Eqenjini lama-rodent i-beaver kubhekwe cishe ummeleli wayo omkhulu kunayo yonke. E-Eastern Hemisphere, ayinakulingana ngokulingana. Kepha eNtshonalanga kuphela i-capybara engaqhathaniswa nabo - isilwane, okuthi phakathi kwamagundane alo lonke umhlaba wezilwane kube ngumpetha ngosayizi.

Ngokuqondene nama-beaver, lawo ahlala endaweni ye-Eurasia anomitha, futhi nangaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu, ngesisindo sawo kufinyelela kuma-32 kg. Kodwa-ke, eCanada kukhona abamele umndeni we-beaver futhi mkhulu kakhulu. Isisindo sabantu asebekhulile uyakwazi ukufinyelela izinkomba ezingama-45 kg.

Esithombeni, i-beaver ejwayelekile

Futhi hhayi lokho beavers AmaNew Worlds makhulu ngokuyisisekelo akhulu (ngokujwayelekile okuphambene nalokho), akhula hhayi ebusheni kuphela, kepha kukho konke impilo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngeminyaka ayakwazi ukuziqhenya ngamazinga wokuqoshwa komzimba. Ngasikhathi sinye, emiqhudelwaneni yobulili balezi zilwane ezihlala kuwo womabili la mazwekazi, yisibonakaliso sengxenye yesifazane ebusa kukho konke, kufaka phakathi ubukhulu nobukhulu.

Kuyamangaza futhi ukuthi amadlozi asezinwele zanamuhla - izidalwa ezazivela ngemithombo ehlukahlukene e-Asia noma eNyakatho Melika esikhathini esisekupheleni kwe-Eocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-40 ezedlule) futhi eyaba khona emhlabeni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yayicishe ibe ngamamitha amathathu ubukhulu nosisindo obungamakhilogremu angama-350 (lokhu kuyamangalisa izinsalela zezikhathi zakudala zalezi zikhathi ezifundwe yi-paleontologists ziyafakaza).

I-beaver yanamuhla inezici ezilandelayo. Isiqu sakhe sibukeka singenamikhawulo ngenxa yemilenze emifushane ngokungahlukani, kanti izitho ngokwazo zineminwe emihlanu enezifo ezinamandla. Ikhanda lesilwane lincane, isihlahla somlomo sibunjiwe, ebunzini buyasineka.

Amehlo aqokonyiswa kwimibuthano emnyama emincane, njengoba kunekhala elikhulu impela. Izindlebe ze-beaver zibanzi, zimfushane, sengathi zitshaliwe. Lezi izidalwa ezinamanzi amancane, ngakho-ke ngokwemvelo zinemininingwane eminingi yokubukeka ebasizayo ukuba baphile kamnandi kule ndawo.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, izinyawo ezinamakhompiyutha kanye nomsila omude onjenge-oar, embozwe izinwele ezingenasici nezikali ezicijile, futhi cishe akukho buthi obumanzi. Lesi sakamuva sine-undercoat ethambile, ethambile, phezu kwayo kukhula khona izinwele ezikhulu futhi ezinama-coarser. Lolu boya bucwebezela futhi buhle kakhulu; lungaba mnyama, lube ngamakhanda ezinhlotsheni eziningi zemithunzi noma onsundu omnyama.

Izinhlobo zezinto zokuphuza utshwala

Umndeni wama-beaever ezikhathini zange-prehistoric wawumelwe kakhulu kunamanje. Kepha namuhla kufaka izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela esivele sizisho ngenhla, ngoba zihlukaniswe ngokuqondile ngendawo yokuhlala.

I-Beaver yomfula

Lezi yizinhlobonhlobo zase-Europe naseCanada. Zingachazwa kuphela ngemininingwane eminingi, ngenkathi kushiwo ukuthi zombili lezi zinto zibhekwa njengezimpawu. Kuze kube manje, phakathi kwamagundwane, njengoba kutholakale izakhi zofuzo, ama-beaver awanazo izihlobo eziseduzane, yize phambilini ayethathwa njengophansi we-proteinaceous.

1. UMfula (ojwayelekile) o-beaver - njengoba kuyisiko ukubiza izinhlobo ze-Europe. Kwenzeka eRussia, kubuye kube ngumhlali waseChina naseMongolia. Imvamisa ihlala eduze kwezindawo zokugcina izihlahla ezihlala emahlathini (amachibi, amachibi noma imifula ethule), okuyizigodi zazo ezigcwele izitshalo ezinamahlahla.
2. I-beaver yaseCanada ihlala eningizimu yeCanada nakwamanye amazwe ase-USA. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, hhayi kudala kangako, izinhlobo zezilwane zangena (okungenzeka, zangeniswa) eScandinavia. Lapho, waba nezimpande futhi waqala ukusakazekela eMpumalanga. Abamele lokhu, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zangaphambilini, bahlala eduze kwamanzi futhi ngeke babe khona ngaphandle kwawo. Kukulesi sakhi ukuthi bachitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yabo.

Ngokubukeka, amalungu azo zombili lezi zinhlobo afane kakhulu. Kepha izakhamizi ze-Old World zinekhanda elikhudlwana futhi elingenakubalwa okuyisiyingi, isixhaxha, uma siqhathanisa nezihlobo ezikhonjisiwe, sifushane, asixakile, ngaphansi komsila, nomsila omncane nemilenze emincane. Umzimba wezakhamizi zaseMelika awuphakeme kangako, izindlebe zikhudlwana nemilenze yinde, okubavumela ukuba bahambe emilenzeni yabo yangemuva. Anombala onsundu-obomvu noma omnyama.

I-Canada beaver

Ekuhlaziyeni kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili, umehluko esimweni sofuzo nakho kwakubalulekile. Amanani ama-chromosome abo (48 emfuleni no-40 eCanadian) awahambelani, okuchaza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi weqe lezi zinto ezimbili ezihlobene ekuqaleni kwezinhlobo zezilwane, yize imizamo engaphumelelanga yososayensi yenziwa kaninginingi.

Eminyakeni eyikhulu eyedlule, laba bantu ababemele iziloba babesengozini enkulu yokuqothulwa. Ama-beaver aseRussia nawo ayehlukile. Kepha izindlela zokuzivikela sathathwa futhi zasebenza. Manje lezi zilwane zihlala engxenyeni enkulu yezwe lethu, kusukela eSiberia kuze kube seKamchatka.

Ukubukeka

Kukholakala ukuthi i-beaver yomfula iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia nakwamanye amazwe angomakhelwane.. Usayizi we-Beaver, noma ubude beaaver, ingaphezu kwemitha, ukuphakama kufinyelela ku-40 cm. Isisindo se-beaver singamakhilogremu angama-30.

Unobuya obuhle obucwebezelayo, cishe obungenamanzi. Ngaphezulu - izinwele ezima-coarser, ngaphansi - ngaphansi kokhonkolo oluthambile. Umbala wejazi umnyama futhi ungama-chestnut akhanyayo, onsundu omnyama noma omnyama.

Isilwane sinomzimba we-squat, imilenze emifushane enamafindo okubhukuda angamaphepha amahlanu nezinzipho eziqinile. Umsila ufana ne-oar ekwakhekeni, inobude obungafika ku-30 ​​cm, imbozwe ngezikali ezi-horny nezinwele ezi-sparse. I-rodent inamehlo amancane, izindlebe zimfushane futhi zibanzi. Le ncazelo ye-beaver ngeke imvumele ukuthi adideke namanye amagundane amanzi.

Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat

Indawo abahlalwa kuyo abeaavers kulula kakhulu ukuyihlukanisa kwabanye ngezimpawu ezibonakalayo. Ezindaweni lapho lezi zilwane zenza khona umsebenzi wazo obalulekile, zihlala ziba ziningi zezihlahla eziwile ezisikiwe ngokusha kwesigaxa. Izidalwa ezisebenza kanzima zidinga lezo zinto zokwakha nezokwakha. Futhi-ke, isimo esibalulekile sokuba khona kwama-beaver endaweni ethile ukuba khona kwedamu: ichibi, ichibi, umfula, noma okungenani umfudlana.

Ngokomqondo, lezi zidalwa ezinamanzi amancane azinakuphila ngaphandle kwamanzi, kepha ngaphandle komoya zingahlala cishe ikota yehora. Futhi-ke, kunoma iyiphi ingozi, ngokwesibonelo, ukucasha kubaphangi: impisi, ibhere noma i-wolverine, lezi zidalwa zihamba ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho zihlala khona. Bahlala emiphakathini enobungani emindenini enkulu, futhi amalungu abo, uma kunesidingo, angabika inhlekelele yangakibo ezizweni zawo. Ngalezo zikhathi i-beaver yezilwane eshaya amanzi kanzima ngomsila wakhe. Futhi lolu phawu lutholakala ngokushesha yiwo wonke umuntu kusuka enkampanini yakhe, engaphakathi kwendawo yokugcina izinto.

Lezi zidalwa zisebenza ngokungakhathali ehlobo, kepha zisebenza ngokuqala kokuhwalala, zisebenza ubusuku bonke kuze kuse, futhi ziphumula phakathi nosuku. Umsebenzi wabo ukugawula izihlahla futhi wakhe. Futhi kulokhu basizwa ngamazinyo abo abukhali angajwayelekile, abakwaziyo ukugawula izinkuni. I-beaver iyakwazi ukuwisa phansi umuthi omncane phakathi kwesigamu sehora, kepha kwesinye isikhathi isebenza kohlobo olukhulu nolukhulu ngobusuku obuhlukahlukene ngokulandelana. Ngasikhathi sinye, imizamo yakhe ayibonakali kuphela, kodwa futhi iyazwakala, futhi amamitha ayikhulu azungezile yimisindo ehlukile ye-beaver.

Ama-huts alezi zilwane ayisiphephelo esinokwethenjelwa kuzo esimweni sezulu esibi nasezitheni. Ukwakha ikhaya labo, izidalwa ezinjalo zimba izimbobo, zikhetha ogwini olude lwalesi ezindaweni ezindaweni lapho inhlabathi iqinile khona. Imisele yeBeaaver inesakhiwo se-maze eyinkimbinkimbi. Imigudu ekuyo iphetha ngamagumbi angavamile, amancane namancanyana futhi abe nezindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Izindonga zendlu ziqiniswa ngobumba nosilika, kanti phansi, okungukuthi, uhlobo lwaphansi, lumbozwe okokubanjiswa kwezinkuni.

Lezi zilwane ezisebenza ngokuzikhandla zakha nezindlu, okuyizinto ezidaliwe ezenziwe ngamagatsha, ezakhiwe ngosilika nobumba. Umsebenzi wobuciko obuhle kakhulu idamu le-beaver. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zivame ukwakhelwa emifuleni, futhi ngandlela thile ziphansi phezulu ukusuka ezindaweni zokuhlala kwalezi zilwane. Iphuzu lapha ukufaka isandla ekuchithekeni komfula nokuvimbela ukujula kwalo eduze kwendawo yokuhlala yezingulube.

