Loon - Le nyoni enyakatho, eyi-waterfowl. Ukuhlelwa kwalezi zinyoni kuqukethe izinhlobo ezi-5 kuphela. Zikhula ngosayizi ngedada lasekhaya, kukhona abantu nabakhulu. Phambilini bekusetshenziselwa izigqoko zama-loon fur kwizigqoko zabesifazane.
Izimpaphe zazo zithambile futhi zimnandi uma uthintwa. Ngaphandle, inyoni ibukeka yinhle futhi ihlakaniphile kakhulu. Imivimbo ye-Flat emaphikweni esiliva ngumehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-loon nezinye izinyoni. Amalogi akhula abe amasentimitha angama-70, kanti isisindo senyoni esingama-kilos ayisithupha. Zonke izinhlobo zamalogi zingokubhukuda okumangalisayo. Lezi zinyoni azikwazi ukuhamba emhlabathini, kunalokho zikhasa kuzo. I-Loonies ingenza izinhlobo ezimbili zemisindo:
Lalela izwi le-loon
Ukukhishwa kukhishwa lapho uzama ukubika indiza emndenini wakho. Isikhumba seLoon ingazwakala kakhulu, ngoba cishe akekho ozihlaselayo. Kepha lo msindo unokubhoboza kwawo. Zihlala ikakhulu emanzini abandayo. Ungqimba lwamafutha angaphansi lusindisa kubo ku-hypothermia.
Baqala ukuncibilika ekwindla, futhi ebusika bambozwe ngoboya obufudumele nobuthuntu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinyoni zilahlekelwa izimpaphe zezimpukane, ngakho-ke azikwazi ukundiza izinyanga ezimbili. Indiza ye-loons ingahle ibonakale sengathi ayisebenzi. Alikho ifomu eliqinisekile nomholi. Izinyoni zihlala zihlukana kakhulu.
Indawo yokuhlala yendawo yokuhlala nendlela yokuphila
Amalogi ahlala kuhlala izifunda ezibandayo. Izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu yi-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Chitha impilo yabo yonke emanzini. Lapho ichibi liqhuma, izinyoni ziyaphoqelelwa ukundiza ziye kwezinye izindawo.
Idada le-Loon ithanda amachibi amakhulu nabandayo. Imvamisa lawa amachibi nolwandle. Ukuma komzimba wenyoni kunomthelela empilweni enjalo yasemanzini; kuyasulwa futhi kufulelwe kancane. Ukuba khona kwama-membrane kuvumela inyoni ukubhukuda ngokukhululeka futhi ibuye idubule. Amapayipi afudumele amancane asindisa loon ekuqandeni emanzini abandayo.
Ungahlangana ne-loon ezindaweni ze-tundra noma zehlathi. Bangakwazi ukuhlala ezintabeni. Bachitha impilo yabo yonke ingekude namanzi. Imvamisa ebusika eZimnyama, eBaltic noma eziLwandle eziMhlophe, kanye nasogwini lwePacific. Le nyoni inhle, ithanda izindawo ezihlanzekile.
Amalogi ayizinyoni ezisebenzisa isikhathi sazo esiningi zisendleleni. Ukundiza beya endaweni ngezindawo, bathola kalula ukudla kwabo namachaphaza. Njalo khetha amanzi ahlanzekile nosogwini olunamadwala.
Amalogi ajwayele ukuba monogamous. Bakha imibhangqwana impilo. Zindiza ukusuka kwenye indawo ziya kwenye futhi zithathe amachwane ndawonye. Izinyoni zikhuphuka kalula emanzini. Zindiza phezulu, kepha ikakhulukazi ngendlela eqondile. Le nyoni ayishintshwa ukuze ijike. Uma ezwa ingozi, ivele ingene emanzini.
Bangakwazi ukujula bajule ngamamitha angama-20 futhi babe ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu emi-2. Ngemuva kwendiza, ama-loon afinyelela kuphela emanzini. Lapho bezama ukuwela, izinyoni ziphula imilenze noma zephule.
Ukubukwa kwamalogi
Namuhla, inani le-loon lilinganiselwe ezinhlotsheni ezinhlanu, okungukuthi:
- I-Arctic Loon noma umlomo omnyama,
- Isigaxa esenziwe ngomnyama,
- I-Loon enamabala abomvu,
- I-loon enamakhanda amhlophe,
- UMthandeni omhlophe.
Uhlobo lwazo zonke lezi zinyoni ziyefana. Eqinisweni, ziyehluka ngokubukeka kuphela. Zonke zikhipha isililo esibuhlungu, esingaxutshwa nemisindo evela kwezinye izinyoni. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu i-loon emnyama (unenkani emnyama).
Oboniswe Ngezithombe Zomzimba Omnyama
I-loon ebomvu ebomvu ihlukaniswa ubuhle bayo. Umugqa opinki utholakala entanyeni yakhe, okungahle kubonakale sengathi yikhola kusuka kude. Inyoni le iyivelakancane.
Incazelo nezici ze-loon
Amalogi ahlala emaphaketheni. Zihlala zihlala emizimbeni yamanzi ebandayo futhi zihlala lapho kuze kube yilapho iqhwa ngokuphelele. Amalogi ayizinyoni ezinakekela kakhulu. Nabantu bacishe bangahlangani. Ukuguqula le nyoni ibe yikhaya kunzima. Ngakho-ke, azikho izibonelo zamapulazi lapho i-loon igcinwa khona. Ngezinye izikhathi ziyazingelwa (i-black loon). Eminye yalomndeni ibhalwe ku-Red Book.
Kumele kuthiwe ama-loon ayizinyoni ezingapheli. Njengomthetho, noma zifuna amadamu, zindizela ezindaweni ezifanayo. Izinyoni ziphila iminyaka engaba ngu-20. Phambilini, izinyoni zazizingelwa ngenxa yoboya nesikhumba, kepha ngokushesha inani labo lehla kakhulu futhi ukuzingela kwavunyelwa. Impukane phezulu. Khuphukela esibhakabhakeni kuphela emanzini. Ulwelwesi emunweni luhlelwe ngendlela yokuthi kungalindelekile ukuthi luphume emhlabeni.
