Ekhishini lasehlobo, ezakhiweni zokwakhiwa, emihumeni, ezindlini, uvame ukuhlangana ne-rodent ebizwa ngokuthi igundane lendlu. Lezi zilwane ezincane ezingama-nimble bezilokhu zihamba kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngokusobala, lolu hlobo lwamagundane lwethulwa ngokudla nezinye izimpahla ezivela eNyakatho India noma e-Afrika, eNtshonalanga Asia. Umuntu uye waba imbangela yokusakazeka kwawo emhlabeni wonke.

Indawo yokuhlala nezinhlobo

Amagundane asendlini ayizilwane zasendle hhayi ezingenangozi impela. Babenegama labo kuphela ngoba bazizwa bekhulu futhi behlala ngokuthula eduze kwabantu. Igundane le-brownie laba ngummeleli wezilwane ezincelisayo, ezasakazeka masinyane ezindaweni eziningi.

Lesi silwane esincane asithandi ukubanda nokuntuleka komswakama. Abathandi bemvelo yasendle nenokhahlo yasenyakatho ekude, i-permafrost, i-Antarctica, izindawo eziphakeme ngeke bakwazi ukuthatha izithombe zamagundane ezindlini zabo zokuhlala zemvelo. Amane nje awasindeli lapho. Kepha baphila ngentokozo ezindaweni ezifuywayo.

Emhlabeni wesayensi, kwahlukaniswa igundane lendlu. Ososayensi bachaze cishe izingcingo eziyikhulu namashumi amathathu zalaba bantu. NgesiLatini, lesi silwane sibizwa nge- Mus musculus. Igama lesithathu egameni lakhe libonisa indawo yokuhlala enkulu. Ngokujwayelekile, amagundane ahlelwe zaba izincazelo ezi-4:

• m. castaneus - uhlala eSoutheast Asia,
• m. bactrianus - indawo yokuhlala yase-Eshiya, ngaphandle kwaseningizimu nasempumalanga,
• m. ezifuywayo - zithole isiphephelo eMelika, Australia, Europe kanye nasendaweni enkulu yase-Afrika,
• m. ama-musculus - la magundane ahlala eMpumalanga Yurophu nasendaweni enkulu yeRussia.

Izinkampani ezingaphansi kweJapan M.m. I-molossinus yathathwa njenge-subspecies yesihlanu evulekile, okuyiqembu eliphambili, kepha ngokusho kwemininingwane yakamuva ingxubevange kaM. i-castaneus ne-M.m musculus.

Iqiniso liyaziwa ukuthi eRoma yasendulo akekho noyedwa owahlukanisa amagundane kumagundane, ngakho-ke igundwane lalithathwa njegundwane elikhulu.

Izici zangaphandle

Igundane elisendlini liyinyamazane enomsila omude nomzimba oqanda. Ubukhulu besilwane buqala kusuka ku-6.5 kuya ku-9,5 cm. Abanye banesithakazelo embuzweni wokuthi ingakanani igundane lendlu elinesisindo uma umsila, umbozwe ngezinwele ezimfushane nezikali ezicijile, ucishe ube ngama-60% ubude bomzimba. Impendulo iyaxaka futhi isisindo esijwayelekile sentambo esingamagremu ayi-12-30.

Igundane lendlu esithombeni libonisa umbala walo kahle. Kepha umbala wejazi uyahluka ngokuya ngendawo okuhlala kuyo futhi uhlukahluka kusuka kusihlabathi esikhanyayo kuya ku-brown brown hue. Isisu sayo yonke imixhaso imhlophe noma imhlophe. Amagundane agqitshwa njengezilwane ezihlobisa ekhaya angaba mhlophe, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, omnyama, ophuzi futhi aboleke izimbotshana. Amagundane asendlini yabesifazane anezimbambo ezi-5 zezingono. Ukwehluka kobulili ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane akuvezwa kahle.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Ngonyaka owodwa, umuntu oyedwa omdala angaletha izingane eziyi-14. Lesi yisibalo esikhulu sezingane ezisencane, ngoba ekudleni ngakunye kungaba namazinyane amathathu kuya kwayishumi nambili.

Amagundane azalwa engenawo ama-hairline, izimpumputhe, kepha amagundane asendlini akhula ngokushesha:

• Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 sebevele banengubo yabo yoboya,
• ngosuku lwamashumi amabili nanye bazimele ngokuphelele futhi bashiya isidleke somzali,
• kuthatha amaviki ayisikhombisa ukuthi abantu abasha baqale ukuzala kabusha inzalo yabo.

Ngenkathi yokuzalela, amagundane endlu yabesilisa, azama ukuheha insikazi, akhipha isignali yomsindo eyehlukahluka ebangeni lama-30-110 kHz. Lesi sikhalazo, nobunzima baso, sisondela ekuculeni kwezinyoni. Insikazi nayo ingahlobana nokunye okukhonjwe amagundane, anjenge-kolonchikovye. Inzalo, ngaphandle kwalokhu, ikhula iphile ngokuphelele.

Impilo yezintwala zasendlini igcwele izingozi nobungozi. Zivame ukubanjwa inyamazane, izimpungushe, izinyoka, ama-mongoose, izinyoni ezidla inyama. Ngisho namagundane abulala la magundane ahamba ngokushesha. Izitha eziningi ezinjalo zinciphisa kakhulu izimpilo zazo.

Ngokwesilinganiso, igundane lendlu lihlala ezinyangeni eziyi-12 kuye kwezingu-18, kepha ekudingisweni, impilo yegundane ingakhuphukela eminyakeni emi-2.

Ama-Rodents awaboni kahle, kepha ezinye izitho zomqondo zizisiza ukuba zisinde: ukuzwa nokuhogela:

• amandla wegundane lendlu ukuthola umsindo kumafrikhwishini afinyelela ku-100 kHz ngokuvamile asindisa izimpilo zawo,
• Umuzwa ophuthukile wephunga usiza ekutholeni ukudla nasekuboneni izihlobo zazo.

Ezandleni nasegundane lendlu, kutholakala izindlala ezikhethekile zezithukuthuku ezishiya uphawu lwendlela yamagundane. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, kanye nomchamo, kukhululwa izinto ezibangela ukwethuka nokundiza kwezihlobo. Iphunga lesitofu liqinile futhi ligxilile, lingahlala kuze kuphele amahora ayisithupha. Kepha iningi lawo amagundane asendlini aphendula iphunga elishiywe kula macala ngabesilisa. Izinsikazi ze-pheromone ezixwayisayo zibona abesifazane kuphela.

Habitat

Indawo yokuhlala yegundane

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, zihlala ezinhlabathini ezithambile, lapho zigaya khona udaka olujule ngamasentimitha angama-20-30. Esikhathini esibandayo, isidleke singafakwa ekujuleni kuka-50-60 cm. Amagundane asendlini adlulela emakhaya awo afinyelela kumitha elilodwa ubude futhi aphuma ngokuphuthumayo. emikhondweni emibili emithathu.

Ngaphansi kwe-mink kumbozwe amahlumela athambile, iphepha, izingcezu zezindwangu, izimpaphe zezinyoni. Uma kunezidleke zezinye izilwane ezincane eduzane, amagundane asendlini angasinda ekubambeni noma ahlalise lapho kuhlala imifantu nembobo yemvelo.

Lezi izinduku ezincane zigcina ikhaya lazo lihlelekile futhi lihlanzekile. Uma ngokungazelelwe imfucuza iba manzi, iba ngcolile kakhulu noma ixazululwe ngamagciwane, amagundane asendlini asuka ngokushesha esidlekeni ayokwakha okusha.

