Njengoba umfula umanzi ngokwanele ukuvimba imfucuza yehlathi ukuthi yehle, ukubola kukhiqiza i-hydrogen sulfide, ehlala emfuleni.
Umqhele wolwandle olumnyama
Ngabe akulungile? Ngihamba eceleni kwendlela ebumnyameni, futhi ungena ngaphakathi kumisebe wokukhanya okuvela esitolo. Ngaphandle komkhuba wami wobuntwana, ngayeka, kwaba ngathi ngibona i-tweet. Nanguya, umqhele. Ngakhumbula ukuthi namuhla, emahoreni ambalwa edlule, kwakukhona amathreyi nezinhlanzi zolwandle. Njengoba besho, inhlanzi ishiyile kanti nezimfene zasala. Angizishiyanga imvuthuluka. Ngayithatha futhi ngagijimela kuyo ngaze ngafika ekhaya .. Manje ihleli ebhange, angikwazi ukuthola ukubukeka, kepha nginesiqiniseko sokuthi yiLwandle Olumnyama, bathengisa ngenkunzi. Futhi manje iyasebenzisana. luhlobo luni lomkhaba, oludlayo, yiziphi izimo. Mhlawumbe othile wahlangana. Ngifuna ukonga lo Ryan oyimfihlo.
Imali ayifanele, izeluleko ezingcono ziyasebenza. Mthengele ithikithi lokuya e-Odessa ngokunyamalala ngokushesha☺
Umthombo uvaliwe kusuka ezansi kwekamelo lenjini
Siphethe imithwalo yokusanhlamvu engaphezu kwamathani ayi-3,000, besisondela ekuphumeni ukusuka eLwandle lweMarmara kuya eDardanelles. Kwakuvele kusihlwa lapho umthombo wamanzi olwandle uvalekile egumbini lenjini.
Ekamelweni lenjini, phansi kuhlobo lokuphindwe kabili, kepha kukhona lesi sikhala esisetshenziselwa ukuhlela amathangi kaphethiloli, amathangi kawoyela, amathangi kawoyela odoti ngokwahlukana, ukuvuza kukaphethi ngokwehlukana, nokunye okuningi. Futhi ngaphansi kwezisekelo zezinjini akukho amathangi, kuphela okuphansi, kuyaqondakala, awukwazi ukubeka lesi sidumbu esisekelweni sethangi.
Emotweni sinokuvuza okuhlala njalo - okokushiswa kukaphethiloli omncane (kuphela i-shhh - okuqondene nanoma ngubani!) Uwoyela uyaconsa kusuka yonke indawo, kuphume namanzi asolwandle aphuma eziseleni zikawoyela, noma ngisho namapayipi abolile. Yebo, vele ugeze injini yedizili kanye naphansi nge-powder - uzowachitha yini amanzi abaleka izitezi ezintathu phezulu ngebhakede? Lutho neze - ukuqoqa konke lokhu kuvuza kukhona imithombo ebizwa ngokuthi yi-bilge, yonke into igeleza lapho, futhi ukusuka lapho ifakwa ethangini elikhethekile lamanzi we-bilge, ikhanda lomshini wesibili.
Ngani? -kodwa wenza umsebenzi othile ohlobene nokuqhamuka, usho, wamanzi asezinjini ezinkulu, kepha ipayipi elibolile liqhume endaweni ethile futhi ithangi lekhophi eyisithupha nesishiyagalombili lincane impela. Kungenzeka ukuyikhipha kuphela ethekwini kubaqoqi abakhethekile, bathatha le shmurdyak bayise ezindaweni ezikhethekile lapho, ngosizo lwabahlukanisi abaphakathi, imikhiqizo kawoyela ihlukanisiwe, ukuze kuthi lapho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ishiswe endaweni yokushiswa kwegumbi elinye lama-boiler. Futhi ibhizinisi, ngendlela.
Kepha lapho kusazoba netheku, futhi ngisho nomqoqi uzokhipha ucingo. Kwenqatshelwe ngokuqinile ukulahla okuqukethwe yimigodi yama-bilge olwandle, ama-Ebb valves abekwa uphawu ngezimpawu zasogwini.