Ama-beavers akha amadamu ezihlahleni

Futhi lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekuqongeleleni ukudla, futhi futhi kukhuphula inani lokugcwala kwamanzi endaweni ehlala izilwane, okuyisinyathelo esisebenzayo ukwandisa ukuphepha kokuphila. Ama-beavers aphumula ngokugcwele emsebenzini ebusika, echitha sonke isikhathi esibekiwe endlini yabo esesimweni sokuinza. Kwesinye isikhathi baphumela ngaphandle, kepha balume kuphela.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvela ukuthi i-beavers ilimaza kakhulu imvelo. Kodwa-ke, ziletha izinzuzo ezinkulu ku-ecosystem. Ezindaweni lapho amadamu akhiwe khona futhi kube nezikhukhula, izinhlanzi eziningi ziyafuywa, izinambuzane zasemanzini zizala kahle futhi zinendawo enkulu yamanzi asamanzana.

Lezi zilwane, empeleni, zibhubhisa inani elikhulu lezihlahla, kodwa ikakhulukazi lezo ezikhula eduze kwamanzi ziwa phansi. Abazifuni ngaphezulu. Ama-Beavers asebenzisa ngempumelelo iziqu zezihlahla eziwile ukwakha amadamu, kepha amahlumela, iziqongo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene, amaqabunga namagxolo ayaxoshwa.

UMfula

Lesi isilwane esisemanzini, esiyi-rodent enkulu ngobukhulu, esihlala eMhlabeni Omdala, indawo eyihlathi laseRussia, iMongolia, neChina. Bahlala ngasogwini lwemifula ngokugeleza kancane, imisele yokunisela, amachibi nezinye izidumbu zamanzi, amabhange awo ambozwe izihlahla nezihlahla.

Canadian

Ngokubukeka, ihlukile kune-beaver yomfula enomzimba omncane, ikhanda elifushane nezindlebe ezinkulu. Umbala - onsundu noma ubomvu onsundu. Ihlala cishe kulo lonke elaseMelika (ngaphandle kwaseFlorida neningi leNevada neCalifornia), eCanada, ngaphandle kwezifunda ezisenyakatho.

Waziswa emazweni aseScandinavia, lapho avela khona ngokuzimela angena esifundeni saseLeningrad naseKarelia.

Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zama-beaver zinezinombolo ezihlukile zama-chromosomes futhi aziwelani.

Habitat

Ukuhlala ama-beaver akunzima ukunquma. Ngokubona izihlahla eziwile ezinezinsika ezenziwe ngesigaxa esakhiwe eduze kwamachibi, kanye nezihlahla ezenziwe ngomumo ezakhiwe ngamadamu, singaphetha ngokuthi ziseduzane. Ikhaya le-beaver lizoba impumelelo enkulu - lokhu sekuvele kungumaka ongathandeki wokuba khona komndeni onobungane. Bahlala ehlathini, ngesivinini esincane samanje, imifula emincane, imifudlana, amadamu, amachibi.

Eshumini sokuqala sekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ama-beavers ngokwemvelo anganyamalala ngokuphelele emazweni amaningi omhlaba. Akukho ngaphandle kweRussia. Ngenhlanhla, lesi simo salungiswa ngenxa yezinyathelo ezithathiwe ukuvikela lezi zilwane.

I-beaver manje izizwa ikhululekile cishe ezweni lonke. Ingxenye yase-Europe yeRussia, i-Yenisei basin, eseningizimu yeNtshonalanga yeSiberia, iKamchatka - lezi yizindawo lapho kuhlala khona abenzi bezindebe.

Indlela yokuphila nemikhuba

Ngaphandle komoya emanzini, i-beaver ingahlala cishe ikota yehora. Izwa ingozi, isilwane siyantshontshela ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ushaya kakhulu umsila wakhe emanzini, osebenza njenge-alamu kubafowabo.

Ukuvikelwa okuthembekile ezitheni (ibhere, impisi, i-wolverine) nesithwathwa yindlu yalo eqiniswe ngokucophelela. Noma kumakhaza ashubile afudumele, umusi ugeleza ekuvulekeni kwendlu phakathi nenkathi yasebusika - kuyacaca ukuthi ubusika buba kanjani.

Ehlobo, amagundane athola ukudla, akha amadamu nezindawo zokuhlala. Basebenza ngokuhlwa kuze kuse. Amazinyo abukhali anamandla e-beaver ahlahlela, ngokwesibonelo, ama-aspen anamasentimitha ayi-12 cm isigamu sehora. Izihlahla eziwugqinsi zingasebenza zilandelana ubusuku obuhlukahlukene. Lo msindo we-beaver ungazwakala ngamamitha ayikhulu.

Umsoco

Indlela eyinhloko yokukhetha indawo yokuhlala yezilwane ngokwemvelo ukutholakala okwanele kokudla. Ukudla kwe-Beaver kwehluka kakhulu.

Badla amagxolo ezihlahla ezikhula eduze kwamachibi, izitshalo zasemanzini. Zithanda ukujabulela amagxolo e-aspen, linden, willow. I-bulrush, sedge, nettle, sorrel kanye nezinye izitshalo yilokho abadliwe yi-beavers.

Ososayensi abakubonile impilo yabo nokuthi kudliwa yini okuphuzwa yindalo kubalwa izitshalo ezahlukahlukene ezingama-300 ezidla njengokudla kwezilwane.

Iningi labaziphuzayo lihlala emindenini futhi linendaba ngokunethezeka ngenhlalakahle "yezihlobo" zabo - bakha izindlu, bazithela ukudla kwasebusika. Balala ngobuhlungu ezansi kwamagatsha esihlahla sokugcina esidliwayo ebusika. Izitoko ezinjalo emndenini ngamunye zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-cubic noma ngaphezulu.

Uma, ngenxa yokuhamba komfula, akunakwenzeka ukubeka phansi “indawo eyisisekelo” yayo, abebhiya baphuma emhlabeni ebusika beyokudla ukudla ebusuku. Ziyingozi kakhulu: Ama-beavers ahamba kancane emhlabathini awela kalula ezintangeni zabazingeli abanezinyawo ezine, iningi lezimpisi.

Incazelo yeRentent

Isisindo somzimba we-beaver singamakhilogremu angama-30, ubude bomzimba bufika ku-1-1,5 m, izinsikazi zivame ukuba nezinkulu ngosayizi uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa. I-rodent ine-muzzle ebuthuntu, izindlebe zincane, imilenze imfishane, iqinile ngezinzipho ezinamandla. Uboya beaver buqukethe izingqimba ezimbili: ngaphezulu kunezinwele ezilukhuni zangaphandle-ezibomvu, futhi ngaphansi kwazo kukhona i-grey undercoat emnyama evikela i-beaver kwi-hypothermia. Umsila awunalutho, umnyama, uthambile futhi ubanzi, umbozwe ngezikali. Eduze kwesisekelo somsila kunezindlala ezimbili ezikhiqiza into enephunga eyaziwa ngokuthi umfula we-beaver.

Izindawo zokuhlala

Emabhange aphezulu anomhlabathi olukhuni, ama-beavers amba izimbobo. Ukungena kubo kutholakala ngaphansi kwamanzi. I-Nora beaver iyimaze enzima enamafindo amaningana, amakhamera, ukungena kanye nokuphuma. Ukuhlukaniswa phakathi "kwamagumbi" kugcwele phama, ukuhlanzeka kugcinwa ngaphakathi. Izilwane ziphonsa izinsalela zokudla emfuleni futhi zithathwe ngumfula.

Igama lekhaya le-beaver, elihlukile emgodini, lingaqondakala ngokubonakala kwalo, lifane nendlu encane nophahla oludongeni. Isilwane kuqala sakha "igumbi" elilodwa elincane size sifinyelele kumitha eyodwa nesigamu ukuphakama.

Sebenzisa amagatsha anobude obuhlukahlukene nobukhulu, ubumba, utshani. Izindonga zihlanganiswe ngosilika nobumba, zibasuse, zinikeze amagatsha anamathela. Amapulangwe wezinkuni amboza "phansi". Lokhu kuyindlu yomthwali.

Ngokwanda komndeni, ikhanda lakhe elinakekelayo liqeda futhi landise indawo yakhe yokuhlala. Indlu yama-beaver iphinde yenziwa "ngamagumbi" amasha, kwakhiwa enye phansi.

Indlu kaBeaaver ingafinyelela amamitha ayi-3-plus ukuphakama! Ukusebenza kanzima nobunjiniyela besilwane kuyamangalisa.

Izici Zokudla Kwe-Beaver

Ama-Beavers ayimicibisholo e-herbivorous. Ukudla kwabo kufaka amagxolo namahlumela ezihlahla (i-aspen, umondli, ibhungane), izinhlobo zezitshalo ezi-herbaceous (i-lily yamanzi, iqanda elincane, i-iris, ikhathalogi, umhlanga). Bangadla futhi i-hazel, i-linden, i-elm, i-bird cherry. Ama-acorn adla ngokuzithandela. Amazinyo amakhulu kanye nokulunywa okuqinile kusiza abenzi bokudla ukudla okuqinile kwesitshalo, kanye ne-microflora yethumbu lawo lokugaya ukudla okuhamba kahle kwe-cellulose.

Inani elidingekayo nsuku zonke lokudla lifinyelela ku-20% wesisindo se-beaver.

Ehlobo, ifolishi enotshani ibhekela ekudleni kwama-beaver; ekwindla, ama-rodents avuna ifolishi enokhuni ebusika. Umndeni ngamunye ugcina izinkuni ezingama-60-70 m3. Ama-beavers ashiya amasheya awo emanzini, lapho agcina khona izimfanelo zawo zokudla okunempilo kuze kube yilapho kuphela ubusika.

Ukusakazwa Kwe-Beaver

Kuze kube yikhulu lamashumi amabili, ama-beaever ayedlangile, kepha ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi, indawo abahlala kuyo isanda kwehla kakhulu. I-beaver ejwayelekile itholakala eYurophu, eRussia, eChina naseMongolia. Isihlobo sakhe esiseduze, i-beaver yaseCanada, sihlala eNyakatho Melika.

I-Common noma i-River Beaver (i-Castor fiber)

Ubude bomzimba bungu-1-1.3 m, ukuphakama kucishe kube ngu-35,5 cm, isisindo sisebangeni lama-30-32 kg. Umzimba u-squat, imilenze ifushane ngeminwe emihlanu, imilenze yangemuva inamandla kuneyangaphambili. Phakathi kweminwe kukhona ama-membranes okubhukuda. Amacala aqinile, ayicaba. Umsila ubunjiwe oar, uyisicaba, ufinyelela ku-30 ​​cm ubude, ububanzi bube yi-10-13 cm. Umsila ubumbeka kuphela esisekelweni, ngaphandle kwawo kufakwe izihlangu zophondo.Amehlo mancane, izindlebe zibanzi, zimfishane, ziveza kancane ngaphezulu kwejazi. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, izimbobo zezindlebe namakhalenda asondele, kunezimpawu ezikhethekile zokuqhafaza emehlweni. I-beaver ejwayelekile ihlukaniswa uboya bayo obuhle obenziwe ngezinwele zangaphandle eziqhakazekile kanye nangaphansi kwezingubo eziwugqinsi. Umbala wejazi usuka esifubeni esikhanyayo usiya kinsundu onsundu, kwesinye isikhathi umnyama. Umsila nemilenze imnyama. Ukuhlanza kwenzeka kanye ngonyaka.