Okuboniswe isithombe obomvu o-Loon
Ukuphiswa kwe Loon nokuzalela
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-loon izinhlanzi ezincane, ezibanjwa yinyoni lapho idonsa. Eqinisweni, ingadla konke okucebile echibini noma olwandle. Kungaba ama-mollusks, ama-crustaceans amancane, izibungu kanye nezinambuzane.
Ikhono lokukhiqiza kabusha emalangeni liza sekwephuze kakhulu - kakade ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila. Izimbotshana ezisontekile eduze kwamachibi, zivame ngqo ogwini, uma kunemifino eminingi ezungeze. Ukusuka esidlekeni kuya emanzini, insikazi nowesilisa bakha imisele lapho kufaneleka khona ukuba basheshe bangene emanzini, badle babuye esidlekeni.
Imvamisa, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-2, icala elingajwayelekile lapho kukhona izidleke ezi-3. Amaqanda anesimo esihle nombala. Ukufakwa kweqanda akukwenzeki ngosuku olufanayo, kaningi ngokufakwa isikhashana kweviki. Amaqanda abesilisa nabesilisa afukamela. Omunye wabazali uhlala ehlala esidlekeni. Isikhathi sokufukelwa silingana nezinsuku ezingama-30.
I-loon ekhokhiswa mhlophe ihlukaniswa ngumlomo omkhulu okhanyayo
Uma inyoni izwa ingozi, ithule ishelele umsele emanzini bese iqala ukwenza imisindo ephakeme futhi ishaye amaphiko ayo emanzini, ihehe ukunakwa. Izinkukhu zibamba ngoboya obumnyama. Cishe ngokushesha, bayakwazi ukuntywila futhi ukubhukuda kahle. Abazali babondla emavikini okuqala. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe izinambuzane nezibungu. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, amaphuphu aqala ukuzondla ngokwawo. Zingandiza zineminyaka emi-2 ubudala.
Amaqiniso we-Loon atholakalayo
1. Amalogi omqala omnyama namakhanda amhlophe abhalwe ku-Red Book.
Ukukhala okwenziwa yinyoni kufana nokukhala kwesilo esinolaka.
3. Lezi zinyoni zizingelwa kuphela ngenxa yoboya nesikhumba.
4. Inyama ye-Loon ayithandwa ngabazingeli.
5. Awekho amapulazi lapho i-loon ifuhlwa khona.
6. Imibhangqwana esezimbizeni idalelwe impilo, uma kwenzeka kufa umlingani, inyoni ifuna enye.
7. Ukumemeza kuvame ukwenziwa owesilisa; kuphela lapho kufika isikhathi sokukhwelana owesifazane angaba nezwi elikhulu kakhulu.
Incazelo, izinhlobo
Inyoni yeLoon iwukubamba kwamanzi. Emhlabeni, kukhethwa kuphela njengezinyathelo sokugcina. Zonke “izinyathelo” zinikezwa i-loon ubunzima, ngoba imilenze, "iguqulwe" emuva, yenzelwe ukubhukuda olwandle. Ngakho-ke, emhlabathini, inyoni igaqa ikakhulu esiswini sayo. I-Ornithologists yazi izinhlobo ezinhlanu.
Ukungafanele kudidaniswe ne-eider dider - lokhu kungummeleli wenye into edonswayo. Umbala uhlukile ngokuphelele.
Izinyoni zaseLoon zinamagama abonisa ukwehluka kwangaphandle phakathi kwezinkampani ezikhethekile:
- umlomo omnyama,
- emnyama-thile
- Kuboshwe umphimbo obomvu
- omhlophe
- omhlophe.
Umehluko omkhulu kusuka kwezinye izinyoni yisikhumba esibushelelezi. Ezimvama kakhulu ezijwayelekile ezimnyama - uhlobo olubhalwe ku-Red Book.
Sizobe sikwenza lokhu ngemininingwane eminingi. Umzimba ungama-50-70 cm ubude, isisindo sawo sifinyelela ku-3.4 kg, amaphiko aso ngamasentimitha ayi-130. Umbala awuhlukanga ngemithunzi, kepha muhle kakhulu. Entanyeni, njengoba injalo, imivimbo emincane emnyama nomhlophe, njengekhola ehlanganisiwe. Ikhanda limnyama, licwebezela "licwebezela", njengomzimba wonke.
Izimpaphe ezisiswini zimhlophe, phezulu - grey emnyama enamabala amhlophe - imibuthano ezinhlangothini. Ukuzwakala komsindo womphimbo omnyama kufana neqhude elingweqi, futhi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, njengakwezinye izinhlobo, ungezwa kahle igama elithi “ha-ha-garra”. Kungakho igama - loon.
Isimilo
I-Waterfowl ngosayizi we-goose noma wedada omkhulu, ahluka kuwo ngesibhali somlomo (hhayi flat). Ubude bezinkuni busuka ku-53 kuya ku-91 cm, amaphiko asuka ku-106 kuya ku-152 cm, isisindo sisuka ku-1 kuye ku-6.4 kg. Emazulwini ezindizayo, amaphiko amancane ahlaba umxhwele, imilenze iyasuka emuva, njengokungathi esikhundleni somsila. Ngokundiza, "uyakhothama" kancane, ugobe phansi intamo, nayo eyehluka kumarhanisi namadada. Zihluke kuma-grebes ngosayizi omkhulu, umzimba omkhulu kakhulu, ngesikhathi sokuluthwa kwemithi - lapho kungekho khona okokuhlobisa izimpaphe ekhanda. Umehluko obonakalayo obaluleke kakhulu ukwakheka kwemilenze (ezinkulweni iminwe emithathu yangaphambili ixhunyiwe yilolwande, kuyilapho ezimatheni zangasese akukho mehluko phakathi kweminwe. Umgogodla uthambile kakhulu.