Izilwane zingezilwane zasebusuku, kodwa ezihlala nabantu, zivumela esimisweni sazo sokuvuka. Ezimweni zokukhanya kokufakelwa, zingahlala zibalulekile amahora angama-24. Ukuhlala endaweni yabantu, amagundane asendlini afuna ama-nook kanye ne-crannies ngaphansi kwephansi, ku-attic kudoti.

Uma ubheka isithombe sezimpuku zendlu, khona-ke kungabonakala sengathi ziphephe kakhulu futhi azikwazi ukuzivikela. Kepha ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, bona uqobo bangasebenza njengabazingeli. Imvelo yabavuza ngokuhamba:

• gijimani ngokushesha (12-13 km / h)
• gxuma futhi ukhuphuke kahle
• yazi ukubhukuda kahle.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, amagundane ezindlini azama ukuhlala ngokwehlukana komunye nomunye, kepha uma lokhu kungenzeki, ahlala emindenini emincane equkethe owesilisa oyedwa nowesifazane abaningi abanamawundlu. Emndenini, ukuziphatha ngolaka akuvamile. Izicubu zomzimba zenzeka ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabesilisa kanye nesikhathi lapho isizukulwane esisha esikhulayo sisinda esidlekeni.

Umsoco

Amagundane asekhaya kufanele aphuze aze afike ku-3 ml wamanzi ngosuku. Uma ziwela esimweni sezulu esomile futhi zidle ukudla okwomile kuphela, bese zibulawa ukonakala ngemuva kwamasonto amabili.

Ukuba ngumakhelwane nomuntu kubanikeza ithuba elicacile ezinhlobeni zokuphakelwa. Abakwazi ukudla ukudla okujwayelekile, kepha nenyama, imikhiqizo yobisi, njengoshokoledi. Uma kungekho abanikazi bendlu, akunzima ukuthi bazame insipho, amakhandlela, i-glue nezinye izinto eziwusizo kubantu.

Shintsha ngamanani nokubaluleka kwabantu

Inani lamagundane liyahlukahluka ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka. Izimo zobusika ezihlukile azifaki isandla ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwezingane, ngakho-ke amagundane endlu alinda ukufika kwentwasahlobo kanye nehlobo. Ekuqaleni kwekwindla, inani lezilwane lifinyelela inani elikhulu kunawo wonke, bese ukuzala kwehla kuze kube yintwasahlobo elandelayo. Ezimweni ezinhle, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kubonwa unyaka wonke, ikoloni lingakhuphula isibalo izikhathi ezi-2 kuya kwezi-2.

Ebantwini, amagundane asendlini aba yingozi ethile. Zingaba ngumthombo wezifo eziyingozi, njenge-pseudotuberculosis, leptospirosis, i-tularemia, isifo kanye nabanye abaningi.

Ukutheleleka kungadluliselwa ngokuphuma kwezilwane, kanye nangezinhlwayi ezingena gazi, eziguqula kalula ukusingathwa kwazo nokudlulisela kubantu.

I-mammary mammary tumor (igciwane leMMTV) lelo gundane lithwala, ngokusho kososayensi, lingaba yisizathu sokukhula komdlavuza webele wabantu.

Indima enhle yalezi zilwane ezincane ayinakuphikwa. Amagundane asendlini asetshenziselwa izivivinyo zesayensi kuwo wonke ama-laboratories emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuzikhethela kwehlela kule pende ngenxa yejubane layo eliphakeme lokuzalela. Izinhlobo zaselabhorethri zivame ukuba nzalo zohlobo oluthile lwangaphambilini olwaziwayo.

Amagundane asendlini asetshenziswa ngabantu njengezinto zokuphakelayo zama-terrariums. Mhlawumbe lokhu akuyona into enobuntu ngokuphelele, kepha ezilwaneni zasendle kunenqubo yokudla izinduku ezincane ezinezilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinye izilwane ezinkulu. Umthetho womjikelezo kanye nokulondolozwa kokuphila eMhlabeni wethu awukakhanselwa kuze kube manje. Ngeke futhi sizame.

Incazelo yeRentent

Ubude bomzimba wegundane lendlu buyi-6.5-9,5 cm.I ubude lomsila lingama-60% maqondana nobude bomzimba, ingaphezulu layo limbozwe ngezikali ezi-horny ezihlelwe ngamasongo, kanye nezinwele ezimfishane. Isisindo sabantu abadala sisuka ku-12 kuye kuma-30 g. Izindlebe ziyindilinga, zincane. Uboya bumnyama noma bumsundu-grey, i-tummy i-ash grey noma imhlophe. Amagundane ogwadule alula, ijazi lawo linesihlabathi siphuzi, futhi isisu sazo simhlophe. Amagundane aphethwe mhlophe, amnyama, aphuzi, ampunga futhi anemibala. Abesifazane banezimbambo ezi-5 zezingono.

Izici Amandla Egundane Lendlu

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, amagundane asendlini adla kakhulu imbewu yezitshalo zasendle nezitshaliwe. Bancamela imbewu yembewu, okusanhlamvu ne-Asteraceae. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zidla izinambuzane, izibungu zazo, i-carrion. Izingxenye eziluhlaza zezitshalo zenza ukufika ku-1/3 wevolumu yokuphakelwa esetshenzisiwe. Ngokuphaka okwanele, amasheya ayenziwa.

Amagundane asendlini adla cishe ama-3 ml wamanzi ngosuku, futhi azwela kakhulu ekuphepheni komzimba.

Ukuphila eduze kwabantu, amagundane adla konke ukudla okutholakalayo, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nensipho, amakhandlela, ne-glue. Amabele, ilayisi, i-oats, inyama, ushokoledi, imikhiqizo yobisi ifakiwe ekudleni kwakho.

Ukusabalala kwegundane lendlu

Izwe legundane lendlu lisenyakatho neNdiya noma enyakatho ye-Afrika noma i-Western Asia; kuzo zonke lezi zindawo, izinhlobo ziyaziwa esifundeni saso sezinto eziphilayo. Kamuva, kanye nabantu, igundane lendlu lasakazeka emhlabeni wonke futhi namuhla liyisilwane esivelanayo.

Amagundane ezindlini awahlali kuphela e-Far North, e-Antarctica nasezintabeni ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Ukutholakala kwawo kukhawulelwe ngandlela thile ngokushisa komoya okuphansi kanye nomswakama ophezulu. E-Russia, amagundane asendlini awahlali enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia, eTaimyr, eduze kweYenisei neLena, entabeni tundra.

Inani lamagundane endlu liyahlukahluka ngesizini, ekupheleni kobusika lincane kunazo zonke, futhi ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nenkathi yokuzalanisa, inani labantu likhula futhi lifinyelela isilinganiso salo ekwindla.

Izinhlobo Ezijwayelekile Zamagundane

Mayelana nokubhaliswa okungu-130 kwegundane lasendlini kuchaziwe, okuhlanganiswe kuhlobalwazi olusemqoka ngendawo yendawo yokuhlala:

• UMus musculus musculus uyisakhamuzi saseMpumalanga Yurophu, usuka ePoland uye empumalanga, iningi leRussia.
• I-Mus musculus homus - Indawo yokuhlala ifaka iYurophu, iMelika, i-Australia, ne-Afrika.
• I-Mus musculus bactrianus - etholakala e-Asia, ngaphandle kwesifunda saseningizimu mpumalanga.
• I-Mus musculus castaneus - isatshalaliswa eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi eRoma yasendulo, amagundane awazange ahlukaniswe ngamagundane, owokuqala abizwa ngeMus Minimus, nowesibili uMus Musimimus.