Endaweni ye-anal kukhona indlala ebhangqiwe, i-wen ne-okuthiwa "yi-beaver river", iphunga laso liyisiqondisi sezinye izinto eziphathwayo, njengoba libika umngcele womndeni.

I-beaver ejwayelekile isakazekile eYurophu (amazwe aseScandinavia, eFrance, eJalimane, ePoland, eBelarus, e-Ukraine), eRussia, eMongolia naseChina.

Ukuziphatha Beaver

Ama-beaver ngokuvamile ahlala ngasogwini lwemifula yehlathi, imifudlana namachibi. Azihlali emifuleni ebanzi nesheshayo, kanye namachibi okugcina aqanda aze afike phansi ebusika. Kulezi zidondolo, izimila ezidonsa izihlahla ngasogwini lwamachibi, kanye nobuningi bezitshalo zasemanzini zasogwini nezasolwandle zibalulekile. Ezindaweni ezifanele, bakha amadamu ezihlahleni eziwile, bakha imisele, bancibilikisa izingodo baye edamini.

Ama-Beaver anezinhlobo ezimbili zezindlu: umhosha nendlwana. Ama-huts abukeka njengeziqhingi ezintantayo zenhlanganisela ye-brawwood nodaka, ukuphakama kwawo kungamamitha angama-1-3, ububanzi kuze kufike ku-10 m, umnyango ungene ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ezindlini ezinjengalezi, ama-bea achitha ubusuku, enza ukudla ebusika, acashe kwizinyamazane.

Imisele ibiwa ngemisele emabhange asezingeni futhi emaweni; lawa amalebhu ayinkimbinkimbi anama-4-5 ukungena. Izindonga nezinga lophahla kanye nethampulu. Ngaphakathi, ekujuleni kwe-1 m, igumbi lokuhlala lihlelelwa kububanzi obu-1 nobubanzi obungu-40-50 cm. Iphansi lingama-20 cm ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi.

I-Beavers ibhukuda futhi iwele shona ngokuphelele, ngaphansi kwamanzi kungaba yimizuzu eyi-10-15, futhi ukubhukuda ngalesi sikhathi kuze kufike ku-750 m.

Ama-Beavers ahlala omabili ngasikhathi sinye nemindeni yabantu abangu-5-8. Umndeni ofanayo usuneminyaka eminingi uthatha umhlaba wawo. Ama-beaver awahambi ngamamitha ayi-200 ukusuka emanzini.Imicibisholo imingcele yendawo inomfula we-beaver.

Izikhathi eziphambili zomsebenzi we-beaver ubusuku nobusuku.

Ukuzalanisa i-Beaver

Ama-beavers ayimicibisholo eyindida. Ukuzalela kwenzeka kanye ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokuzalela siqala maphakathi noJanuwari futhi siqhubeka kuze kube kuphela uFebhuwari. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-105-77. Kwisibalo esisodwa, amazinyane angama-1-6 azalwa ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Izingane zizalwa zinamehlo okumbona, ama-pubescent kahle, isisindo sazo singama-0.45 kg. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa sezivele zibhukuda. Owesifazane uzobafundisa ukubhukuda, ebakhiphele ngaphandle kwendlu bangene ephaseji elingaphansi kwamanzi. Emavikini angama-3-4, ama-beaver aqala ukudla amaqabunga neziqu zamakhambi, aze afike ezinyangeni ezi-3, umama ubondla ngobisi. Ukukhula okuncane kuhlala nabazali kuze kube yiminyaka emibili, ngemuva kwalokho kufinyelela ebusheni bese kuqala impilo yokuzimela.

Ekuthunjweni, ama-beavers anesikhathi sokuphila esibalelwa eminyakeni engama-35, ngokwemvelo sineminyaka eyi-10 kuya kwengu-17.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngegundane:

• I-beaver ejwayelekile i-rodent enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu futhi ingeyesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngemuva kwe-capybara.
• Igama elithi "beaver" livela olimini lwe-Indo-European futhi liphindwe kabili lingaphelele igama elithi brown.
• Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, uboya beaver bebuthandwa kakhulu eMelika, eYurophu naseRussia, ngenxa yokuthi inani lalezi zilwane lancishiswa ngokubonakalayo: abantu abayi-6-8 abasele bodwa kubantu abayi-1200 basala. Ukuze ulondoloze ukubukeka, ukuzingela kwama-beaver kwakuvinjelwe. Manje i-beaver ejwayelekile inesimo esincane sengozi, futhi usongo olukhulu kuyo yizindlela zokubuyiselwa komhlaba, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kanye nezitshalo zamandla kagesi.
• Ngokungezelela eboyeni obuhle futhi obuqinile, ama-beaver angumthombo wokugeleza kwe-beaver, osetshenziselwa amakha kanye nezokwelapha. Inyama ye-Beaver nayo iyadliwa, kepha ingaqukatha amagciwane we-salmonellosis. Ngokusho kwemibhalo yesonto kubhekwa njengento emnandi.
• Ngo-2006, isithombe esibunjiweyo satholakala edolobheni laseBobruisk (Belarus). Futhi, imifanekiso ebunjiwe yaleli pende iseZoo Alpine (Innsbruck, Austria).

Izici nendawo yokuhlala ye-beaver

Ngokulandelana kwamagundane, lo mfula osololwandle ungenye enkulu kunazo zonke, ufinyelela kuma-30 kg nesisindo xaxa. Umzimba ubumbekile futhi ubude bawo bufika ku-1.5 m ubude, kuze kube malunga nama-30 cm.Imilenze emifushane eneminwe emihlanu, phakathi kwayo kukhona ulwelwesi. Imilenze yangemuva inamandla kakhulu kunangaphambili.

Amacala aqinile, asontekile futhi atholekile. Emunweni wesibili, uzipho lubunjiwe, olufana nekamu. Lokhu yilokhu okusetjenziswa yisilwane ukuhlanganisa uboya obuhle nobubalulekile. Uboya bunezinwele ezilukhuni zangaphandle ne-undercoat eminyene, isivikelo esithembekile ekulweni ne-hypothermia, njengoba ingena imanzi emanzini.

Ungqimba lwamafutha angashintshashintshi, agcina ukushisa kwangaphakathi, nawo usindisa ekubandeni. Uhla lwemibala yoboya lusuka esifubeni kuya kinsundu omnyama, ucishe ube mnyama, njengama-paws nomsila.

Ngenxa yoboya obuyigugu futhi obuhle, lesi silwane sacishe sabhujiswa njengohlobo: kwakukhona abantu abaningi ababefuna ukuthola ijazi loboya nesigqoko esivela esikhunjeni sesilwane. Ekugcineni i-beaver kungezwe ohlwini izilwane ezibomvu incwadi.

Umsila wesilwane ufana ne-oar cm engu-30 ubukhulu nobude obuyi-11 cm cm. Ingaphezulu limbozwe ngezikali ezinkulu nama-bristles aqinile. Ukwakheka komsila nezinye izici kuhlukanisa i-beaver yase-Yuria noma eyejwayelekile esihlotsheni saseMelika (eCanada).

Emsileni kukhona i-wen kanye nezindlala ezimbili zokukhiqiza izinto ezinephunga, ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-beaver river. Imfihlo ye-wen ukugcina imininingwane yomuntu (ubudala, ubulili), nephunga likhombisa imingcele yendawo okuhlalwa kuyo. Iqiniso elikhangayo lihlukile lomfudlana we-beaver, njengesikhombisi somunwe kumuntu. Umuthi usetshenziswa kumakha amakha.

Esithombeni kukhona beaver

Izindlebe ezimfishane eziphuma kuboya ziyabonakala esihlakaleni esincane. Naphezu kosayizi bezitho zokuzwa, ukuzwa kwesilwane kuhamba kahle. Lapho amathumbu acwiliswa emanzini, izindlebe zesilwane zivala, amehlo avikeleka “ngekhulu lesithathu” futhi avikelwe ekulimaleni.

I-Flashing membrane ikuvumela ukuba ubone isilwane emanzini aminyene. Izindebe ze-beaver nazo ziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuze zingakhungatheki, amanzi angangeni emgodini womlomo lapho uququda.

Amaphaphu amakhulu amakhulu avumela isilwane ukubhukuda, ngaphandle kokubonakala ebusweni bamanzi, kufinyelela kuma-700 m, sichitha imizuzu eyi-15. Kwezilwane ezihlala emanzini, lezi zinombolo zokurekhoda.

Phila abathwali bezilwane emizimbeni yamanzi ahlanzekile egeleza kancane. Lawa amachibi asehlathini, amachibi, imifula, imifudlana, amabhange amadamu okugcina amanzi. Isimo esikhulu izitshalo ezicebile zasogwini zamadwala athambile, izihlahlana notshani. Uma i-landscape ingalungile impela, khona-ke i-beaver isebenza ekushintsheni imvelo, njengomakhi.

Kwake kwahlaliswa izilwane kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseAsia, ngaphandle kweKamchatka neSakhalin. Kepha ukuqothula kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho kwaholela ekuqothulweni kwengxenye enkulu yama-beavers. Umsebenzi wokubuyisa uyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla, ama-beavers ahlala emizimbeni yamanzi angenzeka.

Umlingiswa we-Beaver nendlela yokuphila

Ama-Beaver ayizilwane zasemanzini ezizizwa zizethemba ngokwengeziwe emanzini, zibhukuda kahle, zishayela emanzini nasemhlabathini i-beaver Ine ukubuka kubi isilwane.

Umsebenzi wezilwane ukhuphuka kusihlwa kanye nokuqala kobusuku. Ehlobo bangasebenza amahora ayi-12. Ubusika kuphela, kumasithwathwa anzima, abashiyi izindawo ezivalekile. Burrows noma okuthiwa ama-huts - lezi yizindawo zokuhlala imindeni ye-beaver.

Ukungena kwe-Mink kufihlwe ngamanzi futhi kuholele kwizimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezindawo ezisogwini. Ukuphuma okuphuthumayo kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezilwane. Igumbi lokuhlala elikhudlwana kune-metres futhi elingama-50 cm ukuphakama lihlala likhona ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi.

I-beaver ingakha amadamu angaxhasa kalula isisindo somuntu.

I-canopy ekhethekile ivikela indawo esemfuleni lapho umgodi utholakala khona lapho kubanda khona ubusika. Ukuqonda kwama-beaver kuhlobene nobungcweti babaklami. Ukwakhiwa kwamahabhu kwenziwa kumasiza amnene noma emabhange aphansi. Lezi yizakhiwo ezinesigaxa esifinyelela ku-3 m ukuphakama nge-brawwood, i-silt nobumba.

Ibanzi ngaphakathi, ifinyelela kububanzi obuyi-12 m.Phezulu kukhona umgodi womoya, futhi phansi kukhona imanageles yokuntywiliselwa emanzini. Ebusika, ukufudumala kugcinwa ngaphakathi, akukho qhwa, ama-beavers angacwiliswa echibini. Umusi phezu kwendlu ngosuku lweqhwa kuwuphawu lwendawo yokuhlala.

Ukuze kulondolozwe izinga lamanzi elidingekayo futhi kulondolozwe indawo yokulala nemijondolo, ama-beavers abeka amadamu noma amadamu owaziwa ngokuqhamuka ezihlahleni zezihlahla, emabhulashini nasolwandle. Ngisho namatshe asindayo aze afike ku-18 kg atholakala ukuqinisa isakhiwo.