Ukubonakala kwabesilisa nabesilisa kuyafana: amaplamu ohlangothini lwe-ventral mhlophe, kanti phezulu limnyama ngemisinga emhlophe noma ngombala onsundu. Ekhanda nasentanyeni kukhona iphethini yesimo sohlobo ngalunye. Ezinganeni, nasezinyoni ezindala ngesikhathi sobusika, leli phethini alikho, futhi umbala weplamu uyabonakala kakhulu - phansi emhlophe nesiqongo esimnyama.
Amathambo wamathambo awasho lutho, njengezinye izinyoni. Zilukhuni futhi zisindayo, okusiza ama-loons ekushayeleni. Amalogi avumelana nezimo zasemanzini kangangokuba zihamba ngobunzima obukhulu emhlabathini, futhi kuyaqabukela kakhulu ukumbona osebeni. Njengomthetho, ama-loon akahambi, kepha anyathela ngezinyawo, okunikeza umbono wokuthi abamba ngesisu. Amalogi aze alale emanzini futhi avakashele umhlaba kuphela ngesikhathi sokudalwa.
Habitat, indlela yokuphila
Amalogi angabantu basolwandle olusenyakatho. Ukusuka kumakhaza, kuvikela amanoni angcolile noboya obukhulu abushelelezi obuvela ngemuva kokuncibilika ebusika. Naphezu kokumelana nesithwathwa, izinyoni ziyaphoqelelwa ukuba zifuduke - ziyabhubha uma ichibi laso lendabuko limbozwe yiqhwa Izintandokazi zolwandle zokusika ubusika - Mnyama noma Mhlophe.
Izindawo zokuhlala eziyinhloko yingxenye esenyakatho ye-Eurasia naseMelika. I-loon itholakala ngisho naku-tundra noma ezintabeni, into esemqoka ukuthi kunamanzi eduze. Izinyoni zibuthana emihlambini, kepha i-loon iqaphile ngabantu, amacala okuthi "ukwenziwa kwasekhaya" kwayo akwaziwa.
Amathanga kaLoon enza entwasahlobo. Lapho nje iqhwa lincibilika, bakha izidleke eduze kwamanzi, ukuze kuthi lapho kwenzeka ingozi baqubuke ngokushesha. Ngokwesilinganiso, insikazi ibekela amaqanda amabili - ayi-oval ngesimo sombala we-olive. Amaqanda makhulu impela - cishe yi-9-10 cm, enesisindo esingu-100 g.
Ngaphandle kwenani elincane lamaqanda - angadluli ku-3, insikazi ibeka “izigaba,” “ngekhefu” leviki.
Umama akazishiyi amaphuphu, azondle izinambuzane ezincane kanye nefry. Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zihamba ngokuzimela, kepha azikwazi ukuthola ukudla. Amachwane “ukubhukuda” ngemuva komama abukeka ethinta inhliziyo. Ngakho-ke loon ifundisa inzalo ukubhukuda, umhlane wayo uyisikebhe sokudada.
Vota
Izwi likhulu futhi lihlukile, liqukethe ukukhala nokububula. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, ukukhala okukhulu kwe- “ha-ha-ha-rrra” kuyimpawu. Ekhweni elibunjiwe bomvu obomvu, lokhu kukhala kukhishwa bobabili abalingani, kwezinye izinhlobo, kuphela owesilisa.
Isililo esiyisixwayiso esivela kumphimbo omnyama, obomvu obomvu kanye namawele amhlophe - aminyene afanayo namakhonkwane; kumalobolo omhlophe omhlophe nokhokhiswayo, lo msindo ufana kakhulu nokuhleka okushisayo, yingakho isaga esithi "Uhlanya njengesikhonkwane".
Izici, amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Uma inyoni iba sengozini enkulu emhlabeni ngenxa yokuqhuma, i-gait ehamba kancane, khona-ke kunzima ukuyibamba emanzini. Ibona ubungozi, i-loon iyantshontsha ibhukude, ihambe ngokushesha ngaphansi kwamanzi. “Ukufika” kwenyoni emanzini nakho kuyathakazelisa. Cishe wonke umzimba wakhe ufihliwe, kuphela ikhanda entanyeni egobile lingabonakala phezulu.
Inyoni yenyoni ithanda ukuhlanzeka okuzungezile, mhlawumbe, futhi ngakho-ke ibeka indawo yokuhlala yabantu enenqwaba yokungcola nemfucumfucu. Ukuzingela lezi zinyoni eziqhoshayo kwenqatshelwe, izinhlobo eziningi ziyafa, kodwa abanye abantu basenyakatho basadoba ngoboya obalulekile be-loon.
Ukubhebhetheka
Zihlala ezindaweni ezise-tundra nezamahlathi zaseYurophu, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika, lapho zisatshalaliswa enyakatho eziqhingini ezikude kakhulu. E-Asia, bahlala nasezihlahleni zamachibi nasezihlahleni zezintaba eziseningizimu yeSiberia.
Amalogi asebenzisa impilo yawo yonke emanzini noma eduze kwaso. Zitholakala ogwini lolwandle, nasemachibini kanye nasemifuleni. I-Overwinter ogwini lolwandle olungenaqhwa. EYurophu, yiNyakatho neBaltic Seas, kanye nenyakatho yoLwandle iMedithera. EMelika, kungasogwini lwePacific oluseningizimu ePeninsula yaseCalifornia kanye nogu lwe-Atlantic ukuya eFlorida. E-Asia, lolu ugu lwaseChina luya eHainan Island.
Indlela yokufuduka ethokozisayo yisibalo sabantu baseNorth Siberian base-abamnyama aboshwe ngamehlo. Lezi zinyoni ebusika oLwandle Olumnyama, entwasahlobo ziqala ukundiza ziye eBaltic, kuthi lapho ziluyela eLwandle Olumhlophe kuphela. Lokhu kuziphatha, lapho izindlela zokufudukela ebusika kanye nokusukela ebusika kuhlukile, kuyinto ebonakala ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa zezinyoni.