Ukuziphatha kwegundane lendlu

Igundane lendlu lihlala emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezwe. Uhlobo luhlotshaniswa kakhulu nabantu, okungukuthi, lungezinhlobo zezinto ezinhlobonhlobo, futhi luhlala ezakhiweni zokuhlala nasezakhiweni ezakhiwayo.

Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, ukufuduka kwesizini kuyimpawu yamagundane. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kokuthanda ihlobo nokwindla, zihamba ziqonde eduze kwezindawo ezondlayo: izakhiwo zokuhlala, imifino namagranari, izindawo zokugcina. Ububanzi bokufuduka okunjalo bufika ku-3-5 km. Amagundane asendlini ahlala ejwayelekile ngamabhande amahlathi, izitaki kanye nezintambo. Entwasahlobo, izinduku zibuyela ezindaweni zazo zemvelo, amasimu, izingadi nezihlahla zezithelo.

Ogwadule nasezinhlangwini ezingxenyeni eseningizimu yebanga, amagundane ezindlini ahlala unyaka wonke ngaphandle kwamakhaya abantu, ngokuba seduze kwama-oazi namachibi.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, amagundane asendlini ahlala kunhlabathi ethambile nenomswakama, lapho abamba khona imigodi emincane: ifinyelela ku-1 m ubude, 20-30 cm ukujula nokungena okungama-1-3. Ebusika, i-mink iyajula ibe ngu-50-60 cm. Ububanzi begumbi lokudlela bungama-10-25 cm, amagundane afakwe ulwelwe ngezimbambo ezithambile zezitshalo. Izicubu zezinye izinduku (ama-voles, ama-voles, ama-voles, ama-gerbils) nazo zingahlala. Eduze komuntu, amagundane asendlini ahlala ngaphansi phansi, kuma-attic, ezinqwaba zodoti. Isidleke sakhiwe kusuka kunoma yiziphi izinto ezitholakalayo: iphepha, izindwangu zezindwangu, uvolo, izimpaphe, imicu yokufakelwa, futhi zigcinwa zihlanzekile. Ngokwemvelo, baphila indlela yasekuseni neyezikhathi zobusuku, eduze kwabantu ukuzivumelanisa nemisebenzi yabo. Lapho uhamba, landela izindlela ezingapheli futhi udale amathrekhi abonakalayo ngezinqwaba zezinkunkuma nodaka.

Amagundane asendlini ayizilwane zasendlini ezihamba phambili, ezigijimayo, zigijimela ngokushesha (finyelela ngejubane le-12-13 km / h), gibela, gxuma futhi futhi zibhukuda, kepha azihambi kude nesidleke. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, igundane ngalinye lendlu lithatha indawo ethile efinyelela kumamitha ayi-1200 kowesilisa futhi afinyelela kumamitha angama-900 kowesifazane, noma ahlala ngamaqembu endoda eyodwa nabesifazane abanezizukulwane.

Ukufuya igundane lendlu

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, amagundane asendlini ahlala unyaka wonke. Okunyaka, izintokazi ziletha inzalo engama-5- 10, ngayinye inezingane ezi-3- 12. Ukuze kudonsele izintokazi, abesilisa bakhipha ama-ultrasound ebangeni lama-30-110 kHz, afanayo ngobunzima bezingoma zezinyoni. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-19-21. Ekukhanyisweni kwegundwane kubonakale kungaboni futhi kuhamba-ze. Ngosuku lwe-10 lokuphila, ambozwe ngokuphelele ngoboya, amehlo avulekile emavikini ama-2 ngemuva kokuzalwa, futhi ngeviki lesithathu, izingane ziba nempilo ezimele. Bakhula ngokobulili evikini lokuphila le-5-7.

Isikhathi sokuphila esimweni semvelo siyizinyanga eziyi-12-18, ekuthunjweni - kuze kube yiminyaka engama-2-3.

Izitha zemvelo

Amagundane asendlini azingelwa amakati, izimpungushe, amakati amancane, ama-mongoose, izibankwakazi ezinkulu, izinyoka, izinyoni ezidla inyama, amakhala namahlumela. Amagundane nawo avame ukubulala futhi adle abafowabo abancane.

Kepha amagundane asendlini nawo angaba ngabazingeli. Ngakho-ke, balethwa eSouth Atlantic Island yaseGough, bathatha izimpande futhi babalelwa inani labantu abangama-700,000. Kamuva, amagundane amakhulu aqala ukuhlasela amaphuphu ama-albatross; ngonyaka, abulala amachwane angaphezu kwesigidi.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngegundane:

• Amagundane asendlini ahlukaniswa ngumbono ophansi, kepha ukuzwa okunamandla kakhulu. Bayakwazi ukubona umsindo ngokuvama okufika ku-100 kHz (umkhawulo ophezulu wokuzwela komuntu wokuzwa yi-20 kHz). Ezindaweni ezikhanyayo kancane ziqondiswa ngosizo lwe-vibrissa. Iphunga elibukhali lisiza amagundane ekufuneni ukudla kanye nokuma endaweni, ukuqashelwa kwezihlobo.
• Ukulimala kwegundane lendlu kubantu kuqukethe ukudla izilimo, ukungcolisa ukudla kanye nokudla kwezilwane ngemifino nomchamo, ifenisha yokonakalisa, izintambo zikagesi, izingubo, izincwadi. Umshikashika wezimpisi zezindlu usuphenduke esinye sezizathu zokufakwa kwamakati phakathi kwamakati abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagundane asendlini abekezelela izifo eziningi eziyingozi kubantu, ngokwesibonelo, i-pseudotuberculosis, i-vesicular rickettsiosis, i-leptospirosis, i-tularemia nesifo.
• Ngasikhathi sinye, amagundane asendlini nawo abalethela abantu izinzuzo, ngoba zidotshwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo nezaselabhoratri, njengezilwane "ezondla" amafreyidi. Amagundane asetshenziswa ezifundweni zokuqala njengezilwane zokuhlola nezilwane eziyimodeli, ngenxa yekhono lazo lokuzala kabusha ngokushesha.
• Ngo-2013, kwaqalwa indawo yesikhumbuzo segundane laseNovosibirsk njengokuqashelwa kwendima ye-rodent kwezokwelapha nezokwelapha (bheka isithombe).

Habitat

Igundane le-brownie, isithombe salo esivezwe kule ndatshana, empeleni siyisilwane sasendle. Wathola igama lakhe lokuhlala nomuntu. Amagundane asendlini ahlala yonke indawo emhlabeni, ngaphandle kwe-permafrost, i-Antarctica nezindawo eziphakemeyo.Igama lesilwane lesiLatini nguMus musculus, futhi kufakwa igama lesithathu kulo, okubonisa indawo, ngokwesibonelo, amagundane asezindlini ahlala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia yiMus musculus castaneus. Ezweni lethu, amagundane asendlini nawo ahlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo: iKrasnodar Territory, Isifunda saseRostov, iKrasnoyarsk iTerritory, i-Astrakhan, njll. Okuwukuphela kwendawo eyingqayizivele izifunda zasenyakatho ekude.

Indlela yokuphila

Igundane lendlu lihlala kuma-biotopes ahlukahlukene kanye namathafa omhlaba, kufaka phakathi namathafa enziwe umuntu. Uxhumana kakhulu nabantu futhi uhlala ezakhiweni zamapulazi nezakhiwo zokuhlala. Enyakatho, bahambisa ngokwezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Isibonelo, uma kuphela ihlobo, izilwane ziqala ukuthutha zingene ezindaweni ezifudumele: okusanhlamvu nezitolo zemifino, izakhiwo zokuhlala, nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla. Ububanzi bokufuduka okunjalo bungafinyelela ku-5 km. Isikhathi esiningi ubusika busezinsika, ezitokisini nasemabhande asehlathini. Entwasahlobo bashiya "amafulethi abo ebusika", babuyela ezingadini, ezingadini zasekhishini nasemasimini. Eningizimu yebanga, imvamisa bahlala unyaka wonke ngaphandle kokuhlala komuntu. Kuleli qophelo, amagundane asendlini anamathiselwe emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kumafutha.