Njengomthetho, uhlaka lwedamu luyisihlahla esiwile, esigcwala izinto zokwakha safinyelela kumamitha angama-30 ubude, ukuya kuma-2 m ukuphakama, futhi ukuya kumamitha ayi-6. Isakhiwo simelana kalula nesisindo sanoma yimuphi umuntu.

Esithombeni, uNora Beaver

Isikhathi sokwakha sithatha cishe amasonto ayi-2-3. Ngemuva kwalokho ama-beavers aqapha ngokucophelela ukuphepha kwento eyakhiwe bese enza “ukulungisa” lapho kunesidingo. Basebenza emindenini, besabalalisa imithwalo yemfanelo, njengokungathi ngenxa yokuhlela okunembile futhi okunamaphutha.

Ama-rodents ahlangabezana kalula nemizuzu emi-5 ngezihlahla aze afinyelela ku-7-8 cm ubukhulu, agqume iziqu phansi. Ngezihlahla ezinkulu, ezingafika ku-40 cm ubukhulu, zikopisha ubusuku bonke. Ukuzisika kube izingxenye, ukunamathela endaweni yokuhlala noma edamini kwenziwa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi engaphazanyiswa.

Uhlobo luni lwabapheki bezilwane emndenini wakhe, obonakalayo ngendawo yokuhlala. Hhayi izindlu kuphela, kepha neziteshi ezisetshenziselwa izinto zokwakha nokudla, azinayo imfucumfucu kanye nemfucumfucu yokudla.

Izitimela, izindlu, iziza zokwakha - konke kuyaxhunyaniswa futhi kuhlanzwe. Kwakheke indawo ekhethekile, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-beaver. Ukuxhumana kwezilwane kwenzeka ngosizo lwamamaki akhethekile anephunga, imisindo ekhutshwayo, efana nokwamakhwela, ukubethelwa komsila.

I-pop pop - i-alamu nomyalo wokufihla ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izitha eziphambili emvelweni yizimpisi, izimpungushe, amabhere ansundu. Kepha umonakalo omkhulu kubantu beaver wenziwa ngabantu.

I-Beaver - isilwane-osebenza futhi exhumanisa indlela yokuphila yomndeni ethule. Esikhathini sabo esikhululekile, banakekela ijazi loboya, beligcoba ngama-secretion avela ezithweni ze-sebaceous, livikele ukuthi lingangeni.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Abesifazane babusa umndeni we-beaver; akhulu ngosayizi. Isikhathi somshado sidlula ebusika, kusukela maphakathi noJanuwari kuya kuFebhuwari.

Esithombeni, yibhubesi eliluhlaza

Kuze kube uMeyi, ukuthathwa kwezingane ngokuzalwa kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-6 we-0.5 kg kwesisindo kuhlala. Okufakwayo kakhulu kuvame ukuba namazinyane ayi-2-4. Ama-Beavers, abonwe futhi anwele, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-2 asevele ebhukuda ngaphansi kokunakekelwa ngunina.

Izinsana zizungezwe ukunakekelwa, ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-20, bese zishintsha kancane kancane ziye ezitsheni zokudla. Iminyaka emi-2, abancani bahlala embuthanweni wabazali, kuthi ngemuva kokufikisa, bazenzele ikoloni labo nendawo entsha. Emvelweni, impilo ye-beaver yomfula ihlala iminyaka eyi-12-16, futhi ekudingisweni iphindwe kabili.

Amabhuzu ama-beanver beaver anezizukulwane zeminyaka yokuqala neyesibili yokuphila abumba amaqembu omndeni endaweni etholakalayo ngesakhiwo sawo sendawo yokuhlala. Ukuhlala kwabo kabusha, njengomthetho, kunomthelela omuhle esimweni semvelo semvelo.

Kunezikhathi lapho izakhiwo ze-beaver zidale ukuguguleka kwemigwaqo noma amathrekhi wesitimela. Kepha kaningi izifuyo ze-beaver ukucebiswa ngamanzi ahlanzekile futhi kuhlalwa izinhlanzi, izinyoni, abahlali basehlathini.

Ngabe zibukeka kanjani izindebe?

Ngaphambi kokuthi ngitshele ukuthi abukeka kanjani, kufanele ngifuna ukucacisa okuncane. Imvamisa, kusetshenziswa amagama athi i-beaver ne-beaver, abantu basho into efanayo - okungukuthi, ngqo i-rodent uqobo. Kepha lamagama amabili anezincazelo ezihlukile. Ngakho-ke, i-beaver igama lesilwane, noboya bayo babizwa ngokuthi yi-beaver.

Ngakho-ke abukeka kanjani ama-beavers? I-beaver ejwayelekile ibukeka njengenduku enkulu. Ubude bomzimba wesilwane bufika kumitha eyi-1, ubude - bufika kuma-35 cm, ngesisindo somzimba esingama-32 kg. Ubude bomsila we-beaver bufika ku-30 ​​cm, futhi ububanzi bawo bufika ku-13 cm. Iqiniso elimangazayo lale namagundane ukuthi izinsikazi zikhulu kunabesilisa ngobukhulu.

I-beaver ejwayelekile inemilenze emifushane nomzimba we-squat. Imilenze yangemuva ye-beaver yomfula inamandla amakhulu kunangaphambili. Izinzwani yesibili yemilenze yesondo inesigaxa esifishithi - i-beaver iqinisa uboya bayo njengezinga. Lezi zilwane zinakekela ngokucophelela "ijazi labo loboya".

Emilenzeni awo, i-rodent inezingqimba zokubhukuda nezindala eziqinile eziqinile. Ama-Beavers abukeka engajwayelekile ngenxa yomsila wawo omangalisayo. Umsila we-beaver ufana ne-paddle, uyisicaba, awunazinwele futhi umbozwe ngezikali ezi-horny.

I-beaver ejwayelekile inekhanda elikhulu elinesihlakala esincane, amehlo amancanyana nezinto ezigqamile phambili. Amazinyo we-beaver akhethekile, ahlanganiswa noqweqwe oluqinile, akhula impilo yawo yonke futhi azigaye. I-beaver ejwayelekile inezindlebe ezincane nezimfishane, ezingabonakali kahle ngoboya obukhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, isilwane sinokuzwa okuhle kakhulu.

Ama-Beavers abukeka njengamakhandlela wangempela woboya, ngoba anobuhle obuhle bokubukeka. Uboya beaaver bunezendlalelo ezimbili, ezinikeza lolu hlaka ngokufudumala kanye nokuqina ezindaweni zobusika ezibandayo. Ungqimba lokuqala lwezinwele ze-beaver luqukethe izinwele ezinde ezihlanganayo, kanti eyesibili iyi-undercoat emnyama kakhulu. Futhi, i-beaver yasemfuleni ebandayo ivikela ubukhona bamafutha ngaphansi kwesikhumba.

Ama-Beavers abukeka engafani ngenxa yombala wawo. Uboya beaver ejwayelekile bunombala okhanyayo noma umbala onsundu omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi omnyama. Umsila kanye nemilenze yesilwane kumnyama. Umsila we-beaver ojwayelekile unama-adipose nezindlala ezikhethekile.

Umuthi onephunga okhiqizwa umsipha we-rodent ubizwa ngokuthi umfula we-beaver. Futhi imfihlo ye-wen iqukethe yonke imininingwane ephathelene nomnikazi, iphatha imininingwane ephathelene nobudala bakhe nobulili. Ukubhekiswa kwezinye izingqimba ngemingcele yendawo yokuhlala yiphunga lomsinga we-beaver, ohlukile kumuntu ngamunye. Endle, i-beaver ejwayelekile ihlala iminyaka eyi-15.

Bahlala kuphi abalaphi?

Ama-Beaver ahlala eYurophu (amazwe aseScandinavia), eFrance (indawo engezansi yoMfula iRhone), eJalimane (isizinda somfula i-Elbe) nasePoland (umfula iVistula river basin). Ama-Beavers ayatholakala nasehlathini nasezindaweni ezingamahlathi ezingxenye zeYurophu zaseRussia, eBelarus, e-Ukraine.

E-Russia, i-beaver ihlala eNyakatho Trans-Urals. Ama-Beavers ahlala ngokwahlukana endaweni ephakeme engenhla yoMfula i-Yenisei, e-Kuzbass (esifundeni saseKemerovo), esifundeni i-Baikal, esifundeni sase Khabarovsk, eKamchatka, esifundeni iTomsk. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-beaver atholakala eMongolia naseNyakatho-ntshonalanga China.

Ama-Beaver aphila ngemishini ephelele etholakalayo yendlela yokuphila yasolwandle yasemanzini. Izimbobo zezindlebe namakhaleni avala ngaphansi kwamanzi. Futhi ulwelwesi olukhethekile olukhanyayo luvala amehlo alo, olubavumela ukuba babone kahle emanzini. Umgodi womlomo wenzelwe ukuze amanzi angangeni kuwo ngenkathi isilwane sisebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ukusebenza kwesondo lokuqondisa emanzini kwenziwa ngumsila we-beaver.

Ama-Beaver ayahlala, ancamela ukuhlala emabhange emifula ethule namachibi, amachibi namachibi. Zigwema imifula esheshayo nebanzi, kanye namachibi aqanda aze afike phansi ebusika. Kulezi zigundane, ukuba khona kwezihlahla ezithambile ezilukhuni, ukuba khona kwezitshalo zasemanzini, zotshani nezidotshwa ezindaweni ezigudle ugu nangasogwini lolwandle kubalulekile.

I-Beavers iyashona futhi ibhukuda ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yamaphaphu awo amakhulu, angahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-15 futhi abhukuda ngalesi sikhathi aze afike kumamitha angama-750. Ngakho-ke, ama-beaever azizwa eqiniseka kakhulu emanzini kunasemhlabeni.

Baphila kanjani abafuyi?

Ama-Beaver ahlala emindenini (kuze kufike kubantu abangu-8) noma eyedwa. Umndeni uqukethe umbhangqwana oshadile kanye nama-beaver asencane (ama-broods eminyakeni emibili edlule). Isiza esifanayo singasetshenziswa yimindeni ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Amachibi amancane ahlalwa yi-beaver eyodwa noma umndeni owodwa. Izindawo zokugcina ezinkulu zihlala imindeni eminingana, futhi ubude besakhiwo somndeni ngamunye osogwini sisuka kumamitha angama-300 kuye kwayi-3 km. Ama-Beaver ahlala eduze namanzi futhi awasuki kumamitha angaphezu kwama-200 ukusuka ogwini lolwandle.

Ubude besakhiwo somndeni buse ngobuningi bokuphakelwa. Ezindaweni lapho izimila ziningi khona, izingxenye zalezi zilwane zinganqamula umngcele futhi zihlangane. Imingcele yezindawo zabo beavers uphawu. Ama-Beavers ayaxhumana esebenzisa amathegi anephunga.Ama-Beavers ayaxhumana phakathi kwawo ngosizo lwamaphayiphu, ashaywa ngumsila emanzini futhi amemeze afana nezimpempe. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, i-beaver igxuma umsila wayo kakhulu emanzini futhi idonsa. Ukushaywa izandla okunjalo kunikeza i-alamu yabo bonke abasubathi abaphakathi kwendlebe.