Izinhlobo eziphikelelayo kunazo zonke
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-loons agcinwa emihlanjini emincane, abantu abangu-10-15, uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, basebenza ngokomgomo "ngamunye wakhe." Ukugijimisana namanzi, uthathe, futhi "usakaze" ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Kepha, uma izidleke zibekwa engcupheni, omakhelwane “abangumnikazi” bahlangana ngamaqembu futhi ndawonye batheleleke kude nolwandle.
Le nyoni enomusa ingummeleli wezinyoni zasenyakatho ezinelukuluku lokufunda. Umbala omuhle, izwi elibanzi "repertoire", nokuhlanzeka kwalo okumangazayo kuyathandeka.
Umsebenzi
Ama-loon abhukuda kahle futhi angena emanzini ngokumangalisayo, ngesinye isikhathi ehla aze afinyelele kumamitha angama-21 futhi uhlale ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-1.5. Impilo yabo yonke bachitha emanzini, beshiya umhlaba ngesikhathi sokudalwa. Iningi lezinyoni zasolwandle, izidumbu zamanzi ahlanzekile zivakashela kuphela lapho zizalela futhi zifuduka, futhi sonke isikhathi ezinye zigcinwa olwandle njalo.
Thatha emanzini, usakaze isikhathi eside ngokumelene nomoya. Indiza ye-loons iyashesha futhi, ngokungafani namadada, i-manoeuvrable, ngokushaya kwamaphiko njalo, nekhanda elikhothame kancane. Bahlala futhi phezu kwamanzi kuphela, ngenkathi bephakamisa amaphiko abo, becindezela imilenze yabo emuva futhi kulesi sikhundla benza ukubambeka okushelelayo ngokushibilika esiswini sabo. Bahlala phansi emanzini futhi bagxibilike kakhulu engcupheni, kunokuba bahambe. Lapho zihamba ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngokuyinhloko zisebenzisa imilenze yazo, ethwalwa emuva kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi, lapho diving, zisebenzisa amaphiko, kepha amaphiko ngokuvamile abekwa emhlane azo futhi ambozwe kusukela kumanzi yizimpaphe ezimboze ngamaphiko ngokwawo, ngemuva kwawo nangawo aseceleni, akha “ipokhethi” elikhethekile. Okunye ukuguquguquka kusuka ekumeni yimvula yokugcotshwa kwamafutha ngamanoni we-supra-umsila coccygeal gland. Isembozo se-feather sikhulu, sinobukhulu obukhulu be-fluff. Ungqimba lwamafutha angaphansi futhi usindisa ku-hypothermia.
Ezinyoni ezindala, ukuncibilika kuqala ekwindla, ngaphambi kokundiza, i-plumage mating iyaguquka ibe amapulangwe asebusika abuthuntu. Ekuphakameni kobusika, izimpaphe ziwa ngasikhathi sinye, futhi izinyoni zilahlekelwa amandla okundiza izinyanga ezi-1-1. Ngo-Ephreli, ingubo yasehlobo iyatholakala futhi.
Ubusika ezilwandle ezifudumele. Intsha ihlala lapho ehlobo lokuqala, noma kuze kufike ukuvuthwa kufinyelelwe. Entwasahlobo, bafika sekwephuzile, lapho kunamanzi amaningi ahlanzekile. Amawundi wezinyoni ezindizeni abukeka njengamaqembu ahlakazekile, phakathi kwezinyoni kukhona izikhala zamamitha athile noma amashumi amamitha. Ngisho ngababili, owesilisa nowesifazane bandiza behlukane.
Amaloons asehlale iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. Izikhala zihlala njalo futhi, mhlawumbe, ziphikelela impilo.
Ukuzala
Qala ukuzala okungenani iminyaka emi-3. Bahlala esidlekeni sokugcina esimanzi samanzi ahlanzekile. Isidleke sitholakala eduze namanzi, imvamisa eshalofini elinezitshalo ezinotshani, futhi siqukethe utshani obufanayo obukhula eduze kwesidleke, nasezitshalweni ezifile. Ukusuka esidlekeni esisodwa ukuya emanzini, imanholes eyodwa noma amabili (ngaphansi kaningi, kathathu noma kane) ihola lapho izinyoni zingena khona esidlekeni zehle zingene emanzini. Ogwini olunamakhaza, isidleke singaba inqwaba ehlaba umxhwele yemvula, ikakhulukazi evele ibolile, impahla yesitshalo. Ugqoko awujulile, cishe uhlala umanzi esidlekeni. Eogwini olugqinsiwe, udoti kungenzeka ungabi nhlobo, futhi amaqanda alala ku-peat noma kwenye indawo engenalutho. Lezi izidleke ezintantayo, njengama-toadstools, ama-loon awenzi.
Amaqanda ku-clutch kuvame ukuba yi-2, akuvamile ku-1, futhi njengokuhlukile - 3.Zinezimo ezi-oval-oval futhi zinombala omuhle, omdaka kakhulu omdaka noma onsundu ngombala oluhlaza okotshani, onamabala ansundu noma amnyama namabala amancane. Amaqanda awalali kakhulu esidlekeni, kepha aqhelelane nelinye kude. Owesifazane ubabeka isikhathi sokufika ezinsukwini eziningana. Womabili la malungu ahlanganisa ukushintshana ngokuhlukile izinsuku ezingama-24 kuya kweziyi-29, kepha ikakhulukazi ngowesifazane.