Emvelweni, hlala hhayi emhlabathini owomile, nothambile. Lapho bmba imisele emincane yedivayisi elula. Ngaphakathi, bahlela imfucuza, besebenzisa irabha yemifino ethambile kulokhu. Imisele yezinye izilwane nayo ihlala imatasatasa: ama-voles ama-voles, ama-voles, ama-gerbils - noma ezezindlu, asebenzisa imifantu emhlabathini kanye nama-voids emvelo. Bahlala eduze kwendoda, bahlela izidleke zabo ekhoneni elivikelwe kakhulu nelicashile, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwephansi, kuma-attic, inqwaba yemfucuza kanye nodoti wasendlini. Kulokhu, noma yiziphi izinto ezitholakala kuzo zisetshenziselwa isidleke: izigaxa zendwangu, iphepha, izimpaphe, uvolo, imicu yokufakelwa. Amagundane endlu esidlekeni sawo ngenkuthalo agcina ukuhleleka. Uma kwenzeka kungcoliswa udoti obabazekayo, ukutheleleka okuthe xaxa ngezinambuzane noma kumanzi, zimane zishiya le ndawo, ziye kwenye entsha.

Emvelweni, ziyizilwane zasebusuku nezisusa kusihlwa, kepha endaweni yokuhlala yabantu balungisa isimo sabo sansuku zonke nempilo yabantu. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngaphansi kokukhanyisa okwenziwe ngengqondo, bahlala basebenza ubusuku nemini, bekunciphisa kuphela ngesikhathi somsebenzi wabantu abasebenzayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi wezilwane yi-polyphase, kunezikhathi ezifika ku-20 zokuvuka ngosuku, ezihlala imizuzu eyi-90. Njengamanye amagundane amaningi, alandela izindlela ezithile ezingaguquki lapho ehamba, adala amathrekhi abonakalayo ngezinqwaba ezincane zothuli nemithambo ehlanganiswe umchamo.

Amagundane asendlini anesibindi esikhulu, izilwane ezihambahambayo, ziyagijima, ziyagxuma, zigibela futhi zibhukuda kahle impela. Kepha kusuka esidlekeni sazo, akude kakhulu nokususwa kaningi. Igundane ngalinye ngokwemvelo linendawo eyodwa: abesilisa kuze kufike ku-1200 m2 nezinsikazi ukuya ku-900 m2. Kepha ngobuningi obukhulu, inani lezilwane lihlala ngamaqembu amancane emindeni noma amakoloni aqukethe owesilisa oyinhloko, izinsikazi eziningana nezingane zazo. Phakathi kwamalungu aleli koloni, ubudlelwano bezikhundla zobukhosi buhlala busungulwa. Abesilisa banobudlova ngokuqhathana, izinsikazi azinolaka kangako. Ama-skirmish ayivelakancane phakathi kwamaqembu emindeni, ikakhulukazi ekuxosheni inzalo esele ikhulile.

Ukubukeka okuhlukile

Amagundane asendlini angenye yeqembu eliningi kakhulu lezilwane ezincelisayo emhlabeni - namagundane. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-80 zamagundane ziyaziwa emhlabeni. Okujwayelekile kakhulu amagundane asendlini. Ngaphandle, lesi silwane sijwayelekile kubantu abadala, izingane ezincane. Izithombe zezigundane zendlu zitholakala ngezansi.

• Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala busuka ku-6 kuye ku-10 cm.Ungafinyelela ku-15 cm kwezinye izikhathi.Igundane lendlu elingakanani lincike ezimeni zokuba khona nokondla. Isisindo segundwane lasendle lisuka ku-12 liye ku-30 ​​g .I-dimorphism yezocansi ibuthakathaka. Ngobukhulu, kunzima ukwahlukanisa owesilisa nowesifazane.
• Umsila mncane, unezikali ezi-horny. Ubude bomsila bungama-60% wobude bomzimba.
• Izindlebe ezincane ezimile zihlukaniswe kabanzi komunye nomunye.
• Amehlo ajikelezayo, isihlakala se-oblong.
• Amagundane asendlini abonakala ngemibala ehlukene. Ishubhu elingaphezulu limnyama. Kwenzeka impunga, nsundu, mnyama. Isisu sihlala silula ithoni. I-Ash grey, emhlophe, izinwele ezibomvu zikhona.

Amagundane asendlini ahlala ngokuthula emakhejini. Abafuyi baletha izilwane ezihlobisayo ngombala ophuzi, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, omnyama, obomvu, omhlophe. Ngezansi igundane lendlu lokuhlobisa esithombeni.

Isimilo

Amagundane asendlini anelukuluku, izilwane ezinempilo, ezinobuhlakani, ezihlakaniphile, kepha ezinamahloni. Umsindo ongalindelekile noma umsindo obukhali uyesabisa. Ziyizilwane ezenhlalo futhi azithandi isizungu. Ngaphandle kokuxhumana nokunakwa, amagundane asendlini afisa futhi aqale ukusebenza endle. Abesifazane bangomama abahle, kanti abesilisa bakhombisa imizwa kababa yenzalo yabo kuphela uma bengekho abanye abesilisa endle.

Isimo izingane

Zingaqalwa kuleyo mindeni lapho izingane zineminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Bafuna ukuba nesilwane sabo, yize kungekho okuhlangenwe nakho kokuzinakekela. Abaningi banentshisekelo kulo mbuzo: "Amagundane ezindlini aluma noma cha?" Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi azinalo ulaka, yize zingaluma zize zibe nesikhathi sokujwayela abanikazi nendawo ezungezile, ngakho-ke, okokuqala udinga ukusiza izingane ukuthi zijwayelane nesilwane, futhi zisithambise. Izingane ezincane kakhulu ezinalezi zidalwa ezincane, ezinamaqhubu futhi ezinamanyala akufanele zisale zodwa.

Ukuziqeqesha

Amagundane asendlini ayizilwane ezifuywayo ezingezilwane ezihlakaniphe kunazo zonke phakathi kwamagundane, kuyilapho izinhlobo zokuhlobisa zisheshe zisetshenziselwe abanikazi bazo futhi zithambiswe ngokuphelele uma zinakwa ngokwanele, ngenkathi zikhuluma ngomusa futhi zithambile. Bayakwazi ukukhumbula igama labo lesidlaliso. Amagundane ngokushesha aqala ukubona iphunga lomuntu oletha ukudla, futhi ayohlangana naye ngokuthambisa. Izilwane zingaqeqeshelwa ukuphendula imhlophe ehlukahlukene nemiyalo ehlukahlukene, isibonelo, "Woza kimi!", "Khonza!", "Ikhaya!"

Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ososayensi kudala bafunda amagundane. IKotenkova E.V. (Doctor of Biological Science), ngokwesibonelo, banikela isikhathi esiningi kulolu daba, bebhala amaphepha amaningana esayensi ngokuziphatha kwabo, kanye nangeqhaza labo ezinganekwaneni zasendulo.

Ukulimala kwegundane

Ukucekelwa phansi kwamagundwane anjalo kubangelwa ukulimala okudala kumasheya abantu, kanye nemishini yokusebenza kwempahla yasendlini.