Ebusuku nasekuseni, ama-beaver aphile ngokusebenza. Ehlobo, bashiya amakhaya abo ngovivi besebenza kuze kuse. Ekwindla, ama-beavers alungiselela ubusika bese eqala ukuvuna ukudla. Usuku lokusebenza lonyuswa lwaba amahora angama-10. Ebusika, ama-beavers aphila kancane ngenkuthalo, umsebenzi wezisebenzi uyancipha futhi uqhubekela ekukhanyeni kwemini. Ama-Beavers ubusika, cishe abonakali ngaphezulu, kepha awawa ekubandakanyeni. Emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-−20 ° C, i-beaver ifihla endaweni ezungeze umndeni wakhe, ihlala endlini yakhe efudumele.

Ama-Beavers akha ikhaya elisha ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti. Ama-beaver onesizungu awazibandakanyi ezakhiweni, kepha izithwali zemindeni zisebenza kanzima. Kepha ikhaya le-beaver libizwa ngani? Kwenye indawo yokuhlala kahle, kutholakala izinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlala. Esimweni sokuqala, indlu ye-beaver ibizwa ngokuthi umgoqo. Ama-Beavers ahlala emiseleni, abambe emigodini emaweni emaweni. Kwezokuphepha, umnyango wokuhlala kulolu hlambo oluhlala njalo uhlala ungaphansi kwamanzi. Imigoqo ye-Beaver luhlobo lwelebhu esine-4 engena. Izindonga nophahla lwe-beaver burrows kudalulwe ngokucophelela.

Indlu yokuhlala ye-beaver ngaphakathi komgodi itholakala ekujuleni kwemitha eyi-1 kanye nobubanzi obungaphezu kwamamitha, ukuphakama okungamasentimitha angama-50. Iphansi lihlala njalo lingaphezulu kwezinga lamanzi. Uma amanzi asemfuleni ekhuphuka, i-beaver inyusa phansi, ihlwitha umhlabathi kusuka ophahleni. Yonke imisebenzi yokwakha ubuhle ibekwa yisifiso sabo sokuphepha nenduduzo. Lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukumba izimbobo, izindlu zakhiwa ngokuqondile emanzini engxenyeni engajulile yedamu. Ukuhlala kwabantu bea beaver kubizwa ngokuthi yi-hut futhi abenzi bokwakha lezi zikepe zasendlini ngesisekelo sokwakhiwa kwedamu.

Ama-beaver huts abukeka njengesiziba esimise isigaxa siphuma emanzini. Ukuphakama kwendlu enhle enjalo kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3 nobubanzi obufika kumamitha ayi-12, indawo yokungena ingaphansi kwamanzi. Indlu yama-beaver yakhiwa kusuka kunenqwaba yamapulangwe, ehlanganiswe ndawonye ngokuthungwa komhlaba. Ama-beavers amboza ngokucophelela izindonga zekhaya lawo ngosilika nobumba. Ngakho-ke, iqhubu le-beaver liphenduka inqaba eqinile, futhi umoya ungena ngomgodi ophahleni.

Ngaphakathi kwendlu ye-beaver kunezondawo ezingena emanzini nepulatifomu, ebekwe ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi. Lapho kufika iqhwa, ama-beavers ngaphezu kwalokho asebenzisa ungqimba omusha wobumba endlini esebenzisa izimbobo zangaphambili. Ebusika, izihlosi ze-beaver zigcina izinga lokushisa elihle, amanzi asemaphethelweni awambozwa yiqhubu leqhwa, futhi abephethe izimbotshana baphuma ngaphansi kweqhwa ledamu. Ebusika, umusi ungaphezulu kwezindawo ezihlalwa lapho zobetshezi. Ama-beaver wangempela ahlanzekile, aqapha inhlanzeko yekhaya labo, angalokothi awavale.

Emizimbeni yamanzi lapho izinga lamanzi liguqukayo, ama-beavers akha amadamu noma amadamu. Futhi kungani amadamu okwakha amadada? Idamu le-beaver liyabavumela ukuthi bakhuphule futhi balondoloze izinga lamanzi endaweni yokugcina amanzi, ukukulawula ukuze iminyango yokungena ezindlini ingakhishwa. Idamu liqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuphepha kwendlu ye-beaver. Ama-beavers akha amadamu avela kumagatsha, kubhulashi nokhuni lwesihlahla, awubopha ngobumba, isilika nezinye izinto. Uma kukhona amatshe phansi, nawo asetshenziswa ekwakheni.

Ama-beavers akha amadamu ezindaweni lapho izihlahla zikhula khona eduze nolwandle. Ukwakhiwa kwedamu le-beaver kuqala ngokuthi ama-beavers ayangena futhi avele agobeke iziqu zemithi ngaphansi, aqinise izikhala ngamagatsha futhi agcwalise izikhala ngensimbi, ngobumba, ngamatshe. Uma kukhona isihlahla esiwele emfuleni, khona-ke sivame ukusebenza njengefreyimu yokusekela. Ama-beavers kancane asimboza kuwo wonke amacala ngezinto zokwakha. Imvamisa amagatsha asemadamini we-beaver aqala izimpande, okunikeza amandla owengeziwe esakhiweni.

Idamu le-beaver livame ukufika kubude obufika kumamitha angama-30, ububanzi obufika kumamitha ayi-6, nokuphakama kwamamitha ayi-2, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kube ngamamitha amane. Idamu le-beaver liyisakhiwo esiqinile, lingasekela kalula isisindo somuntu. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukwakha idamu emndenini we-beaver kuthatha cishe inyanga. Ama-Beavers aqapha ngokucophelela ukuthi idamu lihlala linjalo futhi alilungise masisha uma kulimala.

Ukuze kwakhiwe idamu eli-beaver nokudla okuvuniwe, abalongi bagawula izihlahla. Bawaquqele phansi, amagatsha gnaw, futhi isiqu ihlukaniswe izingxenye. Umuthi onobubanzi obungu-7 cm beaver uwa ngemizuzu emi-5. Umuthi ongamasentimitha angama-40 ububanzi, i-beaver iyawa bese isebenza ebusuku, ukuze ekuseni kusele nje kuphela isiqu esikhonjiwe kanye nenqwaba yokusika.

Isiqu somuthi, lapho i-beaver isivele yasebenza khona, kodwa ingakakhipheli phansi, siba sesimeni sesimo se-"hourglass". Ngokwengxenye amagatsha esihlahla esiwile adliwa ngabapheki lapho. Babhidliza okuseleyo noma ukuntanta emanzini ukuya lapho kwakhiwa khona idamu noma indlu yabo.

Unyaka nonyaka, izindlela ezihlutshuliwe zika-beavers kancane kancane zigcwaliswa ngamanzi, zakhe iziteshi ze-beaver. Kulezo zilwane fuse izinkuni feed. Ubude beziteshi ezinjalo bungafinyelela kumamitha amamitha. Ama-beavers njalo agcina iziteshi zihlanzekile.

Indawo eyaguqulwa ngenxa yomsebenzi we-beavers ibizwa ngokuthi yi-beaver landscape. Ngamandla abo okuguqula isimo sendalo, bangabantu besibili kuphela kumuntu. Ama-Beaver angenye yezilwane ezihlukile kakhulu, ngoba ayakwazi ukufunda nokwenza ngcono amakhono abo impilo yabo yonke.

Abadli bokudla badlani?

Ama-Beaver angama-imifino, ayizilwane ezi-herbivorous kuphela. I-Beavers idla amagxolo esihlahla namahlumela. Ama-Beavers athande i-birch, u-willow, i-aspen ne-poplar. Ama-Beavers adla nezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ze-herbaceous: iminduze yamanzi, irises, ikhathalogi, umhlanga, futhi lolu hlu lunamagama amaningi.

Inani elikhulu lezihlahla ezithambile ziyimfuneko yendawo yazo yokuhlala. IHazel, i-linden, i-elm, i-bird cherry nezinye izihlahla azibalulekile kangako futhi azibalulekile ekudleni kwazo. Imvamisa ayidli i-alder ne-oki, kepha isebenzise izakhiwo. Kepha i-beaver idla ama-acorn ngokuzithandela. Amazinyo amakhulu avumela ama-beavers ukuthi aphathe kalula ukuphakelwa kwezinkuni. Imvamisa, ama-beavers adla kuphela ezinhlotsheni zezihlahla ezimbalwa.

Ehlobo, isilinganiso sokudla okunotshani okufiswa yiboyaver kukhuphuka. Ekwindla, abaluki basendlini baqala ukuvuna ukudla kwezinkuni ebusika. Ngakho-ke, ebusika, ama-beavers adla ezitolo zawo. Izithako zazo zifakwa emanzini, lapho zigcina khona izimfanelo zazo zokudla okunempilo ebusika bonke.

Inani lamasheya ngomndeni ngamunye lingaba likhulu kakhulu. Ukuvimbela ukudla kungabanda eqhweni, ama-beaver ngokuvamile ancibilikisa ngaphansi kwezinga lamanzi. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe ichibi ligcwele iqhwa, ukudla kuzohlala kufinyeleleka ezilwaneni futhi umndeni uzohlinzekwa ngakho konke okudingekayo.

I-Beaver Cub

Ama-beavers ayengabodwa, ahlanganiswe kanye, ahlala ndawonye impilo yawo wonke futhi ahlala ethembekile komunye nomunye. Owesifazane ubusa umndeni. Ama-Beavers akwazi ukuzala eminyakeni emi-2. Amaqabunga alethwa kanye ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokukhwelana kuthatha maphakathi noJanuwari kuya kuFebhuwari. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa siyizinyanga eziyi-3.5.

Ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, ama-beaver angama-2 kuya ku-6 azalwa. Amawundlu we-Beaver azalwa enamehlo, ehlanganiswa kahle nezinwele, futhi enesisindo esimaphakathi esingu-0.5 kg. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-2, ama-beaver cubs angavele abhukuda. Ama-beaver anakekela amawundlu awo.

Eminyakeni engu-1 ubudala, ama-beaver cubs eshintshela ekutshaleni umsoco, kepha aqhubeke nokudla obisini lukamama kuze kube izinyanga ezi-3. Ama-beaver asekhulile ngokuvamile awashiyi abazali bawo eminye iminyaka emi-2, emva kwalokho ukukhula okuncane kuphinde kwenziwe kabusha.

Yini i-beaver ewusizo futhi yini ama-beavers?

Ama-beavers awusizo ngoba ukubonakala kwawo emifuleni kunomphumela omuhle ohlelweni lwezinto eziphilayo. I-Beaver ilusizo ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwamadamu alo. Kuhlala izilwane ezahlukahlukene nezinyoni zamanzi, eziletha amaqanda ezinhlanzi emihosheni yazo, bese kuvela inhlanzi echibini. I-Beavers iyadingeka ngoba amadamu abo aneqhaza ekuhlanzeni kwamanzi, abambezela ukushibilika futhi anciphise umswakama.

Ama-Beaver ayizilwane ezithanda ukuthula, kepha futhi anezitha ngokwemvelo - lezi ngamabhere ansundu, izimpisi nezimpungushe. Kepha usongo oluphambili lokugaywa kwama-beaver ngumuntu. Ngenxa yokuzingela, i-beaver ejwayelekile yayisisondele ekuqothulweni ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ama-beaver aqothulwa ngenxa yoboya bawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinika umfudlana we-beaver, osetshenziswa kumakha namakha.

