EJalimane, ososayensi phakathi nocwaningo bathola ukuthi i-fern Salvinia Molesta idonsa kahle izinto ezinamafutha, kufaka phakathi nemikhiqizo kawoyela. Emvelweni, lolu hlobo lwezimbali lubhekwa njengokhula, kepha selokhu lwathola izakhiwo ezintsha, luzoba usizo ekuhlanzeni amanzi olwandle kanye nolwandle ezimweni zokuchitheka kawoyela.
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Ukutholwa kokufakwa kawoyela ngama-ferns kwenziwa ngamathuba, ngemuva kwalokhu umphumela walesi sitshalo waqala ukufundwa ngokujulile. Ingaphezulu le-lipophilic lamaqabunga e-fern liheha amafutha ahlukahlukene, kepha lona lijikisa amanzi. Baphinde babe ama-microwave, nakho thatha futhi zimunce molecule okunamafutha izinto.
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UFern walolu hlobo uhlala endaweni yemvelo ezindaweni ezifudumele ezifudumele. Sikhula imizimba amanzi eduze, kanti kwezinye izindawo lisakazeka phezu kwamanzi. Kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, ngokwesibonelo, ePhilippines, lesi sitshalo sisetshenziselwa ukuhlanza amanzi.
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Izidumbu zamanzi ezahlukahlukene zingcolile ngemuva kwezingozi ezinamafutha ezobuchwepheshe namafutha, amakhompiyutha, amanzi angcolile asekhaya. Konke lokhu kungcolisa kakhulu amanzi, okwenza kungafaneleki izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane. Fern kungenziwa ikhishwe emizimbeni amanzi angcolile, futhi njengoba esandisa ngokushesha, kungaba ukuncela uwoyela ngokuhlanza emanzini ngesikhathi esifushane.
Uhlelo lokufundisa mayelana nokuhlanza amabhokisi kanye nokuhlangana
Emicimbini yokubaluleka kwamazwe omhlaba, izingqinamba zokulawulwa kwemvelo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo ziya ngokuya ziphakanyiswa. Umnyaka Lemvelo eRussia uye benza izinguquko ezinkulu ikhambi nezindaba ezibalulekile kwemvelo, ngokuyinhloko ukunciphisa amafutha kuchitheka nokuthi nokuvimbela ukungcola okunjalo.
Ezimweni ezingama-90%, izingozi zokuchitheka kawoyela zenzeka emanzini. Ukuqoqwa kwezinto ezinobungozi kunqunywa ngabahlaziyi bemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, ongatholwa kuwebhusayithi http://vistaros.ru/stati/analizatory/pribor-dlya-opredeleniya-nefteproduktov-v-vode.html
Lezi izibalo zihlanganisa nokungcoliswa imizimba amanzi nge effluents zezimboni ocebile compounds nobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu, kanye ukuvuza kwezimpahla ngaphandle kokudala ingozi ukuqhuma.
Izinhlobo zokungcoliswa kawoyela
Izinga lokungcola linquma uhlobo lomsebenzi okudingeka wenziwe ukuwuqeda. Ngokwemvelo, amafutha futhi imikhiqizo yayo heterogeneous: ezahlukene ukuminyana wamaqhuzu kuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kaphethiloli kulo lonke kukholamu amanzi. Kuchitheke uhla lwemikhiqizo kawoyela okhanyayo - uphethiloli, uphethiloli, i-naphtha kanye ne-oyela kagesi, obukhulu bawo bungaphansi kobukhulu bamanzi. Ngokubambisana nomoya nemisinga, bayakwazi ukusabalala ezindaweni ezinkudlwana. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka futhi ingeke isebenze amagesi ahlukene ezihlobene nowoyela ngamanzi, naphezu umonakalo yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi oyinhloko wezinsizakalo eziphuthumayo ijubane lokusebenza.
Ukuvuza kwendawo kwemikhiqizo kawoyela kumachibi, olwandle noma indawo yamatshe engenakufinyeleleka kuyaqoshwa, kepha akuqedwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amafutha livela organic futhi oxidized futhi lusetshenziswe ngu eziphilayo ngesilinganiso esincane.
Izinyathelo zokuqeda ukuchitheka kawoyela okukhulu
Kuqala, bekukhona indlela yokukhipha ungqimba lwamanzi angcolisiwe nokugcinwa kwawo okwalandela emathangini. Le ndlela iye lwaludlula ngokuphelele ubuchwepheshe ukuze ukuxhumana amakhemikhali amafutha adsorbents ezikhethiwe. Ngemuva kokufakwa kwemikhiqizo kawoyela, izinto zokwenziwa kabusha, nezinsalela kawoyela zingaphansi kokusetshenziswa okuqondile. Ngokusho kokuqanjwa kwamalungelo obunikazi, i-chromium oxide, imvuthuluka yenjoloba, amagciwane kanye nama-microorganisms asetshenziswa kabanzi njengama-sorbents.
adsorbent Kasibili ayinangozi kuyinto iqhwa. Kepha isici esiyisisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwaso yinzuzo yezomnotho. Ingakhiqizwa emazingeni okushisa aphansi ngokushesha ngaphambi kwenqubo ye-sorption isebenzisa ama-generator eqhwa.
Ukuze ugweme ukusabalala okusheshayo uwoyela phezu, ochwepheshe aphakanyisiwe ethula zakhi zibe amasayithi contaminant, nokuqedwa esiphathelene ukusabela endothermic (ammonium nitrate). Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi upholise amanzi ehlobo kuya ku-12 ° C, osiza ukukhulisa ukubukeka kwamafutha futhi kusize ukuqoqwa kwawo.
Ukuze ugcine amafriji, kuyisiko ukusebenzisa iqhwa ngokuhlangana neqhwa. Ngenxa yalesi ubuchwepheshe, ebusweni ice ukhulula ikholomu amanzi kusukela izinsalela esindayo uwoyela, ephakamisa ukuba ebusweni. Isithwathwa phezulu simunca impahla ngenxa yesakhiwo saso esinobutha. Ngakho-ke, izinkinga zokuphakamisa uwoyela ngaphandle nokwenziwa kokungcoliswa komhlaba zixazululwa ngasikhathi sinye.
Okungenhla indlela chemical yokuqeda uwoyela ochithekile kabanzi lisetshenziswe amadamu evulekile kude isitoreji uwoyela izindawo, uwoyela esikhiqiza nokucwengisiswa izimboni. Ezindaweni eziseduzane nefektri, amachibi nemifula ifakwe izicupho zikawoyela ezikhethekile kanye ne-hydrocyclones.
Izicupho zika-oyela zifakwa kuyo yonke ikholomu yamanzi, ukubambezela ukuqina kwesigaxa samafutha, kusebenza ngesisekelo sesigaxa.
Uma siyaqonda uhlelo amanzi namafutha njengoba i emulsion ke ukukhululwa kwe izakhi uwoyela kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya ibutho centrifugal ka hydrocyclones.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ekhethekile ukuvikela nokusabalalisa ukungcoliswa kwemikhiqizo kawoyela ezinhlakeni zamanzi kukuvumela ukuba ufinyelele ngokushesha umphumela owufunayo, kepha uhlangothi lomnotho lodaba aluvumeli ukuba ulufake yonke indawo.
UFern uzosiza ekuhlanzeni ingaphezulu lolwandle nezilwandlekazi kusuka ku-oyela
ososayensi German kusukela Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (TIK) kanye University of Bonn benza ucwaningo oluthole ukuthi Izinhlobo kwezinhlobo Salvinia Molesta kahle ukuncela mafutha oily ukubunjwa ebusweni amanzi. Ukutholwa kusivumele ukuthi sicabange ngokusetshenziswa kwesitshalo, esithathwa njengokhula, ezimweni eziphuthumayo lapho i-oyile ichitheka ngaphezu kwamanzi, kubika i Science Daily.
"Ikhono lokuphindisela amanzi ngamahlamvu weSalvinia Molesta fern lalaziwa ngaphambili," kuchaza uClaudia Zinger, umphathi wephrojekthi ye-TIK Institute. Ngokusho kwakhe, umphumela uwoyela ukumuncwa kwatholakala ngengozi, kodwa wafunda okokuqala.
Njengoba ukushicilelwa kwazisa, amaqabunga eSalvinia fern anokuma kwe-lipophilic, okungukuthi, aheha i-lipids - amafutha nezinto ezinjengamafutha, kepha anciphisa amanzi.
