Umbila, njengoba wonke umuntu azi, ungowomndeni wama-cyprinids (uCyprinidae). Ngaphakathi kulo mndeni omkhulu - cishe ezinkulungwaneni zezinkulungwane nezinkulungwane zezinhlobo - lo msele uhlukaniswa njengendlu encane yezwekazi (i-Leuciscinae). Izihlobo zayo eziseduze kakhulu yilezi: i-white-eye, i-bluebill, isalamu yesiliva, i-dace, i-rudd, i-roach, i-podust kanye nezinye izinhlanzi ezingaziwa kakhulu.
Ama-cyprinid asabalele kuwo wonke umhlaba (awatholakali kuphela eMelika eseMelika), kepha uhla lwamakhemikhali aluwelani ngaphezu kwemikhawulo yoMhlaba Omdala. Lapha kuhlala cishe yonke indawo emifuleni, emachibini nasezindaweni ezihlakazekile zaseNyakatho, eBaltic, eMhlophe (kuya nasePchora), e-Aegean, eMnyama, e-Azov, eCaspian nase-Aral olwandle. Ekuqaleni, indawo yokuhlala njengamaphaphu ayizange iye empumalanga ngaphesheya kwezintaba zase-Ural, kepha ngo-1950 kuya ku-1919. kwethulwa eMfuleni i-Ural, esigodini sase-Ob nase-Irtysh, emgodini weYenisei, uLena kanye naseBaikal-Angarsk.
Ezindaweni eziphansi ze-Dnieper, iDon neVolga, lo mkhuba unamafomu amabili - okuhlala nokuhlala. Lesi sakamuva sidla olwandle futhi sifaka emifuleni ephansi yemifula. Engxenyeni eseningizimu yebanga, eCentral Asia, kukhona umugqa omncane omude, omude, onomhlanga.
Umfutho uphila kuze kube iminyaka engama-20, ungafinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angama-75-80 nesisindo esingama-kg ayi-2,5. I-Bream ithanda ukuhlala emifuleni egeleza kancane, emachibini nasezitolo. Kakhulu zidla kuma-invertebrates angaphansi (izibungu zezinambuzane, ama-mollusks, izibungu, ama-crustaceans), kepha ngasikhathi sinye ezikwazi ukondla ngama-zooplankton amancane kahle kakhulu. Umlomo ongabuyiswayo uvumela ubusi ukukhipha ukudla emhlabathini kuya ekujuleni kuka-5-10 cm.
I-Spawning ku-bream yenzeka emazingeni okushisa wamanzi afinyelela ku-12-16 degrees. Eningizimu - kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuya ekuqaleni kukaJuni, enyakatho - ngoMeyi-Juni.
Kunenqwaba yezinhlanzi eRussia ezibukeka zifana kakhulu nogologo. Phakathi kwazo zombili kukhona izihlobo zakhe eziseduzane (ezinamehlo amhlophe, amashiya aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukuzala okuncane), nezinhlobo ezikude eziguqukayo (uhlobo lwe-Amur emnyama nokumhlophe).
I-White Eye (i-Abramis sapa)
Umzimba uphakeme ngokwedlula ubisi. Ukuqunjelwa yi-convex ewugqinsi, umlomo uyaphendulwa, ungaphansi-uphansi. Umbala ungwevu wesiliva. Amaphiko kukhona okumpunga, okungavuthiwe - okunemiphetho emnyama. I-lobe engezansi ye-caudal fin iyaphakeme.
Amazinyo we-single pharyngeal. Izindawo zokuhlala ezisemqoka zitholakala emifuleni yoLwandle Olumnyama kanye nolweCaspian: izansi zaseDanube (kuze kufike eVienna), iDniester, Prut, Bug, Dnieper, Don, Kuban, Volga, Kama, Vyatka, Urals. Phambilini ihlangane eVolga lapho ifinyelela khona phezulu (umfula iTvertsa, iLake Seliger), kepha manje kuyivelakancane lapha, uma ingakaze inyamalale, ayikho eMfuleni iMoscow. I-White-eye isemfuleni. IVolkhov naseVolkhov Bay yeLake Ladoga. Kutholakala kanyekanye emifuleni iVychegda neSevernaya Dvina.
Ifinyelela eminyakeni engama-7-8, ubude obuyi-41 cm nesisindo esingu-0.8 kg.