Ukugcina lesi silo esibalulekile, kwathathwa izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zokuvikela nokubuyisela izinombolo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, inani labantu abalusolwandle libuyile. Manje i-beaver ejwayelekile inesimo sobungozi obuncane ku-International Red Book. Njengamanje, usongo olukhulu kuye ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nokwakhiwa kwezitshalo ze-hydropower.

Uma uthandile le ndatshana futhi uthanda ukufunda izindatshana ezithokozisayo ngezilwane, bhalisela ukuvuselelwa kwesayithi lethu ukuze ube ngowokuqala ukuthola kuphela izindatshana zakamuva nezithakazelisa kakhulu ngezilwane ezihluke kakhulu emhlabeni wethu.

Isihloko

Igama elithi "beaver" litholakala olimini lwangaphambi kwe-Indo-European (cf. German Biber, jam. Bėbros), elenziwe laphindeka kabili lingapheli igama elithi brown. Isisekelo esakhiwe kabusha * bhe-bhru-.

Ngokusho kwemithombo yezilimi yango-1961, leli gama i-beaver kufanele isetshenziswe encazelweni yesilwane kusuka ekuhlelweni kwamagundane ngoboya obalulekile, futhi i-beaver - ngokwencazelo yoboya balesi silwane: i-beaver collar, isembatho ku-beaver fur. Noma kunjalo, ngolimi olukhulunywa, igama i-beaver esetshenziswa kakhulu njengegama elifanayo elithi igama i-beaver (njengoba impungushe futhi impungushe, thambisa futhi thambisa).

Ngokusho kwesichazimazwi sango-2004, isilinganiso sokuphinyiselwa beaver, beaver (isilwane, uboya).

Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu

Yini enye emangazayo futhi ejabulisa indlela yokuphila yezilwane ukuthi ama-beavers akha idamu kanjani. Atholakala ezansi kwendawo yazo yokuhlala.

Izakhiwo ezinjalo zivimbela ukujula komfula futhi zifaka isandla ekuchitheni kwawo. Futhi-ke, faka isandla ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezilwane ezindaweni ezikhungethwe yizikhukhula, wandise amandla okucinga kokudla. Kungaleso sizathu ama-beavers akha amadamu.

Amasu anjalo futhi ahlose ukwenza ngcono ukuphepha kokuphila. Lokhu kungenye incazelo yokuthi kungani beavers bekha idamu.

Ububanzi nokujula komfula, ijubane lamanje linquma ukuthi lizoba yini idamu le-beaver. Kufanele ivimbe umfula usuka kwelinye ibhange uye kwelinye futhi uqine ngokwanele ukuze ungashayi phansi umfula. Izilwane zikhetha lapho kunendawo ekahle yokuqala ukwakhiwa - isihlahla esiwayo, isiteshi esinciphile.

Ama-beaver abasebenza kanzima akha idamu, izinduku ezinamathela nezibonda ezansi futhi agcwalise izikhala phakathi kwazo ngamatshe cobblestones, silt, nobumba. Amadamu weBeaaver njalo, inyanga nenyanga, unyaka nonyaka adinga ukuqiniswa ukuze angagezwa. Kodwa lokhu akuyeki ama-beavers! Ngenxa yalokho, idamu liqina, izihlahla nezihlahla zikhula kuso. Kuyo ungahamba usuka kolunye usiya kwelinye.

Futhi lokhu akuyona ukuphela kwento i-beavers ewusizo ngayo. Amadamu akhiwe yizo akhuphula izinga lamanzi, alungele izinambuzane zasemanzini, aba nomthelela ekwandeni kwenani lezinhlanzi.

Umsuka

Ama-Beavers aqala ukuvela e-Asia, lapho izinsalela zawo zigcine zivela ku-Eocene. Ama-beaver adume kakhulu aqothulayo yizidondoshiya ezinkulu zePleistocene, eSiberia I-Trogontherium cuvieri naseNyakatho Melika UCastoroides ohioensis. Ukukhula kokugcina, ukwahlulela ngosayizi kakhanda, kwafinyelela ku-2,75 m, kanti isisindo singama-350 kg.

Inani lezomnotho

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ama-beaver abelokhu emayini ngenxa yoboya obuhle obuyigugu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusetshenziswa indiza ye-beaver, esetshenziswa kwezokwelapha kanye nakwezimboni zamakha.

Kudliwa inyama ye-Beaver. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amaKatolika athi lokhu kuncika ekudleni. Umsila we-scaly wawudukisa, ngenxa yalokho i-rodent yathathwa njengenhlanzi. I-Beaver iyingozi ngenxa yokuphatha kwayo okwemvelo kwe-salmonellosis.

Amawa namadamu

Ama-beavers ahlala emiseleni noma emijondolo. Ukungena ekhaya le-beaver kuhlale kungaphansi kwamanzi ukuze kuphephe. Imisele igeleza emabhange asezingeni futhi emaweni; ayibhayibhile eyinkimbinkimbi enama-4-5 ukungena. Izindonga nophahla lomgodi zidonswa ngokucophelela futhi ziginqiwe. Igumbi lokuhlala ngaphakathi komgodi likhona ekujuleni okungadluli kumamitha ayi 1. Ububanzi begumbi lokuhlala lingaphezulu kwemitha, ukuphakama ngamasentimitha angama-40-50. Iphansi kufanele libe ngamasentimitha angama-20 ngaphezulu kwezinga lamanzi. Uma amanzi asemfuleni enyuka, i-beaver ikhuphuka phansi, ihlwitha umhlabathi kusuka ophahleni. Ukuze isigaba somfula ngaphezulu komnyango wokungena umgodi ebusika singaholi futhi sikhiye izilwane emgodini, zimboza le ndawo nge-canopy ekhethekile. Kwesinye isikhathi uphahla lomgodi luyabhidlika futhi endaweni yalo kuhlelwe isisekelo esiqinile samasango ne-brashi sokhuni, kuguqulwe umsele ube uhlobo lwesiphephelo lokuhlala - umjondolo osisigamu. Entwasahlobo, emanzini aphezulu, ama-beaver akha izando esiqongweni sezihlahla ezivela emagatsheni namagatsha anombhede wotshani obomile.

Izindawo ezifuywayo zakhiwe ezindaweni lapho imigodi yokumba ingenakwenzeka khona - osebeni oludaka noluphansi nolweselwandle. Ama-Beavers kuyaqabukela aqale ukwakha izindlu ezintsha ngaphambi kokuphela kuka-Agasti. Ama-huts abukeka njengesixhaxa esenziwe ngesigaxa sokhuni, esifakwe ngosilika nomhlaba, sifinyelela ku-1,3 m ukuphakama nobubanzi obuyi-10 m. Izindonga zale ndlu zihlanganiswe ngokucophelela nge-silt nobumba, ukuze iphenduke inqaba yangempela, engenakugwenywa kwabazingeli, umoya udabula phakathi umgodi ophahleni. Naphezu kwenkolelo ebanzi, ama-beaver asebenzisa ubumba ngosizo lwezibongo zawo, hhayi umsila (umsila usebenza kuphela njengomhlanga). Ngaphakathi kwendlu kukhona ama-manholes emanzini kanye nesiteji esikhuphuka ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi. Ngeziqalo zokuqala, ama-beavers ngaphezu kwalokho afaka izimbotshana ngensimbi entsha yobumba. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa elihle ligcinwa ezindlini, amanzi kumanholes ayiqandisi, futhi abapheki banethuba lokuphuma bangene ngaphansi kukogqinsi lwe-under-ice reservoir. Kwiqhwa elinamandla phezu kwamahabhu kukhona umusi, okuwuphawu lokuhlala kwezindlu. Kwesinye isikhathi endaweni eyodwa ebhekabheka kukhona nezindawo zokuhlala nezihlahla. I-Beavers ihlanzekile kakhulu, ayilokothi ichithe amakhaya ayo ngodoti wokudla nangokweqile.

Ezindongeni ezinamazinga okushintsha kwamanzi, kanye nasemifuleni engashoni nemifula, imindeni yama-beaver yakha amadamu (amadamu). Lokhu kuyabavumela ukuthi bakhuphule, balondoloze futhi balawule izinga lamanzi endaweni yokugcina amanzi ukuze ukungena kwezindawo ezifuywayo nasemiseleni kungakhishwa futhi kutholakale kulabo abahlaselayo. Amadamu asendaweni engaphansi kwedolobhana elihle ngeziqu zezihlahla, amagatsha kanye ne-brigwood, ezihlanganiswe ndawonye ngobumba, isilika, izingcezu ze-rafting nezinye izinto ezenziwe ngabapheki ezingena ngamazinyo noma ngaphambili. Uma umzimba wamanzi unokugeleza okusheshayo futhi kukhona amatshe phansi, asetshenziswa futhi njengezinto zokwakha. Isisindo samatshe kwesinye isikhathi singafinyelela ku-15-18 kg.

Okwakhiwa kwedamu, izindawo lapho izihlahla zikhula khona eduze nomaphethelo wonxweme zikhethiwe. Ukwakha kuqala ngama-beaver anamathela ngokunamathisela amagatsha neziqu zawo phansi, kuqiniswa izikhala ngamagatsha kanye nomhlanga, kugcwalisa izikhala ngosilika, ngobumba nangamatshe. Njengefreyimu esekelayo, bavame ukusebenzisa isihlahla esiwele emfuleni, kancane kancane bawubopha kuzinhlangothi zonke ngezinto zokwakha. Kwesinye isikhathi amagatsha asemadamini we-beaver avele izimpande, azinike amandla athe xaxa. Ubude obujwayelekile bamadamu yi-20-30 m, ububanzi esisekelweni bungama-4-6 m, ekujuleni kwawo yi-1-2 m, ukuphakama kungafinyelela ku-4.8 m, yize kuvame ukuba ngamamitha ayi-2. Idamu elidala limelana kalula nesisindo somuntu. Amarekhodi ekwakhiweni kwamadamu, noma kunjalo, awawona awokujwayelekile, kepha ngawabongi baseCanada - idamu elakhiwe yibo emfuleni. UJefferson (Montana), wafinyelela kubude obungamamitha angama-700. (Esifundeni saseNew Hampshire kunedamu elide - i-1,2 km.) Ukwakheka kwedamu kuncike ngejubane lalamanje - lapho lihamba khona kancane, idamu licishe liqonde, ligobile emifuleni esheshayo ekuqondeni okwamanje. Uma okwamanje kunamandla kakhulu, ama-beaver akha amadamu amancane angeziwe ngaphezulu komfula. Kugeleza imvamisa kuvame ukuhlelwa emaphethelweni edamu elilodwa ukuze lingadabuli kuzamcolo. Ngokwesilinganiso, umndeni we-beaver uthatha cishe isonto ukwakha idamu le-10 m. Ama-Beavers aqapha ngokucophelela ukuphepha kwedamu futhi alingene lapho kuvuza. Kwesinye isikhathi imindeni eminingana esebenza amashifu ibamba iqhaza ekwakheni.

