I-Giant isopod - awukwazi ukufihla izintwala ezinjengokhuni ngaphansi kwenhlanga emanzi!
https://animalreader.ru/gigantskiy-izopod-takuyu-mokr ..

Ama-isopods ama-Giant, abizwa nangokuthi ama-cephalopods noma ama-isopods, angamalungu e-genus Bathynomus. Kulesi uhlobo.
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Ngabe zibukeka kanjani izintwala ezinkulu kakhulu zokhuni emhlabeni?

Ngaphandle, izintwala ezinkulu zokhuni zikhumbula kakhulu izihlobo zazo ezijwayelekile zomhlaba, kwesinye isikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi “amakhabe” phakathi kwabantu.

Noma kunjalo, ukwakheka komzimba wakhe omkhulu kunezici zawo ezihlukile:

1. Umehluko okhona phakathi kwama-isopods nezihlobo zomhlaba omncane ukuba khona “komsila” obude nobude bama-blade ambalwa, onikeza amandla okubhukuda amabanga amafushane. Izintwala zezinkuni ezingaphansi azinawo umsila onjalo, kodwa izinkalankala ezijwayelekile zinazo.
2. Ama-paws amakhulu e-woodlice ahlome ngezihlakala ezinamandla, kepha, ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlasela noma ukuzivikela. Zidingeka kakhulu ukuze zikwazi ukuhamba kalula ngaphansi kobumba noma phansi enodaka.
3. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izintwala ezinkulu zokhuni zinamehlo amakhulu nokubona okuhle. Akukacaci ngokuphelele ukuthi kungani beyidinga ekujuleni kwendawo abahlala kuyo, kepha iqiniso lihlala - babona ama-isopod amakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, esimweni esiyingozi, i-louse enkulu yezinkuni (kanye nentwala encane yomhlaba) ingakhuphuka ibe yibhola, ngemuva kwalokho zonke izifunda ezithambile nezitholakalayo zesisu saso zivikelwe amapuleti anamandla e-exoskeleton.

I-Giant isopod - awukwazi ukufihla izintwala ezinjengokhuni ngaphansi kwenhlanga emanzi!

Ama-isopods ama-Giant, abizwa nangokuthi ama-cephalopods noma ama-isopods, angamalungu e-genus Bathynomus. Kulesi hlobo, kunezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye.

Bonke abamele lolu hlobo lutholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene ze-Atlantic ekujuleni kwamamitha ayikhulu namashumi ayisikhombisa, kuze kufike kumakhilomitha amabili nesigamu. Kepha iningi lalezi ziklabishi zitholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha angamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha kuya ayisikhombisa namashumi amahlanu.

Ngokubukeka kwazo, ama-isopods amakhulu afana kakhulu nezintwala zokhuni. Kepha ubukhulu be-isopod crayfish “bancane” bukhulu ukwedlula lokho okwakhishwa ngamakhishi namaphishi okufihla ngaphansi kwendwangu emanzi.

Ama-isopods ama-Giant angakhula aze afike kwesigamu semitha, futhi isisindo somfanekiso omkhulu kakhulu obanjiwe wawungama-1,7 kg. Ubude balesi sihlabani sasingamasentimitha angama-76!

Lezi zilwane zasolwandle ziyisibonelo esihle kakhulu se-gigantism ejulile olwandle. Kuyajabulisa nje ukuthi lezi zilo ezinkulu azitholakali ezindlini, kodwa ekujuleni kolwandle.

IGiant Isopod (Bathynomus).

Eqinisweni, laba bantu abanohlonze kakhulu okokuqala bathathelwa izinkuni ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho zachazwa okokuqala ngudokotela wezilwane waseFrance u-Alfons Milne-Edward. Isophod sendoda esencanyana yabe isibanjwa ezansi kweGulf of Mexico. Kwakuwukutholakala kwalesi zinhlobo sempilo yasolwandle esasiphikisana ngokuphelele nomqondo, sasakazekile ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ukuthi ukujula kolwandle kwakungaphili.

Njengamanje, umbono onjalo ngokuphila kwabasolwandle abuboni njengokungenangqondo, ngoba kulapho izidumbu zikashaka ezinkulu, izidumbu zemikhomo nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ziwe ngemuva kokuphela kohambo lwabo lokuphila. Akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ukuthi akekho noyedwa 'obenakekela' ukuhlanzeka kolwandle. Kwakuyi-isopods enkulu eyathatha umthwalo wokuhlanza phansi koLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic. Mhlawumbe lesi akusona isikhundla esihlonishwayo kunazo zonke, kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ama-isopods amakhulu awondli kuphela ku-carrion, kodwa futhi nangeziponji, ukhukhamba olwandle nezinye izilwane, ijubane laso elingelikhulu kakhulu.

