Ubhejane omnyama - isilwane esidla imifino, kungenye yezinhlobo ezimbili zobhejane base-Afrika (kukhona nobhejane omhlophe). Emvelweni kunezindlela ezi-4 zobhejane ezimnyama.
- bicornis bicornis - Ukubhaliswa kobhejane omnyama, okujwayelekile. Izimpilo zihlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezomile, okungukuthi eNamibia, enyakatho-mpumalanga nasentshonalanga eseningizimu.
- i-bicornis encane - Isibalo salokhu okubhalwe phansi kuningi, kuhlala engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga, eTanzania, Zambia, naseMozambiki, naseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika.
- bicornis michaeli —Imisila ebhekiwe yobhejane abamnyama, etholakala eTanzania kuphela.
- bicornis eside - Izinkampani ezilandelwayo zaseCameroon.
Okwamanje ICamibia ihlolwa ngobhejane abamnyama abamemezele ngokusemthethweni ukuthi inyamalala. E-Afrika, kwezinye izingxenye zayo, inani lalesi silwane ligcinwe. Okokugcina kutholakale obhejane abamnyama emvelweni ngonyaka we-2006. Kusukela ngoNovemba 10, 2013, i-MSO of Natural imemezele ukuthi izingqinamba zaseCameroon zabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngabazingeli.
Ngokuvamile, ukunqotshwa ngakunye kwezinhlobo ezintathu zemvelo yobhejane abamnyama endle zikhona, namuhla, izilwane sezisondele. Futhi awusoze wazithatha ngokoqobo “izibalo ezibalulekile” izibalo ezivezwa abacwaningi mayelana nobhejane abamnyama abafayo, njengoba elinye lamaqembu odokotela besayensi yokudla aveze ubufakazi bokuthi 1/3 obhejane abamnyama, obebhekwa njengabaqothuliwe, angaphila.
Ukubukeka
Ubhejane omnyama - kunalokho izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu, isisindo sazo esingafinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-3600. Ubhejane omnyama oyisilwane esinamandla, ongamamitha ayi-3,2 ubude, amasentimitha ayi-150 ukuphakama. Ubuso besilwane buvame ukuhlotshiswa ngezimpondo ezi-2, noma kunjalo, kunezindawo e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi eZambia, lapho ungahlangana nobhejane balesi sidalwa ngezimpondo ezintathu noma ezi-5. Uphondo lukabhejane omnyama luyindilinga esigabeni sesiphambano (ukuqhathanisa, obhejane abamhlophe banophondo lwe-trapezoidal). Uphondo lwangaphambili lobhejane lukhulu kunawo wonke, ubude bawo bube ngamasentimitha angama-60.
Umbala wobhejane omnyama wengxenye enkulu kuya ngombala wenhlabathi lapho isilwane sihlala khona. Njengoba wazi, obhejane bayakuthanda ukuzamazama njengothuli nothuli. Lapho-ke obhejane bokuqala umbala ompunga okhanyayo uthatha umthunzi ohlukile bese ubomvu bese umhlophe. Futhi kulezo zindawo lapho i-lava eqinisekisiwe, isikhumba sobhejane siba mnyama. Ngaphandle, obhejane abamnyama bahlukile kokumhlophe ngokubukeka komlomo ophezulu. Ubhejane omnyama unesindebe esingaphezulu esicijile, esilengela ngaphezulu komlomo ophezu kwesikhumba. Ngakho-ke kulula ukuthi isilwane sithathe amahlamvu esihlahleni kanye namahlumela besebenzisa lo mlomo.
Lalela izwi lobhejane
Naphezu kokuvikelwa kwalezi zilwane kanye nokuvinjelwa kokuhweba ngezimpondo, inani labantu obhejane abamnyama liyaqhubeka nokuhla. Okokuqala, ngenxa yesidingo esikhulu kanye nokwehla kwenani lezilwane. Ngakho-ke, obhejane bavame ukugcinwa ezindaweni zokugcina naseziqiwini zikazwelonke.
Ku-athikili yanamuhla, sizofunda ngejameli lomndeni wobhejane. Ubhekwa njenge-artiodactyl, uhlukaniswa ngezimpawu nokuziphatha kwayo kwangaphandle. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zobhejane, kepha sizocubungula omele abamnyama. Uma uhumusha igama lisuka kwisiLatin, kuzokhala sengathi "ikhala, uphondo." Abantu bodwa babonakala ngesakhiwo esikhethekile, njengomphumela wokuthi i-elongation ethile, noma ngisho neningana, ibonakala kusuka kuthambo lamakhala. Kepha ngeke sigijime phambili, sizofunda izici ngokulandelana.
Habitat
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, inani elikhulu lobhejane abamnyama labonakala eMpumalanga naseNingizimu Afrika, beyimbalwa kakhulu enkabeni yeNingizimu Afrika. Ngeshwa, kungekudala abazingeli abazingeli bazibhubhisa lezi zilwane, ngakho-ke bathola ubunzima obufanayo nezilwane eziningi zase-Afrika - obhejane abamnyama bazinza emapaki ezwe.
Ubhejane omnyama isilwane esidla imifino. Ihlala ikakhulukazi lapho kukhona indawo eyomile, kungaba yi-acacia, ama-shrub savannas, amahlathi anqabile noma ama-strpes avulekile. Obhejane abamnyama bangatholakala endaweni eyihlane, kodwa kuyaqabukela. Isilwane asithandi ukungena emahlathini ashisayo, anomswakama waseNtshonalanga Afrika naseCongo Basin. Futhi konke ngoba obhejane abakwazi ukubhukuda, kunzima ukunqoba izithiyo zamanzi ezincane kakhulu.
Incazelo nendawo yokuhlala
- I-Rhinoceros isho isilwanyana esikhulu esinezilwane ezincelisayo, esesimweni sazo esilandelwa yindlovu kuphela. Lababantu bakhula babe ngamamitha ayi-2,5-5 ubude bomzimba, ukuphakama kubune ngamamitha ayi-1,5,3 nesisindo samathani ayi-1,3,3,5. Igama lezinhlobo likhombisa umbala wesikhumba, kithi ufakwe imibala emnyama. Kodwa-ke, abantu ngabanye banombala onsundu, ongabonakala umnyama ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokukhanya.
- Isikhumba sobhejane ngokushesha sibamba izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezivela enhlabathini. Uma isilwane simpunga, bese kuthi lapho sesiphumile emhlabathini siba mnyama. Inhloko yomndeni incishisiwe, ingxenye engaphambili iyatululeka. Kukhona imbobo phakathi kwempama nebunzi, okubuye kukhumbuze isihlalo sokumbopha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nekhanda, lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo lunamehlo amancane kakhulu. Zimibalabala nge-karim noma imnyama, imidlwane isesimweni sokuma. Izinkophe ezingaphezulu zimbozwe yi-cilia emnyama.
- Abamele umndeni banomqondo owakhiwe kahle wephunga. Bathembela kakhulu ekhaleni labo kunezinye izitho. Umthamo wethambo lamakhala udlula usayizi wobuchopho. Lezi zilwane zidume ngokuzwa kwazo kahle. Ukwakheka kwezindlebe kufana ne-tube edonsa ngisho nemisindo ethule kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, umbono wobhejane uyisinengiso, awanciki kuye. Bangakwazi ukubamba ukunyakaza okubukhali, futhi izinto ezimile zizodlula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbono usebenza kuphela ama-30 m. Njengoba amehlo etholakala ezingxenyeni eziseceleni kwekhanda, laba bantu kuqala basebenzise iso elilodwa bese elinye.