Kusukela kumagwababa, ama-gulls, ama-skuas kanye nabanye ababhubhisi abancane, ama-loons angavikela ukubumbana. Uma inja, umuntu, noma omunye umuntu obeka ingozi enkulu esondela esidlekeni, inyoni ebambekile kuqala icasha esidlekeni, igobe intamo yayo ende, bese ithula izithulela ingene emanzini bese ivele isebangeni, ithule ibhukuda buthule ngaphandle. Ihlala ngaphezulu kobumbano obumbene, ivumela inyamazane ukuba isondele, imvamisa iyisuse esidlekeni ngemiboniso enomsindo - izimbotshana, ukukhala, ukushaya amaphiko ayo, “ukudansa” emanzini. Isikhathi sokufakwa incane singamaviki amane. Imichilo embozwe ngogrey obumnyama obumnyama phansi. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokubopha, ziyakwazi ukubhukuda futhi zishone kahle, kodwa ezinsukwini zokuqala zivame ukuhlala ogwini, zicashe otshanini. Abazali babondla ngama-invertebrates asemanzini, izinhlanzi ezincane. Ekukhuleni, amaphuphu afunda ukuzibamba. Zithola ukuzimela kanye nekhono lokundiza zineminyaka eyi-6-7 amasonto.
Abantu noLoon
Inani elincane le-loons, kanye nezinye izinyoni zomdlalo, abomdabu baseFar North babanjwa besebenzisa inyama ekudleni. Phambilini, izigqoko zabesifazane zazenziwe ngezikhumba zezikhumba (amabele amhlophe nesisu), kwakukhona ukudoba okukhethekile kwe- “loon bird” noma “intambo ye-loon”. Imfashini yemikhiqizo enjalo isidlulile, futhi manje akukho ukudoba okuqhubekayo.
Amandla okuzala ama-loon aphansi kakhulu, aqaphe futhi angavamile ukuhlala eduze kwabantu. Imvamisa ifa ngamanetha okudoba, kusukela ekudutshulweni kwabazingeli abanesizungu nakuzo zonke izinhlobo zokungcola, ikakhulukazi uwoyela.
Isikhathi eside edolobheni laseHawthorne (Nevada, USA) osebeni lwentaba kasawoti eseduze Walker Lake, lwalubanjwa minyaka yonke Umkhosi we-Loon: Amakhulu abantu ahlangana nemihlambi yalezi zinyoni, eyamisa ukuma ukuze iphumule futhi iyondle ngesikhathi sokufuduka. Kusukela ngonyaka we-2009, umcimbi bekufanele ukhanseliwe, njengoba i-Walker isiqala ukujula, ngenxa yalokho usawoti nokugcwala kwezinto eziyingozi ekwenyukeni kwamanzi. Manje izinyoni zindizela ngapha kwaleli chibi echibini.
Umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Amalogi mhlawumbe angenye yamaqembu amadala phakathi kwezinyoni zesimanje. I-loon yakudala kakhulu eyatholakala ku-Upper Oligocene yaseNyakatho Melika - inyoni encane yohlobo I-Colymboides. Kukhona futhi nezinye izinsalela zakudala eziningi ezenzeka emuva kokuphela kweCretaceous, kepha okwabo kungama-loon okwamanje kuyaphikiswa. URod Loon (IGavia) kuvela ku-Lower Miocene. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezinhlanu ezikhona, izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye zezinto eziphilayo ezatholakala kuhlobo lweGavia ziyaziwa:
Ngokuziphatha futhi, kubonakala sengathi, ngendlela ehambisanayo, ama-loons asondele kufana ne-penguin-ne-tubular. Amawoloni ahlangana kakhulu namatoyi. Le miyalo emibili yezinyoni ayinalutho olufana noma ngabe i-morphology noma i-ecology.
Umnotho
Ngokwesiko, ama-loons ayebhekwa njengasondelene notshwala obunamakha, kuwo afana kakhulu nangaphandle kwendlela yokuphila. UKarl Linney ngonyaka we-1758 wabeka imindeni yomibili eqenjini lezinhlobo Colymbus, nayo ebeyingxenye yeqembu Ukuhlaselwa, ukuhlanganisa cishe zonke izingcingo zamanzi ezazaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Isikhathi eside, izazi zezilwane zinamathela ekuhlukaniseni kwe-Linear of the loons. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ama-loons kanye nama-grebe-afana nawo ahlukaniswa aba imindeni emibili, eyabhekwa njengehlobene. U-Leon Gardner waba ngudokotela wezilwane wokuqala ngo-1925 ukungabaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-loons nama-grebes. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi ukufana phakathi kwale mindeni kungumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Onke amalobolo aphila namuhla angabomndeni ofanayo we-loons (Gaviidae) nohlobo olufanayo lwamalogi (IGavia) Izinhlobo ezine zakhonjwa phambilini, kepha ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi loon emhlophe, ebhekwa njengengxenye yensimbi yomphimbo omnyama, iyinhlobo ehlukile.
I-Cladogram elinganiselwe yobudlelwano bokuhlobana phakathi kwama-loon:
YINI UKUDLA
Ekwindla nasebusika, i-hut idla kakhulu izinhlanzi. imvamisa kakhulu izinhlanzi ezivela emndenini weziboshwa nezimbaza ezihlala ezansi ziba yisisulu sazo.
Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ukuze ingasuki endaweni edlekayo, i-loon iyazingela emanzini angasogwini. Kanye nezinhlanzi, ibamba ama-crustaceans amancane nawo ahlala olwandle. Uqhwaku olubukhali, oluyigwegwe lomjondolo lusiza ukubamba izinhlanzi ziqine. Efuna ukudla, ubhukuda njengedada, abeke ikhanda phansi, ngenkathi edonsa amaphiko akhe ukuze awele ngokujulile ngangokunokwenzeka.
Lapho iphishekela inyamazane ebunjiwe, ingagxila ekujuleni kwamamitha ayisikhombisa futhi ihlale ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingumzuzu. Inhlanzi ebanjiwe idliwa masinyane noma ithathwe ngamachwane.
ILoon, ephuthuma ngokudlwengula esidlekeni, ilungele ukuxosha ngokuhlaselwa kwezinye izinyoni, kepha ngalo lonke ithuba liziphatha nomakhelwane bayo njengesela langempela. Uhlasela izinyoni ezibambe inyamazane (kulokhu, izinhlanzi), futhi azithathe kuzo.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala ye-eider
Loon - iwashi lamanzi lezikhala ezivulekile zasenyakatho. Kungokwalolu hlobo lwezinyoni zasenyakatho, umoya wazo okungeyona into ebaluleke kakhulu. Okuhle kunakho konke, bazizwa besendaweni yamanzi kasawoti angenamkhawulo, babhukuda kahle futhi bexwila ngobuciko.