Isopod enkulu ibhekwa njenge-isopod enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, yize ezinye zingafundwa kangako.

Kungokwemvelo nje ukuthi kunokudla okuningi kangaka phansi kolwandle, okuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, akulula kangako ukukuthola ebumnyameni obukhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-isopods amakhulu ngezikhathi ezithile kufanele abhekane nendlala, futhi azivumelanisa kahle nale ngxenye ebalulekile yezimpilo zawo.

Ucwaningo lwama-isopods amakhulu selusungule ukuthi lesi sidalwa esisolwandle singenakudla isikhathi esingamasonto ayisishiyagalombili. Kepha uma le carnivore ithola ukudla okwanele, okwenzeka lapho i-isopod ithola inyamazane enkulu, khona-ke kuleli cala selivele idla ngangokunokwenzeka. Kumele ngisho ukuthi lapho izidumbu zomkhomo ofile, kanye noshaka abakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ungathola khona cishe isikhulu sama-isopod esidla isidumbu.

Ama-isopod ama-Giant awathandeki kakhulu kwezokudoba ezimboni.

Uma i-isopod isengozini, igoqa njengebhola, ngaleyo ndlela izivikele ngokuthembekile ezitheni ezingenzeka. Leli gobolondo liqukethe izingxenye eziningi. Eyokuqala yazo ihlangana nekhanda. Ngokuqondene nezinxenye ezingezansi, zakha okuthile okufana nesihlangu somsila, esisendaweni engenhla kwesisu esifushane.

Kungokwemvelo nje ukuthi amehlo e-isopod enkulu ahambelana nosayizi wabanikazi bawo: amakhulu, ayinkimbinkimbi, futhi anobuso obungaphansi kwezinkulungwane ezine. Zihlangene, zitholakala kude kakhulu komunye nomunye, zinikeza amakhambi ngombono omuhle wangaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emgodleni we-isopod enkulu kuneziqaqa eziyisikhombisa zemilenze namabili amabhele wezimpondo. Umbhangqwana wokuqala we-isopod enkulu usetshenziswa kuye njengendlela “yokusika”, futhi ngosizo lwabo lo crustacean uletha ukudla kumabili ngazimbili emihlathi yakhe. Isisu se-isopod enkulu sakhiwa izigaba ezinhlanu.

Umzimba we-isopod enkulu umbozwe ithambo langaphandle elinenkani futhi elinzima kakhulu.

Njengoba kungabonakala kokungenhla, ukubonakala kwesipod sendoda enkulu kakhulu. Ngokuqondene nezinsikazi, zibuye zibe nama-sacs ama-brood lapho amaqanda avundisiwe akhula khona.

Ngendlela, kungamaqanda we-isopod enkulu ebhekwa njengekhulu kunawo wonke ama-invertebrates ahlala emanzini olwandle. Kuyiqiniso, amaqanda adinga ukuvikelwa kwizilwane ezidla ezinye ezingekho kuhlukile ekunambeni lobu buso. Ngalesi sizathu, insikazi ithwala onke amaqanda ayo esikhwameni sezinyoni, ilinde isikhathi lapho ama-isopods amancane eqhamuka emaqandeni.

Okwamanje akwaziwa ukuthi le nqubo ithatha isikhathi esingakanani. Kuyaziwa kuphela ukuthi abaphumi hhayi ngezibungu, kodwa ngama-isopods amasha akhiwe ngokuphelele.

Ama-isopods ama-Giant ayisibonelo esihle se-gigantism ejulile olwandle.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle se-isopod enkulu

Ekhuluma ngolimi lwezindwangu zesayensi, ama-isopods amakhulu anomzimba omncane we-dorso-ventral. Indlela umzimba ohlukaniswe ngayo waba yiminyango, ngokujwayelekile, ukwakheka kwawo kuhambelana nohlelo lwe-peracarid. Amathegi amathathu angahlukaniswa: i-pleon, i-reon nekhanda. Ikhanda lifaka izingxenye zombili zekhanda ngokwalo kanye nengxenye yokuqala yesifuba (i-thorax) ehlanganiswe nekhanda. Izingxenye eziyisikhombisa zesifuba ezisele zifakiwe ku-pereon. I-Pleon ingumbhalo ophelele wesisu (isisu) futhi ifaka izingxenye eziyisithupha, kanye ne-terminal - telson. ICarapax ku-isopod enkulu ayikho.

