Abagibeli abancane bavame ukuba namandla angaphansi kwamamilimitha ubude, indawo eziswa ngamaphiko ayo incishiswa kakhulu (i-Fig. 8.120), kanti nezintuthwane zivame ukuminyaniswa. Iningi lalaba bagibeli bangama-endoparasites ikakhulukazi ama-Lepidoptera amacimbi kanye nezinye izibungu zeParmenoptera ezihlaselayo, abazihlasela ngaphakathi komzimba womsizi wazo oyinhloko.
Ama-parasites anjalo abizwa ngama-parasites. hyperparasites, noma izinambuzane zesibili. Izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezingenasithelo ze-chalcid zikhula ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene noma ngeziqu zezitshalo, ikakhulukazi okusanhlamvu. Kuleli qembu elingelona lomdlandla lele-clover semede I-Bruchophagus platypteraizibungu zakhe zikhula ngaphakathi kwembewu ye-clover ne-alfalfa, IHarmolita triticiizibungu zakhe zithutha emaphethweni kakolweni, futhi H. grandis (Umdwebo we-8.120). Endaweni futhi eminyakeni ethile R. tritici kudala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zikakolweni.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu umjikelezo wokuphila oyingqayizivele futhi okhethekile wama-chalcides amancane omndeni I-Agaonidae. Lawa chalcides akhula ku-zirconia yamakhiwane. Abesilisa abanamaphiko futhi bachitha impilo yabo yonke ngaphakathi kwe-zirconium lapho bakhulele khona, lapho befaka khona umquba izinsikazi ngisho nangaphambi kokugcina bayeka ama-ovules angenwe yi-chalcides. Izinsikazi zezintokazi futhi zindiza kusuka ezimbalini ziye ezimbalini zifuna amaqanda alungele ukubeka amaqanda. ukudlulisa impova emzimbeni wakho kanye nokuvumvuzela impova ngayinye yezimbali ezivakashelwe. Le ndlela ukuphela kwendlela amakhiwane avela kuyo impova.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamakhiwane atshaliwe azidingi impova ukwakha izithelo, kepha izithelo zamakhiwane ezikhethiwe i-Izmir azithuthukisi ngaphandle kokuvunda. Ukuze ngikhulise lokhu kwahlukahluka eNyakatho Melika, kwadingeka ngingenise i-pollinator yayo Blastophaga psenes.
8.120. A. Wheat gall isosome IHarmolita tritici
Izingcweti ezingenazintambo (enkabeni) nezinamaphiko (B) zesizinda esikhulu se-nodular IHarmolita grandis (= UPhilachyra aptera)
Ukubukeka kweKhalcid
Ngokuyisisekelo, laba bagibeli bancane, kodwa futhi bangaba nobukhulu be-microscopic, bungabonakali esweni elilula. Ubude bomzimba obuphakathi ngamamilimitha angama-0,2-0,5, futhi ezimweni ezingandile, bangafinyelela ubude obungaphezulu kwesentimitha. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, abantu abadala be-chalcid bangaba nombala ohlukile.
Izimpiko ze-Chalcid zinesakhiwo esikhethekile - imithambo emi-2 kuphela etholakala kwelinye lamaphiko.
Izibungu cishe ngamamilimitha ayi-0,0-0.3; zikhula emaqandeni nasezimizimbeni zezinambuzane ezithwele. Isidumbu sezibungu sisobala, simhlophe ngombala. Umzimba uqukethe izingxenye ezihlukene. Izibungu zibuye zigxume ngaphakathi komsingathi.
Ukulinganisa i-chalcid
Ngemuva kokuzalela, i-chalcid yowesifazane iyofuna isinambuzane esifanele, imvamisa njengabantu noma amaqanda. Zigibela inyamazane, insikazi ifaka amaqanda ayo ngaphakathi kwayo. Kungenxa yale ndlela ukuthi ukubeka kwalezinambuzane kwabizwa ngokuthi abagibeli.
Izibungu zeCalcid ezihlukumeza izinambuzane zasemanzini, zihlangene nabanikazi bazo, zingahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside, futhi ezinye izinhlobo ze-chalcid azikwazi ukuphefumula umoya futhi ziphile ngaphandle kwamanzi nhlobo, azikaze ziye emhlabeni, kepha zibhukuda zisebenzisa amaphiko noma imilenze.