Abaphenyi baseJalimane Institute of Technology uKarlsruhe baqaphela lezi zakhiwo ezihlukile zesitshalo futhi manje bahlose ukuzisebenzisa ukuqeda uwoyela ebusweni bamanzi.
Bakwazi ukuthola ukuthi izakhiwo adsorbing we ebusweni Fern zithuthukiswa ngu microfibers lipophilic, okuyinto ngempela ngokushesha wasithatha amaconsi kawoyela oily.
I-Fern yezinhlobo uSalvinia Molesta ngokwemvelo isitshalo esintantayo esikhulu, esinezindawo ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo nesiphakemeyo. Ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo zemvelo, lesi sitshalo simboza ngokuphelele imizimba yamanzi. Ngaphambili, ososayensi ePhilippines, ngasendleleni, wabuye wathola izakhiwo ezuzisayo Fern ukuze bahlanze lemiqulu emikhulu yamanzi.
“Amapayipi alimele, izingozi emathangini kawoyela namapulatifomu, emithonjeni kawoyela egayayo - konke lokhu kuholela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi ngamafutha noma ngochwepheshe. - Ubhala iSayensi nsuku zonke.
- Izindlela Traditional of bebutha uwoyela ochithekile ezihlobene nokusebenzelana lahlukene umphumela ongemuhle emvelweni.
Lokhu, ukwenza isibonelo, ukushisa uphethiloli noma ukusebenzisa amakhemikhali ukusheshisa ukubola kwamafutha, okuvame ukudala ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okwesibili. "
UFern uyanda masinyane, afake amapheshana amakhulu amanzi, yingakho lesi sitshalo sithathwa njengokhula. Ngo imizuzwana engu-30, Salvinia ubamba lwamafutha kwamanzi.
Le ndawo ikhonjiswa kuvidiyo yedemo emfushane, eyayilungiselelwe ososayensi.
Namuhla, i-fern inamandla okuba i-adsorbent engabizi futhi ibe nemvelo kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli.
I Kit Institute selitfutfukise Analogue plastic zalesi sitshalo, futhi okucasulayo amanzi ubamba lamafutha, njengokutsho-Science Daily.
Ososayensi Bahlola Izici Zokuhlanza Amanzi Zamapulangwe Ezintantayo
Izinhlobo ezithile zama-ferns ezintantayo zinekhono elisebenzayo lokuthola imfucumfucu yamafutha emanzini angcolisiwe. Izitshalo kwalesi silwane zivame Abaningi bacabanga ukuthi njengoba ukhula lwasemanzini nacho, kodwa ungakwazi ukudlala indima enkulu bebutha ochithekile amanzi kusukela hydrocarbon.
Iqembu lososayensi abavela ku-Institute of Technology eKarlsruhe (Germany) lishicilele umbiko ocwaningweni ngezinto zokuhlanza ama-ferns wasemanzini. Umbhalo walo mbiko ubekwe emaphephabhukwini we-Bioinspression & Biomimetics.
Liphinde wabonisa ukuthi abacwaningi kusukela Institut for Plant Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo (University of Bonn) bajoyine ukuthuthukiswa.
Into eyayicwaninga kwakuyi-fern enamanzi yezinhlobo iSalvinia, ingxenye yamaqabunga embozwe ngezinwele ezincane. Lezi zinwele, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-trichomes, zisebenza njengamakhompiyutha aphambili kawoyela nokungcoliswa kawoyela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuma izihloko zezingongolo trichomes linendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ngezinga esiphezulu ukumuncwa contaminants.
Ezinhlotsheni ezine, i-trichome yakhethwa njengeyona ephumelela kunazo zonke, ebonakala ngezinga eliphezulu lokufakwa kokungcola.
Ososayensi baseJalimane bakwazile ukwenza into eyenziwe endaweni ye-trichome ye-fern Salvinia yasemanzini, eyayibizwa nge- "nanofur". Le into unekhono ngokukhetha ukuncela amafutha emanzini. Ukutadisha ngokucophelela izitshalo kusize kakhulu ososayensi ukuthola izindlela zokukhuphula amandla wethuba lokufakwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-nanofur.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-ferns okuntantayo ukuhlanza amanzi kusuka ku-oyela ne-oyili yamafutha kwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukuxazulula ngempumelelo enye yezinkinga ezicindezelayo zemvelo. Futhi ukusetshenziswa nanofur esikhathini esizayo kuzosiza kanyekanye uxazulule izinkinga ezimbili:
- hlukana nezitshalo zasemanzini ezingadingeki
- futhi uhlanze amanzi ekungcoleni kawoyela.
Ukwelashwa amanzi eziphilayo
I-microflora ekhulisa uwoyela, njengoba ikhonjiswe izifundo zamuva, ikhona cishe kuzo zonke izihlambi zemvelo. Uhambo lwe-MSU Arctic, ngokwesibonelo, luthola amagciwane aveza uphalafini, i-naphthalene, uphalafini neminye imikhiqizo kawoyela kuwo wonke amasampula wamanzi asemgwaqweni osenyakatho nolwandle. idatha efanayo ayithola ngokukhaphela ngamanzi nomhlabathi we Yenisei kanye iCaspian.
Hlanza izidumbu zamanzi emikhiqizweni kawoyela nasezitshalweni eziphakeme. Ebukhoneni babo, ifilimu kawoyela ene-1 g / l inyamalale ngezinsuku ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-10, kuyilapho ngaphandle kwabo kuthatha inyanga.
Phakathi kwalezi izitshalo sasemhlangeni, cattails unciphise enezicabha nechibi imihlanga, okuyinto ezimweni ezinjena zikhule zibe ngcono - ziba 10-15 amasentimitha ephakeme.
Futhi i-hyacinth yamanzi - i-eichhornia - ayithathi ngokuphumelelayo imikhiqizo hhayi uwoyela kuphela, kodwa futhi nama-phenols, ama-insecticides, amakhompiyutha we-zebus, lead kanye ne-cadmium.
Eqinisweni, abasebenzi bamanzi bebelokhu bebheka ukhula olubi nge-eichhoria. Ukuba ukusabalala kusukela amadamu Melika ezindaweni ezishisayo zomhlaba wonke, ke esandisa wakwenza ngokuzimisela futhi kudala izithiyo ezinkulu ukuze lokuthumela.
Amanzi asendaweni yase-Eichhornia ahlanzekile ikakhulukazi, futhi ngenxa yalokho e-United States kwenziwa lo msebenzi olandelayo. Sizungezwe yinqwaba yamanzi acwebile endaweni yokugcina amanzi, kwakhululwa kuyo amanzi angcolile enziwe nge-ozone.
Eichornia bahlanza ivolumu sabesifazane ukungcola anobuthi ezinsukwini ezinhlanu nje kuphela, futhi-ke, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi isigamu intengo yokuhlanza ngokwesiko esetshenziswa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokutshala izitshalo ezikhiqiza amandla, umuntu angathola igesi efana negesi yemvelo kubo, bese uhola, i-cadmium, i-zebusay, njll. Kungakhishwa kumlotha wezitshalo ezishisiwe.
Ezweni lethu, kwenziwa nezifundo ngokusetshenziswa kwe-eichhoria ezitshalweni zokwelapha ngemvelo, futhi zenziwa ngabasebenza ngePrenefteorgsintez. Imiphumela yokuqala eyatholakala wabhaliswa eRussia ekhuthaza.
Kepha okuthembisa kakhulu ngokungena kwethu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi "ngumzala" wase-tropical Eichornia - waseCanada Elodea, ophinde azalwe ngenkuthalo futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, uqongelela izakhi zomsakazo ngempumelelo.
Ochwepheshe be-NGO NGO yaseMoscow uRadon bathola imikhiqizo ye-strontium, i-cesium, i-cobalt kanye nokubola kwe-radium ezimpandeni zayo, kuyilapho lawo ma-radionuclides engatholakalanga ngaphansi komhlaba noma emanzini okugcotshwa kwawo.
Khona-ke uchungechunge ukulinga ukuhlanzwa ketshezi kwemfucumfucu enemisebe yenuzi ngu Canadian Elodea wabonisa ukuthi usebenza ngempumelelo izinsuku ezingu-15, ngemva kwalokho uyafa. Isisindo "esichithile" singasetshenziswa, futhi i-batch elandelayo kufanele isetshenziselwe ukuhlanza.