Giant Isopod Izicelo

Inhloko ye-isopod enkulu inezinsimbi zomlomo (maxillopods, maxillae, paragnates, mandibles kanye ne-labrum). Izisetshenziswa zomlomo zohlobo lwe-prognathic (okungukuthi, ziqondiswe phambili) futhi zibhekisa kuhlobo lokugedla amazinyo. Ngaphambili, ukuvulwa komlomo kuzungezwe yi-labrum (lip ephezulu), ngemuva kwama-paragnates, nasezinhlangothini ngama-mandibles. Kuma-mandibles ayizinto eziphambili zokunquma ukudla. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-maxillules, maxilla, ne-maxilla atholakala emzimbeni.

Incazelo yokuqala ye-isopod yalolu hlobo lwenziwa ngo-1879 yisazi sezilwane saseFrance u-Alfons Milne-Edward.

Ukutholwa

Ukuchazwa kokuqala kwalolu hlobo lokukhiqizwa kukhiqizwe ngo-1879 ngudokotela wezilwane waseFrance u-Alfons Milne-Edward. Okuqukethwe kwencazelo bekungowesilisa omncane Bathynomus giganteusyathunyelwa kuye ngu-Alexander Agassis, kanye namanye amaqoqo wokuxoshwa komkhumbi oyi-Blake eGulf of Mexico ngo-1877. Lokhu kwakuyinto etholakele ethokozisayo kubo bobabili ososayensi kanye nomphakathi, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi umbono wolwandle olunzulu olungaphili noma “olwandle” lwalusanda kuvunyelwa emsebenzini kaC. Thomson. Abesifazane bebengabanjwa kuze kube ngu-1891.

Inani

Ama-isopod ama-Giant awathandeki kakhulu kwezokudoba zezimboni ngenxa yokubamba okuncane kakhulu, futhi futhi ngoba ama-isopods abanjiwe avame ukulinyazwa ama-scavenger ngaphambi kokuba akhishwe phezulu. Abamele lolu hlobo lufana ne-Woodlice ejwayelekile, abahlobene nayo. Izinhlobo eziningana ezibanjiswe ogwini lwaseMelika naseJapan zisebenzisa izicupho ngebheyili kwesinye isikhathi zingabonakala ezindaweni zasemanzini.

Incazelo

Ama-isopods ama-Giant ayisibonelo esihle se-gigantism ejulile olwandle. Mikhulu kakhulu kunama-isopods ajwayelekile, avame ukungadluli ku-5 cm ubude. Izinhlobo Bathynomus zingahlukaniswa zibe yi- "Giant", abantu abadala abavame ukukhula ngo-8 kuye ku-15 cm ubude, kanye nezinhlobo "ezinkulu" lapho abadala bengakhula kusuka ku-17 kuye ku-50 cm. Enye yama- "giants" - B. giganteus ifinyelela ubude obumaphakathi obuyi-19 kuye kwangama-36 cm, kuthi omkhulu kakhulu kwababanjiwe afinyelele kubude obuyi-76 cm futhi abe nesisindo esingu-1,7 kg.

Ngokubukeka kwazo, zifana nezihlobo zazo zomhlaba - izintwala. Imizimba yabo ifulelwe endaweni eyi-dorso-ventral futhi imbozwe ngogobolondo oluqinile, oluqukethe ulwelwesi, olunezingxenye ezigqagqene. Njengezinkuni ezithile, ziyakwazi ukugoqa zibe “ibhola”, ukuze kuboniswe igobolondo elinzima kuphela. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi bazivikele kubazingeli abazama ukuhlasela ingxenye ephansi engabuthaka. Ingxenye yokuqala ye-carapace ihlanganiswe nekhanda, izingxenye ezingemuva kakhulu zivame ukufakwa komunye nomunye, zakha isihlangu somsila ezungeze isisu esifushane (ukuncenga) Amehlo amakhulu, ahleli phansi aqukethe cishe ama-4,000 ama-ommatidia futhi ahlukene kakhulu ekhanda. Kunamabili ama-antenna. Imilenze yesifuba eyodwa enamagatsha anamanzi noma ama-pereiopods ihlelwe ngamabili ayisikhombisa, eyokuqala iguqulwa ibe umhlathi, ibamba iqhaza ekubanjweni nasekudluliseleni kokudla kumabili amabanga emihlathi. Isisu sihlukaniswe izingxenye ezinhlanu ezibizwa ngokuthi pleonitisyilowo nalowo uphatha imilenze yesisu eyinqaba - ancenge, lawa malungu aguqulwa abe yimilenze yokubhukuda nezakhiwo zokuphefumula ezibucayi ezidlala indima ye-gill. Umbala wama-isopods uvame ukuba ngopende lilac noma onsundu.