- Umlomo omkhulu uhlukaniswa ukuhamba kwawo, ulenga ngaphezulu kwaphansi. Imihlathi enesethi engaphelelanga yamazinyo, kepha iqinile kakhulu. Akukho ma-fangs, kepha umhlathi ngamunye uhlinzekwa nge-molars eyisikhombisa. Bayaphuma ngenxa yomjikelezo wempilo. Engxenyeni engezansi kunezifiso ezibukhali. Isici esivelisayo salezi zilwane wuphondo, sikhula kusuka emthanjeni wangaphambili noma wamakhala. Imvamisa kukhona i-pearls yokukhula enombala omnyama noma grey.
- Uma ukukhula okuncane kungena empini futhi kulimaze uphondo, kuzolulama ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, abantu asebekhulile abakwazi ukubheka kumphumela onjalo; uphondo lwabo alunakubuyiselwa. Amalungu omndeni omnyama anezimpondo ezi-2-5. Izimbambo zobhejane zinamandla, ngeminwe emithathu. Kokubili ngakunye kunenselo encane. Kulula kakhulu ukubona isilwanyana esidla izindwani ngemikhondo yaso, ngoba sifana namaqabunga e-clover. Isikhumba asinazinwele, kepha izinwele kungenzeka zibe sezandleni zezindlebe. Umsila ukhula ube ngu-70 cm ubude, unesakhiwo esihle futhi uphela ngebhulashi lezinwele.
- Imvamisa, abantu abamelelwe bahlala eTanzania, Namibia, Angola, Mozambique, Kenya, Republic of South Africa. Zitholakala naseZimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi. Obhejane njengesomiso, ahlala endaweni eyisicaba ebabazekayo, amagquma, izifunda ezinamadolobha asezingeni elithile, izihlahla zemvelo ezinamatshe amade, izihlahla zasogwadule, ogwadule. Zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angama-2,5. ngenhla yolwandle. Lolu hlobo olusondele ekuqothulweni, ngokusho kwedatha, kunabantu abangaba ngu-4860.
Umsoco
Bangaphezu kwamakhulu amabili Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu zezitshalo zomhlaba zakha ukudla kobhejane omnyama. Lesi silwane se-herbivore sihlatshwa umxhwele yi-aloe, i-agave-sanseviera, i-euphorbia ebunjiwe nge-candelab, enejusi le-caustic ne-sticky. AbakwaRhinoceros ngeke bazidele amakhabe, kanye nezitshalo eziqhakazayo, uma ngokuzuma enethuba elinjalo.
Ubhejane omnyama Futhi ngeke anikele ngezithelo azihlwitha uqobo, aziconge azithumele emlonyeni wakhe. Uma kunesidingo, isilwane singancina utshani. Abaphenyi baqaphele ukuthi la makhambi adla inyama yasendle. Ngale ndlela, obhejane abamnyama bazama ukungezelela ukudla kwabo ngosawoti wamaminerali nezinto zokulandela umkhondo, ezingatholakali ngenani elincane kudoti. Ubhejane ufunga kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ukuze ukwazi ukubuyisela umzimba wawo ngomswakama, isilwane sidinga ukuphuza amanzi amaningi. Ukuze ngandlela thile ahlawulele ngokusweleka kwamanzi, uma kungenamachibi aseduze, udla izihlahla ezinameva.
Ukuzala
Kubhejane abamnyama kwenzeka njalo ezinyangeni eziyi-1.5. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi uqobo ilandela owesilisa. Isikhathi sokuqala ngowesifazane ukuqala ukubamba iqhaza ngokuzalanisa kwenzeka lapho eseneminyaka emithathu noma emine ubudala. Kobhejane omnyama wesilisa, isikhathi sokuzala siqala ngineminyaka eyisikhombisa noma eyisishiyagalolunye. Rhino cub uzalwa ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-16.5. Kuzalwa usana olune-pinkish, nakho konke ukuphuma kwalo namagobongo. Noma kunjalo, uphondo alukabi nayo. IRhini ihlala isilinganiso seminyaka engama-70.
Indlela yokuphila
- Imvamisa, izilwane ezincelisayo zithanda indlela yokuphila eyedwa. Izilwane ezinjalo azakhi umhlambi. Ngokwehlukana, kufanelekile ukusho obhejane abamhlophe, kuphela lapho kwesinye isikhathi benza amaqembu amancane. Kepha abesifazane, cishe bahlala bekhona kanye nenzalo isikhashana.
- Kungaleso sikhathi sokukhula kuphela lapho abantu bobulili obuhlukile bengatholakala khona. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi bakhetha ukuziphilela bodwa, laba bantu ngokwemvelo banabangane bangempela. Lezi yizinyoni - izinyoni zezinyoni. Bahlala behamba nobhejane kanye nezinye izidumbu.
- AbakwaRhinos bayazazisa lezi zinyoni ezincane ngoba zidla ngemikhaza nezinye izinambuzane ezigibela ziye emuva. Izinyoni ezinjalo zixwayisa izilwane ezinkulu ngengozi esondelayo ngokukhala okukhulu. Ezikhathini zasendulo, izinyoni ezinjalo zazibizwa nangokuthi ngabavikeli bobhejane.
- Phakathi kokunye, lapho imidondoshiya iqala ukugeza, izimfudu nazo zidla imikhaza yazo yasemuva. Ngale ndlela, banika izilwane umusa omkhulu. Obhejane ngokwabo endle baqapha indawo yabo futhi bayivikele. Umuntu munye unesakhiwo sakhe esine-reservoir nedlelo.
- Kuyo yonke le minyaka yokuphila, izilwane ezincelisayo okukhulunywa ngazo zinyathela izindlela zazo eziya emanzini. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, izilwane zithatha ubhavu wodaka. Obhejane base-Afrika banezimbotshana ezihlukile. Inani elihehayo lomquba belilokhu libuthana kubantu isikhathi eside. Ngalephunga baphawula umkhawulo wensimu yabo.
- Abantu ababhekwayo abazami ukumaka insimu yabo hhayi ngomquba kuphela, kepha nangamamaki. Kanjalo nabesilisa abadala. Ukumaka amakhasi notshani ngomchamo. Obhejane abamnyama bayasebenza ekuseni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zivame ukuhola indlela efanayo yokuphila ebusuku. Ngalesi sikhathi, bazama ukuthola ukudla okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka.
- Emini, obhejane bakhetha ukulala emthunzini. Bangakwazi ukugoba ohlangothini lwabo noma esiswini. Kwesinye isikhathi bachitha lesi sikhathi ezindlini zokugeza zodaka. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ama-giants anephupho elihle kakhulu, akhohlwa ngokuphelele nganoma iyiphi ingozi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ungangena ngisho kubo. Kepha ezinye izidalwa, zisebenza ubusuku nemini.
- Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imidondoshiya ekuxoxwe ngayo inakekela kukho konke. Abafuni ukuxhumana nabantu, futhi baphinde babaqaphele. Kepha uma obhejane ezwa ingozi, uhlasela kuqala njengokuzivikela. Ngokumangazayo, izilwane ezinjalo zingashesha ziye ku-45 km / h. Kodwa-ke, ngeke bakwazi ukusebenza isikhathi eside.