T. WEDNES. izindlela eziphilayo wokuhlanza amanzi uwoyela. “Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcoliswe i-oyili, inhlabathi, ukucubungula kanye nokulahlwa kwe-oyili enamafutha. Imibiko eminingi. ” Moscow, 2001, p. 12-16. V. VARNIKOV. Imishini ephilayo. "Barrier Security" Cha 2, 2002, kk. 14-15.
Izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokuphatha amanzi angcolile emikhiqizweni kaphethiloli
Izakhi ezahlukahlukene eziqukethe uwoyela nemikhiqizo kaphethiloli zingumphumela wezinqubo eziningi zobuchwepheshe.
Amanzi ongcolile ngamafutha
Lokhu noma lelo banga lobuthi bamanzi obunezinto ezinjengalezi kungenziwa ngamabhizinisi amancane (ngisho nesiteshi senkonzo noma esiteshini segesi lapho kungagcinwa khona), kanye nobuchwepheshe obukhulu bezitshalo zesimanje.
Usongo olukhulu lobuthi lwamanzi ngemikhiqizo kawoyela luqhamuka abakhiqizi bakawoyela kanye nemishini yokuhlanza, abavela kumabhizinisi wezimboni zensimbi nezimboni zamakhemikhali.
Ayikho ngaphansi kunosongo ushevu ngo izinto uwoyela-equkethe emanzini nasenhlabathini kuyoba umsebenzi insufficiently ngempumelelo ngezidingo abathintekayo yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile.
Ingozi yemikhiqizo kawoyela ewela emanzini
Esimweni lapho imikhiqizo kawoyela ingena emzimbeni wamanzi ngenxa yomsebenzi wefekthri noma imishini yokuhlanza uwoyela, i-ecosystem yendawo iyacindezelwa kancane kancane, okuthi ekuhambeni kwesikhathi iholele ekuqothulweni kwezitshalo nezilwane zasendaweni. Lena inqubo kuyingozi kakhulu ukuthi angeke bavunyelwe nhlobo.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo ezihlangabezana nesimo esisha sedamu - zivame ukulahlekelwa amandla azo okuzala. Futhi lokhu kungcono kakhulu. Ngezinye okubi kakhulu, ukukhululwa amafutha imikhondo imvelo ukuba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
Ngokwesibonelo, lapho singena umthombo ovulekile njenge kolwandle noma echibini, uwoyela lisakazeka ngokulinganayo phezu ubuso bayo. Ihlanganisa ukushuba enkulu echibini nge ifilimu obukhulu, kanjalo ekuvimbeni ukufinyelela evamile oksijini kwelanga ezakhamuzini kwamanzi.
Kusobala impela ukuthi ngaphandle kwelanga nomoya, akekho umuntu ohlala olwandle noma olwandle ozohlala isikhathi eside. Lokhu kuzoholela ekufudukeni kwabo ngenkani. Uma kungekho ndawo yokubalekela, ngokwesibonelo, uwoyela othululwe esitshalweni esiseduze kwechibi, khona-ke ukufa kwabo cishe akunakugwenywa.
I ingress imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, esimweni ukudedelwa effluents insufficiently iphathwa emabhizinisini zezimboni enhlabathini, futhi kuphazamisa umsebenzi walo evundile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abhubhise ibhalansi nitrogen nokuqukethwe. Ayikho kuyingozi kancane amafutha, okuyinto eseke wangena komhlaba, njengoba amaminerali zabo Ukwakheka zizoshintsha.
Izinhlelo zesiteshi sokulashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezivela emikhiqizweni kawoyela
Ngasikhathi sinye, kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukusisusa enhlabathini, ngoba le misebenzi ayinasizakalo futhi inezisebenzi eziningi. Ngisho nangemva kokuhlanzwa ngokuphelele, ukuzala komhlaba kuzokwehla kakhulu. Ingabuyiselwa kuphela ngezindlela zanamuhla zomanyolo nokugcwaliswa kwenhlabathi ngamakhemikhali. Futhi ziyabiza impela.
I ingress amafutha namanzi, okuyinto kamuva sokudliwa abantu, futhi kunomphumela anobuthi kuso, ngokuvamile umdlavuza, okwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza. Nokho, wena cishe uyavumelana uphuze amanzi anjalo, njengoba has a aftertaste alandisa nephunga.
Amanzi angcolile edolobheni lesimanje lezigidi eziningi adinga ukuhlanzwa ngezigaba eziningi emikhiqizweni kawoyela. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi ngamanzi angcolile avela ezindaweni ezizimele, lapho inani elikhulu likaphethiloli namafutha liwela engxenyeni enkulu yemithombo yokugcoba, evuza amagalaji nakwezinye izakhiwo ezifanayo.
Ngaphandle kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlanza uwoyela nakwimishini yezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, imikhiqizo yezimoto nezindawo zezimboni ngokwazo ibandakanya ukusetshenziswa njalo nokugcinwa kwemikhiqizo kawoyela, kanye nokuhamba kwayo.
Akekho iphephile yizingozi, Ngakho-ke, uwoyela ochithekile abasakwazi njalo. Njengoba singabona kusukela amaqiniso angenhla nezahlulelo, uwoyela esobala kungaba sina ukulimaza umuntu futhi imvelo yakhe. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kubhekwe ngokukhethekile ezindabeni zokuhlanza uketshezi emikhiqizweni kaphethiloli.
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Izindlela zokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka ezivela emikhiqizweni kaphethiloli
Zonke izindlela ezisetshenzisiwe zokwelapha amanzi angcolile ezivela emikhiqizweni kawoyela nowoyela (kufaka phakathi lezo ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlanza uwoyela nasezitshalweni zokwelapha zamanzi amdaka) zihlukaniswe zaba yizinhlobo ezimbili:
- Ukwelashwa ngomshini kwamanzi amdaka anamafutha,
- ukuphathwa eziphilayo wamanzi anokungcola achithayo oily.
Isikimu kwamazinga amafutha esibanjwe ogibeni noma uwoyela isicupho
Ngokuvumelana nalokho, isigaba sokuqala sizokuba sokwenzekisomsebenzi (sikulungiselelo futhi kwindalo). Kulesi sigaba, amaphesenti angama-70 kuya kwangama-95 engcoliso asusiwe (esimweni sokusebenzisa kuphela izingibe zamafutha noma amathangi wedimentation wemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza akudluli ngamaphesenti angama-50).
Ukwelashwa ngomshini kwamanzi amfucuza anamafutha (kufaka phakathi awezimboni) kungenziwa ngemishini ehlukahlukene futhi kubandakanya ukususwa kwemishini kwemikhiqizo kawoyela ebusweni bamanzi.
Wastewater asitholayo uhlanzekile izihlungi ahlukahlukene ukuze akhiphe amanyela mechanical, ngasikhathi sinye, okubizwa ngokuthi "amafutha izicupho" noma "benzo amafutha izicupho" (uwoyela izicupho) asetshenziswa.
Futhi, kokubili ngesikhathi sokuqala futhi ngesikhathi sokugcina zokuhlanjululwa, Booms sorbing ingasetshenziswa ukuthi collect carbon compounds kusukela ikholomu amanzi.
Kuyadingeka ukucacisa lapha ukuthi izicupho ze-oyela ezinjalo zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhipha ifilimu yamafutha aminyene, okungahle kube nesici lapho kuchithwa inani elikhulu lamafutha ezindabeni zokuhlanza uwoyela noma ngesikhathi sokuhamba.
Kulokhu, njengento esetshenziswayo yokwelashwa kokuchitheka kukadoti, indlela yolwelwesi nayo iyasetshenziswa, kepha lokhu akuvamile kakhulu kwi-CIS yangaphambili, yize kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokwelashwa.
Izikhungo zokwelapha zezitshalo namabhizinisi zivame ukusebenzisa imishini yangaphambilini kanye nezicupho ezilula zamafutha.
Izindlela zebhayoloji zokwelapha amanzi angcolile anamafutha zifaka ukwelashwa ngemvelo esebenza ngokusebenzayo - okungukuthi, amanzi angena endaweni yokugcina amanzi ngama-microorganisms amunca noma asheshise ukuwohloka kwezakhi ezithile nemikhiqizo kawoyela.
Amathangi asungulwe ngaphambili ezitshalo zokuthambisa amanzi angcolile emikhiqizweni yamafutha
Ngaphezu sedimentation amathangi nezilwanyana ezincane (ezifana eziphila abakhuthele kodaka noma amagciwane-uwoyela destructors), ahlukahlukene biofilters-izicupho nazo asetshenziswa. Bavumela wena ukuwakhipha kusuka uketshezi izinsalela izakhi ezingafakwanga wabanjwa.