I-Gustera (Blicca ehlerkna)
Umzimba uphakeme, une-hump ebonakalayo. I-caudal fin ayimiswanga ngokuqinile, ama-lobes ayo acishe abude obufanayo. Ikhanda lincane, iso lincane. Umlomo unciphile, uhhafu-uphansi, mncane. Ngemuva kwamaphiko we-ventral kukhona i-keel engamboziwe esikalini. Ngasemuva kwekhanda, izikali ezivela ezinhlangothini zomzimba azivali, nesipuni esingamboziwe amafomu esikali ku-crest yangemuva. Isikali esingemuva kwekhanda sikhulu kunaleso se-bream. Isikali sikhulu, siqinile-kufanelekile, kusukela kolayini oseceleni kuya phezulu asinciphi ngosayizi. Amaphinifa angavuthiwe grey, pectoral kanye ne-ventral ezisekelweni zibomvu. Amazinyo e-Pharyngeal ayimigqa emibili.
Kusakazwa kabanzi eYurophu empumalanga yamaPyrenees nasenyakatho ye-Alps kanye neBalkan. Ihlala emifuleni nasezigodini zezigodi zaseNyakatho, eBaltic, eMnyama, e-Azov naseCaspian. E-White Sea basin, lo msele ubonakala emachibini echibini lomfula i-Onega kanye neNyakatho yeDvina, futhi awuvamile eNyakatho Dvina nasezindlini zayo.
Ihlala isikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka engu-15, ifinyelela ubude obungu-35 cm nesisindo esingu-1,2 kg.
Imisipha (u-Abramis ballerus)
Umzimba uphakeme, ungaphansi kakhulu kunombengo. I-caudal peduncle imfushane kakhulu. Inhlawulo ye-caudal idalwe ngokuqinile; Imibala ejwayelekile ilula, imvamisa i-pelagic: umhlane omnyama, ingxenye yomzimba iphonsa okwesibhakabhaka, izinhlangothi zikhanya, isisu simhlophe. Amazinyo we-single pharyngeal.
Ihlala eYurophu isuka empumalanga yeRhine iye e-Urals. Umngcele osenyakatho webanga udlula eSouth Karelia; kukhona eSyamozero namanye amachibi asesigodini somfula. IShui, kanye naseVodlozero. Imisayini nayo yaphawulwa esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk (isisekelo soMfula i-Onega). Itholakala eVolkhov, e-Ilmen, engxenyeni eseningizimu yeLake Ladoga, Neva, Narova, ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu yeFinland neSweden. Esigodini saseVolga, ukusuka emaphethelweni aphansi kuya emaphethelweni aphezulu, kuchichima ezindaweni zokugcina, kanti eziningi kakhulu ziseRybinsk.
Ifinyelela eminyakeni engu-9-10 ubudala, ubude bube yi-45 cm nesisindo esingu-600 g.
MnyamaAmurubhula(Megalobrama terminalis)
Ngemuva ngemuva kwekhanda kukhuphuka i-arc emaweni. Umbala wangemuva umnyama, izinhlangothi, isisu nawo wonke amaphiko nawo amnyama. Uthingo lwamehlo lumnyama. Ikhanda lincane. Umlomo mncane, mncane. Ngemuva kwe-ventral fins keel, engambozwe esikalini. Amazinyo amathathu emugqa we-pharyngeal. Ubude besisu bungu-150% wobude bomzimba.
Ukuhanjiswa: I-East Asia, ukusuka emgodini we-Amur enyakatho kuya eSouth China (Canton) eningizimu. I-Amur ikhuphuka ngendlela ephakeme kuneBlagoveshchensk, futhi inyathelwa phansi kuNovo-Ilyinovka. Kukhona eSungari, Ussuri naseChibi. Hanka. Kwenzeka kaningi kakhulu kune-Amur emhlophe bream.
Ifinyelela kubude be-60 cm nesisindo esingu-3 kg. Isikhathi sokuphila okungenani iminyaka eyi-10.
Inhlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu, ngokwezimpawu zezentengiso ibaluleke kakhulu kune-carp yotshani. Inani belilokhu liphansi njalo, eminyakeni yamuva lehle kakhulu. Echibini I-Hanka okwamanje ihlangabezana nezimo ezizodwa kuphela. Njengezinhlobo ezisongelwayo, zibhalwe ku-Red Book of the Russian Federation. Izizathu zokwehla kwamanani ukubanjwa ngokweqile kwezizathu ezinamandla e-China kanye nokwehla kokuqukethwe kwamanzi e-Amur.
I-Amur white bream (Parabramis pekinensis)
Umlomo mncane, mncane. Esiswini akusona iseli elilinganiselwe kusuka kumaphinifa e-pectoral kuya ku-anus. Umhlane uluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu, izinhlangothi nesisu ziyisiliva. Amaphinifa abhangqiwe kanye ne-anal alula, ama-dorsal ne-caudal kumnyama kakhulu. Imikhawulo yawo wonke amabele amnyama. Amazinyo amathathu emugqa we-pharyngeal. Isakhi esinezingxenye ezintathu zokubhukuda.