Umthelela omkhulu ocwaningweni lokuziphatha kwama-beaver ngenkathi kwakhiwa amadamu wenziwa yisazi sezenhlalo saseSweden uDon Wilson (1971) nodokotela wezilwane waseFrance uRichard (1967, 1980). Kwavela ukuthi isisusa esikhulu ekwakhiweni ngumsindo wamanzi agelezayo.Inamandla okuzwa okuhle, ama-beavers anqunywe ngokunembile ukuthi umsindo ushintshe kuphi, okusho ukuthi bekukhona ushintsho ekwakhekeni kwedamu. Kodwa-ke, azange banake ngisho nokuntuleka kwamanzi - ngendlela efanayo, ama-beavers aphendula umsindo wezwi eliqoshwe kwi-rekhoda le-tepi. Ukuhlolwa okunye kukhombisa ukuthi umsindo, ngokusobala, akuyona ukuphela kwesikhuthazo. Ngakho-ke, izihlwayi ezazibekwe edamini zazimbozwe ngothayela kanye namagatsha, noma ngabe idlula ngaphansi futhi “ingekholekayo”. Ngasikhathi sinye, kusalokhu kungacaci ngokuphelele ukuthi abantu beavers basabalalisa kanjani izibopho phakathi kwabo emsebenzini wokuhlangana. Bangasebenza noma babe ngamaqembu, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, noma bebodwa. Kepha bobabili abahlanganayo nabakhi abazimele basebenza ngokwecebo eliyinqayizivele lendawo yonke, linembile ngokuphelele futhi licatshangwe ngemininingwane emincane kakhulu.

Ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kulungiswe ukudla, abapheki bagawula izihlahla, baziququze phansi, bagalele amagatsha, bese behlukanisa isiqu ngezingxenye. I-beaver iwela i-assen ububanzi obungu-cm cm ngemizuzu emi-5, isihlahla esinobubanzi obungamasentimitha angama-40 siwela futhi sinqume ubusuku bonke, ukuze kuthi kusa kusa kuphela isiqu sesihlahla esikhutshiwe nesixhaxha sokugoba okusala endaweni yokusebenza kwesilwane. Isiqu somuthi olunywe yi-beaver sibonisa isimo sesipuli sehora. Iziqu ze-Beaver, zikhuphuka emilenzeni yazo yangasemva futhi ziphumule emsileni wayo. Imihlathi yayo isebenza njengesaha: ukuze ibhoboze isihlahla, i-beaver ibeka izigqoko zayo ngaphezulu kumagxolo ayo bese iqala ukushukumisa umhlathi wayo ophansi isuka ngapha nangapha, yenze ukunyakaza okungu-5-6 ngomzuzwana. Izigqoko ze-beaver ziyaziloloda: uhlangothi olungaphambili lumbozwe nge koqweqwe lwawo, ingemuva liqukethe i-dentin elukhuni. Lapho i-beaver ihlafuna okuthile, i-dentin igaya ngokushesha kune-koqweqwe lwawo, ngakho-ke umphambili wezinyo uhlala ubukhali ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ama-Beavers adla amanye amagatsha esihlahla esiwile endaweni leyo, amanye adiliza futhi ahudule noma atheleke emanzini lapho ahlala khona noma endaweni yedamu. Unyaka nonyaka, belandela imigudu efanayo yokudla nezinto zokwakha, banyathela emikhondweni yogu olunamanzi kancane kancane egcwala amanzi - iziteshi ze-beaver. Bafaka ukudla kwezinkuni ngakubo. Ubude besiteshi bufika emamitha ngamamitha ububanzi obu-40-50 cm kanye nokujula kwamamitha ayi-1. Izindebe zihlala zigcina iziteshi zihlanzekile.

Indawo eguqulwe ngenxa yomsebenzi wama-beaver ahlala kuwo ibizwa ngokuthiwa ubuhle bezwe.

Habitat

Ama-Beavers angawomndeni wakwaCastaridae, okubandakanya okuwukuphela kohlobo lweCastor nezinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela:

1. i-beaver ejwayelekile (i-Castor fiber) (i-aka river noma i-empumalanga),
2. I-Canada beaver (aka North American) (uCastor canadensis).

Namuhla, ama-beaver aseNyakatho Melika atholakala kulo lonke izwekazi, kusukela emlonyeni woMfula iMackenzie eCanada eningizimu kuya enyakatho neMexico. Kepha bekungasinjalo njalo. Abantu baye bazingela lezi zilwane amakhulu eminyaka ngenxa yenyama yabo, uboya, nomfudlana we-beaver. Ngenxa yalokho, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, inani labantu baseCanada laba lagxeka, futhi ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala zacishe zachithwa, ikakhulukazi empumalanga ye-United States. Izinhlangano zezemvelo zoMbuso nezendawo zakhala ngokuzwakalayo, futhi izilwane zaqala ukuthuthwa zivela kwezinye izindawo. Ayethulwa naseFinland, eRussia, kanye nasemazweni ambalwa aseCentral Europe (Germany, Austria, Poland). Enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zamagundane aseCanada namuhla ikhona eningizimu mpumalanga yeFinland.

I-Beaver beaver esikhathini esidlule yayihlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseNyakatho ye-Asiya, kepha akubona bonke abantu ababa namandla okusinda endaweni yabantu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, bambalwa kuphela abantu abaphinda izingcezu ezinesibalo sabantu abayi-1,200 abasinda eFrance, eNorway, eJalimane, eRussia, eBelarus, e-Ukraine, eChina naseMongolia.

Ngenxa yezinhlelo zokuphinda zikhiqize futhi ziphinde zisebenze, ezaqala ukusebenza engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lokugcina, inani lama-beaver ajwayelekile laqala ukukhula. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XXI, kwakukhona abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-500-600, futhi indawo ababehlala kuyo yandiswa zombili eYurophu nase-Asia.

Zombili lezi zinhlobo zitholakala endaweni yaseRussia namuhla, yize i-beaver ingumhlali woqobo. Uhla lwayo luhlanganisa cishe yonke indawo yamahlathi eRussian Federation - ukusuka emngceleni osentshonalanga kuya esifundeni saseBaikal naseMongolia, nokusuka esifundeni saseMurmansk enyakatho kuya e-Astrakhan eningizimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lwenziwe kabusha ePrimorye naseKamchatka.

I-Canada beaver beaver ezweni lethu yavela kuma-50s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, yahlala ngokuzimeleyo i-Karelia kanye ne-Leningrad Region kusuka ezingxenyeni ezingomakhelwane zeFinland, futhi ngeminyaka yama-70s lesi silo sangeniswa emgodini we-Amur River naseKamchatka.

Incazelo yeBeaver

Ukubonakala kwe-beaver kuhluke kakhulu ngokubonakala kwabanye abamele iqembu lama-rodent, elichazwa yindlela yokuphila ye-hero yethu yasemanzini. Ngokombono wesazi sezinto eziphilayo, izici eziphawuleka ngesilo yilezi zinto ezinkulu ezicijile, umsila ocwebezelayo kanye nemilenze yangemuva yangemuva enozipho olukhethekile olubunjiwe "ukuskena" emunweni wesibili, kanye nezici eziningi zesakhiwo se-pharynx nepheshana lokugaya ukudla.

I-Beavers yinduku enkulu kakhulu yezidalwa zoMhlaba Omdala kanye namagundane amakhulu wesibili ngemuva kwama-capybaras aseNingizimu Melika. Umzimba wesilwane ungumbala, umdaka, unesimo sefusform, ingxenye yawo engemuva iyanwebeka, kuphela empandeni yomsila iconsa kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba 80-80 cm.Abadala banesisindo esimaphakathi sama-20-30 kg, kuyaqabukela ukuthi isisindo singafinyelela ku-45 kg. Ubungako bezinhlobo zaseCanada bukhulu kancane kunokujwayelekile.

Ikhanda eliyindilinga elincane elincane elinentamo emnene nethambile cishe aliguquki. Amehlo mancane, enesibungu esime mpo nesikhumba esisobala (ukuvikela amehlo ngaphansi kwamanzi). Izindlebe zincane, azivelwanga lutho oluvela koboyeni. Ukuvuleka kwamadokhumenti angaphandle namakhala kunemisipha ekhethekile engena lapho icwiliswa emanzini. Izindebe eziphuma ezindebeni zingavala izikhala zokuzilimaza, zihlukanise umgogodla womlomo, ovumela abaluki ukuba baququne uhlaza ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kokuvula umlomo.

Amehlo ezilwane asabela cishe kuphela ekunyakazeni, ukungaboni ngamehlo ampofu kunesinxephezelo sokuzwa nokuhogela okuhle kakhulu, okuyizinto ezibalulekile emhlabeni.

Umsila uyisicaba, ufinyelela ku-30 ​​cm ubude, u-13 cm ububanzi, futhi mfushane futhi ubanzi ku-beaver waseCanada. Ingxenye yomsila obunjiwe oar imbozwe ngezikali ezinkulu ze-horny, phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-bristles angavamile.

Izitho ezinemilenze emihlanu ziyanqotshwa, zinemisipha yokubhukuda eyenziwe kahle emilenzeni yangemuva (emabunzini angaphambili asezinsana zawo). Imilenze yangaphambili ibuthakathaka kakhulu kunemilenze yangemuva futhi isetshenziswa yizilwane njengezandla - ngosizo lwazo, i-beaver idonsela izinto, imbe imigodi nezimbobo, isebenze ukudla. Isitho esiyinhloko sokuhamba kwezilwane yimilenze yangemuva. Esinzwaneni sesibili somlenze wangemuva kukhona uzipho olufihliwe, olunezingxenye ezimbili: amapuleti angaphezulu - akhombe futhi aphansi - abanzi, aqondekayo okuhlobene. Lesi sidlakudla sisetshenziswa isilo ngezinhloso zokuhlanzeka - sihlanza futhi sihlanganise izinwele naso ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, sisuse izimuncagazi.

Uboya beaaver bunsundu okhanyayo bumnyama, buba nsundu kakhulu obomvana. Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala abantu abathile be-pinto abanamabala ama-shades ahlukene. Isikebhe esingaphansi simanzi, ngimpunga emnyama. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba yi-pubescent denser.

Kwaphawuleka ukuthi uhlobo olunombala onsundu okhanyayo lusendulo, lwalusinda ngenkathi yeqhwa, ngakho-ke ama-beaver anjalo avumelaniswa kangcono nesimo sezulu esibandayo, ngenkathi abantu abanombala omnyama bavame ukutholakala kubantu abaningi baseningizimu.

Amadamu nezindlu

Mhlawumbe wonke umuntu uzwile ngamathalente wokwakha amangalisayo alezi zilwane. Ngenxa yokungakhathali kwabo, beavers bafundile ukuvumelanisa imvelo nezidingo zabo. Amadamu adalwe yibo akhulisa ukwahlukahlukana kwemvelo, andise indawo yamanzi, andise umthamo nekhwalithi yamanzi, futhi ashintshe isimo sendawo. Ngokwesisekelo sedamu, isihlahla esiwele phesheya komfula kwesinye isikhathi sivame ukusetshenziswa. Ligcwele ngamagatsha, izingxenye zezikhuni zezihlahla, ngamatshe, ngomhlaba, ngezimila, kuze kube yilapho idamu selifinyelela kubude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100 (imiphetho yedamu linwebeka kakhulu ngaphezu kwesiteshi), futhi ukuphakama kuvame ukufika kumamitha amathathu. Kulokhu, umehluko wezinga lamanzi ufinyelela kumamitha amabili. Kwenzeka ukuthi umndeni wakhe amadamu amaningi ngasikhathi sinye, ngenxa yalokho kwakheka wonke amachibi amachibi. Izindwangu zishiseka kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamadamu entwasahlobo nasekwindla, yize umsebenzi ungaqhubeka unyaka wonke.