Ezigabeni ezilandelayo zokwelashwa nangemva kokungabulawa kwemithi, umsebenzi awukususa imikhiqizo kaphethiloli emanzini amdaka, yize kungenziwa ukwelashwa kwe-membrane.
Ezikhungweni ezikhethekile ezisebenzisa uwoyela noma ezindaweni zokuhlanza izitshalo, kungasetjenziswa indawo yokusebenzisa amanzi kagesi noma elethwa ngogesi (ngaphezu komshini).
Lapho, amanzi asebenze ukwelashwa ngomshini angaphinde asebenze, ngakho-ke indlela kwesinye isikhathi isetshenziswa njengeyona eyinhloko. Uma amanzi kumele akhishwe, khona-ke kuyoba zokuwuhluza uwoyela liqhubeke zonke izigaba ukwelashwa, kuhlanganise begazi lokukhanda.
Izinketho esiyinhloko ukuphathwa kagesi wamanzi anokungcola achithayo oily kukhona electrocoagulation futhi electrofloatation wamanzi anokungcola achithayo kungangcoli.
Lezi zinqubo zifaka i-electrolysis yamanzi ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile, ngenxa yokuthi ukubopha kwezinto ezinobungozi nokuhanjiswa kwezulu kusinda kunamanzi (ngokuyisisekelo, lokhu kususa izinhlayiya ezimisiwe namaqembu we-hydroxide).
Futhi, izindawo zokuhlanza uwoyela zingasebenzisa zombili idatha yenqubo ngasikhathi sinye njengengxenye yedivayisi eyodwa. Ngakho-ke, abantu bayakwazi ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanzwa kwe-liquid, yize izindleko zokwenza lezi zinqubo ziphinde zanda ngokulingana.
kumenyu ↑
Imishini yokuhlanza
Petroleum gas izicupho noma uwoyela izicupho (uwoyela izicupho) kukhona imishini esetshenziswa ngokuvamile kakhulu. Futhi, lokhu okokusebenza generically ngokuthi separators uwoyela umkhiqizo.
Izicupho zika-oyili ngesikhathi sokufakwa, zibekwe ngaphansi komhlaba
Ukufakwa kwesigaxa sikawoyela kubandakanya ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi amdaka angaphezulu (ngamandla adonsela phansi). Amathangi emiklamo ehlukahlukene - ukusuka endaweni eyi-compact (kusetshenziswa iziteshi zikaphethiloli), nasezikhungweni ezinkulu zokwelapha ezindaweni zokuhlanza uwoyela, ezitshalweni zokwelapha indle noma ezindle.
Njengomthetho, izinhlelo zisikisela uhlobo komhlaba ukufakwa (kuleli cala, zenziwa ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu). izinguqulo Compact zingafakwa phansi, futhi kungenziwa ezenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali noma polyethylene.
Umgomo wokusebenza kwesigaxa sikawoyela usikisela ukuthi, ngemuva kokudonsa kwamanzi ngamandla, uketshezi lungena kwisihlungi sokuqala, lapho kwenzeka khona ukucwila kokuqala kwezinhlayiya ezixubile zemikhiqizo yamafutha.
Isihlungi sesihlabathi esiyinhloko lapho uketshezi lukhishwa khona singaba yingxenye yomgibe wamafutha. Isihlungi sesibili se-oyela sibangela izinhlayiya ezingama-coarse zithambekele phezulu.
Kukhona ama-skimmers kawoyela omklamo ohlukile. Isibonelo, i- "skimmer" yithuluzi elisusa imikhiqizo kaphethiloli kanjena. A ithephu ngihlaliswa ethangini, okuyinto, uma idivayisi ligijima, feeds tape ngalendoda imikhiqizo uwoyela (a ungqimba elincanyana eteyipini) ku idivayisi.
Ngemva kokudlulisa isicupho uwoyela - tape sidla emuva ethangini. Le yunithi isusa ukungcoliswa komhlaba wamanzi amdaka onamafutha; ekusebenzeni, kuyadingeka ugesi. Lolu hlobo lwedivaysi lungasetshenziswa ngokuhlukile nangokubhekela eceleni kwesihlukanisi esingaphansi komhlaba.
Izisetshenziswa ezisebenza emgomeni we-electrofloration zingathathwa njengesibonelo senguqulo ye-compact engasetshenziswa eziteshini zegesi ukuphatha amanzi amdaka anamafutha.
Ukufakwa icala plastic, i block electrode kanye compressor ngoba usinika amandla, kanye uhlelo lokuqoqa uwoyela kodaka (kodaka). Ngokuvamile, lolu phiko is kuhlangene isihlungi sorption noma nesihlungi ultra-ulwelwesi (okuyinto ke bephethe amanzi emva kokwelashwa nge electrofloator).
Ama-aerotanks okwelashwa okuvela emanzini amdaka avela emikhiqizweni kawoyela afaka ukunikezwa kwamanzi ethangini (okuvame ukuba ngamaxande) lapho i-sludge esebenza ngokusebenza kanye namagciwane aqinisa kakhulu izinto eziqukethwe emanzini. Uhlelo lwe-aeration lusebenza, olunikeza umoya-mpilo ethangini, futhi ngenxa yalokho luba nomthelela ekusabeleni okufisayo.
Ama-Aerotanks adinga ukubhekwa njalo kwezimo zokushisa / ze-oxygen. Imvamisa kuyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokwelapha i-bio futhi lungasetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlanza, njengezindawo zokwelapha zezitshalo ezinkulu noma zokwelashwa kwendle.
Lolu hlobo lokwelashwa ngemvelo lubizwa ngokuthi yi-aerobic, kepha inqubo ye-oxidation nayo ingenzeka nge-anaerobic. Multistage oily yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile izinhlelo ngokuvamile sihlanganise kokubili izindlela.
imenyu ↑
Ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi kanye nezindawo zokugcina zemvelo ezingcoliswa ukungcoliswa
Ukungcoliswa kwezindawo ezigcina imvelo kuthinta yonke imvelo futhi kusongela nemiphumela yabantu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kubahlali bezindawo eziseduze.
Evala kusukela amanzi avimbekile ufake emoyeni. Udoti kuthatha kwifomu fake ihlukaniswe futhi enza izinto ipheshana zokuphefumula nokuvikeleka. Izimo ezingenzeka ngokusebenza okujwayelekile kwezinhlobo zasemanzini zezimbali nezilwane kuholela ekunyamalaleni kwezinye zezinhlobo zazo. Lawa maqiniso aqinisekisa ukuhambisana kokulashwa kwezinto eziphilayo zemizimba yamanzi nokwakhiwa kwezindlela ezintsha zalokhu.
Izinhlobonhlobo zokungcola kanye nethonya labo endaweni yokugcina amanzi
Kungenzeka unqume ukuthi idamu lidinga ukuhlanzwa ngalezi zimpawu ezilandelayo:
- ifilimu emnyama enamafutha emanzini,
- amahlozi ezinkulu ulwelwe kanye daka,
- kunuka kabi,
- isisihla samanzi.
Imvamisa, imifula, amachibi noma amachibi ahlanganiswe nemfucuza yasendlini, iziqu zemithi ezidonswa emanzini, kusilika.
Lezi zinto zimbi kakhulu isimo sedamu njengendawo yokusebenza ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yezinqubo zokubola nokukhipha izinto ezinobungozi.
izingxenye volumetric ube isithiyo mechanical ekuthuthukiseni amanzi emanzini, ukukhuthaza yokujama tsi yamanzi futhi ekuvimbeleni izinqubo esizihlanzayo.
Izindlela amanzi ahlanzekile ukungcola
Ngokuya ngezinga lokungcola, ubukhulu bendawo yokugcina kanye nohlobo lokungcola, kukhethwa indlela ethile yokuhlanza kulokhu okulandelayo:
- yokuhlanza
- indlela yamakhemikhali
- indlela yemvelo
- ukuvezwa kwamanzi ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
Kakhulu indlela ovamile uwukuthi lokukhanda. Lapho uyisebenzisa, kwesigubhu iqale amuncekela ukuphampa amanzi. Ngemuva kwalokho, baqala ukucubungula phansi - besusa zonke izinto zangaphandle, imfucumfucu nosilika.