Habitat

Ama-isopods amakhulu atholakala kulo lonke elasentshonalanga ye-Atlantic esuka eGeorgia (USA) aya eBrazil, kufaka phakathi iGulf of Mexico kanye neCaribbean. Izinhlobo ezintathu ezidumile ze-Atlantic zifaka B. ukuthola, B. miyarei futhi B. giganteus, okugcina okwabhalwa ngaso kuphela ogwini lwase-United States. Ezinye izinhlobo Bathynomus uphile kuphela esifundeni sase-Indo-Pacific. Okwamanje, akukho nohlobo olulodwa olwaziwayo olungahlala e-East Atlantic noma esifundeni esisempumalanga yoLwandlekazi iPacific. Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke (izinhlobo ezinhlanu) kuyabonakala empumalanga ye-Australia. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukusatshalaliswa kwama-isopods amakhulu kungaqondakali kahle, kungahle kube nezinye izifunda ezinkulu zokuhlala kwawo kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha, ezingabhalwanga.

I-Ecology

Ama-isopod ama-Giant abalulekile ama-scavenger asolwandle olujulile emphakathini we-benthic. Imvamisa zingatholakala kusuka endaweni emnyama ehlukanisayo ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-170 ukuya ebumnyameni obungenakunqotshwa bendawo ye-pelagic ezingeni lamamitha angama-2140, esifundeni sezingcindezi eziphakeme namazinga okushisa aphansi - aze afike ku-4 ° C. Kubikwa ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zalolu hlobo lwempilo zihlala ekujuleni kokujula, ngakho B. miyarei ihlala ekujuleni okuphakathi kuka-22 no-280 m, okufunde kancane B. decemspinosus phakathi kuka-70 no-80 m, futhi B. doederleini kuphela ekujuleni kwe-100 m. Irekhodi eliphelele lokujula kwama-isopods angama-2500 m for B. kensleyi, kepha umbono ofanayo ungatholakala ekujuleni okungama-300 m kuphela. Ngaphezulu kwe-80% B. giganteus butholwe ekujuleni okungama-365 kuya ku-730 m. Kulezo zindawo lapho kuhlala khona izinhlobo “ezinkulu” ne- “supergiant”, zangaphambili zihlala emthambekeni wezwe, kanti ezokugcina ikakhulukazi zisezindaweni zokugeza. Kukholelwa ukuthi bakhetha ubumba noma ubumba phansi futhi baphila impilo bebodwa.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi la ma-isopods angama-scavenger wephrofayili ebanzi, ingxenye enkulu yawo angama-carnivores futhi adla ngemikhomo efile, inhlanzi kanye ne-squid. Zingaba futhi izisulu ezisebenzayo kanye nokudla izinyamazane ezihamba kancane ezinjengamakhukhamba olwandle, isiponji, ama-radiolarians, ama-nematode namanye ama-zoobenthos, futhi mhlawumbe nezinhlanzi eziphilayo. Baziwa ngokuhlasela ukubanjwa ngaphakathi kwezihlahlana. Kwathathwa isibhamu sendlela enkulu yokuhlasela kwe-isopoda futhi yabulala i-quatran enobukhulu obukhulu, eye yawela ogibeni olujulile olwandle. U-Isopoda unamathela ebusweni besilwane futhi usidla ngokuphelele. Lokhu kukhonjiswa ngonyaka wezi-2015 kwesinye seziqephu zeShark Week esinesihloko esithi “Alien Shark: Open Encounters”. Njengoba ukudla kuswele kakhulu ekujuleni okukhulu, ama-isopods amakhulu kumele enze lokho okulethwa yimali enkulu, avumelana nezikhathi zokuzila futhi angaphila ngaphandle kweminyaka emihlanu yokudla. Lapho kuvela umthombo wokudla obalulekile, ama-isopods amakhulu adla aze afinyelela lapho angakwazi ukuhamba. Kokunye ukuhlola, kwafundwa okuqukethwe okungama-1,651 kokugaya. B. giganteus. Kwatholakala ukuthi kudliwa kakhulu izinhlanzi, bese kuba ngama-cephalopods nama-decapods crustaceans, futhi ikakhulukazi Caridea futhi Galatheoidea .

Ama-isopods amakhulu aqoqwe ngasogwini olusempumalanga ye-Australia esebenzisa izicupho akhombise ukwahlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuya ngokujula. Ekujuleni, kuncane inani lezinhlobo nokuthi likhulu kangakanani. Ama-Isopod aqoqiwe ekujuleni okukhulu kogu lwase-Australia aqhathaniswa namasampula aqoqwe ngasogwini lwaseMexico naseNdiya. Kusuka emafosili kuyaziwa ukuthi Bathynomus ubekhona eminyakeni engaphezulu kwezigidi eziyi-160 eyedlule ngaphambi kokuqhekeka kwePangea supercontinent, ukuze ngaleso sikhathi kuzo zontathu indawo zokuhlala ama-isopods angaveli ngokuzimela, kepha kusukela lapho, ngokuya ngokulindelwe ososayensi, Bathynomus ezindaweni ezahlukene ezikude kuzodingeka ukuthi zisakazeke ezindleleni ezahlukahlukene zokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi, ngakho-ke, izimpawu zokuhluka kufanele zibhekwe. Noma kunjalo, ama-isopods amakhulu avela kuzo zontathu izindawo zokuhlala aphenduka acishe afane ngokubonakala kwawo (yize ayenomehluko owanele wokuwahlukanisa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile). Lokhu kwehlukahlukana okungabalulekile kwe-phenotypic kuchazwa ngamazinga aphansi ngokweqile wokukhanyisela kwezindawo zokuhlala kwalezi zinto eziphilayo.