Ama-Chalcides ayizinambuzane ezincane.
Kunezinhlobo ezithile zama-chalcides aholela ekuphilayo kwezinambuzane ezitshalweni; abeka amaqanda awo ezinhlafunweni zezitshalo noma ezindlebeni zezilimo zokusanhlamvu.
Ama-Aphelinids
Ama-Aphelinid ayizinambuzane zezinambuzane ezikalwa kanye nama-aphid adala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni. Cishe izinhlobo eziyi-1100 zama-aphelinids ahlukanisiwe, izinhlobo eziningi zisetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokulawula izinambuzane.
Ubude bomzimba bama-aphelinides cishe ngamamilimitha ayi-1-5. Ikhanda lincishiselwe phansi, kukhona okugoqayo kulo. Umhlane umfushane kakhulu futhi ubanzi kunesisu. Isisu saphezulu sithambile. Izimpiko zincanyana, zinomucu wokulinganisa.
Isayensi yazi izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-22 ze-chalcid.
Izibungu ze-Afelinid zihlala ngaphakathi izibungu zezinambuzane nangaphandle, zilungisa othwala.
Incazelo yezinambuzane
Izibungu zikhula ngaphakathi kwesinambuzane esithwele noma iqanda laso. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile yi-0,1 - 0,3 mm. Umzimba umhlophe futhi obala, uhlanganisa izingxenye ezihlukene. Ukuphindana kwenzeka futhi ngaphakathi kwesisulu, ngemuva kwalokho kukhethwe umuntu omdala ngaphandle.
Abantu abadala bangaba nombala womzimba ohlukile ngokuya ngezinhlobo. Osayizi abaphakathi ukusuka kumamilimitha angama-0,5 kuye kwayi-0.5. Akafinyeleli isentimitha noma ngaphezulu ubude.
Banesakhiwo esikhethekile samaphiko. Ephikweni ngalinye kunemithambo emibili kuphela.
Zidla ikakhulu umpe nephole yezitshalo. Ezinye izinhlobo zikhotha i-aphid secretion noma zidle i-hemolymph yabathwali besikhathi esizayo.
Ngemuva kokuzalela, izinsikazi zibheka izinambuzane ezifanele (imvamisa) noma izibopho zomunye umuntu bese zibeka amaqanda ngaphakathi, zibopha inyamazane. Ngakho-ke, kubhekiselwa kubo njengabagibeli.
Ama-Chalcides parasizing izinambuzane zasemanzini alandela amabutho awo emanzini futhi angahlala lapho isikhathi eside. Izinhlobo ezithile ngokuvamile azikwazi ukuba ngaphandle kwamanzi nomoya ophefumulayo. Zintanta ngosizo lwamaphiko nemilenze, zingaphumi ziye ezweni.
Kunezinhlobo ezithile ezihlakulela ezitshalweni bese zibeka amaqanda kuma-spikelets ezinkozo noma efihlekile zezinye izitshalo ezitshaliwe. Lezi zinambuzane zidala umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo.
Agonides
I-Agaonidae iyabulala amakhiwane. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-750 Izinhlobo zama-agonides.
Izinambuzane zabantu abadala zifinyelela kubude bamamilimitha angama-5. Abesilisa bancishwa amaphiko. Kunezinhlobo zezilwane lapho abesilisa abangenalo ubambo olulodwa lwemilenze - esikhundleni sazo, laba bagibeli banezivalo ezincane kuphela.
Amaqanda abekwa ngaphakathi kwezithelo zamakhiwane. Kuyinto ebabazekayo ukuthi lesi sitshalo esifanayo siyazisongela ngokwaso futhi siphumelele.
Ama-Aphelins
I-Aphelinus isetshenziswa ngabantu ukulwa ne-aphid yegazi ethelela izihlahla zama-apula ezihlahleni zezihlahla.
Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo lo mndeni yiNyakatho Melika. Ama-Aphelins axazululwa ngokomthetho eYurophu. Sekukonke, izazi zezinto eziphilayo zazi izinhlobo ezingama-50 zalezinambuzane ezizuzisayo kubantu.
Amasayizi we-aphelinus endala aqala kumamilimitha amahlanu kuya kwayi-15. Umzimba umnyama, kwesinye isikhathi uphethini ophuzi. Parasitize egazini nasebhali aphid.