Endizeni, zibonakala zimbi. Emhlabeni, amadunki avele alulamile futhi kunzima ukuwela ngezinyawo zawo amnyama, ane-webbed. Ngokubukeka, abukeka enothile, kuyilapho enentamo emfushane.
Ukupha incazelo yezivakashi, kufanele kuphawulwe izici ezithile zokubonakala kwakhe. Uqhwaku olude nolugqinsi lwezidalwa ezinamehlo anwetshwayo kamuva futhi aluthelwe phezulu.
Amakhala emvelo yezidalwa eziphilayo afana ne-alkalis esesimweni. Umsila, onobude obungu-9 cm, uyaphakanyiswa futhi ukhonjwe ekugcineni. I-pharynx yezinyoni ihlukaniswa ngphuzi olukhanyayo, amehlo ansundu.
Ikhanda nomhlane zinombala onsundu ngombala, kanti isisu simhlophe qhwa. Engubeni yezinyoni, njengoba ubona isithombe sendlu yezivakashi, imivimbo emhlophe iyagqama: ubude budebuka kusuka emehlweni kuya ekugcineni kogodo, kanti okudlulisanayo kuhlobisa amaphiko enyoni, wona uqobo anobude obungaba amasentimitha angama-20. Umbala wekhanda kusuka ezinhlangothini nasentabeni kuya ngesizini, uguquka usuka ebumnyameni uye okhanyayo.
Imvelo ejwayelekile yezinyoni amanzi olwandle e-Arctic nasenyakatho ekude ne-Atlantic, egeza ogwini lwaseYurophu naseMelika, futhi kaningi ama-eels ayaphila eziqhingini eziseduze nalezi amazwekazi.
Ensimini yaseCanada minyaka yonke kunezidleke zezinyoni ezinjalo ezingaba ngama-25. Ezikhathini ezijwayelekile, lezi zidalwa zisetshenziselwa ukuchitha isikhathi emanzini avulekile. Izwi linyoni nelizwi elixakile le nyoni livame ukuzwa ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Lalela izwi lendlu yezivakashi
Imvamisa benza imisindo: “i-arrk-arrk”, ebanga igama labo.
Ukusikisela
Izinduna zakha izidleke emikhakheni emincane noma emaqenjini, zikhethe izindawo ezivikelwe emaphethelweni asogwini lolwandle. Umbhangqwana ongumzali uhlala ndawonye iminyaka eminingana futhi izidleke ngonyaka endaweni eyodwa. Imibhangqwana ihlukana ekwindla.
Ekupheleni kobusika, amalogi amadala abuyela ezindaweni zemidlwane. Insikazi ematsheni ibeka iqanda elilodwa. Owesifazane wondla insikazi kanye nowesilisa. I-Loth chick, enezinsuku eziyi-18 ubudala, iphindwe izikhathi ezine kuneyinyoni endala, Kodwa-ke, kuleli banga lapho ishiya isidleke futhi iphonseke olwandle. Abazali bamlindile emanzini futhi kanye nenkukhu ibhukuda ibanga elithile.
Isikhumba esinezimpimbo ezimnyama
Ukubonakala kwabesilisa nabesifazane kucishe kufane - isisu simbozwe izimpaphe ezimhlophe, kanti ngaphezulu i-plumage enombala onsundu noma omnyama enamabala amhlophe qwa. Kungenzeka ukwahlukanisa abantu ngokwephethini yethu - ngamunye uhlukile.
Iphethini ayibonakali kuphela ngesikhathi sobusika, lapho wonke umbala wenyoni uphenduka ube owesabekayo. Ezindlini zama-goose namadada, amalogi ahlukile kwisitayela sendiza - athambile kancane futhi agobile intamo yawo phansi. Izimpiko zezinyoni zincanyana, ngokumelene nobukhulu bamadada afanayo, kuyilapho imilenze iphuma ibuyela emuva - zivame ukudidaniswa nomsila. Iminwe emithathu yangaphambili inyoni ixhunywe yi-membrane. I-loon enomqala omnyama inezwi le-sonorous - ekuchichimeni kwayo ungezwa ukukhala nokububula. Kumuntu onekhanda elimnyama, ukukhala kufana nesibungu. Ngeshwa, i-loon isesigabeni sokuqothulwa, ngakho-ke ithuba kuphela lokusindisa izinhlobo yiNcwadi Ebomvu. Imisindo yezinyoni zomphimbo omnyama esikhathini sokuzala zizwakala njenge- “ha-ha-ha-rra”, eyinikeze igama elinje.
IZIQINISEKISO ZESIKHATHI
Izimpiko ze-eider zifanelwe ukunakwa - zimfishane futhi zibanzi, zimbozwe izimpaphe. Okusho ukuthi, ziguqulelwe zombili izindiza nokubhukuda. Amanzi angamaphakathi aphakathi komoya, futhi amaphiko amakhulu ngeke abe lusizo ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izimpiko ze-Flipper, njengalezo zepenguin, zincane kakhulu ukuba zindize. Izimpiko zikaLoon zisiza ukuhamba ngaphansi kwamanzi, kepha ungazihlinzeki ngendiza enhle. Ukulahleka kwempukane eyodwa nje kubuye kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu indiza. ILoon ayikwazi ukukhokha kancane kancane i-molt yonyaka. Ngakho-ke, i-eider, ngemuva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokudlekwa, ilahlekelwe ngokuphelele yonke iplamu futhi cishe izinsuku ezingama-45 ayikwazi nhlobo ukundiza. Ngaphandle, i-fleck ifana ne-guillemot, ngosayizi kuphela yincane futhi inomlomo omfishane futhi omfishane.
Amaqiniso ATHANDAYO, UKWAZI.