- Izinhlobo ezimnyama zobhejane zinomsindo omkhulu. Bahlasela ngokushesha uma kwenzeka okuthile futhi akunakwenzeka ukuba bakuyeke. Akunakushiwo okufanayo kobhejane abamhlophe. Banokuthula nokuzola okwengeziwe. Uma umuntu ondla iwundlu ngezandla zakhe, uyoba ongcolile ngokuphelele.
Ubhejane luhlobo oluthokozisayo lwezilwane. Endle, iziqhwaga ezinjalo kungcono kakhulu ukungathukutheli. Ngaphandle kwalokho, awunakusindiswa ethangini elinomsindo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, banokuthula futhi bazolile ngokwanele. Abantu abagcinwe ekudingisweni bahlala benobungane impela.
Ividiyo: Black Rhino (Diceros bicornis)
I-Rhinoceros - ingesinye sezilwane zase-Afrika ezikhethekile, uhlobo lwekhadi elibizwa ngokuthi "izwekazi elimnyama", akunasizathu sokuthi ingena kwi "Big African Five" kanye ne-buffalo, ibhubesi nengwe, zona kanye izilwane ezinhlanu ukuthi esikhathini esidlule zaziyiziphondo ezihlonishwayo zokuzingela uhambo. Futhi obhejane awumboni kahle amehlo, kodwa njengoba besho, ngobukhulu bawo namandla, lokhu akusaseyona inkinga yakhe.
I-Rhinoceros: incazelo, isakhiwo, izici. Ngabe ubukeka kanjani obhejane?
Igama lesiLatini lobhejane - Rhinocerotidae, empeleni lifana nelethu, ngoba elithi "Rhino" lisho ukuthi "impumulo", kanye no "ceros" kuphakama igama elithi "obhejane", leli gama libonisa ngokunembe kakhulu lesi silo, ngoba uphondo olukhulu ekhaleni ithambo lamakhala liyimfanelo ebalulekile yazo zonke izinhlobo zobhejane abahloniphekayo (yize kungenjalo okuhle).
Futhi obhejane, izwe elikhulu kunazo zonke ezincelisayo ngemuva kwendlovu - ubude bokubhejiswa busuka kumamitha amabili kuya kwayi-5, ukuphakama kwamamitha angama-1-3 nesisindo samathani ayi-1 kuye kwayi-3.6.
Imibala yobhejane incike ezinhlotsheni zabo, empeleni ekuqaleni kubukeka sengathi amagama ezinhlobo zobhejane aqhamuka ngemibala yawo uqobo: obhejane abamhlophe, obhejane abamnyama. Kepha akuyona yonke into esobala futhi elula, iqiniso ukuthi umbala weqiniso wesikhumba, omhlophe nobumnyama obhejane, uyafana - ngmpunga onsundu, kepha ngoba lezi zinhlobo zobhejane zithanda ukuzwakala emhlabeni ngemibala ehlukene, ezifaka imibala imibala ehlukene, futhi amagama abo ahamba.
Ikhanda lobhejane lide futhi lincane, nebunzi lincishiswe ngokuqinile. Phakathi kwamathambo emakhaleni nebunzi kunendawo eshintshashintshayo, ecishe ifane nesihlalo sesifuba. Amehlo amancane obhejane anabafundi ansundu noma amnyama ngosayizi wawo abukeka ehluka kakhulu ngokubhekisele emuva kwekhanda lawo elikhulu. Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, izinto azibalulekile ngombono wobhejane, bangabona kuphela izinto ezinyakazayo zikude ngebanga elingamamitha ayi-30. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqiniso lokuthi amehlo abo asezinhlangothini alibaniki ithuba lokuhlola kahle into eyodwa noma enye; bayibona kuqala ngamehlo abo, bese beyilandela neyesibili.
Kepha iphunga lobhejane uma linjalo likhula kahle, futhi kuye kuncike kuye kakhulu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umthamo we-noseal cavity ku-obhejane mkhulu kunenani lobuchopho babo. Ukulalelwa kukhuliswe kahle phakathi kwalezi ziphulu; izindlebe zobhejane ziyafana namashubhu ahlala ezijikeleza, ebamba ngisho nemisindo ewutshwayi.
Izindebe zobhejane ziqondile futhi ziyaqina, ngaphandle kobhejane baseNdiya nabamnyama, abanezindebe eziphansi ezingahambeki. Futhi, wonke obhejane ohlelweni lwamazinyo anama-molars ayi-7, asulwa kakhulu ngeminyaka, kubhejane base-Asia, ngaphezu kwamazinyo, kukhona izifakelo ezingekho emikhondweni yase-Afrika.
Zonke obhejane banesikhumba esikhulu, cishe esingenawo noboya ngokuphelele. Okuhlukile lapha ngobhejane besimanje baseSumatran, isikhumba sabo simboziwe ngezinsundu ezinsundu kanye nobhejane obovu owake bahlala ezinhlamvini zethu, okuthi, ngokuhlangene nale mammoth efanayo enoboya, ngeshwa, awukaze usinde ezikhathini zethu.
Imilenze yobhejane isindayo futhi inkulu, kunezinselo ezintathu onyaweni ngalunye, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuqaphela kusuka kumkhondo wobhejane lapho ahamba khona la makhulu.
Uphondo lukabhejane
Uphondo lobhejane liyikhadi layo lokushaya futhi kufanele lishiwo lodwa. Ngakho-ke, kuye ngohlobo lobhejane ekhaleni, kungakhula izimpondo zombili kanye nezimbili, uphondo lwesibili lusondele eduze kwekhanda ngosayizi omncane. Izimpondo zeRhinoceros zakhiwe ngamaprotheni e-kerotene, ngendlela, izinwele nezinzipho kubantu, inalithi ezinkulwaneni, izimpaphe kwizinyoni, negobolondo le-armadillo liqukethe iprotheni efanayo.Abaphikisi abavela ku-genermis yesikhumba sobhejane bayakhula.
Kumabhejane amancane, lapho alimala, izimpondo ziyabuyiselwa, ezindala, azisekho. Ngokuvamile, yonke imisebenzi yophondo lukabhejane ayikafundwa ngokuphelele ngabasebenza ngezilwane, kepha ngokwesibonelo, ososayensi baqaphele iqiniso elinjalo - uma uphondo lususwa kubhejane besifazane, lapho-ke luzoyeka ukuyithanda inzalo yalo.
Umnikazi wophondo olude kakhulu ubhejane omhlophe, ufinyelela ku-158 cm ubude.
Ungakanani obhejane
Isikhathi sokuphila kobhejane sisekude kakhulu, ngoba obhejane base-Afrika endle baphila ngeminyaka engu-30 kuye kwengama-40, kuthi ezindaweni ezilandiswayo zohlobo lwempilo bahlala kuze kube yiminyaka engama-50. Kepha abakhulu beminyaka enkulu phakathi kobhejane kukhona obhejane baseNdiya naseJavanese, abangahlala iminyaka engaba ngu-70, abacishe bafane nempilo yomuntu.