I-Eurytoma schreineri
I-Eurytoma schreineri yi-phytophage edla kuma-alimondi, iplamu, ne-cherry plum. Ngokuvamile, inkathazo ithela i-apricot, ama-cherries nama-cherries. Kusakazwa kabanzi engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia.
Izilinganiso zomqhele we-plum kusuka kumamilimitha amane kuya kwayisithupha. Abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa. Umbala womzimba umnyama. Imilenze iphuzi. Izimpiko zinomthambo owodwa. Amaqanda afakelwe isiqu, ubude, abe nombala wamafu (ingilazi).
Insikazi ibeka amaqanda ezitsheni ezincane ngaphambi kokuba imbewu iqine. Izithelo ezonakele zikhukhumala kakhulu zivela ezihlahleni maphakathi nehlobo, zingafinyeleli ekuvuthweni.
Izibungu zifihla emathanjeni ezithelo. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, uyathulula. Le nqubo ithatha amasonto amathathu. Umuntu omdala kancane kancane (ezinsukwini ezimbili kuya kweziyisithupha) ugaya igobolondo lethambo lezithelo bese ephuma. Uma intwasahlobo isomile futhi ithambo lome kakhulu, izibungu ziyafa ngaphakathi kwalo.
Half of izibungu uya kabusha ubusika ngaphandle kokwetha.
I-Torymus druparum
I-Torymus druparum ithela izihlahla zama-apula kanye namapheya. Kuthunyelwe eCentral Asia naseYurophu. Kutholakala eNyakatho Melika.
Ubukhulu bomuntu odla imbewu yemapula usuka ku-2,7 kuya ku-3.5 millimeter. Umbala womzimba uluhlaza. Izimpondo nemilenze iphuzi. Abesifazane bane-ovipositor yangaphandle. Iqanda lesimo oblong ngenqubo.
Izibungu ezisebenzisa ngokweqile ezitsheni eziwile. Zidonsela amanzi entwasahlobo, kepha yingxenye kuphela yezinambuzane eziphuma embewini. Izibungu ezisele zithunyelwa ebusika kabusha.
Izithelo ezilimele zingabuna, kepha iningi lazo zihlala esihlahleni bese zivuthwe. Ukulahleka okukhulu kwabadli bembewu kubangelwa ama-nurseries akhula ama-apula ahlukahlukene kanye nezihlahla zethanga.
Isibeletho sezintuthwane ezigawula amaqabunga ziyisisindo esiphindwe izikhathi ezingama-700 samalungu amancane kakhulu e-koloni. Amaqiniso amangalisayo kusuka empilweni yalezi zinambuzane angatholakala ku-https: //stopvreditel.ru/rastenij/lesov/muravi-listorezy.html isixhumanisi. .
Iqiniso elihehayo
Ku-chalcid detachment, abantu abathile batholakala benokuziphatha okungahambisani ngokuphelele nenhloso yabo yemvelo. Omunye wabamele lezi zinhlayiya uhlonishwe ngokuthi "wamunca" umlimi endlebeni ngenkathi yena esebenza esimini yakhe. Indlebe ngemuva kokulimala ilimele, kwathi ngosuku lwesithathu unkosikazi wesisulu wabona ukuthi ... izibungu ezincane zaphuma kanjani enxebeni. Ukwelashwa okuphuthumayo esibhedlela kusindise impilo yomuntu. Odokotela basusa izibungu ezingaba ngu-400 ezazivele ziphume emaqanda endlebeni engaphakathi.
Umuntu angaqagela nje ukuthi kuzokwenzekani kulowo muntu ohluphekayo uma engatholanga kudokotela ohlinzayo ngesikhathi.
Ngenhlanhla, abantu abanjengoCosta Rican noma u-Ocular Kamikaze bamane nje bayizinambuzane zezinambuzane zomhlaba, okuze kube manje, abantu bahlangane nazo kwesisodwa.
Zuza futhi ulimaze
Izinambuzane zeCalcides ziyaxaka, njengabo bonke abagibeli.
Ezinye izinhlobo zilimaza okusanhlamvu, izihlahla zezithelo, amajikijolo nezivini, kubhubhisa izinyosi. Abanye, kunalokho, baqapha isivuno sethu.