- I-loon ihlala phezulu emanzini, intamo yayo ibambeke kancane emahlombe futhi imvamisa ngomsila wayo iphakeme ngaphezu kwamanzi.
- Amaqanda we-Loon anombala onsundu, omhlophe omhlophe noma one-turquoise hue, onamabala ansundu noma amnyama. Ngenxa yemibala ehlukene, abazali bangabona kalula iqanda labo.
- ILoon ukuphela kwesihlobo esiphilayo seLonon engenamaphiko esevele yafa, eyake yahlala eziqhingini ezisenyakatho zoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic.
- Amanye ama-eels kwesinye isikhathi adla ngokudla okukhishwe uqhwaku lwezinye izinyoni - ngokwesibonelo, izikebhe.
- Ama-divers anzima ukudonsa olwandle olunesivunguvungu. Uma lesi simo sezulu sihlala isikhathi eside, izinyoni eziningi ziba buthaka kangangokuba igagasi elinamandla lingaphonswa ematsheni bese lifa.
IZIPHUMA ZESIHLOKO SOKUFA. ISIHLOKO
Ukushayela: i-eel ivumelane ngokuphelele nendlela yokuphila yasemanzini. Ingakwazi ukungena ekujuleni kuka-7 m futhi ihlale ngaphansi kwamanzi cishe umzuzu.
Ukudla: i-loon idla ikakhulukazi emihumeni. Kwesinye isikhathi futhi idla ama-mollusks amancane.
I-plumage yasebusika: ebusika, umphimbo nengxenye yesifuba se-eider iba mhlophe.
Amaqanda: insikazi ibeka iqanda elilodwa ematsheni.
- Indawo yokuhlala
LAPHO UKUPHILA
Izimpilo ezisogwini olusenyakatho yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic, eScandinavia naseFinland, kanye nase-Iceland, eGreenland naseNortheast Canada. Ukuzalela futhi eHelgoland.
UKUVIKELA NOKUVIKELA
Ukudoba ngokweqile, okuwukuphakelwa okuyinhloko kwe-shrimp, kuholele ekunciphiseni kwenani laso. Kuthatha iminyaka eminingi ukubuyisela inani labantu abahlukile.
Izibunu. Ividiyo (00:00:05)
ILoon (Alca torda) evela emndenini ohlanzekile isisihlobo esiphilayo se-loon engenamaphiko, iqothulwe ngokuphelele ngo-1844. Amadada adla izinhlanzi azibamba “ezindizayo” zisebenzisa amaphiko ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ihlala esiqhingini esinamadwala futhi ihlangana eNyakatho Atlantic, eBarents naseWhite Seas. Abafayo bagcinwa ngababili noma ngamaqembu amancane, ngandlela thile ngaphandle kwezinye izakhamizi zezimakethe zezinyoni. Iqanda elilodwa libekwa emiseleni yamatshe noma emifantwini yamatshe ekusakazeni kwamatshe amatshe noma izikebhe ze-algae. Njengamanye amakhrayoni amaningi, ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuzalela, ama-eels achitha olwandle. Inani lalezi zinyoni alilikhulu kakhulu.
Isilo se-Loon
Ku-clutch, inyoni ayinawo amaqanda amaningi - imvamisa eyodwa noma amabili. Imibala yamaqanda iyazisusa kahle kwizinyamazane - amaqanda ansundu ansundu ahlangana kahle nezitshalo zasogwini. Ngobude ifinyelela cishe amasentimitha ayishumi, futhi ngesisindo ngasinye sazo sidonsa cishe amagremu ayi-105.
Kusuka kubumbano lapho unganquma khona ukuthi sikuphi isidleke - i-loon ebomvu obomvu noma emnyama. Iqanda lokuqala linokuncane okuncane. Bobabili abalingani bafaka ubumbano - bayaphumelela bodwa, bavumela imiphefumulo yabo iphumule emanzini, balale badle. Isikhathi sokubopha sithatha cishe inyanga - amachwane angakwazi ukudonsa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-25 nangemva kweminyaka engama-30. Izingane zihlala esidlekeni isikhathi esifushane serekhodi - zingadluli izinsuku ezimbili. Ngemuva kwalokho abantu abadala baqala ukujwayela amachwane ukuthola amanzi. Indlela yokuqala ibukeka kanjena - amaphuphu agibela ngemuva kwenyoni endala bese ehlela emanzini. Maduze nje, ungabuka ukuthi izingane zibhukuda kanjani zodwa phakathi kwabazali bobabili. Ukuwavikela ngokucophelela kusuka ebubini obunokwenzeka.
Loon Hunt
I-loon enomqala omnyama ibaluleke ngokukhethekile kubantu. Abantu baseFar North basebenzisa inyama yenkukhu ekudleni, ngaphezu kwalokho, akunzima ukubamba i-loon. Imvamisa, izinyoni ngokwazo ziba nokudideka ngamanetha okudoba, lapho kunzima khona ukuzithola. Kwake kwathi, okwezikhumba zabesifazane (isisu esimhlophe kanye nesifuba), izigqoko zomsila okhethekile zaboshwa ngomsila wendawo, kepha namuhla lobu buciko abusasebenzi. Isigaxa esimnyama omnyama asithandi ukusondelana kwabantu - inyoni iyafa ngenxa yokungcola okushiywe ngabantu, imvamisa ukuzingela kuyajabulisa. Ngakho-ke, kwamanye amazwe kukhona nomkhosi wezilo. Lapho izinyoni zifika olwandle olufudumele, abantu zihlangana nabo, zibanikeze ukudla okulula futhi bahlele izimo ezijwayelekile zokuphumula. Sithole ukuthi ibukeka kanjani i-loon enomqala omnyama. Incazelo emfushane izokwenza kucace ukuthi ungayihlukanisa kanjani, isibonelo, kubadayi abajwayelekile.