Lapho kuhlala khona obhejane abamnyama
Obhejane abamnyama batholakala eCentral, South kanye naseMpumalanga Afrika: bahlala ezindaweni zase Kenya, Namibia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. I-Etiyopiya ibhekwa njengendlulile. Ama-Shrub savannas, ama-acacia groves, ama-sparse emahlathi kanye nama-steppes awomileyo yindawo yokuhlala evamile yobhejane abamnyama. Ezintabeni inyuka ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2 700 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Ungawubona kanjani obhejane abamnyama
Ubhejane omnyama uyisilwane esikhulu kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba wakhe bufinyelela ku-3 m, futhi isisindo singamathani ama-2. Izimpondo ezimbili zihlukaniswa ngokucacile ekhanda elikhulu, futhi kwezinye izindawo isibalo sabo singakhuphuka size sibe kathathu noma sihlanu. Ubude bophondo lokugcina kwesinye isikhathi bufika ku-40 cm, bukhulu futhi buphawuleka kakhulu. Isici esiyingqayizivele salezinhlobo ukwakheka komlomo omkhulu: kukhonjwe kancane futhi kulengiswe ngaphezulu kwephansi. Naphezu kwegama, umbala wesikhumba wemvelo wesilwane esinamandla awumnyama, kepha ungwevu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uphondo lukabhejane luhlukile esakhiweni salo. Iqukethe i-keratin ngokuphelele - iprotheni ekhona kwizipikili nezinwele zabantu, igobolondo le-armadillo, izinaliti ze-porcupine, izimpaphe zezinyoni. Lapho yonakaliswa ezilwaneni ezincane, uphondo lungakhula lubuyisele emuva, kubantu abadala alululami. Ukusebenza kwawo akuqondakali ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi baqaphela ukuthi izintokazi ezinophondo olususiwe lwasala ukukhombisa inzalo enzalweni yazo.
Ubhejane nabantu
Phambilini, imihlambi emikhulu yobhejane abamnyama icishe yacekeleka phansi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezimpondo zayo ekwelashweni lwasempumalanga njengethoni enamandla. EMpumalanga, imikhiqizo evela uphondo lwayo nayo ibaluleke kakhulu.
Isibonelo, eY Yemen, isimo senhlalo phakathi kwezizwe eziningi sinqunywa ngokuba khona kwensangu eyenziwe kuyo. Eqinisweni lethu, lokhu kufana nokuthola idiploma yemfundo ephakeme, ngakho izakhamizi zakule ndawo ezilangazelela ukungagcini imali yokuthola isifundo esidingeka kakhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Lesi silwane sibizwa ngokuthi obhejane abamnyama ngokungazwisisi, ngoba umlingani waso omkhulu umhlophe.
Kuzo zombili izinhlobo zezikhumba, isikhumba asikaze simhlophe noma simnyama, kodwa kunalokho sibe mpunga ngemibala ehlukahlukene. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, abafuduki baseDashi babiza obhejane elimhlophe, okusho ukuthi "ububanzi."
Ososayensi bekhabhathi abangamaNgisi ababengasazi isiBhulu banquma ukuthi i-wijd ilingana ne-English white - "white". Ngakho-ke ekuqaleni kwekhabethe kuthulekile obhejane abamhlophe, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, umcabangi weqanda ongaziwa wenza i-zoology ejabulisayo kanye nokuvela kobhejane omnyama ukuze ahlukaniswe nomhlophe omkhulu. Lokhu kungenangqondo ekugcineni kwaqala ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi cishe kuzo zonke izilimi zesimanje.
Esikhathini esedlule, obhejane abamnyama babehlala ezindaweni ezinkulu zezwekazi lase-Afrika eningizimu yeSahara, ngaphandle kwamahlathi ashisayo eCongo Basin. Manje abantu abahlala bodwa bagcinwa kuphela emapaki ezwe nakwindawo ezigcinwe kuzo.
Indawo yemvelo yalezi zilwane isihlahla - umngcele wamahlathi omanzi aswakeme kanye nama-savannah anotshani agqunywe ngamahlahla enameva.
Ukulandela okulandelayo
Ukuhlukaniswa okuningana okuyinhloko kobhejane abamnyama kuyahlukaniswa:
- ISouth-Central Black Rhino (D. bicornis encane): Ngokomlando, le ndawo yokuhlala isuka eTanzania maphakathi neZambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique yenyakatho kanye nasempumalanga neNingizimu Afrika. Manje lokhu okubhaliwe kutholakala eNingizimu Afrika naseZimbabwe, inani elincane lingatholakala eningizimu yeTanzania. Izindawo ezibuyiselwe emuva zitholakala eBotswana, Malawi, Swaziland naseZambia. Ubhejane omnyama oseningizimu nendawo njengamanje uyizinkampani eziningi ezisetshenziswayo, kodwa usahlukaniswa njengasesimweni esibucayi.
- ISouth Rhineceros Southwest Black (D. bicornis bicornis): Lokhu okubhaliselwe kufaneleke kangcono ukuhlala kuma-savannahs omile nakuma-arid. Indawo ababehlala kuyo yayihlanganisa: iNamibia, iningizimu ye-Angola, entshonalanga neBotswana, eningizimu-mpumalanga kanye naseningizimu-ntshonalanga neNingizimu Afrika. Manje okubhalwe phansi kusatshalaliswa eNamibia naseNingizimu Afrika. Inani labantu ababhalisile lisesimweni esibucayi.
- I-East African Black Rhino (D. bicornis michaeli): Ngokomlando, ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kuye kwaqoshwa eningizimu yeSudan, e-Ethiopia, eSomalia, eKenya nasenyakatho-neTanzania ephakathi. Manje usungathola inani elincane lalokhu okubhaliwe eKenya, kanye neziningi zezindawo ezisatshalaliswa ezisasazwe enyakatho yeTanzania. Ukubhaliswa kusesimweni esibucayi.
- I-West Rhinoceros yaseNtshonalanga Afrika (D. bicornis longipes): Yayisatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezinamazwe amaningi aseNtshonalanga Afrika. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, inani lalezi zindawo ezincishisiwe lancipha laba yidlanzana kuphela enyakatho yeCameroon. Ngesikhathi sokufunda okukhulu ngo-2006, akutholakalanga noyedwa walaba bantu okubhalwe phansi. Ubhejane omnyama waseNtshonalanga Afrika umenyezelwe ngokusemthethweni njengowedlule kusukela ngo-2011.
Ngabe udlani obhejane?
Obhejane bayizilwane ezi-herbivorous, nokho, zinokukhanya okukhulu, ngakho-ke ngokwesilinganiso ubhejane udla kuze kufike ku-72 kg wokudla kwezitshalo ngosuku. Ukudla okuyinhloko kobhejane ngotshani namaqabunga awile ezihlahleni. Obhejane abamnyama nabamaNdiya abanendaba nokudla amahlumela ezihlahla nezihlahla. Ushukela uyindlela eyintandokazi yobhejane waseNdiya, kanti obhejane baseSumatran bathanda kakhulu izithelo ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi amakhiwane nemango.
Kungeniswe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu
Ososayensi bahlukanisa imininingwane emine yobhejane abamnyama. Enye yazo, ebikade ihlala eCameroon, ibilokhu inyamalala kusukela ngo-2011. Abanye abathathu banezibalo ezihlukile zokuphepha. Ezizukulwaneni ezintathu ezedlule, inani lobhejane abamnyama, abahlala ezindaweni eziseMpumalanga, lehle ngamaphesenti angama-90. Ngasikhathi sinye, eminyakeni eminingana eyedlule, kwavezwa ukuthambekela ekwandeni okungokwemvelo kwabantu, futhi, ngokusho kwedatha yakamuva, abantu abangu-740 balolu hlangothi bahlala emvelweni. Noma kunjalo, kunenkambiso ejwayelekile yezinhlobo zizonke.