Ukuzala

Ucwaningo lwezinombolo ezithile zonyaka zabantu abasha nabadala B. giganteus kuvunyelwe ukuthola ukuthi inani eliphakeme lemisebenzi yokuzala liyenzeka entwasahlobo nasebusika izinyanga. Lokhu kugcina isikhathi kungenxa yokuntuleka kokudla ezinyangeni zasehlobo. Kwabesifazane abadala abavuthiwe ngocansi, igumbi le-brood noma marsupium. Izindonga ze-marsupium zakhiwa ngama-sternites weengxenye ze-thoracic kanye nokugoqa okuhlanganayo osteogytes - ukuphuma kwe-lamellar kwengxenye yokuqala ku-thoracic crustacean. Ama-isopod amancane aqhamuka eMarsupium abukeka njengamakhophi amancane wabadala futhi ayabizwa amahloni. Ama-Decoys athuthukiswe ngokuphelele, kepha entula i-pair yokugcina yemilenze ye-pectoral.

Indlela Yokuphila Nempilo

Izinkuni ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni zihlala ekujuleni kusuka kumamitha ayi-170 kuye kwangama-2000. Ukujula okukhulu kokubanjwa kwabo ngamamitha angama-2140.

Lezi zidalwa zithanda ukuhlala ezinhlabathini ezinosilika noma zobumba, futhi zigweme amadwala nasemadwaleni amadwala.

Izintwala zeGiant izinkuni zinesizungu ngendlela yazo yokuphila, futhi kuyaqabukela zihlangane zihlangane. Akukhombisi ubutha obusobala kubantu bohlobo lwabo, kepha futhi azibambeki ndawonye.

Ama-isopods ama-Giant angabizwa kufanele ngokuthi ama-scavenger ojulile wolwandle olujulile: ukudla kwawo okuyinhloko izinsalela zezikelemu ezifile, inhlanzi, igobolondo, imfishi, ulwayi kanye nokunye okungadalwa. Uma i-louse yokhuni ifuna izulazula yokudla iye koloni lwezilwane ezinyakazayo ezingaphansi kwamanzi - izipanji, ama-radiolarians, ama-holothurians - yena, ngaphandle kokujabha, uyawadla. Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi kuma-isopods angajulile angabamba ngisho nezinhlanzi ezincane, ezihlala phansi.

Njengoba kunikezwe ubukhazikhazi obukhulu baphansi kolwandle olujulile kanye nokudla okuncane okutholakalayo, kuyacaca ukuthi kungani ama-isopod esetshenziselwa ukulwa isikhathi eside ngendlala. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, kulingo, lezi zidalwa ezibekwe kuma-aquariums, ngaphandle kokuzilimaza, "zizile" amasonto ayi-8.

Uma i-louse yezinkuni iza, ngokwesibonelo, ikoloni yama-holothuri, khona-ke ingadonsa ngokweqile ukuze ilahlekelwe amandla ayo okuhamba.

Izici zokukhiqizwa kwama-isopods amakhulu

Giant izinkuni izinkuni entwasahlobo nasebusika. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ezinyangeni zasehlobo inani lokudla ekujuleni okukhulu lehliswa kakhulu.

Ngemuva kokuzalela, i-isopod yowesifazane inesikhwama esikhethekile samaqanda esiswini, lapho amaqanda aqhamuka khona oviduct, ahlelwa lapho futhi kamuva akhule. Izinkuni ezisencane zishiya isikhwama sikanina cishe sakhiwe ngokuphelele futhi zihlukile kubantu abadala ngosayizi kuphela.

Abantu abasha bangahlala ngokufana kanye nabantu abadala.

Insikazi ayikhombisi ukukhathazeka ngokuqandusela kusuka emaqanda. Isikhathi esithile, izibungu zihlala eduze kukamama, futhi uma zizalelwa endaweni enenala yokudla, zingakwazi ukuhlala kuyo izinsuku eziningana. Kodwa kusukela esemncane kakhulu, ama-isopods ashiywe kumadivayisi abo futhi aholele indlela yokuphila yokuzimela ngokuphelele.

Ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kwe-isopod enkulu

Ngokwesakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi, i-isopod enkulu empeleni ayihlukile kumdlavuza ojwayelekile. Izici eziqondile ze-isopod zifaka i-ectodermal gut, inhliziyo ebuyela emuva, kanye nemisipha ekhathazekile. Iqiniso lokuthi inhliziyo ye-isopod enkulu, efana neyamanye ama-isopods, idluliselwa emuva ichazwa iqiniso lokuthi, ngenxa yokungabikho kwe-carapace, umsebenzi wokuphefumula udluliselwa kuma-pleopods. Amathumbu we-isopod enkulu yi-ectodermal kuphela futhi izidlala ze-hepatopancreatic kuphela ezingama-endodermal.

Kungani mikhulu kangaka?

Ososayensi namanje abakwazi ukusho ngokungananazi ukuthi isayizi elikhulu lezintwala ezijulile olwandle luhlotshaniswa nobani. Enye i-hypothesis ithi, ngenxa yokuntuleka kokugcinwa kokudla ezindaweni ezijulile, izilwane lapha zifinyelela ekuthweni maduze, futhi ngaphambi kwalesosikhathi ziyakwazi ukukhula zibe ngamasayizi amakhulu.

Ngokuya komunye umbono, lapho sikhula ngobukhulu isisindo somzimba wezidalwa zasolwandle, kuba lula ngabo ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi impela kanye nengcindezi ephezulu. Lokhu kufana kakhulu nokuthambekela kwezilwane zomhlaba ukukhula kube kukhulu ngesikhathi sokuhlala enyakatho - kuseduze nezigxobo lapho kutholakala izinyamazane ezinkulu kakhulu, izimbaza kanye nabamele abathile be-oda bezinyoni.

Indaba yesidumbu sesopop enkulu

Ama-crustaceans ngamanye, ahlobene ne-isopod enkulu, atholakala kakade esikhathini sekwephuzile kwe-Triassic, lapho umndeni weCirolanidae, owasinda ezinsukwini zethu, usuvele ukhona. Abanye abameleli bezakhi zofuzo ezisabalele futhi ezisabalele ze-Palaega basondelene kakhulu ne-isopod enkulu yanamuhla.

Ama-isopod ama-Giant abalulekile ama-scavenger asolwandle olujulile emphakathini we-benthic.

Ezinye izintwala ezinkulu zokhuni

Ngakho-ke ukusho ukuthi, azikho i- “analogue” ngosayizi kuma-isopod amakhulu phakathi kwezintwala zeqiniso zokhuni. Izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zokhuni olusemhlabeni zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi kuphela ezimeni ezihlukile zikhula zibe ngu-4-5 cm ubude, kepha ubukhulu bazo obujwayelekile ngu-1-2 cm.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, njengawo wonke ama-crustaceans, izinwele zamapulangwe zidinga umswakama kakhulu, futhi usayizi wazo omkhulu zingaholela engcupheni yokufa yokuphuma emzimbeni ngisho nasezindaweni ezinomswakama owenele (ubukhulu bukhulu bomzimba, banzi indawo yokuhanjiswa kwamanzi kuyo) . Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izintwala zezinkuni ziyindlela yokudla eyintandokazi yezilwane ezahlukahlukene, futhi uma abamele abancane balesi sigceme bengakwazi ukucasha ngaphansi kwamatshe, khona-ke ezinkulu ziyoba nje ezingenakuzivikela ezitheni.

Umuntu ongafundile angadidanisa kalula izintwala zokhuni nezinsimbi ezivela emndenini we-glomeris. Ngenkathi umzimba we-Woodlice uhlukaniswe ngezigaba eziyi-11, ezingemuva zincane ngosayizi, i-glomeris inezingxenye eziyi-12-13, okuyilapho ingxenye engemuva, efana ne-scutellum, inkulu kakhulu.

Nazi ezinye izithombe zemibhede evela emndenini wakwaGlomeris (hhayi ukuthi ididaniswe ngentwala yezinkuni!):

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izintwala ezinkulu kunazo zonke zokhuni futhi ziyizinhlobo zasolwandle. I-Ligia Oceanica, ngokwesibonelo, ikhula ibe ngu-3 cm ubude, futhi ihlala ezindaweni ezingajulile zoLwandle iMedithera kanye neNyakatho ye-Atlantic. Ngokungafani nama-isopods amakhulu, i-Ligia Oceanica yaqhamuka kokhokho abasemhlabeni, futhi ngenxa yalokho ingabizwa kufanele ngokuthi yintwala yokhuni yangempela.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ayikho i-Woodlice - yebo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - eyinani lezentengiso. Abathandi ngokweqile bazama konke futhi bathi ukunambitheka kwezintwala komhlaba njengomchamo ohlanganisiwe. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sawo, ama-isopods amakhulu angabhekwa njengento yobuchopho: inyama yawo inambitha njengenyama ye-lobster.