Ubuchwepheshe obulandelayo busetshenziselwa ukulwa nezinambuzane zezolimo. Amaphaphu wegciwane atheleleke elabhoratri enama-chalcides anamathiselwe amakhadi amakhadi akhethekile. Ngokunamathisela ikhadi elinjalo esiqwini sesitshalo, ungaqiniseka ngokuphepha kwesitshalo.
Kufika ku-200 ama-Trichographma bricaee females avela kwizibungu ezithelelekile, zona ezithinta izibungu. Indlela yokuvikela isetshenziselwa ukhukhamba, isitshalo seqanda, utamatisi, upelepele kanye nama-sitrobheli kanye nama-raspberries, amakhabe, amakhabe, izimbali zokuhlobisa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-insecticides aphilayo kugwema ukusetshenziswa kwezibi futhi kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo yezolimo kubantu.
Ama-Trichographmatids
AmaCalcides agibela indlela yokuphila yokuxhamazela. Lolu hlobo luhlakulela izimvemvane namabhu, kanye nangamabhungane. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-800 ze-trichogrammatid zibaliwe. Isici esibonakalayo salaba bagibeli ubukhulu babo be-microscopic - ubude abudluli imililitha eyi-1.
I-http: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctVv9i_haN8Izimbali zenza ama-oviposition kwizibungu zamabhungane kanye novemvane, zivame ukuhlasela izinambuzane - ama-scoops wasebusika kanye neklabishi. Ezinye izinhlobo zibhubhisa ama-dragonflies, izimbungulu nezinambuzane zasemanzini. Lo mndeni wabagibeli usetshenziselwa ukubhujiswa kwemvelo kwenundu le-apula.
I-Leucospidae
Lolu hlobo luhlakulela kuma-wasps nezinyosi, lubangele ukulimala kwezidleke zezinyosi. Hola izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-130 zalolu hlobo lwe-chalcid. Ubude bomzimba wabadala buxhomekeke ezinhlotsheni, ikakhulukazi ngamamilimitha angama-4 kuya kweziyi-17.
Amanye ama-chalcids alimaza iminyovu nezinyosi. Abagibeli bakhulu impela, futhi umbala wabo ufana ne-wasp. Isisu sidlulile, siphakeme.
Ikhanda likhulu ngama-antennae amafushane. Umbala oyinhloko womzimba umnyama onamabala amaningi nemivimbo yombala ophuzi. Izinyawo ziphuzi.
Ameva ePlum
Ama-Chalcides abukeka ngokuhlukile, ngokuya ngezinhlobo nendawo yokuhlala. Lolu hlobo lwabagibeli yi-phytophage, zilimaza iplamu, i-almond ne-cherry plum, ezimweni ezingandile, zithinta ama-cherries, ama-cherries nama-apricots. Abagibeli batholakala ngamanani amakhulu engxenyeni yaseYurophu yezwe lethu.
Imiqhele yeplamu yabesifazane inkulu kunabesilisa. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bomuntu ngamunye ngamamayela ayi-4-6. Umzimba unombala omnyama, kanti imilenze iphuzi.
Izimpiko ngomthambo owodwa. Emaqanda kukhona iziqu zesimo esidlulile. Amaqanda anengilazi, anamafu.
Izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda ezitsheni ezincane kuze kube yilapho ithambo selilukhuni kuzo. Ukusuka kulokhu, izithelo ziqala ukubumbana ku-masse, hhayi ukuvuthwa.
Izibungu ze-plum longhorn zichitha ubusika ethanjeni le-fetus, futhi entwasahlobo ziyancipha. Le nqubo ihlala cishe amasonto amathathu. Umuntu omdala ongumuntu ukhula ameva aququda isibeletho ngezinsuku ezi-2-6 bese ephuma.
Esimweni sezulu esomile, amathambo aba lukhuni kakhulu bese izibungu ziyafa kuwo. Ingxenye yobusika bezibungu futhi.
I-Plum adle
Abagibeli bashaya ithini lamapheya kanye nama-apula. Zivamile eYurophu naseCentral Asia, ngaphezu kwalokho, zitholakala eSulfur America. Ubukhulu bomuntu odla ubudoda babantu abadala ngamamitha ayi-2,7-3,5.
Umzimba unombala oluhlaza okotshani, kanti imilenze nezinsana ziphuzi. Amaqanda agcwele izinqubo.