Loon emanzini
Lapho le nyoni ibhukuda, inhloko kuphela ebheke phansi, ingxenye encane yangemuva nentamo ebunjiwe kancane ibonakala ebusweni - ukubekwa kwale nyoni kuphansi impela. Uma inyoni iqala ukukhathazeka, icwila ngokujulile emanzini, ekugcineni ishiya kuphela ikhanda nendawo encane yentamo ngaphezu kwamanzi.
Ngokwesaba okunamandla, umane ucwila ngaphansi kwamanzi, ulinde isikhashana, kuze kudlule ingozi. I-loon enomqala omnyama ihamba kalula ngaphansi kwamanzi - njengokungathi ikhishwe ukhokho ngomzuzu owodwa, ingamboza ibanga lamamitha ayi-500. Lokhu kumsindisa kubazingeli abaningi abadida le nyoni nodada balinde ukuthi ivele endaweni efanayo.
Ukuningi okuncane nge-loon yomphimbo omnyama
Ngeshwa, abantu bale nhlobo bahlala bengaphansi. Amachibi aya oma, imvelo ihlangana nezandla zabantu - konke lokhu kunomthelela wokuthi izinyoni kufanele zifune izindawo ezintsha, futhi lokhu kuyingozi eqhubekayo lapho kudalulwa khona loon onomqala omnyama. Incwadi Ebomvu iyakwenqabela ukuzingela kwalezi [nyoni, kepha imisa abantu kancane. Ngokusho kwedatha yakamuva, inani lezinyoni liye lehla kaningi, kwezinye izindawo zanyamalala unomphela. Kulezi zinsuku, amalobolo anombala omnyama angatholakala kakhulu - inyoni izama ukuhlala ehlane, kude neso lomuntu, ikakhulukazi emachibini amakhulu ehlathi. Isibonelo, endaweni yaseKrasnodar Territory, le nyoni ibhalisiwe ngokukhethekile - sebebonke kunabantu abangaba ngu-500, okuyisibalo esiphansi sohlobo olujwayelekile lwe-loon.
Isimo nendlela yokuphila yaso leso
Amadada akhetha ukuchitha izinsuku zokuphila kwawo ebambe ngababili noma exhuma ngamaqembu amancane akhona ngandlela thile ngaphandle kwezinye izinyoni. Lezi zinyoni ziyakwazi ukuntywila ngobukhulu obungamamitha angama-35, kanti ngenkathi zibhukuda zidonsa amakhanda azo entanyeni futhi zigcina umsila wazo uhlala uphakanyisiwe.
Kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi into egcwele olwandle, emandleni ewa kuyo, iqede izinyoni ezinkulu kangangokuba ziphelelwe amandla bese zizithola ziphonswe olwandle.
Bechitha ubusika olwandle, laba bantu abahlala enyakatho enokhahlo bashiya amanzi, beyela ogwini, kuphela ngesikhathi sokudalwa.Ngalesi sikhathi, zindiza ngenkuthalo, zihamba emoyeni ngesivinini esingama-58 km / h, ngenkathi zivame ukushaya amaphiko azo, zelule amakhanda ngaphambili, futhi ziqondise umsila kanye nemilenze yazo emuva, zihamba ngokushesha nangokuqondile.
Izwi lendlu yabavakashi libonakaliswa ukubhoboza inhliziyo ebuhlungu. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukumuzwa kaningi, ngoba ukuhlaselwa kwezinyoni ezinjalo kuyaqabukela. Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, mayelana eider Amahemuhemu anakho wokuthi baqikelela kakhulu.
Ngokuvamile, ama-lunks aya emihlambini emincane noma ngababili
Izitha zazo izitha ezahlukahlukene, zezinyoni - izingwe kanye nezinyoni zasolwandle, kanye nezilwane ezinjengezimpungushe ezibomvu. Kepha aboni ikakhulukazi bazingela izinkukhu, bezama nokudla ngamaqanda alezi zinyoni.
Kuya ngesizini, fluff izinyoni ze-eider Izinguquko, njengasesikhathini esithile sezidleke, emva kwalokho amaplamu alezi zinyoni aguquka ngokuphelele enyangeni nesigamu, futhi esikhathini esishiwo angabe esakwazi ngokuphelele ukundiza.
Lapho i-eiderdown fluff isetshenziswa ukuhlobisa izigqoko zabesifazane. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, ngoba izimpaphe zale nyoni zithambile futhi zimnandi uma uthintwa.
Ukudla kwaseLoon
Yini ama -els? Ukudla kwabo okujwayelekile kufaka izinhlanzi, ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yempilo endaweni encane yasemaphandleni, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu kutholakala kalula ukufinyelela kwalezi zinyoni.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-cod encane, ama-sprats, i-sprat, i-gerbil, i-herring, i-capelin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-invertebrates asolwandle ahlukahlukene, anjenge-shrimp ne-squid, kanye nama-crustaceans, angaba ukudla kwe-shrimp.
Esikhathini sekwindla nasebusika, ama-eels awachitha emanzini olwandle, anelisekile ngokudla okuvundile okukuthola ekujuleni kolwandle. Ukudonsa ikhanda phansi ufuna ama-mollusks nama-gerbils, ayakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingaphezu komzuzu.
Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa kwalezi zidalwa, lezi zidalwa ezinemibala zidla emanzini amancanyana, lapho zifuna khona ama-crustaceans amancane kanye nezinye izakhamizi zamanzi ngaphansi kolwandle olujulile. Umlomo obukhali usiza ukugcina inyamazane yakho endlini yezihambi.
Lapho sesiphinde sathola iziqu zazo olwandle, lezi zinyoni zingazidla ngokushesha, noma zizithathele amathole azo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma izimbangi ezingamadoda zinesibindi sokungenela kulokho ezikutholile, ama-eel alungele ukulwa nobudlova nabenzi bokubi. Kepha, noma kunjalo, bona ngokwabo bayakwazi ukusebenzisa izithelo zezithelo zabanye abantu ngokuntshontsha noma ukuthatha inhlanzi ebanjwe ezinye izinyoni.
Ukudla, ama-eels angaba ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eminingana