Kodwa-ke, uma kucatshangelwa ukushaya okungadingeki kakhulu nangengozi emanetheni okudoba, akekho umuntu obandakanyeka kakhulu kulokhu kukhishwa nokulungiswa kwama-isopods amakhulu.

Sawubona kusukela ku-Paleozoic

Enye yezintandokazi zama paleontologists yi-trilobite, isihlobo sakudala sekhrayoni yesimanje. Ubude bezinto ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezitholakele zifinyelele ku-80 cm, futhi ngokubukeka ngokufana kakhulu nentwala yezinkuni, okuhlala kuyo amasela aminyene namakhona ahlanganayo emakamelweni ehlobo. Ingabe izinsalela zokhuni ziyisizukulwane se-trilobite?

Izinambuzane noma crayfish

Akunandaba ukuthi izinkuni zingafana kanjani namaphela, zisengokwesigaba sama crustaceans. Umehluko owubonwa ngeso lenyama unjengokulandelayo:

• izinti zezinkuni azinamaphiko, lapho njengazo zonke izinambuzane zikhona okungenani ngendlela eyinqaba,
• inemilenze eminingi - eyishumi nane. Onke, ngokungafani nemilenze ye-crayfish, anobude obufanayo, ngakho-ke womabili ama-trilobites nezintwala zokhuni zibizwa ngama-isopods - isopods,
• izinkuni ziphefumula ngama-gill, yize zihlala emhlabeni. Ngalesi sizathu, bahlala bedinga umswakama. Izinambuzane, uhlelo lokuphefumula lujwayela kakhulu impilo yasemhlabeni,
• Ikhanda lokhuni luyidlula kahle esifubeni lapho, njengakuzinambuzane, lihlukanisiwe nomzimba.

Ukuthola kwekhulu leminyaka

U-Woodlice yizilwane ezinhle ezingathandeki. Kodwa ukuthola ama-crustaceans ama-grey ansundu ngaphansi kwe-rag emanzi akuyona into eyethusayo njengokuthi kunama-trilobites amaningi amakhulu lapho. Kuhle ukuthi bafa kudala!

Kodwa-ke, umuntu akakwazi ukuphumula: esikhathini esedlule kakhulu, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, isilwane sasolwandle esingaziwa isayensi sabanjwa ngengozi sisuka ekujuleni kweGulf of Mexico. Kumanethiwekhi omkhumbi wesayensi kwavela isopod esikhulu (isilwane esifana nentwala yokhuni), esikwazi ukudonsa inhlanzi ephakeme ngosayizi wayo. Ngo-2010, isampula yafinyelelwa amaMelika ase-oyela, afinyelela usayizi wama-trilobites angapheli - 75 cm!

Le ntwala enkulu yezinkuni yayingeyona intwala, noma ibukeka ifana kakhulu nayo. Ngokungafani nomhlaba wabo futhi odade bazijwayela imvelo yasemanzini, iyi-trilobite yangempela yesimanje, okhokho bayo abangakaze baphila emhlabeni. Kamuva, okunye okutholwe ngalesi silwane kwalandelwa, kwembula indawo yokuhlala kwaso - iPacific ne-Indian Oceans.

Mkhulu, mkhulu noma mkhulu

Akukaziwa ukuthi yisiphi isisulu esabanjwa ngokungajwayelekile sahlangana emphemeni. "Isilo esikhulu kangakanani lesi!" noma "Cha, umucu omkhulu wezinkuni nje!" Kungabonakala kuyisihloko esiqedayo isilwane esisha sesivele sikulungele, kepha umcabango wesayensi ongaguquguquki wabeka igama lohlobo olungaziwa lwama-crustaceans asolwandle olujulile Bathynomus giganteus, okusho ukuthi "umkhulu nje." Ingabe lokhu kulungile?

Kubukeka sengathi "okukhulu", "okukhulu" nokuthi "omkhulu" kuyafana, kepha uma kuhlolwa ngokuningiliziwe kwe-etymology yala magama, umuntu angathola umehluko osayizi abawaqonde kuwo.