Kusukela ngo-1960, inani labobhejane abamnyama emhlabeni wonke lehle ngamaphesenti angama-97.6. Ekupheleni kuka-2010, kwakukhona obhejane abamnyama ababalelwa ku-4, 800 emvelweni. Kunezizathu eziningana ezinzima zokuthi kungani isibalo sobhejane abamnyama sehla ngokushesha. Okuyinhloko ukuzingela ngenhloso yokuzingela izimpondo. Emuva ngeNkathi Ephakathi, ngesikhathi se-alchemy, esasakazekile eYurophu, bekukholelwa ukuthi ukukhula kwamathambo obhejane kunamandla amangalisayo. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi iwayini elinoshevu elithululelwa ku-goblet yezinto ezibonakalayo ezinjalo lizovele likhala ngokushesha, futhi impuphu ekhishwe kulo izokwazi ukubuyisa ubusha obelahlekile futhi yinde impilo. E-Asia, sekungamakhulu eminyaka uphondo lwesilwane lusetshenzisiwe kwezokwelapha zendabuko: cishe kuzo zonke izindlela zokupheka ezaziwayo ze-elixirs zika "ubusha" kanye "nokungafi", kwakuyinto ebophezelekile. Izimpondo zisetshenziselwa nokwakha izikhumbuzo ezibizayo: izinkomishi, izibambo zommese, okokubazi, njll.
Isimo sezombusazwe esingazinzile ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ukushoda kweziphathimandla zasekhaya kuvimbela ukwenziwa kwezikhombisi ezithile zezinhlangano ezahlukahlukene zezemvelo, okuholele esimweni esinjalo esiyinhlekelele. Iqiniso elikhuthazayo nje ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva isibalo sobhejane abamnyama saqala ukululama kancane kancane.
Ukuziphatha
Abamele lolu hlobo baphila impilo bebodwa. Isilwane ngasinye sinendawo yaso yasekhaya ebheke imbobo yokunisela. Eduzane nomgodi owodwa wokunisela, kwakhiwa imikhosi yobhejane eyingqayizivele, amalungu awo akhombana ngokuhogela futhi angakhombisi ulaka ezihlotsheni zawo.
Umndeni un "amadlelo omphakathi" anendawo efinyelela kumamitha-skwele angama-80. km, lapho ngezikhathi ezithile zidla ngokuthula. Imidondoshiya imaka kakhulu indawo yendawo yayo yasekuqaleni ngamathumbu ayo futhi izama ukuyivikela kunoma yikuphi ukungeneka.
Cishe izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingama-200 ezahlukahlukene zifakiwe engxenyeni ye-equidae.
Ngokuzithandela kakhulu badla i-euphorbia, i-aloe kanye namakhabe asendle. Ukuhlonipha okukhulu kuthokozelwa amaqabunga, amahlumela amasha kanye namagatsha acacia prickly. I-glossoscis elindayo esiswini esingaphezulu isiza izilwane ezincelisayo ukukha amaqabunga emagatsheni esihlahla.
Emini, obhejane udla isisindo esiluhlaza ngesilinganiso esilingana cishe ne-2% yesisindo saso. Isikhumba esiqinile esishubile sikuvumela ukuthi ungawanaki ameva asethangeni amakhulu. Isilwane kufanele sidakwe okungenani kanye ngosuku.
Esikhunjeni uphila inqwaba yezinambuzane, ngakho-ke ukuze azibhubhise kufanele athathe amabhathi odaka noma amane athele othulini. Ama-Buffalo starlings futhi amsiza ukuthi abhekane nezinambuzane ezicasulayo, ezingagcini ngokuhlanza isikhumba sakhe samapharathi kuphela, kodwa futhi ziphakamise ukukhala okushaqisayo ngengozi encane.
Kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane nabamele ezinye imindeni, obhejane abamnyama bavame ukukhombisa ulaka olukhulu futhi bahlasele noma ngubani oye weqa imingcele yabo, eba nesivinini esingafika ku-50 km / h ngesikhathi sokuhlasela.
Kubalulekile
Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, owesilisa ebone obhejane kuphela into ebalulekile yokuzingela. Ngokubambisana nendlovu, ibhubesi, izinyathi nengwe, obhejane bangena endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yiBig African Five. Lezi yizilwane eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye iziqubulo ezihlonishwayo zokuzingela. Usengathola ilayisense yokudubula obhejane, futhi kuzobiza amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi. Kungani umuntu wanamuhla elungele ukukhokha imali ethandeka kangaka ngokubulala engacabangi ngemiphumela yezenzo zakhe?
Ubungako babantu kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo esikhathini sethu
I-Black Rhino Habitat yanamuhla Sibonga ngempumelelo yokulondolozwa nemizamo yokulwa nokuzingela, inani lobhejane abamnyama selikhule laba ngu-4,838. Lolu hlobo njengamanje lusatshalaliswa ngokungalingani kusuka eCamibia entshonalanga kuya eKenya nasempumalanga kuye eningizimu neNingizimu Afrika. Noma kunjalo, cishe ama-98% esibalo sobhejane abamnyama ahlala emazweni ama-4 kuphela: iNingizimu Afrika, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya. Kula mazwe, acishe abe ngama-40% obhejane bonke abamnyama abahlala endle abahlala eRiphabhlikhi yaseNingizimu Afrika.
Umlando wosayizi wabantu nokusatshalaliswa
Umlando Omnyama WaseMnyama Rhin Habitat Ngezinsuku zakudala, obhejane abamnyama babevamile ezweni lonke lase-Sahara lase-Sahara, ngaphandle kweCongo Basin. Ngisho neqiniso lokuthi lezi zilwane zihlala zodwa azange zibonakale ngenxa yenani elikhulu. Emini babonakala emaphaketheni inqwaba yabantu. Inani elilinganiselwe lobhejane abamnyama kulelizwekazi lalingabantu abangaba ngu-70,000. Kodwa-ke, ukuzingela okungalawulwa kwabafuduki baseYurophu kwanciphisa kabuhlungu inhlekelele yokuhlala kwabantu kanye nendawo ababehlala kuyo obhejane abamnyama.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960s, lezi zilwane zanyamalala zivela emazweni amaningi noma zazisondele ukuqothuka. Ukuqubuka kwesifo esihlasela nyakenye ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1970 kwacekela phansi obhejane abaningi abamnyama abahlala endle, kwaphinde kwehlisa kakhulu isibalo salezi zilwane eziqiwini naseziqiwini zezwe. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 nama-1980s, isibalo sobhejane abamnyama kwezinye izifundazwe sehlile ngo-40-90%. Ngo-1981, kwakukhona abantu abayizi-10,000- 000,000 kuphela ezwenikazi. Kusukela ngo-1980, obhejane abamnyama kungenzeka ukuthi banyamalala e-Angola, eBotswana, eChad, eCentral African Republic, e-Ethiopia, eMalawi, eMozambiki, eSomalia, eSudan naseZambia. Ngo-1993, kwaqoshwa obhejane abamnyama abangu-2,475 kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, ukwehla kwenani labantu ngalesi sikhathi sekuzinzile. Kusukela ngo-1996, amaqembu amaningi alezi zinhlobo akhombise ukwanda okuncane kwesibalo sonke.
Isiphetho
Kuyadabukisa ukuthi namuhla emhlabeni wethu kunezinhlobo ezingama-40 zezilwane ezisesimweni esibucayi noma sezisondele. Uma ubuntu buqhubeka ngokubabaza ngokungazelele abamele bemvelo, khona manjalo ngeke nje basale. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umzabalazo osebenzayo wenziwa ngabazingeli, amaqembu abazingeli bahlala becekela phansi izilwane ezihlukile. Izigebengu zithola imishini nezikhali zanamuhla ukuze zibambe abantu abakhulu kakhulu. Okwamanje, obhejane abamnyama kuthiwa bayinyama, kepha eMhlabeni kunabaningi abamele bama-subspecies alesi sikhulu, ongazama ukusindisa.