Kusetshenziswa ukuhlanganiswa emgodini ohlanziwe, ongaba nesihlabathi, amatshe amancane, ubumba. Indawo yokugcina ihlanjululwe igcwele ngamanzi amasha.
Isidingo amanzi kwenza le ndlela efanele ngoba emachibini amancane naphakathi, amachibi (kuhlanganise zezimboni).
Kunokunye ongakwenza ukuze yokuhlanza mechanical - ukusetshenziswa idivayisi ezikwazi ukuhlunga amanzi. Ubethelwa echibini. Ukudlula kwamanzi kule divayisi kushiya imfucumfucu encane ngaphakathi.
Izihlungi zidinga ukushintshwa okufika ngesikhathi ukuze kusetshenziswe kahle izinto ezisetshenziswayo.
Okokuhlanza ngomshini kwangaphansi, kusetshenziswa amadivaysi ahlukahlukene asebenza ngaphansi kwenqubo yokuhlanza i-vacuum futhi ahlanze phansi imfucumfucu, i-silt.
Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yamakhemikhali kuyadingeka ngokungalingani okubunjiwe kwezinto zokulandela umkhondo nezakhi zazo emanzini. Ngenxa yalesi, ukuhlaziya woketshezi preliminarily kwenziwa.
Kwembulwe ke nosawoti of izinsimbi ezisindayo, imikhiqizo zokuwohloka kanye noqhekeko, isibonelo, ammonium nosawoti yalo, zidinga neutralization.
Kuyadingeka ukubala ngokucophelela nangokunembile ukuthi yiziphi izinto okufanele zethulwe emanzini kanye nobungako bazo ukuze ukungathathi hlangothi kwenzeke futhi namanzi aphephile ezintweni eziphilayo. Futhi, ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa kwamakhemikhali, amanzi ayacetshiswa nomoya-mpilo.
Kusetshenziswa ikoloni yama -organorganic ukuhlanza amanzi. Idivayisi bacterium aerobic kanye anaerobic ufakwa ibekwe ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Lezi amabhaktheriya akuzona eziyingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni abahlala amanzi. Ekuqhubekeni komsebenzi wabo, isizinda sebhayoloji sedamu senziwe ngendlela ejwayelekile.
Izidalwa ze-pathogenic ziyafa ngenxa yokuncintisana kanye nokuchayeka emikhiqizweni ekhiqizwa inqubo yokuphilayo yokuhlanza idamu.
Ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet kwenziwa ngumthombo okhethekile wokukhanya kwe-UV. Ibekwa endaweni yokugcina amanzi futhi iqeda amagciwane angama-pathogenic, amagciwane. Ukubulala amagciwane amanzi kwenzeka ngokufanekisa nokusetshenziswa kwalesi sihlahla se-quartzization. Indlela kubhekwa enokwethenjelwa futhi ngempumelelo. Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa lihambisana yokuhlanza mechanical.
Izindlela zokuhlanza amanzi avela ku-oyili
Emicimbini yokubaluleka kwamazwe omhlaba, izingqinamba zokulawulwa kwemvelo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo ziya ngokuya ziphakanyiswa. Unyaka Wezemvelo eRussia wenze ushintsho olukhulu kwizixazululo zezinkinga ezibalulekile zezemvelo, ikakhulukazi ukunciphisa ukuchitheka kawoyela nokuvikela ukungcoliswa okunjalo.
Ngo-90% amacala, uwoyela imidlalo izingozi zenzeka emanzini. I lokuhlushwa izinto eziyingozi kunqunywa analyzers kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, engatholwa kuwebhusayithi http://vistaros.ru/stati/analizatory/pribor-dlya-opredeleniya-nefteproduktov-v-vode.html
Lezi zibalo zifaka ukungcoliswa kwezidumbu zamanzi ezinemfucumfucu yezimboni egcwele ezakhiweni ezinobuthi kakhulu, kanye nokuvuza kwezimpahla ngaphandle kokudala ingozi yokuqhuma.
Izinkinga zezindawo zokuhlobisa: izimbangela nezindlela zomzabalazo
“Ukuqhakaza” kwamanzi, usilika, iphunga elingajabulisi, umswakama, ukukhula okungalawuliwe kwe-algae kuyizinkinga ezijwayelekile abahlangabezana nazo abanikazi bamachibi okuhlobisa. Futhi kulesi sihloko sizokhuluma ngqo ngabo, kanye nangezimbangela nezindlela zokuqeda lezi zinto ezingemnandi.
Inkinga yokuqala: "okuqhakaza" kwesichibi
I kabusha ulwelwe unicellular bohlobo lwe-Cyanophyta ingenye Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ushintsho lombala yamanzi. It uphendulela oluhlaza bese kuba cishe opaque.
Ehlobo, lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lidlula ama-degree angama-30, la ma-algae anganda ngokukhuthele kangangokuba ngesikhashana esifushane amboza iningi elingaphezulu kwechibi ngesendlalelo aze afike ku-1 cm ubukhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhuthele kakhulu ekutholeni umoya-mpilo, ogcwele ukufa kwenhlanzi.
Isixazululo senkinga
izibani ultraviolet kuzosiza ekulweni ulwelwe unicellular. Anamandla ibalwa isilinganiso 2 Watts ngayinye imitha cubic yamanzi.
Kunenombolo enkulu yamakhemikhali enzelwe ukucekela phansi i-algae, kepha ngaphandle kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, ukusebenza kwawo ngeke kuhlale isikhathi eside, futhi kuzodingeka ukuthi usebenzise ama-ejenti anjalo njalo.
Ukuhlunga kwamanzi kanye nezinga lokugeleza okuhle kuvimbela ukukhula kwe-algae. Lapho ukhetha impompo, landela umthetho: nge-1 cubic metres lamanzi - 1 W kwamandla weyunithi.
Izitshalo eziphakeme kakhulu - iminduze, ama-lotus, umhlanga, okuyizinto zokuhlunga zemvelo, zizoba abasizi abahle kakhulu ekuhlanzeni idamu.
Inkinga Yesibili: Amanzi Anamafu Transparency nokuhlanzeka ichibi izimfanelo okubaluleke kunakho amadamu zokuhlobisa.Amaphuzu asetshenziswa ukubakhombisa. Iphuzu eli-1 lisho ukuthi ukubonakala kwamanzi kugcinwa ekujuleni kwemitha eyodwa.
Izizathu zokuwohloka kwale nkomba zingahluka. Okokuqala, lokhu kungamandla angenele noma ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwezihlungi okufanele zihlanze echibini kusuka kumfucumfucu ewele kuyo kusuka ngaphandle - uthuli, amaqabunga, imbewu, ukungcola, njll. Ukunciphisa ukubonakala kwamanzi nezinhlanzi, ukukhulisa ukungcola kusuka phansi kufuna ukudla, kanye nokugoqeka kwamagatsha ezitshalo ezifile angahlali phansi.
Isixazululo senkinga
Into yokuqala, Yiqiniso, ukunaka ukuthi ngabe amanzi angcolile kahle yini. Ngemuva kwalokho - thola ukuthi inhlanzi inokudla okwenele okusatshalaliswa yini, ngoba uma kungenjalo izonyusa usilika, izame ukuthola ukudla. Kungaba yinzuzo ukwehlisa inani lezinhlanzi echibini.
Ukubuyisela ukubonakala kwesilondolozi, ungasebenzisa amakhemikhali akhethekile. Bagcwalisa i-detritus nge-oksijini bese beyiphakamisa. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-detritus ingaqoqwa kalula ngesandla noma ngesikhiphi esivela ebusweni bamanzi.
Uma kunesidingo, i-sorbyts nayo iyasetshenziswa, okuthi, kunalokho, iphikise ukubethela phansi.
Inkinga Yesithathu: Ukukhula Okungalawulwa Kwe-Algae Engalawulwa I-unicellular koloni ye-genus Kladofora, i-Ulotrix ne-Spirogyra, efana nemicu eluhlaza ngokubukeka, ikhula emachibini ebusweni bazo zonke izinhlobo - amatshe, ukhonkolo, ipulasitiki, ifilimu ngisho nensimbi. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "intambo" akukhuli kuphela ezindongeni eziqinile.
Isizathu sokuqala sokukhula okwandayo kwe-algae e-filicalous ukuvezwa isikhathi eside elangeni eliqondile, elikhuthaza i-photosynthesis.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ngamanyolo ahlukahlukene e-organic, ngokwesibonelo, i-ammonium nitrate, nakho kungavusa ukukhula ngokweqile kwe-algae.