Kusatshalaliswa kusuka kubheseni i-Amur enyakatho kuya eSouth China (iShanghai, iHainan Island) eningizimu. E-Amur basin itholakala endaweni yayo ephakathi nephansi; itholakala e-Ussuri, Sungari, naseChibi. Hanka. Ngawo-1950s Yangeniswa emizimbeni yamanzi aseCentral Asia (Ami Darya naseSyrya Darya) naseYurophu.
Ifinyelela kubude obungu-55 cm nobunzima obuyi-4.1 kg. Ihlala kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15-16.
UHuster kanye no-scammer kuyafana
I-scavenger iyisibonakaliso esisha sosonhlamvana, esinye esaziwa kakhulu yibo bonke abadobi. Umndeni wama-cyprinid. Umbala uncike eminyakeni yobudala nendawo yokuhlala. Ebantwini abasha, izikali ziba yisiliva grey, lapho iminyaka iba yigolide. Isikhubekiso sigcinwa ngamaqembu amancane nasezindaweni ezithe chithi saka echibini. Imvamisa kutholakala ukuthi uhlakaniphile futhi uqaphile. Ama-scavenger asebusika ezindaweni ezijulile ngokwengxenye emifuleni futhi ngokwengxenye yolwandle.
IGustera
I-Gustera - ngokungafani ne-scavenger ezindlini zethu zokugcina kuvamile. Ingabe ukuphela kommeleli wohlobo lweBlicca. Kuphethe, kunalokho, emihlambini emikhulu enabantu abalingana abalinganayo. Kuhamba kahle futhi kuyabhejiswa ngenkani ekuzimiseleni, kuxoshwe futhi kudlule nemidwebo emikhulu. Izinhlobo eziphezulu zibonisa ubuningi bemihlambi. Isikali ngimpunga yesiliva.
Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlanzi ziyefana kakhulu ngesimo somzimba, umbala wesikali, futhi zitholakala ezindaweni ezigcina amanzi ezifanayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze singaphuthi ukuthi ubani, ubani, ake sibheke imininingwane ngayinye yale nhlanzi.
Kwividiyo elandelayo, umuntu obukelayo ubukisa futhi akhulume ngomehluko phakathi kofihlo nolobu busu.
Ukwehluka ngombala kanye nokuma kobuso
I-Gustera - inama-8y ama-branchy ama-3 ama-ray alula kuma-dorsal fin, 20-24 branchy futhi ama-3 alula kuma-anal fin.
- Amaphiko abomvu abomvu - Lesi yisibonakaliso esisobala kunazo zonke sokuthi phambi kwakho kunguhlobo lokuphula umthetho, hhayi ukugqekeza.
- Amaphiko angenwevu wombala onsomi
Isixhumi - Ine-anal fin ende, evela phambi kwe-dorsal fin.
- Amaphiko akhanyayo ampunga we-scavenger aba mnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Cishe imisebe engama-30 kuma-anal fin.
Umehluko phakathi kwama-hustlers kanye ne-scammer
IGustera kanye ne-scavenger okungenani kusuka emndenini we-cyprinid, kepha noma kunjalo banezinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene, futhi empeleni bahluke kakhulu ekubuyekezweni kwangaphandle.
Kufanele futhi wazi ukuthi ubhuleki awukhuli ngaphezu kwama-35-36 cm unesisindo samakhilogremu ayi-1,2 (angikaze ngibe nokutholwa okunjalo), futhi ibhulamu ingaba ngu-75-77 cm ubude futhi inesisindo esingama-6-7 kilos.
Kepha i-scavenger yokuqala yangaphandle ingahle ididaniswe ne-bream.
Izinhlamvu
Ngamaphiko, kunesici nje esibonakalayo esingabonakala ngeso elinqunu futhi hhayi ukuthi sididaniswe ne-bream evela ku-scavenger.
Amaphini abhangqiwe ahlala e-orange noma abomvu kuma-hustlers, futhi grey and black for bream or scavenger.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsila ufafaza ohlangothini, futhi ikakhulukazi ku-anal, uhlukile ngenani lemisebe. Umfutho uneziningi zazo.
Umsila
Emisileni yalezi zinhlanzi, umehluko ungabonakala futhi. Ngakho-ke, kuma-husters, izimpaphe zomsila zazo zombili izimpaphe ziyafana futhi kukhona i-notch eyindilinga phakathi kwazo.
Futhi i-scavenger (i-bream), izimpaphe ezingaphezulu zimfushane kunezezansi futhi i-cutout ingama-angles angakwesokudla.
Olunye uphawu lwendlela yokuhlukanisa i-huster kusuka ku-scavenger ngamazinyo we-pharyngeal. Ama-Husters anamazinyo amaningi futhi akwimigqa emi-2. Lapho ufana ne-bastard, kunamazinyo ayi-5 kuphela ohlangothini ngalunye.