Idamu le-Beaver

Ama-Beavers angabavubukuli abanamakhono. Imvamisa bagaya izimbobo eziningi endaweni ephethwe ngumndeni, okungaba yimigudu elula noma ama-labyrinths wonke aholela ebhange lomfula noma edamini liye kwelinye noma ngaphezulu emagumbini. Kuma-biotypes amaningi, lamagundane asebenzisa imisele njengezindawo zokukhosela eziyinhloko.

Kubukeka ngathi yindlu yohudo

Enye inketho yekhaya lasogwini yindlwana. Izindebe zabo zakha kulezo zindawo lapho ukuhlelwa kwezimbobo kungenakwenzeka khona. Izilwane zisebenzisa isiqu esidala, ugu oluphansi noma i-rafting njengesisekelo sendawo. Ngaphandle, indlu enjalo iyinqwaba enkulu yamahlumela, izingcezu zeziqu zezinkuni, ezihlanganiswe ngumhlaba, usilika, imfucumfucu yesitshalo. Ngaphakathi, kuhlelwa ikamelo lokudlela, ukusuka lapho kuhamba khona amanzi. Ngokwesilinganiso, ububanzi bendawo bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3-4. Izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zinamagumbi amaningana emazingeni ahlukene. Ama-huts angaba okwesikhashana futhi abe unomphela, asetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi. Lezi zokugcina ziqedwa njalo futhi zingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-14 ububanzi kanye namamitha angaphezu kwamabili ukuphakama.

Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi yokwakha i-beaver, ukumba imisele kunobunzima obuncane. Ngamehlo abo angaphambili, baqoqa udaka nodaka kusuka phansi kwemifudlana emincane nemizila ebukhali, beyiphonsa ezinhlangothini lapho beya khona. Iziteshi ezivelayo zivumela izilwane ukuba zihlale emanzini, zihamba phakathi kwamadamu noma ezindaweni zokuphakela. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, izinduku zenza lokhu ehlobo, lapho izinga lamanzi liphansi.

Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ama-beaver aseCanada angabakhi abakhuthele futhi abakhuthele kunabaphansi. Izakhiwo zabo ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zihlala isikhathi eside, ngoba basebenza kakhulu amatshe ekwakheni.

Ukudla

Ama-Beavers ayizilwane ezi-herbivorous kuphela. Ukwakheka kokudla kwabo kungahluka ngonyaka. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, isisekelo sokudla kwabo sakhiwa ngamaqabunga, izimpande, amakhambi, i-algae. Ngokwindla, bashintshela kumagatsha acishe abe yizihlahla nezihlahla, bakhetha i-aspen, umcamelo noma i-alder.

Kusukela maphakathi no-Okthoba, izinduku ziqala ukuvuna ukudla kwezinkuni ebusika. Kungaba ngamagatsha awugqinsi ngisho nezingxenye zeziqu zemithi yama-aspen, u-willow, i-bird cherry, i-alder, i-birch, kanye nenani elincane le-conifers. Izihlahla ezigawuliwe zigawulwa zibe yizicucwana ezincane yizilwane futhi zigcinwe ngaphansi kwamanzi ezindaweni ezijulile eduze kwemisele kanye nendawo yokulala. Ama-Beavers angabhukuda aye kuwo ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kokushiya idamu eliphephile.

Uma kungekho kudla kwenkuni okwanele, izilwane zineliswa uhlaza olunamanzi. Ngezikhathi ezithile ukuhlaselwa ezingadini ezisondelene nezingadi zemifino kungenzeka.

Ama-beaver amaningi ase-Europe awaqoqi ubusika. Esikhundleni salokho, baya ngasosebeni ebusika beyofuna ukudla.

ICastoreum

Isici esibonakalayo sezilwane ukuba khona "komfula we-beaver" okhiqizwa yizindlala ezikhethekile. Yinto eyinkimbinkimbi enezakhi zamakhulu, kufaka phakathi ama-alcohols, ama-phenols, i-salicylaldehyde ne-castoramine. Igama lesayensi lale nto yi-castoreum.

Kudala kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izindawo zokuphilisa zaphezulu ziye zabizwa ngokuthi yi-beaver river. Emakhulwini eminyaka we-Y-IY BC UHippocrates noHerodotus baphawula ukusebenza kwawo ekwelapheni izifo ezithile. Futhi namuhla, le nto ithole ukusetshenziswa emithini yesintu, kepha isetshenziswa ikakhulu kumakha.

I-beaver ngokwayo isebenzisa imfihlo yayo enamakha ngezinhloso zokumaka. Amathegi angama-Odorous angenye yezindlela amaqhawe ethu anolwazi ngayo. Lezi zinhlobo zombili zaseCanada nezasemfuleni zishiya uphawu lwephunga kuzindunduma ezakhiwe eduze namanzi avela kusilika nezitshalo ezikhulwe ngaphansi kwendawo yokugcina amanzi.

Ubudlelwano bomndeni

Imvamisa, aba-beaver bahlala emaqenjini emindeni (amakoloni), kepha kunabantu abathanda indlela yokuphila bebodwa. Ngezizathu zokudla ezingezinhle, isilinganiso sezilwane ezizodwa singafinyelela ku-40%.

Umndeni uqukethe umbhangqwana osukhulile, imidlwane yonyaka wamanje, amawundlu wonyaka odlule, futhi kwesinye isikhathi isisodwa noma ngaphezulu sentsha evela kudoti wangaphambilini. Ubukhulu bomndeni bungafinyelela abantu abangama-10-12.

Izikhundla ezikoloni zakhiwa ngokuya ngemigomo yobudala, ngesikhundla esiphambili sombhangqwana osukhulile. Ukubonakaliswa kobudlova bomzimba akuvamile, kepha izibazi ezisesiswini zingabonakala ezinkungwini eziningi zama-beavers. Lokhu kungumphumela wokulwa nabantu ongabazi eduze kwemingcele yezwe.

Amaza walezi namagundane ahlala njalo futhi eqhubeka impilo yonke yabalingani. Iqembu lomndeni lizinzile, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokuzala. Ziletha izinyane elilodwa ngonyaka, ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-5 cubs kulo ukuthola i-beaver ejwayelekile, ekuzalweni kweCanada kuphezulu - kufinyelela kumawundlu ayi-8. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa kakhulu esifweni kukhona amazinyane angama-2-3.

Umjaho uqala ngoJanuwari (eningizimu yebanga) futhi uqhubeka kuze kube uMashi. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-103-110.

Ukubona okusha, okunamabala amaningi, okunezinsini eziphansi eziphansi. Umama usuthisa izingane ngobisi (olunamafutha aphindwe kane ngobisi lwenkomo) cishe amasonto angama-6, yize eseminyakeni yamasonto amabili, abapheki beqala ukunambitha amaqabunga ethenda alethwe ngabazali babo. Eminyakeni engu-1 ubudala, isizukulwane esincane siqala ukushiya kancane isidleke sidle sodwa.

Ngenkathi izingane zincane kakhulu, ubaba uchitha isikhathi esiningi evikela uzungu lomndeni: uzungeza imingcele futhi ashiye amamaki anephunga. Owesifazane ngalesi sikhathi umatasa ukondla izingane futhi ezinakekela. Izingane zikhula ngokushesha, kepha zidinga izinyanga eziningi zokuzijwayeza kahle amakhono okwakha amadamu nezindawo zokuhlala. Abazali babafundise ukubamba iqhaza kuzo zonke izindaba zomndeni, kubandakanya nokwakha.

Imvamisa, abantu abasha bashiya imindeni yabo bahambe bayofuna umhlaba wabo wesikhathi esizayo ngonyaka wesibili bese bephila impilo bebodwa kuze kube yilapho sebethola umbhangqwana.

Ukuthomba kwe-Beaver kwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, kepha abesifazane bavame ukuqala ukuzala eminyakeni engu-3-5 yokuphila.

Isikhathi esiphakeme kakhulu se-beaver ejwayelekile endalweni yiminyaka engu-17-18, eCanada - iminyaka engama-20. Kodwa-ke, kuma-vivo akuvamile ukuthi baphile iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Isilinganiso seminyaka ephezulu salawa makhulu aqoshiwe e-nursery afinyelela eminyakeni engama-30.

Ezokuxhumana

Ngaphezu kokumaka insimu, ama-beaver axhumana nomunye ngosizo lokushaya umsila wawo emanzini. Lokhu kuvame ukuthi abantu abadala batshele abantu abangabazi ukuthi baboniwe. I-rodent ehlasele insimu okuhlalwa kuyo ihlasela izimpendulo, imvumela ukuthi ahlole ukungathi sína kwezinjongo zakhe kanye nokuthi usongela kangakanani.

Enye indlela yokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, kanye namaphimbo: izilwane ziyakwazi ukukhononda futhi zikhala.

Izinzuzo nokulimala kwama-beavers

Njengoba sekushiwo, ama-beaver ayaziwa ngokulangazelela kwawo ukwakhiwa: ukuhlomisa izindawo abahlala kuzo, bakha amadamu abalawula izinga lamanzi ezinhlanzini zamanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, amanzi angakhukhula izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi futhi azicekele phansi. Amagagasi nemigwaqo ingahlupheka.

Iphuzu lesibili elingelibi ukuthi amadamu asebenza kabi ezimeni zokungena kwezinhlanzi, okuyisithiyo esivimba indlela ye-greyling, i-whitefish, i-salmon kanye ne-trout fish lapho ivela khona emifuleni emincane.

Manje ake sibheke ukusebenza kwalezi zilwane kusuka kolunye uhlangothi. Esikhathini eside, umqhudelwano wamadamu wamabhishi akhona phezu komfula ubambezeleka namanzi esiphepho, futhi lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okuthi kube nezikhukhula ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, kunciphisa ukuguguleka komhlaba kanye nokugudla ugu, kufinyeze isikhathi samanzi aphansi ehlobo, futhi kube nomthelela ekuqalisweni kabusha kohlelo lweziphethu nemifudlana ebhujiswa ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Konke lokhu kwenza ihlathi elihlalwa yizilwane lingabi yindawo eyomile, futhi ngenxa yalokho lihlaselwe kakhulu yimililo yehlathi.

Yehlisa inani lokugeleza komfula, amadamu athuthukisa ukunqwabelana kokudilika, akha uhlelo lokuhlunga okungokwemvelo olususa ukungcola okuyingozi emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidalwa zamanzi ezivelayo zidala ezinye izinzuzo, njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukwanda kwehlukahlukana kwemvelo.

Ama-Beavers abuye athuthukise ukulethwa kokudla kwama-hares, inyamazane, ukudla “emfucumfucwini” yezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha amadamu, futhi lokhu, kuheha izilwane ezizingelayo.

Ngakho-ke, la makhulu adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi aseduze, futhi umuntu anganwebisa ulwazi lwakhe ngezidingo zabo zemvelo futhi aqhamuke namasu angavumela bobabili abantu nabapheki bokubuka ubuhle bendawo.