Amagundane asendle, abantu abebelwela amakhulu eminyaka, bangadla cishe noma yini. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukudla, amakhandlela kanye nensipho, izintambo, njll., Kudliwa kudliwe endlini.

Izilwane ezindlini zokugcina gnaw okusanhlamvu, zonakalisa izilimo zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene zezimpande, zidla amasheya okusanhlamvu, ngaphezu kwalokho, zingcolisa kakhulu indlu ngemikhiqizo yokuziphilisa kwazo. Babelana ngenkuthalo imfucuza yabo, ngakho-ke, ngisho nabantu abancane bangadala ingozi enkulu. Ngakho-ke, izilwane azidli ingxenye eyinhloko yokusanhlamvu, okungukuthi, ziyingcolisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagundane asendlini (ukuthi ungawasusa kanjani, sizofunda ngezansi) angabathwali besibalo esikhulu sama-pathogen ezifo ezahlukahlukene. Bangakwazi ukuhambisa i-Escherichia coli, amaqanda we-helminth kubantu, babangele isifo sohudo kanye nomkhuhlane we-typhoid. Izinambuzane eziphuza igazi zihlala zivela kuzo kaningi, phakathi kwazo kukhona amaza namakhaza, adluliswa ngentokozo ngabantu.

Ngenxa yalokho, amagundane asendlini angalimaza kakhulu. Ngeshwa, akuwona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi ubakhipha kanjani. Ukuchithwa kwezilwane ngobungcweti sekuba ngumsebenzi omkhulu wezindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba, izindlu ezizimele, izinhlangano zokupheka, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezikhungo. Le nsizakalo ingayalwa kusuka ezinkampanini ezikhethekile, noma usebenzise i-mousetrap ngendlela yakudala.

Umlando kancane

Amagundane amhlophe ngezikhathi ezithile azalwa emvelweni - ama-albino, cishe angenakuphila, ngoba aqapheleka kakhulu, futhi futhi manjalo aba yisisulu. Kepha ezikhathini zasendulo eKrethe babegcinwa ngohlobo lwezilokotho zokuphila eziletha inhlanhla. Abuye agcinwe emathempelini, lapho abefundisi babebanakekela ngokukhethekile. Eminyakeni engama-4000 edlule, amagundane ayefuywa futhi agcinwe eGibhithe lasendulo, enaka izinhlobo zemibala. AbaseGibhithe babonisa amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo kubo, ngaphezu kwalokho, bababonisa ezitsheni zabo zobumba.

Ngenkathi yeRoma yasendulo naseNkathini Ephakathi, abelaphi bezokwelapha babesebenzisa amagundane kanye namagundane, kanti e-Asia namuhla bavuthelwa ngokukhethekile ngezinhloso ezinjalo. Ngokuthuthuka kwemithi yezilwane kanye nemithi yokuhlola, amagundane namagundane aqala ukusetshenziswa kwizifundo ezahlukahlukene njengezilwane zaselebhu. Kukholakala ukuthi amagundane okuhlobisa nawokulebhu avela emgundwini omhlophe, onabala namabala, omnyama, ochazwe encwadini ngo-1787. Lisitshela ngezilwane ezazisetshenziselwa ukulwa ngaleso sikhathi. Abathengisi babo abangamaNgisi baletha bevela eJapan. Kamuva, amagundane akha umugqa okhethekile wezimpuku zezindlu, kuyilapho izinhlobo zokuhlobisa ziqala ukuzalanisa njengezilwane ezifuywayo.

Njengamanje, emazweni ahlukahlukene aseNtshonalanga Yurophu naseMelika kunamakilabhu ezithandwa ngabamagundane, inhloso enkulu yawo ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zalezi zilwane. Imvamisa, kutholakala imibala yabantu abahlukahlukene: grey, white, red, brown, nsomi noma nsomi, enamabala. Imibukiso ekhethekile yokuhlaziywa kwesazi ibanjwa lapho.

Kepha ezweni lethu, amagundane okuhlobisa awaziwa kakhulu emazweni aseMelika naseYurophu, kepha phakathi kwezithandwa zezilwane aya ngokuya ethandwa njalo ngonyaka. Kwakhiwe amakilabhu akhethekile amagundane okuhlobisa kuwo amakilabhu abalandeli bamagundwane ahlukahlukene, kuvulwe izikhungo zokugcina izithombo ezisebenza ngokuzalanisa nokufuya, kanti nemibukiso ibanjwa lapho, kanye nezinye izilwane ezincane, amagundane okuhlobisa indlu nawo aboniswa.

Ukuvela kwegundane lendlu

Igundane lasendlini liyinduku ende enomsila emide enobude bomzimba obungu-6.5 kuya ku-9.5 cm. Ihlobene nobude bomzimba womsila ingaphansi kwama-60%.

Ingaphezulu limbozwe ngezikali zama-horny ezimise okwendandatho nezinwele ezimfishane ze-sparse. Isisindo somuntu omdala sisukela kumagremu ayi-12 kuye kwangama-30. Izindlebe zincanyana futhi ziyindilinga. Isikhumba sinombala onsundu-grey noma umbala omnyama. Umbala wesisu usuka komhlophe uye koyimpunga. Amagundane ogwadule anombala okhanyayo wesihlabathi ophuzi nesisu esimhlophe.

Amagundane aphambili anezinhlobonhlobo, grey-eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi, omnyama noma omhlophe. Abesifazane banezimbambo ezinhlanu zezingono. Kwigundane lendlu, i-dimorphism yezocansi ayivezwanga.

Igundane lendlu (Mus musculus).

Izitha Zamagundane Endlu

Igundane lasendlini linezitha eziningi, ngokuyinhloko izitha ezidla ezinye. Lezi yizinyoni ezidla inyama, izinyoka, izibankwa ezinkulu, ama-mongooses, abamele abancane bomndeni we-marten, izimpungushe, amakati, amahlosi ngisho nokukhonkothwa.

Umncintiswano onzima wezimpuku zasendlini ngamagundane, avame ukubulala futhi nokudla ngokwengxenye izihlobo zawo ezincane.

Emvelweni, amagundane asendlini ayizilwane zakusihlwa nezisematheni, kodwa, ezindlini zabantu, balungisa isimo sabo sansuku zonke nemisebenzi yabantu.

Ngasikhathi sinye, amagundane ngokwawo angasebenza njengabazingeli, okuyinto evamile kubo.

Ngesinye isikhathi, esiqhingini saseGough, eseningizimu ye-Atlantic, amagundane alethwa ngephutha, aqala lapho. Njengoba zazingekho izitha zemvelo kulesi siqhingi, zanda ngokushesha okukhulu futhi manje inani labo lalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-0.7. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi lezi zingwe zeziqhingi zikhulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kunabalingani bazo abasemazweni angaphandle. Bahlangana ngamaqembu futhi abahlasele ezidlekeni zezinyoni, badla amaphuphu.

Ngingasho nje ukuthi isiqhingi saseGough siyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu yezinyoni zasolwandle, phakathi kwazo ongazisho ngezinyoni ezinjengeTyphoon Schlegel ne-albatross. Akukho kwenye indawo lapho izidleke zezinyoni. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuthi amachwane ama-albatross angafinyelela ukuphakama kwemitha eyodwa futhi anesisindo esingaphezu kwama-250 amagundane alesi siqhingi, cishe awahambi futhi ayahluleka ukuzivikela.

Amagundane agcina ngenkuthalo ukuhlanzeka esidlekeni sawo.

Ngenxa yalokhu, amagundane aququda ngokoqobo emizimbeni yamachwane futhi awatholele amanxeba ajulile. Ngokusho kososayensi, amagundane minyaka yonke abulala amachwane angaphezu kwesigidi kulesi siqhingi.