Izibungu zichitha ubusika ezithelweni eziwile. Ukuphanga kwenzeka entwasahlobo, kepha yingxenye kuphela yezinambuzane ekhethiwe ngaphandle, kanti izibungu ezisele zihlala ziphinda zidala ubusika.
Ama-Chalcides akha i-superfamily ephelele. Izithelo ezilinywe abadli bembewu zingawa, kepha eziningi zazo zisanda kuvuthwa. Umonakalo omkhulu walezi zinambuzane ubangelwa emalokishini lapho kutshalwa khona izihlahla ezihlahlayo nezihlahla zama-apula.
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Yini izici zesinambuzane
Ama-Chalcides ayizinambuzane zohlobo olukhethekile lwezinambuzane. Lezi izinambuzane ezinamaphiko ezinamaphiko. Iningi labamele libonakaliswa yinsimbi yensimbi. Kuma-isosomes amnyama kuphela kanye nabadli bembewu (ama-eurytomid) kanye nama-thorimides aphuzi aphuzi, isici esinsimbi asikho.
Ama-Chalcides ayizinambuzane ezincane. Ngaphandle kwalokho, bebengeke babe yisinambuzane ezihlotsheni ezivela kweminye imindeni nezifundo. Ukubhaliswa komuntu ngamunye kuhluke ngosayizi, kususela kweshumi ezimbalwa kuya kumamilimitha angama-5-7. AmaKhalcid anezimpiko ezinemithambo ebuthakathaka. Ngendlela, akuwona wonke amadoda wesilisa axhaswe amaphiko. Abesifazane badinga le ngxenye yomzimba ukufinyelela abanikeli abakhulu. Ukutheleleka kwamabamba kwenzeka esiteji sokubekwa kweqanda.
Abanye abamele ama-chalcides babizwa ngokuthi abagibeli bezindlela zesifazane abeka amaqanda ngazo. Bahlala ngemuva kwesinambuzane esinikelayo kusuka phezulu bese behlaba isisulu nge-oviduct, bafake amaqanda abo kuso. Isinambuzane asifi ngokushesha, kodwa sesivele singenwe yileli gciwane. Ngaphambi kokuba lowo onikelayo afe, uzokondla amaqanda nezibungu zesimungumungwane.
Kukhona ama-chalcides akhetha izilwane njengomnikeli wazo, futhi munye kuphela omele i-hymenoptera othanda abantu njengomgcini. Le chalcid yaseCosta Rican ye-kamikaze.
Ama-chalcides eCosta Rican kuphela ayingozi kubantu
Phakathi kwama-chalcides ahlukile:
- ama-ectoparasites, ebeka amaqanda awo ngaphandle, kwisinambuzane,
- ama-endoparasites ane-ovipositor ende, efana ne-ovipositor abeka ngayo amaqanda ngaphakathi kwesinambuzane.
I-parasitism yesibili kanye neye-tertiary kwenzeka. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi ngama-superparasites, lapho izinambuzane zibekela amaqanda kwisinambuzane kuvuthanisa esinye isilokazana noma isilwane.
Yini imixhaso yesinambuzane
Emvelweni kunemindeni engama-24 yama-chalcides - amashumi ambalwa ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Zonke zikhonjiswe etafuleni.