Izitha Zobhejane
Isitha esikhulu sobhejane, yiqiniso, indoda okwathi ezinsukwini zakudala yaqothula lezi zilwane ngenkani, kufaka phakathi izimpondo zazo ezidumile, okuthi ngokwenganekwane zibe nezinto ezahlukahlukene zokupholisa. Kuze kube sekuqothulwe ezingeni lokuthi manje zonke izinhlobo ezi-5 zobhejane zibhalwe ohlwini, ngoba ngenxa yenani labo eliphansi sezisondele ngokuphelele.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ezinye izilwane, ezinikezwe usayizi kanye nohlobo lokukhononda ngokucashile, zama ukuzigwema. Kodwa izinyathi ezihlukile zingazingela kahle amazinyane obhejane: amabhubesi, izingwenya. Kepha azikwazi ukubhekana nobhejane omkhulu omdala, onesikhumba esinyene nophondo olukhulu olubukhali.
Manje sekuyisikhathi sokuchaza kabanzi imininingwane yezinhlobo ezi-5 zalezi zikhulu ezinamagwinya ezitholakala endalweni.
Ubhejane omhlophe
Ungobhejane abakhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni, futhi onobudlova obedlula bonke phakathi kobhejane. Ubude bawo bomzimba bungamamitha ayi-5, ukuphakama kwawo kungama-2-3 m futhi isisindo sawo singamathani angama-2-3, yize kukhona futhi obhejane abasindayo abamhlophe abanesisindo samathani ayi-4-5. Futhi, lobhejane unezimpondo ezimbili, uphondo olukhulu luyinto enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini wobhejane futhi ngaphezu kwawo kunolunye uphondo oluncane olusondele ekhanda. Obhejane abamhlophe bahlala eMpumalanga naseNingizimu Afrika, endaweni yamazwe anjengeNingizimu Afrika, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Botswana.
Lolu hlobo lobhejane luyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yemvelo yakhona enolaka. Ukuya kumuntu, noma ngabe kungumvakashi ongenacala onekhamera, angakwazi ukusaba ngokwethuka, ngakho-ke kufanele uhlale kude naye. Njengobhejane omhlophe, unezimpondo ezimbili, eyodwa enkulu kanti eyesibili incane, kodwa incane kancane. Ubude bomzimba wobhejane omnyama bufika kumamitha ayi-3. Okunye futhi ukuthi ubhejane omnyama ubukhona bendoda emnyama ethambile. Obhejane abamnyama bahlala emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga, eMpumalanga naseNingizimu ne-Afrika: eSouth Africa, Botswana, Tanzania, Kenya, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, naseMozambiki.
Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi ubuqagele, indawo okuzalwa kuyo obhejane baseNdiya yiNdiya, kodwa ngaphandle kwayo, obhejane baseNdiya bahlala naseNepal. Ubude bomzimba wobhejane waseNdiya buyisilinganiso samamitha ayi-2 nesisindo somzimba samathani ayi-2,5. Uphondo lukabhejane waseNdiya lunye kuphela, futhi lona, ngokungafani nobhejane base-Afrika, alunalo olubukhali, kepha olucwathile, nolucwengekile.
Uhlobo kuphela lwesimanje lukabhejane esikhunjeni sabo esimbozwe izinwele ezincane, yingakho kwesinye isikhathi sibizwa nge- “rhinoceros” enoboya. Futhi yidala kunabo bonke obhejane. Ubude bomzimba wobhejane weSumatran bungama-2,3 m anesisindo samathani angama-2.25. Phakathi kobhejane, obhejane baseSumatran abancane kunazo zonke, kepha, yize kunjalo, uhlala ungomunye wabamele abakhulu bezilwane zomhlaba wethu. Abobhejane baseSumatran bahlala esiqhingini saseSumatra (e-Indonesia), naseMalaysia.
Lokhu obhejane kusesimweni esidabukisa kakhulu, ngokusho kokuqagela kwabezokwelapha okwamanje abantu abangaba ngu-50 kuphela ababhejane abasindile. Ihlala esiqhingini saseJava endaweni ebekelwe yena kuphela, lapho kwenziwa khona yonke imizamo yokulondolozwa kwayo okwalandela. Ngobukhulu nangokomzimba, obhejane baseJavanese buyafana nobhejane waseNdiya, kodwa isici sokwehlukanisa isici ukungabikhona ngokuphelele kwezimpondo kwabesifazane. Kuphela obhejane besilisa abangamaJavan banezimpondo. Izibaya zesikhumba sakhe esikhulu ziyasikhumbula ngandlela thile ngezikhali zempi eziqinile.
Ividiyo yaseRhino
Futhi ekuphetheni, ividiyo ethokozisayo mayelana nokuhlaselwa kobuhlanga kobhejane ekhamera.
I-Rhinos (Rhinocerotidae) inkulu, imvamisa iyodwa, i-herbivores.
Bahlala e-Afrika (obhejane abamnyama nobhejane omhlophe) kanye naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia (Indian, Javanese, Sumatran). Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe utshani, iziqu zezitshalo, amagatsha zezihlahla ezivame kakhulu.
Ubhejane uyisilwane esinomzimba ophethwe.
AbakwaRhinos bathanda ukuhlala endaweni engaphansi eminyene e-savannah isikhathi eside. Lapho kushisa, bangena esihlahleni noma balale emthunzini. Hlala njalo eduze kwemifula namaxhaphozi, ngoba athanda ukugoba odakeni. Ukugeza okunjalo kusiza ekugwemeni ukweqisa komzimba wazo onamandla futhi kuvikela nesikhumba ezinambuzaneni.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi obhejane abamnyama ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa bangashesha ukuya ku-50 km / h.
Obhejane basebenza kuphela ekuseni nasekuseni kusihlwa. Ziselula ngokumangazayo ezilwaneni ezinkulu kangako, ezingashintsha ngokushesha ukuqondiswa. Abobhejane abanamehlo abuthaka kakhulu, kepha imvelo inxephezelwa kulokhu kushoda ngokuzwa okuhle kanye nokunuka okuhle. Le mizwa isiza lezi zilwanyana ezinkulu ukuba zibone usongo ngesikhathi ukuze zigweme ukuhlangana okungafuneki. Umzimba umbozwe isikhumba obukhulu kakhulu, kwezinye izinhlobo ukubukeka kwezikhali.
Isici esibonakalayo ekubonakaleni kwalezi zilwane uphondo olungaphambi kwesigebhezi. Ezinye izinhlobo, ngokwesibonelo, obhejane abamnyama, banezimpondo ezimbili, enye yazo ekhaleni, ngaphezulu. Kungenxa yezimpondo ukuthi obhejane abamnyama basezandleni zokuqothulwa, ngoba imvamisa iyizinto zabazingeli abazingelayo. Emazweni ama-Arabhu, izimpondo zalezi zilwane zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izibambo zensangu. Abuye asetshenziswe kwezokwelapha zakwamanye amazwe ekwenziweni kwemithi ehlukahlukene.