Izitho zomqondo zegundane lendlu

Izitho zomqondo zalezi zigundane zithuthukiswe kahle. Kuliqiniso, umbono wegundane lendlu awunamandla.

Amagundane asendlini, ahlala eduze kwabantu, adla cishe noma yikuphi ukudla, kufaka ne-glue, amakhandlela, insipho.

Njengamanye amagundane amaningi, abonakala ngokubonela kude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banezindlebe ezijulile. Ububanzi bokuhamba okubonayo bukhulu kakhulu - kufika ku-100 kHz. Ukuqhathanisa, umkhawulo womuntu ongenhla ungama-20 kHz. Kukhanya okuphansi, igundane lendlu ligaxwe kahle ngosizo lwe-vibrissae. Indima ye-olfaction iphakeme kakhulu empilweni yamagundane, okudingeka kokubili ekutholeni ukudla nasekuboneni izihlobo.

Igundane ngalinye linezindlala zesithukuthuku emithanjeni yalo, ngosizo olubeka uphawu lwalo ndawo ngokuzenzakalelayo. Uma igundane lisaba kakhulu, khona-ke kukhiqizwa into kumchamo obangela ukwesaba nokundiza kwezinye izilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphunga lihlala liqinile, futhi lihlala kuze kube ikota yosuku, lazisa amanye amagundane ngokungavikeleki kwale ndawo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma into yokusayina ishiywe ngowesilisa, khona-ke bonke abantu bayasabela kukho, kanti izinsikazi zisabela kuphela kwilebula lowesifazane, kuyilapho abesilisa bezishaya indiva.

Igundane lendlu nendoda

Amagundane asezindlini yizinambuzane nezithwali zezifo eziningi eziyingozi, njengesifo, njll. Ngasikhathi sinye, amagundane adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu njengezilwane zaselebhu. Ngo-1.07.2013, kwafakwa isikhumbuzo segundane elenziwa umsebenzi eNovosibirsk ngomnikelo waso ekwelashweni kwezokwelapha kanye nofuzo.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Izinhlobo

Amagundane asendlini ahlala yonke indawo. Inikela kuleli khono eliphezulu lokuguquguquka. Izilwane zibekezelela kahle ukubanda, ukushisa, ukuzivumelanisa nanoma yiziphi izimo zokuphila. Inikeza ukusinda ukusondela okuseduze kubantu - ubuncane bezitha, inani elikhulu lokudla. Ummeleli ojwayelekile wegundane angatholakala emgwaqweni, ngaphakathi ezindlini. Ihlala emagaraji.

Amagundane asendlini yizinto zokuhlola ezivame kakhulu ezindaweni zokusebenzela. Kuleminyaka leminyenti yekusebenta, abafuyi betfu bangamabomu noma ngamabomu bafaka tincwadzi letiningi letehlukene tetimbu tindlu. Kepha abaningana babelwe ngokusemthethweni.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwegundane Lasendlini:

1. musculus - kuthunyelwe ukusatshalaliswa ePoland, eNyakatho, eMpumalanga Yurophu, ezingxenyeni zeRussia,
2. i-bactrianus - uhlobo olujabulisayo lwamagundane asekhaya atholakala e-Asia,
3. i-homus - uhlobo lwe-thermophilic olutholakala eningizimu yeYurophu, eMelika, e-Afrika, e-Australia,
4. I-castaneus ingenye into emele i-Asia, kuphela ingxenye yayo eseningizimu-mpumalanga.

Isikhathi eside bekukhona enye inhlobo yamagundwane asekhaya - M.m.molossinus. Izindandatho zisabalale eJapan. Kodwa-ke, kamuva nje ososayensi bathi lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo alunakubalwa njengohlobo oluhlukile, ngoba bathola izilwane ngokuwela i-M.m.musculus, M.m.castaneus.

Imvelo Yasendle

Igundane lendlu lithanda ukushisa, alibekezeleli umswakama ophezulu. Izilwane azihlali e-North North, expanses of Antarctica, high ezintabeni. Indawo esetshenzisiwe yahlolwa phezulu naphansi.

Igundane lendlu lithanda ukuhlala eduze kwezindlu zabantu ngenkathi efudumele. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, imijondolo, izindlu zokugcina, amagogo, okwakhiwa futhi kuthuthelwe ngokuphelele endaweni yokuhlala yomuntu. Ukufuduka kwesizini kungama-3-5 km.

Ukufuduka okuningi kubonwa ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezingezinhle. Ifaka isandla enqubekweni yomlilo wokufuduka, uzamcolo, isomiso, iqhwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Amanye amagundane asezindlini ashiywe ebusika emasimini ezindaweni zokugcina izimbotshana, emabhande nasehlathini.Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo kushiya amakhaya, amafulethi, kuya ezindaweni zemvelo zokuhlala.

Endaweni ewugwadule, lapho okushisa komoya kuhlala kukhululekile khona ngamagundane ezindlini, ukufuduka kweziningi kumakhaya abantu akwenzeki. Ama-rodents ahlala unyaka wonke emafutheni, gcina izindawo ngokuba khona kwamachibi. Ezindaweni ezinamadwala, ahlala ezihlahleni zama-walnut, okwenza umonakalo omkhulu kubanikazi.

Izindlu zokuhlala

Igundane lendlu ezimweni eziningi lihlala endaweni ethambile, hhayi yokuthambisa ukoma inhlabathi. Ukwenza kube lula ukuhamba, izindonga zemihubhe azizange ziwe. Kwakhiwa umgodi ngobude obungamasentimitha ayi-100. Kufanele kube nendlela yokungena, ukuphuma kwezimo eziphuthumayo ezimbili. Wakhela ikhamera isidleke ibanga elingama-30 cm ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba. Ebusika, shona ngaphezulu - kuze kufike ku-65 cm ngokujula. Ububanzi besidleke bungaba ngamasentimitha angama-25. Amagundane asendlini alungiselela udoti oluthambile ovela emahlumela, amaqabunga, iminyuzi, nakho konke okusebenzayo.

Ukuphila Kwegundane Lasendlini

Imvamisa yendlu ihlala imisele yemisele esele isilungisiwe yama-voles, ama-moles, ama-hamsters, nezinye izinduku. Noma bakhela isidleke ngaphansi kwamatshe, ezindaweni zemvelo, ngaphansi kwesibalo samaqabunga.

Ezindlini zabantu, amagundane asendlini abeka izidleke zawo ezindaweni ezivikelwe kahle neziseceleni. Uncamela ukukhokha:

• ngaphansi kwesitezi
• phakathi kwezindonga
• ophahleni
• ngaphansi kwamathini kadoti
• ezindaweni zokuqongelela imfucuza yokudla,
• esitolo semifino.

Ukuze kwakhiwe isidleke, kusetshenziswa izinto ezahlukahlukene, ezisetshenziswayo ezifanele: utshani, izingcezu zendwangu, amahlumela, izinwele, izimpaphe, i-polystyrene, Foam polyurethane.

Esidlekeni, igundane le-brownie lihlala lizama ukugcina inhlanzeko. Uma amagciwane eselimele, izindlu zimanzi, kwavele kwaba nokungakhululeki, aphonswa ngaphandle kokuzisola, akha isidleke esisha.

Izici Zokuphindaphindeka

Amagundane asendlini abonakala ngokuzala okungavamile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, indlu yanda unyaka wonke. Emvelweni wemvelo, isikhathi sihlala sonke isikhathi sezinsuku ezifudumele. Kuqala ngoMashi, kuphele ngoNovemba. Ngaphezu konyaka, insikazi izala izithelo eziyi-10-14, kulokho okusuka ku-3 kuya ku-11 amagundane. Ngemuva kwamahora ayi-18, futhi usulungele ukuzalisa. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isilinganiso sezinsuku ezingama-21.