Ngemuva kokuna noma ukunisela utshani, umanyolo uwa echibini, futhi "umucu" ubathola kalula futhi uqala ukukhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Lokhu kugqekeziwe ngokuqhekeka kohlelo lokuhlunga lwebhayiloji yedamu.
Isixazululo senkinga
Akunakwenzeka ukuqeda ngokuphelele i-algae ehlanzekile, ngakho-ke umsebenzi oyinhloko ukunciphisa izinga labo lokukhula, elinengqondo ngempela. Imicu emikhulu ingasuswa kusetshenziswa ukuhlanza okwenziwe ngesandla noma okwenziwa ngemishini.
Le nqubo kufanele yenziwe okungenani kabili ngesonto. Gcobhoza ichibi ngezinhlanzi ezidla "ngentambo" - isigaxa sotshani.
Kepha qaphela - izinhlanzi ezivela ezindaweni zokugcina imboni zingathwala izifo eziyingozi kubahlali echibini lakho.
Indlela esheshayo yokuqapheleka ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali. Babhubhisa izimpande ze-algae, kepha kungaba yingozi kubahlali bechibi.
Inkinga yesine: ukugcotshwa phansi kwendawo yokugcina amanzi
Ukuqongelelwa kwamadimoni angaphansi, abizwa nge- silt, kuyinto ebalulekile yempilo yanoma yiliphi ichibi. Izinsalela zomphako, i-algae efa, amaqabunga awileyo, ukungcola okuwela emanzini kusuka ngaphandle, kancane kancane kuxege.
Kulesi sendlalelo, izinqubo ze-anaerobic ziyavela, okuholela ekukhululweni kwamagesi anobuthi ezinhlanzini. Emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, imfucumfucu yokubola ivela ekuphumeni kwe-ammonia ne-ammonium. Lezi zinto zibopha umoya-mpilo, ezingadala ukufa kwenhlanzi.
Isixazululo senkinga
Kabili ngonyaka, okungcono kakhulu entwasahlobo nasekwindla sekwedlule isikhathi, udinga ukwenza ukuhlanza ngokujwayelekile echibini. Uhlelo lokuhlunga olucatshangwe kahle lusiza futhi ukunciphisa islayidi.
I-biofilter ekhethekile isusa i-ammonia, kanye nokufakwa kwemitshini kunciphisa kakhulu ukucwilisa phansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ususe njalo imfucumfucu entantayo engaphezulu kwendawo yokugcina amanzi. Ungakwenza lokhu ngesandla noma ufake uhlelo olukhethekile lwe-skimmer.
Ekushiseni okuphezulu kwamanzi kanye nokuthungwa okukhulu, kufanelekile ukuguqula amanzi ayi-20-30% echibini ngesonto.
Ama-ejenti e-Chemical asetshenziswa futhi ukulwa ne-siltation, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwawo okubanzi akunconywa, ngoba lokhu kungathinta kabi izinhlanzi ezihlala echibini.
Inkinga yesihlanu: iphunga eliphunga lamanzi
Le nto ihlobene ngqo nezinga le-siltation lechibi, ngakho-ke, uma usuxazulule umbuzo wangaphambilini, umuntu angakwazi ukubhekana nale nkinga ngokwengxenye. Susa iphunga elingajabulisi kuzosiza izindlela ezikhethekile.
Isixazululo senkinga
Lawula ukwakheka kwamanzi echibini nekhwalithi yamanzi asetshenziselwa ushintsho.
Uma ukwakheka kungahlangabezani namazinga, ungakubuyela kokujwayelekile usebenzisa amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene. Ukuhlunga okuthuthukile kokuphila kanye nokushintshwa kwamanzi njalo kungasiza.
Qiniseka ukuthi ubheka ikhwalithi yamanzi okufakwa esikhundleni - uma ukusebenza kwawo nawo kungahlangabezani namazinga, makuwume izinsuku ezingama-2-3 ngaphambi koshintsho.
U-Alexander Ozerov, uchwepheshe wezokuhlobisa zasemanzini
Izitshalo eziphakeme zasemanzini ohlelweni lokwelashwa lwamanzi angcolile emvelo lwamapulazi ezinkukhu
Lo mbhalo ubheka inkinga yokuphathwa kwamanzi amdaka evela ezindaweni zokukhiqiza amapulazi ezinkukhu, imfucuza yawo ebonakala ngokugcwala okukhulu kwezakhi zezimbiwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwamachibi emvelo anezitshalo zasemanzini eziphakeme kungukuthembisa kakhulu ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwemithi yokungcola. Le ndlela isuselwa emandleni acishe abe angenamkhawulo wezitshalo eziphakeme ezinqubweni zokuphila kwabo ukusebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziqukethwe emanzini amdaka. Ukulahlwa okuphephile komquba owuketshezi namanzi amdaka, ukugcinwa nokukhuliswa kwezinkukhu nokutshala izitshalo kuyinkinga ephuthumayo edinga isisombululo ngokushesha emabhizinisini enkukhu. Imfucumfucu yenkukhu iboniswa ukuqoqwa okukhulu kwezakhi ze-organomineral. Ngokwesiko basebenzise ubuchwepheshe ukwelapha imfucumfucu kamasipala, yezimboni kanye nemfuyo ihlinzeka ngokwahlukaniswa kwemishini kwamanzi angcolile kanye nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali okwenziwa ngokoqobo kwengxenyeni yabo ewuketshezi. Iningi lezindawo ezikhona zokwelapha ezisetshenziswayo lisebenza ngokusebenza okuphansi noma kwephula ubuchwepheshe kanye nezimo zokusebenza, ngaphandle kokuhlinzeka ngezinga elifanele lokwelashwa. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa izinhlelo ezikhona zokwelapha imfucumfucu yenkukhu ewuketshezi, isicelo esithembisayo kakhulu sokulungiselela kwabo ukulahlwa okuphephile kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamachibi emvelo anezimila eziphakeme zasemanzini [1, 2] Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ama-macrophytes asetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekusetshenzisweni kokuhlanzwa kwamanzi ezakhiweni zomzimba, ama-phenol, ama-hydrocarbon amnandi, izakhi zokulandela umkhondo, imikhiqizo kawoyela neyamafutha, izinsimbi ezisindayo, usawoti ohlukahlukene wamaminerali avela ezindle kanye namanzi emvelo, nasekukhambiseni imfucumfucu yemfuyo evela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene ze-pathogenic microorganisms. Izimila zasogwini nezasolwandle, ezikhulula i-oksijini ngesikhathi sokudla kwe-photosynthesis, zinomphumela omuhle ekuphathweni komoya-mpilo we-zone zone yolwandle. Amagciwane kanye ne-algae ehlala ngaphezu kwezitshalo kudlala indima enkulu ekuhlanzweni kwamanzi. Ethangeni lezitshalo zasogwini-zasemanzini, kuvela isinyama se-phytophilic, nayo ebamba iqhaza ekuzihlanzeni kwamanzi kanye nasezigodini eziphansi, kanti izidalwa ze-benthic zisebenzisa i-organic udaba le-sludge kanye namagciwane ahlala lapho. Ngaphansi kwethonya lazo zonke lezi zinqubo, okuqukethwe kukhiqizwa komoya ophefumulwayo emanzini kuyanda, ukuvela kwawo nokuqukethwe kwezakhi kuyanda, ukumiswa kwamanzi kanye nenani lemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphakathi lezinto eziwohlokayo iyancipha. Ukusebenza kahle kwesithintelo sokuhlunga kunqunywa usizi lwe-phytocenosis (isb. Inani lamahlumela ngendawo yunithi ngayinye), ukuba khona kwezimpande zamanzi kanye nezinga lokukhula kwazo, ukwakheka nosayizi wamaqabunga nobungako bezitshalo. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni kwe-velocity flow endaweni yokuqina nokugwedlwa kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe. Ukuxazululwa kweslime kusatshalaliswa yi-mucus ebusweni bezitshalo. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi lapho kukhula khona izitshalo kanye nokwenuleka kwazo okukukhulu, okuphumelela kakhulu ukuhlanzelwa kwamanzi kusuka ezinhlayiyeni ezimisiwe. Izitshalo ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa futhi zifaka kumetabolism yazo inani elithile lokumiswa kwe-organic and mineral okusele phezu kobuso bazo, kufaka phakathi amakhompiyutha anobuthi. Ezinye zazo zingafakwanga izicubu zezitshalo futhi ziqwabelana ebusweni nezitho ezingaphansi komhlaba zezitshalo. Amanye amakhompiyutha, njengama-phenol, ama-hydrocarbons amnandi. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-phytofiltration, ukuvela kwamanzi kuyanda, amaminerali ayo ayancipha. Indima enkulu kule nqubo ingeyasogwini (umhlanga, amakhathalogi, umhlanga, imana, njll. ) nezitshalo ezingaphansi (rdestam, elodea, Hornwort, uruti, njll). Ukumbiwa phansi kwamakhemikhali e-organic eyinkimbinkimbi kwenzeka lapho kunomoya-mpilo. Uma kwenzeka kungcoliswa kakhulu, izinqolobane zomoya ophefumulile zichithwa ngokushesha, yingakho ukuzihlanza kwamanzi kuncipha. Ngenqubo yokugaya ukudla, izitshalo zasemanzini eziphakeme zikhipha izinto ezisebenza ngokomzimba, ezinjengokuguquguquka nemithi elwa namagciwane, zingene emvelweni. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni kwenani le-microflora ye-pathogenic. Kuboniswe ukuthi emathangeni ama-macrophyte i-coli titer iphansi kakhulu kunasemikhakheni evulekile yedamu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zikhipha ama-metabolites ahlukahlukene, ama-organic acid, ama-polyphenols angena emvelweni, anomthelela omuhle emsebenzini obalulekile wamagciwane we-heterotrophic nezinye izidalwa. Isiqu sezitshalo simele indawo enkulu yokwakhiwa kwamagciwane ahlukahlukene adlala indima ebonakalayo ekubhujisweni kwento eziphilayo nokuhlanzwa kwamanzi. Izakhamzimba ngokuyinhloko zanqwabelana ngamaqabunga nezitho zokuzala. Ukuhlushwa kwabo okuphezulu kakhulu amahlumela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (ngenxa yokufuduka kusistimu yezimpande). Njengoba i-biomass ikhula, kancane kancane ikhula liyaphela, futhi lapho kuphela isikhathi sokukhula (ukuqala ngo-Agasti), ukuphuma kwezakhi zomsoco ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba zokugcina izitshalo kwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye ebalulekile yezakhi nokho ihlala kwezinsalela zezitshalo ezifile futhi, lapho ibolile, ibuyela emzimbeni wamanzi futhi, iwungcolise okwesibili. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kugcinwe isitoreji esimweni "esiphilile", ukugawula okuhlelekile kwezitshalo zasemanzini kuyadingeka. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uma kubanzi ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo endaweni yokugcina amanzi, okusebenza kahle ukwelashwa ngamanzi angcolile. Izinhlobo ezivelele zezimila eziphakeme zasemanzini zamachibi emvelo yilezi: izinhlanga zamachibi, amakati abanzi, izinhlanga ezivamile, umngcele omncane kanye ne-tricolor Ngokusho kwezincwadi, okuphumelela kakhulu ukubakhona okuhlanganisiwe echibini lezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ezinamanzi amancane noma "ama-amphibian", ikakhulukazi ngomhlanga nangokubamba. Ukukhula echibini ledada kukhombisa ukungahambisani nekhwalithi yokwelashwa, kunciphisa kakhulu inani lomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe kanye ne-BOD5 eyandayo. Ukukhombisa umthwalo we-anthropogenic, ochwepheshe baphakamisa ukusebenzisa ama-hydrophytes ezintantayo nama-hydrophytes acwilisiwe: i-duckweed, upende obomvu wamanzi, iqabunga le-capule, i-rdest, i-elodea, i-Hornwort, njll. Ucwaningo lokwakhiwa okuphelele kwezinhlobo ezingaphansi, ezifakwe ngokuphelele, izitshalo eziphakeme ezindaweni zokugcina eziphilayo azikenziwa. Kepha ngokuya ngokubona, cishe ukubuswa okuphelele kwe-elodea yaseCanada, ijazi lamanzi we-frog ne-uruti spiky kungaphawulwa. Ithonya lezitshalo zasemanzini ezigxile ngokuphelele ekuphathweni kwamanzi amdaka alifundwanga kangako, okuyisifiso sokucwaninga okwengeziwe ngale ndlela. Cabanga ngezimpawu zezitshalo zasemanzini eziphambili ezisetshenzisiwe ohlelweni lokwelashwa lwamanzi angcolile omdalo (Umfanekiso 1). Umhlanga ojwayelekile uyakwazi ukukhipha emanzini futhi uzuze izinto zamakhemikhali ezingaphezu kwama-20. Ngokuvunwa kwayo, inani elikhulu le-nitrogen, le-potassium, ne-phosphorus lisuswa emanzini - izakhi eziyinhloko zezakhi ezibangela i-eutrophication yamanzi - ukuzalwa kabusha kwe-plankton, okuholela ekuqhakaza kwezindikimba zamanzi. Ngenxa ye-photosynthesis, njengomphumela wokuthi kukhululwa i-oksijini yamahhala, i-oxidation yokungcola kwendalo iyasheshiswa. Imihlanga yeLake ingenye yezinhlobo ezingama-20 zomhlanga ezitholakala kuCIS. Njengoba kuboniswe ngezifundo ze-Limnological Institute. IMax Planck (eJalimane), imihlanga iyakwazi ukukhipha i-phenol emanzini - into enobuthi kakhulu eyenziwe i-organic eyenziwe ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwemikhiqizo kawoyela neyamafutha. I-300 g yomhlanga i-reseomass ihlanza ngokuphelele ama-5 amalitha amanzi we-phenol ekugxilweni kwayo kwe-10 mg / l ngezinsuku ezi-4, 40 mg / l ngezinsuku eziyi-12, 100 mg / l ngezinsuku ezingama-29. IBulrush isusa ezinye izinto ezihlanganayo emanzini angcolile: i-xylene, i-pyrocatechol, i-pyridine, i-resorcinol, kanye nemikhiqizo kawoyela neyamafutha. Ezinqubweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka, lapho kukhona khona ama-cattery, izimpande zayo ezihambisana nazo zidlala indima ekhethekile. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamakhathalogi: eyodwa - emincane iyokhuphuka iye phezulu isuka emagatsheni angama-rhizomes aqonde phezulu, iwela emanzini bese imunca izinto zamaminerali neze-organic ngqo kuwo, kuyilapho ezinye ziqondiswa phansi, zingene emhlabathini bese zisuswa kuwo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-kattery iyahlanzwa ukungcoliswa namanzi, nenhlabathi ezansi. Enye yezindlela ezingabizi kakhulu zokwelashwa kwemvelo yendlela yokusebenzisa isitshalo esinezimbali ezishisayo - i-eichhornia (i-hyacinth yamanzi). I-eichornia isisitshalo semanzini esintantayo esibekwe emzimbeni wamanzi anamanzi angcolisiwe, ingxenye engaphezulu nayo iyinto yokuhlobisa, futhi ingxenye engaphansi kwamanzi inezimpande, izimpande ze-pubescent ezinamandla, okuyisici esisebenza ngokuhlunga. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-eichornia kususelwa emandleni aphezulu wesitshalo wokuzala nokukhula ngamandla ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle. Izimila zenzeka emazingeni okushisa angaphezulu kwe-16 ° C. Ezindaweni ezifudumele, inkathi yokukhula ezindaweni ezivulekile ingahlala izinyanga eziyi-9. Esikhathini sekwindla, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi elijwayelekile lifinyelela ngaphansi kwe-14 ° C, i-hyacinth evikelwe ngamanzi ingakwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa wesikhashana afinyelela ku-6 ° C ebusuku futhi ngasikhathi sinye ibukeka isebenza impela, ngaphandle kwezimpawu zokufa. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwesisindo sezitshalo kuyaphela. Esithombeni esivulekile ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, izitshalo zaqala ukufa ngamanani amakhulu asezingeni lokushisa lomoya elingaba ngu-6 ° C. Lesi sitshalo sihlanze kahle amachibi ahlelwe njengamachibi afile, imifula emincane, imfucumfucu, amathangi okudonsela amanzi ezimboni, ezifuywayo, imfuyo, njll. umsuka, kunciphisa kakhulu okuqukethwe kwezinto eziningi kumamoya: i-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, isibabule, i-manganese, i-ammonia, umsebenzi wezakhi zezinsimbi ezisindayo wehla kakhulu. Izinguquko kwezinye izinkomba zokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile nge-aquac hyacinth zikhonjisiwe kuMdwebo 2 [3, 4]. Ukuze inqubo yokutshala izitshalo futhi, ngakho-ke, ukuhlanza kuqhubeke kahle, kuyadingeka ukudala izimo ezinhle zezitshalo ngemisebenzi yazo ebalulekile, i.e. dala izimo zokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwezitshalo, ukugcina imisebenzi yazo ebalulekile unyaka wonke, kubandakanya nesikhathi esibandayo, nokwenza ngcono izimo zokwelashwa ngempumelelo kwamanzi amdaka noma okujikeleza amanzi. Inkimbinkimbi yezinsiza zokwelapha emachibini emvelo isebenza unyaka wonke njengohlelo lokuzibusa. Amanzi amdaka kusuka kwesinye isakhiwo sezakhiwo esiya kwesinye senziwa ngamandla adonsela phansi. Ukuhanjiswa kwendle kuhlinzekelwa ukwelashwa ngendlela yokuthi kuhlinzeke izimo ezifanele zokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo zasemanzini eziphakeme ngaphezulu kwamabhulokhi okwakha. Kwasungulwa ukuthi ukuze kuvumelane nezitshalo kanye nokudla kwazo okujwayelekile okujwayelekile, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa okungcolile, isibonelo, imfucuza noma ukubuyiselwa emuva, amanzi nge-pH ka-5 kuye ku-9 nangokuqukethwe kokuqala kokungcola okuphambili ekugxileni kuze kufinyelele, mg / l: ammonium nitrogen 200, phosphates 18, iron 22, alkalis 17, surapyants 14, sulfides 21, product petroleum 25, phenols 340, solids emisiwe 1500, nge-BOD5 ingadluli ku-1000 mg O2 / l ne-COD ingadluli ku-2000 mg O2 / l. Ukugxila okuphezulu kokungcola kuvimbela ukukhula kwezitshalo, kufaka nokufa kwezimpande. Izinga lokushisa elikhona akufanele lize langaphansi kuka +16 ° C, futhi izinga lokushisa lesisombululo sezakhi kumele ligcinwe kububanzi ukusuka ku-+15 ° C kuya ku-+36 ° C. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, lesi sitshalo sivame ukuthola amandla: ngezinsuku eziyi-7, isitshalo esisodwa sinika kusuka amahlumela amathathu kuya kwayisithupha. Okuqukethwe "kwezakhi" ezidingekayo kumaphakathi okhulayo (emanzini angcolisiwe) kubhekelwa ukuhlaziya okujwayelekile futhi, uma kunesidingo, kulawulwa ngokungezelelwa kokufakelwa kwezingxenye ezidingekayo noma i-dilution ngamanzi ahlanziwe. Esikhathini sokuvumelanisa, ukuze kusebenze le nqubo, ukucubungula okwengeziwe kwezitshalo (ingxenye yabo engaphezulu) kungenziwa. Ubuchwepheshe bokutshala bezitshalo zasemanzini eziphakeme ezisetshenziswa emiseleni bususelwa kwindlela eyenziwe ngomshini yokutshala ama-rhizomes kanye nenhlabathi yomama ngokubabeka emathangeni emvelo, bawalethe endaweni yokutshala, bese bethula inhlabathi yezimpande ezansi kwezingxenye zokugeleza kwesiteshi. Okokumba, imibhede yomhlanga evaliwe ikhethwa ngesilinganiso sama-40-60 isiqu nge-1 m ukuphakama kokukhula kwesikhathi sokukhula kuze kufike ku-3-4 m, umhlanga ngo-2 ° -250 ngeziqu nge-1 m2 kuze kufike ku-1.5-2,5 m. Kwenziwa konke ukujula kwama-rhizomes aphilayo wezitshalo: ama-reiz reiz Rhizomes - ngo-1-2 m, mhlanga - ngo-0.6-0.8 m. Inhlabathi efikisiwe ihlakazeke ngokulinganayo phansi kwezingxenye ezigelezayo ngesilinganiso se-3-4 m nge-12-14 m ubude obuqondile besiteshi, bese isatshalaliswa ngaphezu kobuso nge-15-25 cm. Ukuvunwa nokutshala izitshalo eziphakeme ezinamanzi aphakeme kwenziwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, masisha ngemuva kokuncibilikisa inhlabathi. Ngenxa yokuthi impahla yokutshala yomhlanga ayimelani nezikhukhula ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwesiqu, izingxenye zokugeleza kwesiteshi kufanele zigcwaliswe ngemisele ekhandiwe lapho iziqu zikhula. Lapho umhlanga utshalwa ezakhiweni, izigaba zokugeleza zesiteshi kufanele zigcwaliswe ngokushesha ukuya kumamitha ayi-2. Ukukhula kwezitshalo zasemanzini eziphakeme kulawulwa ngokusika ingxenye engaphezulu, ngenkathi kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukulimala ohlelweni lwezimpande neziqu ngokwazo. Ukukhishwa komsele ovela ku-biomass, osekuphele isikhathi sezitshalo, kungavimba ukungcoliswa kwesibili, ukungena kwenkathi yasekwindla-ebusika yezinto ezinobuthi ezinqwabelene ngeziqu namaqabunga, kanye nokubanjiswa kwamanzi endaweni yokugcina amanzi. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kokulashwa kwamanzi amdaka yizitshalo zasemanzini eziphakeme kutholakala ngesilinganiso sokuhamba okungu-10-20 m / h ngamathanga ezitshalo, kuyilapho isikhathi sokuhamba kufanele kube amahora angama-2-4 ehlobo namahora ayi-4-6 ebusika. Ekupheleni kwenkathi yokukhula, izingxenye zezitshalo zasemanzini eziphakeme ezingaphezulu kobuso bamanzi ziyaqhekeka futhi zibambelele emaphethelweni womsele, lapho ziqoqwa khona futhi zisuswe ngesandla. Ngenxa yomsebenzi obaluleke unyaka wonke walezi zitshalo, ukwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka kuyaqhubeka ebusika. Isikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo zasemanzini eziphakeme emazingeni okushisa angama-5 ° C nangaphezulu cishe ziyizinsuku ezingama-244 ngonyaka. Izindlela zebhayoloji zokuhlanza ngosizo lwezitshalo eziphakeme zamanzi zizisungulele kahle ohlelweni lokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka kamasipala, njengoba ezuzisa kakhulu emvelweni nakwezomnotho, ngenxa yobulula bezobuchwepheshe nezindleko zokusebenza eziphansi. Ukuqinisa inqubo yokuphathwa kwamanzi amdaka, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezingenayo iqhwa, kuphakanyiswa ukusebenzisa isiko lezitshalo zasolwandle eziphakeme ezikwazi ukukhula ngokushesha, ukuzala kabusha kanye nokuxoshwa okuxakile kusuka esimweni semanzini cishe sazo zonke izinto ze-biogenic nezinhlanganisela zazo. Indima yezitshalo zasemanzini ezisogwini ekwelashweni kwamanzi amdaka ngokujwayelekile ingancishiswa kokulandelayo: Ukuba khona kwezitshalo zasemanzini eziphakeme kwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukuphatha kahle imfucumfucu, njengoba kufakazelwa yidatha evela ekuhlaziyweni kwamanzi ahlanziwe atholakala ekuphumeni echibini lokuphilayo (Umdwebo 3). Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokulashwa kwemvelo kwemvelo kokusebenzisa imvelo yasemanzini emachibini emvelo, kungenzeka ukuxazulula inkinga yemvelo yokusetshenziswa kwenkukhu yamapulazi ukusetshenziswa kwamapulazi, ukunciphisa ukugxila kwe-nitrate, phosphates kanye nokunye ukungcola okufika ekuvumeni okuphezulu okuvumelekile kokungcola kubo ukulahlwa okuphephile emizimbeni yamanzi, futhi kusebenza njengesisekelo sokudalwa kobuchwepheshe obunemvelo obungonakalisi imvelo ekukhiqizeni ezolimo. Baphawuleka ngokusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kokuhlanzwa kusuka ekungcoleni, ekusebenzeni kalula nasekusebenzeni kahle kwezindleko, bayakuvumela ukuthi ulahle amanzi amdaka ngomonakalo omncane emvelweni. Izincwadi
Isibongo somlobi: Bolusaeva K.M., Bekbosynova A.B.