Ubunzima kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinkinga zezinhlobo
Cishe maphakathi nekhulu le-19, obhejane abamnyama kwakuyilowo owayehlala kakhulu e-savannah yase-Afrika. Obhejane batholakala esifundeni esikhulu seCentral, East kanye neNingizimu Afrika. Ngeshwa, abaphunyukanga emgomeni ojwayelekile wazo zonke izilwane ezinkulu zase-Afrika, futhi manje seziye zagcinwa cishe emapaki ezwe lonke, yize ngokuvamile ukucushwa kobubanzi kuhlale kungashintshiwe (ngaphandle kokuthi iqiniso ukuthi lihlaselwe ngokuphelele eNingizimu Afrika, kodwa emashumini eminyaka amuva nje babuyela lapho ingeniswe futhi yakha isibalo esizinzile).
Inani eliphelele lobhejane abamnyama manje liyizilwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3.5 (ngonyaka ka-1967, zisuka ku-11,000 ziye ku-13 500 zalezi zilwane ezihlala kuzwekazi lonke lase-Afrika, zaze zafika ezi-4 000 kuphela eTanzania). Kusukela ngo-2012, 4845, s5630 ngonyaka ka-2018, ukukhula ngonyaka kube ngamaphesenti angama-2,5. []] Obhejane abaningi bahlala ezindaweni ezivikelwe eTanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique naseNingizimu Afrika. Kutholakala e-Angola, eCameroon naseCentral African Republic. Ngaphandle kokulondolozwa, ukusinda kobhejane kuyinkinga: okokuqala, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimo zokuhlala, kanti okwesibili, ngenxa yokuzingela. Izinkinga zomphakathi ezikhona emazweni aseNtshonalanga Afrika kuholele ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwesibalo sobhejane lapho - ukuzingela kwesinye isikhathi kuhlala kuyindlela yokuthola imali kuphela, futhi umbuso uyehluleka ukuthola izindlela zezemvelo.
Eminyakeni eyishumi nanye edlule, inani lobhejane abamnyama lihlala ligxilile impela, kepha ezinye izakhamuzi ziphansi ngokuguquguquka okuqinile. Uma eNingizimu Afrika bekukhona obhejane abamnyama kakhulu, khona-ke enye yezinsizakalo ezazihlala eNtshonalanga Afrika (iDiceros bicornis longipes) yaqashelwa njengeqothulayo. Lesi siphetho senziwe ngokusemthethweni yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ngesisekelo sedatha etholakalayo kulezi zilwane. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi iqhaza elikhulu ekunyamalaleni kobhejane abamnyama lidlalwa ngabazingeli abazingela izimpondo zezilwane ezibalulekile.
Ubhejane omnyama omaphakathi
Indawo yokuhlala yalesi silwane isuka enkabeni neNyakatho Afrika iye empumalanga yeNingizimu Afrika. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sabantu satholakala esifundeni eseningizimu. Eqinisweni, le minqangi isekhona, kepha isivele ifakwe ku-Red Book, futhi isimo sayo njengamanje sihlolwa njengobucayi.
I-East African Rhino
Ngokomlando, le subspecies ibikhona e-Ethiopia naseSomalia. Manje abanye abamele obhejane base-East Africa bangatholakala eKenya, kepha inani labantu minyaka yonke liyancishiswa, futhi manje basesimweni esibucayi.
INtshonalanga Afrika Emnyama Rhino
Khumbula ukuthi obhejane abamnyama base-Afrika namuhla sebenyamalele ngokuphelele futhi kumenyezelwe ukuthi usenyamalele. Kakade ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, inani lalezi zinhlobo lalingabantu abambalwa kuphela, futhi ososayensi kuze kube yilapho owokugcina bezama ukuyilonda. Ngemuva kocwaningo ngonyaka we-2006, ochwepheshe abakwazanga ukuthola ummeleli oyedwa wobhejane waseNtshonalanga Afrika. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka we-2011, le mikhakha yamukelwa ngokusemthethweni njengengasekho.
Yini edale ukunyamalala kobhejane?
Okokuqala, konke lokhu kungenxa yomsebenzi osebenzayo wabazingeli e-Afrika, abathengisi kuphela inyama nesikhumba salezi zilwane ezimangazayo, kodwa futhi bazingela ngenkuthalo izimpondo zabo ezihlukile, izindleko zazo okuyisilinganiso esimangalisa kakhulu.
Ngokusho kososayensi, isizathu esikhulu sokuqothulwa ngokuphelele kobhejane omnyama kanye nokuqothulwa okumhlophe okungenzeka ukuthi umbuso ungavikela abantu abakhulu lapho behlala khona. Minyaka yonke, amaqembu ezigebengu ayanda ngokwanda avela endaweni yase-Afrika, eqhubeka nokuqothula inani labantu asebekade baphila obhejane nezinye izinhlobo ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe yizazi zezinto eziphilayo, obhejane abamhlophe, nabo abahlala enyakatho ye-Afrika, njengamanje sebezokuqothulwa. Uma maduze nje kungekho zinyathelo ezizothathwa ukuze kulondolozwe inani lalezi zikhulu, khona manjalo lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo ngeke nje zihlale emhlabeni. Ubhejane omnyama (izithombe wethulwa esihlokweni) uyindalo engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili, futhi kuyadabukisa ukuthi manje ibonakala ezithombeni kuphela.
Ubhejane ngokwemvelo
Ubhejane omnyama uyisakhamuzi sezindawo ezomile zomhlaba. Ukunamathiselwa kwabo engxenyeni ethile yensimu abangayishiyi impilo yabo yonke kuyaziwa. Ngisho nesomiso esikhulu asiphoqi obhejane ukuba basuke.
Ubhejane onsundu udla ikakhulukazi amahlumela amasha wezihlahla zokucwilisa, okuthi, njengomunwe, kubambe umlomo ongaphezulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izilwane azinaki ameva abukhali noma ujusi we-caustic. Obhejane abamnyama badla ekuseni nakusihlwa, futhi imvamisa bachitha amahora ashubisa ukushisa uhhafu, bemi emthunzini wesihlahla. Nsuku zonke baya endaweni yokunisela, kwesinye isikhathi ibanga elingama-8-10 km, bese behlala isikhathi eside kusilika osogwini, babalekela ukushisa nezinambuzane, futhi kwesinye isikhathi bathwalwa yile nqubo emnandi kangangoba abakwazi ukuphuma usilika obonakalayo futhi babe izisulu ezilula. izisulu (isb. hyenas). Ngokwesomiso, obhejane bavame ukusebenzisa imigodi eyembiwa yindlovu ukunisela. Ngokungafani nobhejane abamhlophe, abamnyama baphila impilo bebodwa. Imibhangqwana evame ukwenzeka imvamisa iba nomama nelewundlu. Umbono obhejane omnyama, njengakwezinye izinhlobo, ubuthakathaka kakhulu. Noma ibanga elingamamitha angama-40-50, akakwazi ukwahlukanisa umuntu nesiqu sesihlahla. Ukuzwa kukhula kangcono kakhulu, kepha indima eyinhloko yokuqaphela umhlaba wangaphandle idlalwa umuzwa wokuhogela. Lezi obhejane zigijima ngokushesha, nge-trot esindayo noma i-gallop clumsy, ikhula amabanga amafushane ijubane elifika ku-48 km / h.
Obhejane abamnyama cishe abakaze babe nolaka maqondana nezihlobo zabo. Uma obhejane besayiqala impi, khona-ke akukho ukulimala okungathi sína, amasosha ahamba enamanxeba akhanyayo emahlombe. Imvamisa owesilisa akahluphi owesilisa, kepha owesifazana uhlasela owesilisa.