Amagundane azalwa eyimpumputhe, enqunu, engenalo usizo ngokuphelele. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-2, ambozwe ngoboya, avula amehlo, ngasikhathi sinye, aqhamuke amazinyo ezinsimbi. Ngosuku lwama-21 lokuphila kwabo, bakulungele ngokuphelele impilo yokuzimela, bayaxoshwa esidlekeni. Ukuzala kowesifazane osemusha kwenzeka emavikini angama-5 ubudala.

Abesilisa baheha ukunakwa kwabesifazane nge-ultrasound. Musa ukuma emicimbini emidlalweni yokuqomisana, masinyane yehlele phansi ebhizinisini. Amagundane asendlini anqamula nezinye izikhala ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

Isikhathi sokuphila

Amagundane anezitha eziningi zemvelo - kusuka ku-hedgehog engenangozi kuya ku-fox, impisi, inja, ikati. Isikhathi sokuphila kwegundane asidluli izinyanga eziyi-18. Ekuthunjweni, ngokunakekelwa okugcwele, inala yokudla, amagundane asendlini aphile iminyaka emi-3. Elebhu ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, umuntu ngamunye waphila iminyaka emi-5.

Umuntu akagcini nje ngokunweba impilo ngamagundane, kodwa futhi afushanisa. Kusetshenziswa izicupho, imicibisholo kagesi, izicupho zeseli, ubuthi bezimpuku kanye nezinye izindlela zokulawula.

Inani lamagundwane lincike ekushintshashintsheni kwesizini. Kubuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi inani lamagundane lenyuka njalo eminyakeni emi-5. Ekupheleni kobusika, inani lezilwane likububanzi obuncane, lapho kuqala intwasahlobo, izinduku ziqala ukushada. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo, inani lamagundane liyanda. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwehlobo kunokuwohloka. Inani elikhulu lezinambuzane libonakala ekwindla. Ekhaya, ushintsho olukhulu ngenani lamagundane alwenzeki, inani labantu liyakwazi ukwanda amahlandla ama-3.

Amagundane asendlini anezinombolo zawo ezinkulu amosha amasimu okusanhlamvu. Hhayi izinhlamvu ezigaya kakhulu lapho bemba imigudu, bakha imibimbi. Isiqu siwela emhlabathini, okusanhlamvu konakele, ubunzima buqhamuka ngesikhathi sokuvuna.

Ukulimala okuyinhloko okuvela kwisithambisi sendlu kuqukethe izinto ezidliwayo, ukudla kwezilwane. Izinambuzane zingcolisa indle, umchamo, shiya inqwaba yamagciwane, amagciwane.

Ukulimala okungangabazeki kulethwa kwifenisha, izinto zokuhlobisa, izincwadi, izingubo. Izinkuni ze-gnaw, ipulasitiki, injoloba, izintambo zikagesi. Ngalezi zizathu, indoda yakudala yateketisa ikati elibhubhisa ngempumelelo izinduku.

Amagundane asendlini angabathwali bezifo eziyingozi:

• izifo zamathumbu
• isifo
• pseudotuberculosis
• imfiva
• amarabi
• i-tularemia,
• i-leptospirosis.

Muva nje, ososayensi bamemezele ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu adlulisele umdlavuza webele ngegundane. Izifo zisakazeka ngomunyu, umchamo, amathe, ama-ectoparasites, ukuluma. Umuntu ubophekile nje ukuthi alwe nezilokazane endaweni yendawo, eyakhe indlu.

Zuza

Iminyaka eminingi, amagundane asekhaya afuywayo njengezihlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo. Enye yezizathu zokuzalelwa okuningi kwamagundane ekudingisweni yizivivinyo ezahlukahlukene. Ukuqokwa kohlobo lwegundane lendlu kwaqedwa ngo-2002. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi i-gene iyahlangana ne-80% yomuntu. Izilwane zihlola umphumela wezidakamizwa ezintsha.

Abafuyi bahlala bezama, bezalanisa izilwane ezifuywayo ngombala wokuqala - obomvu, ophuzi, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, omhlophe, obonwe. Isidalwa esincane esihle sijabulisa amehlo abanini, asibukeki njengesidalwa esiyimpunga esiyingozi.

Ekuhlolweni okuningi, bathola "igundane lokudansa." I-Pathology ebuchosheni, ukwephula imishini yokusebenza kwemoto kuholele ekutheni izilwane ziqhume zingami, zisendaweni eyodwa, zihamba ku-zigzags. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-350 edlule, amagundane okucula ayezalwa eChina. Izindandatho zenza imisindo efana namakhethini.

Izilwane zifuyelwa ngqo ezindaweni zokugcina ukudla ezinye izilwane - izinyoka, izibankwa, imidlwane, amakati nezinye izilwane ezizingelayo.

Igundane lendlu lingenye yezidalwa ezihlukile kakhulu, ezithakazelisayo nezingavamile. Inhloso yokubhubhisa izilwane ngamabomu akukufanele, ngaphandle kokuthi zaziseduze kwendlu, azihlali eflethini.

Uhla lomthombo

Ingxenye esenyakatho yeNhlonhlo YaseHindustan, inyakatho yeNhlonhlo Yase-Afrika noma iNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia kubhekwa njengoluhlu lokuqala lwegundane lendlu, igundane lohlobo lwegundane Mouse. Yonke indawo lapho bethola khona izinsalela zamagundwane zalolu hlobo. Kungenzeka ukuthi, njengoba sebevele bavela kwenye yalezi zindawo, ngokushesha basakazekela ezindaweni eziseduze.

Kepha ukusho “masinyane” akusho ukuthi ukufuduswa kwabantu kwenzeka ngamashumi noma amakhulu eminyaka. Ukuhlala ngokushesha okunjalo emhlabeni jikelele kwenzeka kuphela ngosizo lomuntu, lapho eqala ukuhlola ulwandle.

Kwenzeka kanjani lokho?

Kuqala, ukufuduswa kwezilwane ezincelisayo zohlobo lwegundane (amagundane asekhaya) ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo zaqala ngokuzimela nangokwemvelo. ISteppes, amasimu, ugwadule olungadalwanga kwakuyindabuko yalezi zilwane, kodwa kancane kancane abantu abancane baqala ukuphila impilo yokuhlala, balima. Futhi ngalowo mzuzu lapho umuntu eqala ukudala amabhulashi akhe okuqala, izinduku zibona ukuthi azidingi ukuthenga izinto ebusika, zingamane zingene esibayeni nasebusika lapho kahle. Kusukela kulowo mzuzu, igama elamukelwa ngokuvamile elithi "indlu yegundane" laqala ukuba nesisekelo sangempela.

Kusukela abantu bekwazi ukuzulazula, amagundane aqala ukusakazeka emhlabeni wonke ngemikhumbi yawo, konke kulokho okufanayo okuhloselwe ukugcina okusanhlamvu. Yizingxenye zasenyakatho neziseningizimu yomhlaba kuphela ezazingavikelekile ukuba zifakwe amakoloni yizintwala, ngoba lezi zilwane zingama-thermophilic futhi azemukeli ukubanda. Kepha abakhileyo emhlabeni wonke bebelokhu behlala ndawonye namagundane asekhaya iminyaka eminingi. Izinzuzo zokucocwa okunjalo zingamagundane kuphela. Kumuntu ovela "ekuhlolweni" okunjalo kukhona okulahlekile kuphela.