• Esokuqala sivela egameni lesi-Slavic elaphelelwa yisikhathi elithi "omkhulu", elisho ibanga okuzwakala ngalo ukuthi kuyahlukahluka kwezulu lokuduma - amamitha angama-25 skwele. km Izibalo ezilula kakhulu zinikeza indawo yombuthano "omkhulu" wokuphendula - cishe amakhilomitha skwele ayi-2.
• Igama lesibili livela egameni lesiSlavic elithi "umphakathi", ebelisho ngaphambili ukubuthana kwabantu, umbuthano wasemakhaya (umshado. "Isiqhwaga" sase-Ukraine - "isakhamuzi" Noma ngabe ucabanga umhlangano wabo bonke abaphathi boMbuso Duma, akunakwenzeka ukuthi leli qembu lingathola indawo yamamitha-skwele ayinkulungwane. km Ngakho-ke, "okukhulu" kuncane kakhulu kune "okukhulu".
• Ngokuqondene nethemu yesithathu, ekhethelwe isilo sasolwandle olujulile, kusho inani elincane. “IGiant” ekuqaleni yayingumuntu omude kakhulu, ehlukaniswa ngosayizi womphakathi wohlobo lwayo. Ngakho-ke, kuyiqiniso impela ukuthi isihlobo esikude sezimbali ezingama-trilobites esidumile, esihluke ngokumangalisa ekukhuleni kusuka ezinsikeni ezincane zokhuni lwasemhlabeni, saqanjwa kahle giganteus, isopod esikhulu.

Kodwa-ke, ama-crustaceans angama-ubiquitous, izintwala zokhuni zomhlaba, angabizwa nangokuthi elinye lamagama "amakhulu". Abakhileyo bezinti ezimanzi “bakhulu” ngokwezibalo zabo. Isayensi yanamuhla iyazi izinhlobo ezingama-3 500 ze-Woodlice kuphela, lapho isibalo sezinhlobo zawo wonke ama-isopods (isopods) singaba yinkulungwane eziyishumi.

Ubude bomzimba bokhuni obuningi abudluli ku-2 cm kanti iningi lezinhlobo zazo lihlala emhlabeni. Encane ubukhulu buhambisana nesidingo sokucasha kahle futhi usebenzise kahle indawo yokukhosela encane emanzi. Amagundane ezinkuni abuye abe nezihlobo ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezibuyele endaweni yazo yasendulo futhi ezibizwa nge- “lice izinkuni zasolwandle”. Ubukhulu balezi zilwane bukhulu kancane: i-lingual wood lice parasite ikhula ize ibe ngu-4 cm, kanti "izinja zezinkuni" ezinkulu kunazo zonke - iqhude lasolwandle - lifinyelela ku-10 cm

Ngokudlula kwama-eras we-geological

Ukuba yizihlobo zama-trilobites, izintwala zokhuni zilondoloze ukwakheka komzimba wazo, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okumangalisayo ngisho nemikhuba ethile.

Kumakhishi ehlobo ungahlangana nabamele abathandekayo balezi zilwane, abakwaziyo ukuphuma - I-Oniscus cinereum. Uma igoqwa, ibukeka njengebhola elikhanyayo futhi ingahlala isikhathi eside. Ubuqili obunjalo benziwa yibo ukuze bazivikele ezitheni zemvelo noma basebenzise umswakama emzimbeni ngesimo sezulu esomile. Ukutholwa okukhulu kwe-paleontology kwakuwukutholwa esiFundeni saseLeningrad samafosili agcinwe kahle esifundeni esifana ne "spherical". Kwavela nokuthi ekushoneni kwelanga kwenkathi yabo, zonke izinhlobo zama-trilobites zingagxila zibe yibhola.

Njengoba ubonwe kaningi ekuhlaselweni inyamazane ebukhoma, i-isopod enkulu Bathynomus giganteus ikakhulukazi idla ngo-carrion. Izinambuzane ezifanayo eziguqukayo zazingafani nokhokho bazo bozalo. Phakathi kokutholakala nokudotshwa kwasolwandle lwasendulo olwedlule eSweden, izazi zesayensi yokuphefumula zabona “ukuzingela” kwesilwanyane esisilwane esihamba kancane kancane, yize ngaphambili konke okutholakele kwathiwa isopod sePaleozoic sidla kuphela izinto ezifile.

Kushiya ama-trilobites phila iminyaka yakho ye-Paleozoic olwandle, izinkuni zasendulo ezafika cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-250 edlule. Akukaziwa ukuthi babukeka kanjani kuleyo nkathi, kodwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-25 edlule banokubukeka nosayizi wanamuhla. Ukuqhathanisa: umuntu onengqondo akazange aphile emhlabeni iminyaka eyisigidi.

I-Giant isopod nomuntu

Ama-isopod ama-Giant awanalo inani lomnotho. Yize izihlobo ngazinye zalaba bantu abanohlonze zilimaza isishingishane sokudotshwa kwamazwe asezindaweni ezishisayo nezokudoba, lokhu akunjalo ngama-isopods amakhulu ngoba ukujula kokuhlala kwawo akuyona inzalo enkulu kwezokudoba zasolwandle.

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