Hhayi, ucabanga ukuthi le nkinga ayinakuthengiswa? Iyathandeka, kepha ngiyaxolisa ngenhlanzi engenacala.
Ngakho-ke, ku- "Sola" yethu (njengoba ngidweba kuyo, ngizokutshela) yayingekho imithombo ehlukile, kepha kwakukhona idamu elinenjoloba phakathi kwamathangi. Empeleni, leli yithangi elifanayo ukusuka ngapha nangapha, livuleke kusuka phezulu kuphela, lapho yonke imfucumfucu yayiyehla khona. Futhi amanzi asinda kunamafutha nezithambisi, futhi ngaphansi kongqimba lwamafutha angcolile ezansi ku-cofferdam, amanzi, ikakhulukazi asemkhunjini, sekuphele iminyaka eguquguquka. Lapha phansi kubolile.
Kukhona umehluko onjengalokhu: umthombo ungamasentimitha amathathu ubukhulu, kepha ubani owaziyo isimo sensimbi esiseduze, mhlawumbe konke kukhona ubukhulu beshidi lencwajana? Uzoqala ngokuxhuma ukhokho kulo mgodi, futhi uzohluleka futhi unyathele ngendlela yokuthi kungabikho amaphampu wokukhipha!
Futhi uma isivunguvungu sisibambile eMedithera, kuzoba njalo, bafowethu?
Ngakho-ke, banquma ukunamathela ngobumnene isibambo esifanayo ukusuka e-mop lapho, begoqwe izindla, ukugoqa isikejana sokuvuza, ubusuku obuhle bafika.
Kepha sihamba kuleyo nkathazo, akuyona into esiyi-anchor, akunakwenzeka ukwehlisa isivinini esingaphansi komkhawulo othile, ngokushesha abaphikisi bayovota: yini inkinga? khuphula unhlangothi! Ngaphandle kwalokho, bazothumela i-tug bese iyophuma iphume inobuhle obunjalo, ukaputeni akufanele adilizwe.
Abathengisi bomkhumbi babebuye babe namaTurks nathi, umphathi waso washeshe wasibika leso simo futhi ngokushesha watshelwa ukuthi azocima kuphi ukuphuma kule ndawo okuxakile.
Ephuzwini elikhonjisiwe, isikebhe senjoloba esinama-scuba divers safika kithi. Ihlumela elincane lamaTurks eligqoke isudi yenjoloba langena emotweni ukuthola ukuthi likhona kuphi umgodi ongafakwanga kahle. Ubona ubusuku, phansi kunamagobolondo ne-algae, awukwazi ukuthola ithiphu laleyo mop, noma isibani. Kepha uchwepheshe - uchwepheshe, yize iTurk. Ngemuva kokulinganisa isikhundla somgodi ophathelene namatshe wenkosi kanye nezinkuni ezifile - amadivayisi ahamba ngaphezulu komgwaqo futhi makhulu ngokwanele ukuba abonakale, isithangami esisele futhi ngokushesha isifuya sethu saphonswa egumbini lenjini, kwathi ekujuleni komthombo, kwaqhamuka isithinteli sesifufula.
Lapha, hlola amandla ami okuchaza ngamagama ukuthi kusebenza kanjani konke :)
Cabanga ngenduku ubukhulu bomunwe, uthi, ngentambo ye-nati usike kuyo. Vumela induku, engamasentimitha angama-20-25 ubude, ibe yingxenye eqondile yencwadi T. Futhi isembozo sinamathele kuyo ukuze ikwazi ukujikeleza endizeni ebheke phezulu, bese incwadi u-T ithatha uhlobo lwencwadi engu-I, kodwa intwasahlobo ekhethekile ivame ukuguqula ibe ngu-T futhi. ingxenye, umlenze wencwadi, idlula ngesamentshisi lesiyingi senjoloba enobukhulu obukhulu kunogodi oluxhunyiwe nombuthano wensimbi, ozocindezela irabha phansi. Iyaphela nge-nati.
Sifaka uhlaka I emgodini, futhi lapho umgoqo wokucindezela uwela kudondolo uslayidi ngaphakathi, intwasahlobo izobuyisela esimweni esifanele. I-crossbar ihlala phansi kusukela ngaphakathi kwecala, kanti i-nati isikhafule ngaphandle icindezela idiski yensimbi, futhi ngaphansi kwayo irabha elilodwa, kuya ezansi ngaphandle. Umgomo uyatholakala!