Izici, indlela yokuphila, imikhuba, izinzwa, isikhathi sokuphila

Igundane eliyinyamazane liyisidalwa esidala kakhulu, esisheshayo futhi esinamandla. Endaweni evulekile, isilwane esinjalo singafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-13 km / h, futhi ubukhazikhazi baso benza lezi zidalwa zikwazi ukunciphisa futhi zidedele kude nezilwane ezidla ezinye, noma ngabe zibamba naso.

Amagundane anjalo angahlanya kakhulu noma abe sebusuku. Anamahloni kakhulu futhi anezitho zomzimba ezi-hyperdeveloped sensory. Ama-paws azwelayo athatha noma yikuphi ukunyakaza komhlaba, futhi umuzwa obukhali wephunga nokuzwa uyakwazi ukwahlukanisa phakathi kokushintshashintsha okuncane kokuhogela namaza omsindo.

Ukuze uthole ukuma okujwayelekile, akudingi ukukhanyiswa nhlobo. Zenziwe kahle ngosizo lwephunga ne-vibrissa ebucayi. Iphutha labo okuwukuphela kwento. Ibona kahle okwenziwayo kubo bekude kakhulu, kanti eduze kwento ephambi kwamehlo abo kuyasakazeka futhi ayinakho ukwakheka okucacile.

Ngenkathi efudumele, amagundane angahamba esuka ezindlini zabantu aye emgaqweni. Bazizwa bemnandi emvelweni. Hlomisa imisele emincane ngokuphuma okuningana. Indawo yokuhlala enkulu imbozwe izimpaphe zezinyoni namahlamvu owomile. Izilwane ezikhona emvelweni yobuntombi zihlukaniswe nabantu, ziyaphoqelelwa emibhedeni yazo ukuthola ukuthi kugcinwa kuphi, lapho izilwane zifuna khona ukuhlinzekela ubusika. Kepha imicibisholo ehlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo yokuhlala ihlala ibuyela ebusika ukuyothambisa izintandane noma izakhiwo zezolimo, lapho ebusika busebenza kahle, ukuletha, ngasikhathi sinye, ukuphazamiseka okuningi kubantu.

Amagundane alezi zinhlobo endle awahlali isikhathi eside - kusuka onyakeni kuze kube unyaka nesigamu. Kepha ekudingisweni (uma ungayibiza ngokuthi ama-piers athokomayo esakhiweni esiseflethini esigcwele amabhomu adliwayo) bangaphila isikhathi eside kabili.

Ukuzala futhi inala

Amagundane asendlini ayanda kakhulu. Owesifazane oyedwa ngasikhathi angazala isilinganiso senzalo yegundane eyi-12, futhi anikezwe ukuthi alulama ngokushesha kakhulu ngemuva kokubeletha futhi alungele ukukhulelwa futhi emuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, azala inzalo ephindwe izikhathi eziyi-10 ngenkathi efudumele. Okuyinkimbinkimbi namanje ukuthi izinsikazi ezisanda kuzalwa ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-2 kusukela ngosuku lokuzalwa ngokwazo zikulungele ukuletha inzalo. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi efudumele, inani lamagundane landa kaningi.

Kepha ngokuqala kobusika, izinduku eziningi ezincane ziyafa, zingenaso isikhathi sokuvumelana nezimo noma ezinye izizathu. Imvamisa imbangela yokufa kwamagundane amaningi ubudlelwano bendawo eyinkimbinkimbi emindenini yama-murine.

Ubukhosi

Isikhundla segundane lendlu elisungulwe inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo simi ngale ndlela elandelayo: ikoloni elilodwa noma iqembu lomndeni lamagundane lingaphansi kobuholi obuqinile bendoda ebusayo. Ngaphansi kokugcinwa kwakhe yilaba besifazane abambalwa abakhiqiza inzalo ngokuqhubekayo. Inzalo ikhuliswa “ngeqembu” lomndeni ize ifinyelele ebusheni (kuze kube izinyanga ezimbili), kuthi emva kwalokho bonke “abasha” baxoshwe koloni, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi izintokazi ziyakwazi ukwenza enye inzalo. Ngakho-ke, emndenini akukaze kube nabamele izizukulwane eziningana ngasikhathi sinye. Umbhangqwana nje wakamuva kakhulu. Abanye, abaxoshwa ezindaweni abahlala kuzo, baphoqeleka ukuthi bazenzele imindeni yabo.

Imindeni eminingi, ebingatholakali ndawo endlini yokuhlala ehlukaniswe phakathi kwamaqembu "(umgede, umhluzi), lapho kuqala ubusika, ahlala emgaqweni futhi afe.

Ukulandela okulandelayo

Zonke izinhlobo zamagundane ezindlu zifana kakhulu komunye nomunye futhi ngochwepheshe kuphela abanamakhono kuleli bhizinisi abangabahlukanisa. Manje kunezindlela ezine eziphambili:

1. I-Mus musculus iyingxenye ephakathi ye-Eurasia, isuka ePoland iye eLake Baikal, kanye nengxenye eseningizimu yeRussia neKazakhstan.
2. I-Mus homus - ingxenye yaseYurophu ye-Eurasia, amazwekazi aseMelika nase-Australia, iningi lezwekazi lase-Afrika.
3. I-Mus bactrianus - cishe yonke indawo yase-Eshiya, ngaphandle kwe mpumalanga eseningizimu.
4. I-Mus castaneus yingxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.

Kepha, ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi lamagundane angahluka kancane ngokubukeka, ngokuvamile, yonke imikhuba yawo iyafana, futhi ngenxa yalokho izindlela zokubhekana nazo ziyefana.

Amagundane Egundane Lasekhaya

Amagundane kuphela awalimazi okusanhlamvu okuvunwe ngabantu. Ngokuvamile, abawagayi amabele asendaweni, kodwa bawadonsela elawini labo. Izindunduma zawo nomchamo wazo kulimala. Okusanhlamvu okufafazwe ngomchamo wegundane akusafanelekile ukudla. Lesi yisizathu esiyiso esidonsela abantu ukulwa nalezi zinambuzane.

Futhi, amagundane angabathwali bengazi zezifo ezithathelanayo eziyingozi. Kungakho kumele alwe nazo.

Ungayenza kanjani?

Ukulwa nabo kuyenziwa kusetshenziswa:

• izindlela zomzimba (izicupho, imicibisholo),
• izindlela zokuphilayo (kusetshenziswa izitha zemvelo zamagundane - amakati, izikhova, ama-hedgehogs, izinyoka, njll.),
• izindlela zamakhemikhali (ubuthi, amakhemikhali).

Ochwepheshe abakukhuthazi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinobuthi emakhaya lapho ngaphandle kwamalungu omndeni amadala kukhona izingane ezincane, kanye nezilwane ezifuywayo. Kuhle ukuphendukela ezindleleni ezisebenza ngomshini zokuqothula umzimba. Ama-Mousetraps endlu yangasese ayindlela enhle yokuphuma. Omunye angathi lezi zindlela ezingasebenzi. Yebo, ngokwezimboni lokhu akuyona inketho. Kepha ekhaya, ngemuva kokuba abafowethu abaningana bebhujiswe ngama-mousetraps, wonke amanye amalungu omndeni wegundani azokucabangisisa ukuthuthela kumakhelwane wawo.

Ezakhiweni lapho ukudla noma okusanhlamvu kungagcinwanga khona, ubuthi bungasetshenziswa ngokukhululeka. Kumabhilidi amakhulu, uma amagundane asendlini eye ehla ngesilinganiso esesabisayo, izinsizakalo ezikhethekile ezibhekene nokuqothuka kufanele zibizwe.