Imindeni yamaKhalcid | Yini ukuhlakulela | Inani lezinhlobo ezaziwayo | Bahlukaniswa nini futhi nobani? |
---|---|---|---|
Ama-Agaonids (Agaonidae) | ama-phytophages (ama-pollinators wezihlahla zamakhiwane) | ≥757 | I-Walker 1848) |
I-Aphelinidae (Aphelinidae) | izimuncagazi aphid, coccid, aleirodides. | ≥1100 | Thomson, 1876 |
Ama-Azotides (Azotidae) | Uhlobo loku-1, izinhlobo ezingama-92, ngaphambili zahlukaniswa kwi-subspecies i-Aphelinidae | UNikolskaya no-Yasnosh ngonyaka ka-1966 | |
I-Chalcidides (Chalcididae) | Pararize ku-butterfly pupae, izibungu ezi-dipterous. | ≥1500 | ILatreille, ngo-1817 |
Torymidae I-Torimides | ama-phytophages, ama-parasites amaqanda ezinambuzane abekwe indlela ye-capsule (ooteki) | ≥1500 | Walker, 1833) |
I-Pteromalidae (Ama-Pteromalids) | izimuncagazi ze-coleopterans (mabhungane), iDiptera, i-hymenoptera, kufaka phakathi lezo ezisencwadini engomakhelwane yama-chalcides. | ≥4000 | UDalman, ngo-1820 |
Ama-eucheritids (i-Eucharitidae) | I-parasitic on izintuthwane (Formicidae) | 389 | ILatreille, ngo-1809 |
Ama-Eulophids (Eulophidae) kwesinye isikhathi ayefaka no-subspecies u-Elasmidae | izimuncagazi zezimvemvane, izimpukane, namakhukhunathi. | Cishe i-4000 | EWestwood, ngo-1829 |
Ama-Eurytomides (I-Eurytomidae) | Ama-phytophages nama-parasitoids. Izinhlobo ze-parasitism ziningi, amacala e-multi- kanye ne-kleptoparasitism ayaziwa. | ≥1200 | Walker, 1832 |
Ama-Trichographmatids I-Trichographmatidae | izimuncagazi zomuntu odla amaqanda iLepidoptera, eColeoptera. | ≥700 | IHoliday et Walker, ngo-1851) |
Ama-Cinipoids, noma amaNuts (i-Cynipoidea) | Phytophages. Fomula ukwakheka okunjenge-nati | Cishe bangama-3000 | |
Tanaostigmatidae () | phytophages namafomu enyongo | 88 | Howard, 1890 |
I-Signiphoridae (Signiphoridae) | Ama-parasites kuma-parine-winged parasites zezitshalo, i-dipterous. Hyperparasites of riders of encyrtids. | 78 | I-Ashmead, ngo-1880 |
I-Eupelmidae | izinambuzane Lepidoptera, diptera, Coccoidea | Izinhlobo ezingama-≥3900. | (Walker, 1833) (Westwood, |
Encyrtidae | izinambuzane Coccoidea, Lepidoptera | Izinhlobo ezingama-3600 | Walker, 1837 |
I-Eurytoma schreineri ithathwa njenge-phyto-pest, ngoba ifaka amaqanda kuma-alimondi angavuthiwe, iplamu iplamu, amathambo e-plum. I-parasite ayideleli futhi i-apricot, imigodi yama-cherry. ICalcid, ebhebhetheke maphakathi neRussia, yaziwa ngokuthi i-plum ameed. Ikhula ngaphakathi kwe-4-6 mm. Umzimba umnyama. Ngosayizi, insikazi inkulu kunezakwabo. Imilenze iphuzi. Emaphikweni munye kuphela. Amaqanda e-Vitreous ayakhuphuka ngenxa yesiqu. Ethintwa ibhelefish, izithelo ziyawa ezihlahleni, zingaze zifinyelele ekuvuthweni.
I-Costa Rican chalcide ithanda isimo sezulu esishisayo
Okungena kakhulu kubhekwa njenge-chamcid kamikaze yase-Afrika, iqinisa izilwane ezincelisayo. Lesi sidlakudla sihlala emazweni aseMelika. Lokhu, kuze kube manje, ukuphela komuntu kusuka ku-chalcid obeka engcupheni yokuhlakazeka kumuntu. Esithombeni seCosta Rican chalcid kamikaze kungabonakala ukuthi lesi isinambuzane esibonakala singenabungozi esifana nentuthwane.
Ingozi i-oviduct ende, lapho isinambuzane sikhonkotha khona inyamazane yaso, sidubula isisulu nge-ketshezi enamaqanda amancane agobhoza kuyo.
Amaqanda okwesikhashana aphenduka izibungu futhi aqhubeke nokukhula, abangele nobuhlungu obukhulu. Uma umuntu ekhombisa ukungakhathaleli futhi engaxhumani nodokotela ngesikhathi esifanele, khona-ke izibungu ezikhulayo ngosayizi zingabulala abanikelayo.
Yini enhle futhi elimazayo
Njengawo wonke ama-parasites, ama-chalcides ayizinambuzane. Kepha bona ngendlela yabo balawula inani lezinambuzane ezisemhlabeni. Phakathi kwabanikazi babagibeli kunezinambuzane eziningi ezihlanza izitshalo ezitshaliwe. Umuntu ufunde ukufuya izinhlobo ezithile zabagibeli ezisiza ukulwa nezinambuzane zasengadini kanye nensimu ngokuxuba izinambuzane kuzo.