Obhejane abamnyama abanasikhathi esithile sokuzala. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-15-16 zokukhulelwa, insikazi iletha iwundlu elilodwa. Iminyaka emibili, ingane idla ubisi. Ngalesi sikhathi ufinyelela usayizi omuhle umxhwele, futhi ukuze afike ezingonweni, kufanele aguqe.
Ubhejane omnyama nomuntu wesilisa
Obhejane abamnyama, njengazo zonke ezinye obhejane, baba isisulu sobuyaluyalu, ngokusekelwe kokukholelwa ezeni ngokuqinile emandleni wamandla wophondo. Yize uphondo lobhejane base-Afrika emakethe emnyama lushibhile kunophondo lwezinhlobo zase-Eshiya, intengo yalo isephezulu kangangokuba impi yokulwa nokudubula ngokungemthetho inzima kakhulu. Eminyakeni yama-70s, ngesikhathi sokukhula okusheshayo ekuchumeni kwezibuko zikawoyela zePersian Gulf, obhejane abaningi abamnyama babekhonjelwa imfashini kulawa mazwe ngenxa yababhemayo abaphethe izimpondo, ezazibhekwa njengezimfanelo zomuntu ocebile wase-Arab. Namuhla, uphondo lukabhejane alusasetshenziselwa izinhloso ezinjalo, kepha lufuneka njalo emithini yaseChina (ukuhweba ngezimpondo, lwenziwa ngokungekho emthethweni). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kwedatha yesayensi, akanazo izinto zokwelapha.
Obhejane abamnyama bayindawo enhle yokubukela emapaki ezwe, okuheha izivakashi eziningi. Ukubuka obhejane, kungcono ukungaphumi emotweni.
Inani eliphakeme (futhi elibaluleke kakhulu) lobhejane abamnyama eSouth Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe naseMozambiki liyakuvumela ukuba uzingelwe. Kuwona mazwe, kunikezwa inani elincane lama-quotas lokudutshulwa kobhejane abamnyama minyaka yonke. Intengo yelayisense iphezulu kakhulu - amashumi amaningana amadola. Ubhejane omnyama, kanye nomhlophe, ufakiwe kulokhu okuthiwa. "I-Big African yesihlanu" - kanye nendlovu, ibhubesi, izinyathi nengwe, izilwane eziyingozi kakhulu, kepha futhi neziqu ezihlonishwa kakhulu kumzingeli.
Indlela yobhejane ngesikhathi sokuhamba ayikho nzima - obhejane awuboni kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akesabi muntu ose-savannah futhi avumele isitha esingahle sisondele. Kwesinye isikhathi ukusabela okuhle kuphela okungasindisa umuntu ekuqhumeni kobhejane - umjaho wesilo ngejubane elikhulu awukwazi ukwenza ujiko olubukhali futhi uma umzingeli egxumela ohlangothini ngesikhathi, lapho-ke obhejane ugijimela khona nge-inertia futhi kungenzeka ungaphendukeli ukuphonsa okusha ngaso leso sikhathi. Ukuzingela okunjalo kudinga ukukhuthazela okukhulu nokuba khona kwengqondo. Phakathi kwabantu bendawo base-Afrika, isikhumba sobhejane besithathwa kakhulu njengezinto ezihamba phambili zezihlangu. ENingizimu Afrika, iziswebhu (amakamelo) kwenziwa ngezinsangu zikabhejane nezikhumba zemvubu.
Ubhejane omnyama (lat. Diceros bicornis ) "omnyama" njengommeleli wesibili womndeni - - empeleni, akukho "mhlophe" ngokuphelele. Umbala wesikhumba sobhejane empeleni uya ngemibala yenhlabathi okuhlala kuyo enye noma enye inhlobo. Yikho nje ukuthi laba bantu abakhulu bathandana nokugcwala odakeni nasothulini, futhi isikhumba sabo esimpunga siba umbala ofana nalolu luthuli: mnyama - ezindaweni ezinamabala aqine, amhlophe noma abomvu - kunhlabathi ebumba.
Obhejane abamnyama abekho bakhulu njengabamhlophe, noma kunjalo, bangaziqhayisa nangezici ezihlaba umxhwele: isisindo sabantu abadala sifinyelela kumathani ayi-2-2,5 ngobude bomzimba obungu-3.15 m nokuphakama kwamahlombe okufika ku-1,6 m. Imizimba yabo iphakeme futhi konke kubukeka kulula kakhulu kunobhejane omhlophe, nokho lokhu kungumbono odukisayo. Izimpondo ezimbili kuya kwezinhlanu zitholakala ekhanda, umphambili wazo mkhulu kunazo zonke. Njengomthetho, ubude bawo bungama-40-60 cm, nokho, obhejane abansundu abamnyama, uGerty, owayegqoke uphondo lwamasentimitha ayi-138, wayehlala eKenya isikhashana.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kobhejane omnyama yisindebe sayo esingenhla esicijile, esibambeke ngaphezulu phansi ngesimo se-phenoscis. Ngosizo lwayo, lesi silwane sikhipha izinyembezi kanye namahlumela amasha asuka ezihlahleni, singanaki ngokuphelele ameva abukhali nojusi we-caustic wesitshalo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lolu hlobo lobhejane, noma ngabe lusendaweni evulekile, ngokuqinisekile luzitholela isihlahla uqobo, alusabeli otheni ngaphansi kwezinyawo zalo.
Obhejane abamnyama bakhetha izindawo ezomile. Akazi neze ukubhukuda, ngakho-ke nomfula omncane uphenduka umgoqo wakhe ongenakunqotshwa. Kepha ugijima ngokushesha okukhulu futhi amabanga amafushane uyakwazi ukushesha okungama-48 km / h. Lapho ehamba, maningi amathuba okuthi athembe umqondo wephunga kunombono nokuzwa, okuyinto ayithuthukisile kahle.
Isimo sobhejane abamnyama, ngokungananazi, akusoshukela. Kunezimo lapho "bexabana" nomakhelwane babo bendlovu, abafuni ukunika abanye indlela noma indawo emgodini wokuchelela. Kwesinye isikhathi bekuze kube nokulwa, okuyinto obhejane balahle bese efa. Okufanele ukwenze - imigomo ibaluleke kakhulu.
Lapho uhlangana nomuntu, obhejane abamnyama kungenzeka bahlasele, ngokungafani nobhejane omhlophe, okhetha ukucasha endaweni eyingozi. Njengoba obhejane begijima ngokushesha, ungasindiswa kuphela uma ugxumela ohlangothini ngesikhathi: ikholossi enkulu enjalo idinga isikhathi sokuphendula futhi iguqukele kolunye uhlangothi.
Obhejane abamnyama bahlala ezindaweni ezivikelwe kuphela: eziqiwini zikazwelonke zeTanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia neZimbabwe. Isibalo sabo namuhla silinganiselwa ezinhlosweni eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3.5, yize bekuyiminyaka engamakhulu ayikhulu edlule babeyiphinda ka-3-4. Isizathu esikhulu sokwehla kwesibalo sabantu imfashini eyihlazo yophondo lukabhejane, olusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha zendabuko zaseChina. Ngokwemvelo, izimpondo zithengiswa emakethe emnyama. Ngenxa yokuzingela, obhejane abamnyama baqothulwa ngokuphelele. Ngenhlanhla, bonke abanye basengozini.