Futhi le yindlela le divayisi ebukeka ngayo esithombeni. Ngayiphatha kanjani incazelo? :)
Izithombe ezivela kwi-Intanethi
Kepha lokhu, kunjalo, yisilinganiso sesikhashana, kuze kube semkhunjini.
I-P.S. Lapho ulungiselela i-athikili, i-Picabu ikhombisa izimpinda eziphindaphindekayo. Futhi ngaphansi kwesithombe ne-wolf kanye ne-hareal bekungincwadi yami, ebibekelwe isikhathi eside hhayi ngaphansi kwegama lami. Kuyatshela futhi kukhonjiswe kuvidiyo edluliselwe emkhunjini wethu ukuthi balwa kanjani nokuvuza kule ndawo. https://pikabu.ru/story/v_danishche_sudna_obrazovalas_tech_vo.
Kunezelwa izindatshana zolwandle nabatilosi.
Ufuna ukwazi konke
Izwe lakuqala lombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ugu lwe-Atlantic oluseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. EYurophu, le nhlobo yaqala ukutholwa ngo-1900. Namuhla ingatholakala ezindaweni ezinkulukazi zeBaltic naseNyakatho yolwandle. Kutholakala nezilwandle zaseMedithera nase-Adriatic.
Imithi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihlala ikakhulu ezihlanjeni nasemanzini angajulile ekujuleni kwama-36 m, ekujuleni kobusika. Ukhetha phansi enodaka nesihlabathi phansi.
Ibala eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka linosayizi omaphakathi. Igobolondo lifinyelela kububanzi bamasentimitha ayi-10-20 bese lenza i-trapezoid ngemuva. Emaphethelweni kukhona ama-spikes abukhali asebenza njengesivikelo esihle kakhulu kubazingeli abaningi, kepha hhayi kubantu.
Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka unezimbambo ezinhlanu zezimbambo zesifuba. Izimbambo zangaphambili zezinyawo ziguqulwa zibe yizicucu ezimbili eziqinile zamasayizi ahlukene. Isigaxa esikhulu sokuqhekeka sisebenza ekudobeni amagobolondo, ngenkathi sisebenzisa uzipho oluncane, umqhele uphula izicubu ezithambile bese uthumela ukudla lapho kuvulwa umlomo. Izimbambo zesihlanu zifana ngesimo kufana ne-kayak oar futhi isebenza ukubhukuda. Owevu aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bayakwazi ukulahla uzipho uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Lapho-ke crab ingabuyisa izitho ezilahlekile.
Abesilisa bahlukaniswa kwezinsikazi ngegobolondo elincane esiswini.
Amagobolondo e-Trapezoidal kanye nemilenze yangemuva
Ngokungafani nezinkomazi zomhlaba, kubhukudi izimbambo zangemuva zinesimo esithambile futhi zifana namaphiko. Ngenxa yalokho okubhukuda okuhle kakhulu.
Umbala oyinhloko wembala onsundu, kepha izinhlangothi zegobolondo nemilenze enozipho zipendwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umbala ongajwayelekile kangako, umqhele ukweleta imibala ekhethekile.
Amehlo ahleliwe ezigxotsheni ezimfishane zitholakala ngqo ngaphansi komphetho wangaphambili we-carapace ekhanda. Phakathi kwamehlo kukhona izibini ezimbili zezintuthwane ezimfishane nezincane.
Izitha zemvelo zohlaza oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zifaka i-red croaker (Sciaenops ocellatus), i-crocker ejwayelekile (Micropogonias undulatus), i-American silver gull (i-Larus argentatus smithsoniaus), izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamamon, kanye nezimfudu zolwandle.
Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka uqhudelana namanye ama-crustaceans wokudla. Lesi isilwane esimangazayo. Isibonakaliso saso sokudla sifaka ama-mollusks, afana, ngokwesibonelo, izimbaza, ama-crustaceans amancane, inhlanzi, izibungu kanye nezitshalo. Akudeleli ukudla i-carrion. Ngokuntuleka kokudla, lesi silwane sithambekele ekwesheni kwensangu.
Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka uvuthwa ngokocansi eneminyaka eyi-12 kuya kweyi-18 ubudala. Abesifazane bathandana kanye kuphela ngonyaka, ngokushesha ngemuva kokuncibilikisa, kuyilapho abesilisa behlangana njalo.
Njengawo wonke ama cr craceans, umhlana ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngezikhathi ezithile uncibilika kuyo yonke impilo yawo. Ngemuva kokuncibilika, i-carapace yowesifazane ithambile isikhashana. Owesilisa usebenzisa lesi sikhathi ukushada nowesifazane. Ngemuva kokuzalela, insikazi ingagcina isidoda sowesilisa isikhathi esingangonyaka futhi ifake amaqanda ngesikhathi esifanele kuye. Ukhuphuka cishe izinyanga ezi-2 ngemuva kokuzalela. I-Clutch iqukethe amaqanda ayizigidi ezimbili. Ukunwebeka kuqala ngoDisemba futhi kuphele ngo-Okthoba, kanti inani eliphakeme lenzeka entwasahlobo nasehlobo. Ngemuva kokuba insikazi ibekele amaqanda, amaqanda avundiswa ngesidoda esigciniwe futhi anamathiselwe ezinweleni ezincane emilenzeni yakhe yesisu.
Isikhathi sokufakwelwa cishe izinsuku eziyi-14. Kungakapheli izinyanga ezi-2, izibungu ze-planktonic zidlula ngezigaba eziyi-8 ngaphambi kokuba zithole ukubukeka kwamabala. Iningi lazo liba yizisulu zezinhlanzi namanye ama-crustaceans.
Ngemuva kokuphola, izinsikazi zibuyela emanzini anosawoti angajulile, kanti ezesilisa zihlala emilanjeni yemifula.
Esikhathini esiningi, imifantu ifihla odakeni noma otshanini olwandle ukuze ibuke inyamazane yazo noma izivikele ezitheni. Umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka unolaka impela uma uqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.
Uhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngumfokazi. Kuze kube yi-60s yekhulu lama-20, ayizange ibonwe emanzini oLwandle Olumnyama. Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo lo mbala ugu olusempumalanga ye-United States. Ukusuka lapho, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960s, yena, kanye namanzi amakhulu emikhumbi, okokuqala wafika kuLwandle iMedithera, futhi esuka lapho weza kithi. Ngendlela efanayo ehamba emhlabeni wonke. Ngakho-ke manje ingatholakala emanzini aseNova Scotia naseArgentina.
Uhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngumfokazi. Weza kithi evela ogwini olusempumalanga ye-USA.
Isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yeminyaka yokuhlala eLwandle Olumnyama, abantu bakhona abakakhuli kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, wayejwayele ukuthola amanzi afudumele futhi amanzi ethu ebusika abe ngu-5-7 ° C ebese ephansi kakhulu kuye.
Amakati amancane adinga ukushisa kwamanzi okuphakathi kuka-15 kuye ku-30 ° C. Izilwane ezindala zingabekezelela amazinga okushisa kwamanzi afinyelela ku-10 ° C. Izibungu, ngokungafani nezilwane ezincane nezindala, zifuna usawoti ojwayelekile, zingabekezeleli amanani angaphansi kwama-20 ° C.
Ishaya emaphethelweni egobolondo
Emazweni amaningi omhlaba, inyama eluhlaza yenyama eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ayiveli edliwayo, ngoba kunzima ukuyipheka kamnandi. Kepha kubantu baseMelika, lokhu akuyona inkinga. Ukudoba okuthe xaxa kwale crustacean kwenziwa eMaryland. Kepha, ngaphandle kwalokhu, inyama yezikhumba eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ayanele kuwo wonke umuntu, ngakho-ke kubhekwa njengokudla okumnandi.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi:
Isizinda: Ama-Eukaryotes
Umbuso: Izilwane
Uhlobo: Ama-Arthropods
Isigaba: I-crayfish ephezulu
Ukuhlonza: Ama-Decapods
Umndeni: Ukudonsela Umqhele
Umusa: Ama-Callinectes
Buka: I-Blue Crab (i-Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896))