Amanye ama-chalcides akhiwa ngokukhethekile ukulawula izinambuzane zasengadini.
Abagibeli bathole igama labo lesidlaliso ngoba, behleli phezulu kwesinambuzane, babeka amaqanda kuso. Amaqanda, akhula, athola umsoco kusuka ezinambuzaneni zomnikeli, okuthi-ke, kuphele amandla, kuthi ekugcineni, kufe.
Ngakho-ke, ama-chalcides anaostigmatidae angabagibeli abancane abeka amaqanda ezinambuzaneni ezakha i-halogen. Lezi zinambuzane nazo zingama-chalcides. Bathola igama labo lesidlaliso lokwakheka kwama-pathogenic tumors nokukhula ezitshalweni ezibangela ukufa kwabo. Ngakho-ke, ama-anaostigmatidae ayizinambuzane zezinambuzane ezivikela izimbali.
Izinhlobo ezithile ze-trichographmatids, eziyizinhlayiya zenundu lama-apula, zazizalwa ngokukhethekile futhi zixazululwe eduze kwezihlahla zezithelo. ICalcides Leucospidae, ihlanganisa izinyosi kanye neminyovu, ngakolunye uhlangothi ilimaza kakhulu apiaries. Futhi ubangele ukulahleka. Abafuyi bezinyosi bazame konke okusemandleni abo ukubasusa.
Okudingayo
Njengoba sekushiwo, esigabeni seqanda, kanti ezinye izinambuzane esigabeni sezibungu zidla umgcini wazo. Abantu abadala - abantu abadala badla impova nempe yezitshalo. Abanye abamele ama-chalcides badla imbewu yezitshalo ezitshaliwe, ngaleyo ndlela balimaze abantu.
ICynipoidea ifaka izihlahla ze-oki
Amantongomane asenyakatho hemisphere (Cynipoidea) athela izitshalo nezimpande zezihlahla ze-oki, akha kuzo ukukhula okufana nokwakheka kwamantongomane. I-walnut izimpande, efana nentuthwane enamaphiko, ithanda izihlahla ze-oki. Ubeka amaqanda emagatsheni e-oki nasezimpandeni.
I-Blastophage wasps evela emndenini we-agonid ibeka amaqanda ezithelo zamakhiwane, futhi ngenxa yalokho impova i-inflorescence yayo. Izinhlobo zakudala ze-os-blastophages zidla kumajusi wamakhiwane.
Ukuzalela
Ama-Chalcides abonakala ngesethi engakhokhelwa yama-chromosomes. Lezi zinambuzane zizalela amaqanda abekwa ngumfazi. Izindlela zokubeka amaqanda ezinhlotsheni ngazinye ziyehluka:
- ama-trichographs alala emaqanda ezinye, izinambuzane ezinkulu,
- I-Pteromalus puparum - ku-pupae yabamhlophe b uvemvane,
- ama-encyrtids, ama-aphelinuses - emzimbeni wezinambuzane ngokuguqulwa okungaphelele, njengezimpethu, ama-aphid, izinambuzane ezikalwa.
- I-leucospidae iyabulala izinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ngabantu. Isibonelo, kuzinyosi zezinyosi, kunciphisa kakhulu inani labantu,
- ezinambuzaneni - izinyamazane,
- Ngakho-ke, ezinhlanyelweni zezitshalo, ama-chalcides adala imbewu yezinhlamvu abangela umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo,
- emathanjeni nasezithelweni zezitshalo ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinsikazi ezindala zihlobisa izitshalo lezi, ezibanika ithuba lokuzakhela isithelo, kanti ngakolunye, bazisebenzisela bona lesi sithelo,
- impisi ye-wolfarth, ngokungafani ne-kamikaze chalcid, isebenzisa ithuba lelo lapho umuntu elele, futhi ibekele amaqanda kulowo olele.
Yiziphi izinzuzo zabagibeli bezinambuzane? Mayelana nalokhu, bona le vidiyo:
Amaqanda akhula, akhula futhi aphenduka izibungu, ekugcineni adle abanikelayo, eze emhlabeni futhi aphenduke umuntu omdala.