Sawubona, abasayinisi bakwethu. Siyanxusa ukuthi nigcine amahlaya amaKhomanisi mayelana ne-proletariat nokwakhiwa kwekusasa eliqhakazile nani. Noma okungenani ubekezelele ukuphawula. Yebo, namuhla sisebenze kanzima i-beaver . Kepha hhayi le kuphela leli punga lidume ngokuzikhandla! Ukuhlola i-Intanethi ngifuna izinto eziphathelene nesivakashi sethu, elinye lamaphuzu injini yokusesha enginike yona: "I-Beavers tin" . Futhi kunzima ukungavumelani. Ama-beavers ayitini ngempela! Akubona bonke abangadala imvelo yonke, bantshontshe ugesi futhi bangene ekuvutheni kolaka, ekubeni yi-herbivore rodent!
Ukukhuluma iqiniso, amagundane asebekhulile awavusi ukwesaba okukhulu. Yebo, isisu singummeleli omkhulu weqembu lakhe eYurophu (kuze kube 1,3 m ubude !). Kuphela manje, ubuso obuhle nokubukeka okungenangozi kuyadida i-homo sapiens engenangqondo. Zicabange wena, ngaphandle kokuthi isilo esagawula izihlahla ngamazinyo ingaba yingozi? Yikho lokho!
Lowo empeleni obekumele afake inkanyezi ku-movie "Jaws" esikhundleni soshaka abathile lapho. Bheka nje leyunithi! I-beaver iyisebenzisa njenge-chainaw. Ukwehla lesi sihlahla, isilo siphumula nezihlakala zaso ezingaphezulu kwegxolo laso futhi siqala ukusheshe siwuse umhlathi waso ophansi usuka ngapha nangapha. Ngomzuzu isisu siyakha Ukunyakaza okungu-300 emuva naphambili! Akumangalisi ukuthi izihlahla ezineminyaka emakhulu ubudala ziba yizisulu zalezi zihlahla zemithi.
Kwesinye isikhathi, uthando lwe-beavers for iziqu ezinkulu lufika ekushisekeni, bese ihlathi liphenduka ihlane. Imvamisa ihlushwa yilokhu ... umuntu . Ngakho-ke, umndeni we-beaver udicilele umhlaba wonke Isifunda saseKingisepp (esifundeni saseLeningrad). Imisebenzi yamaqhawekazi ethu ivuse izikhukhula. Amanzi wona-ke aqeda ukuxhaswa kwezigxobo zikagesi ezihamba ehlathini. Ngokokuqala ngqa esiteshini sethu abantu bawa izisulu imikhuba yasemakhaya, hhayi izilwane!
Izingodo ze-Beaver zigawulwa ngezinhloso ezimbili. Okokuqala embhedeni okwesibili on the hawk. Ungabi yiziwula, ngoba ukwakhiwa kwesilwane kukhetha amadwala aqinile: oki ne-alder . Izihlahla ezithambile ziya ukondla: i-birch, u-willow, i-poplar - Nansi isidlo sasemini esilinganiselayo sosebenza kanzima ejwayelekile.
Beavers bukhoma monogamous . Kepha kuza ezothando ekugcineni kobusika, sonke isikhathi sentamo yombhangqwana omnandi ukule 2 kuya ku-12 spinogryz. Umndeni onobungane uthola insimu yawo, lapho wenza khona umsebenzi wokwakha ukwakha indlu enhle enokubukwa, ungahambi olwandle, kodwa okungenani emfuleni.
Manje ake sixoxe ngezindlu ezidumile. Ngokuqinisekile uzomangala, kepha ukuthokozisa kwabo kuyamangaza kude njalo. Eogwini olusezingeni eliphezulu, abangane bethu abahamba ngezinyawo bahlala phansi kahle emiseleni. Kuphela emameleni angavuleki lapho izilwane zembula ubuhlakani bazo, zakha i-bandurin kusuka ezinsikeni nasegatsheni phakathi kwedamu. Yini emgodini, unjani umnyango wokuya endlini ngaphansi kwamanzi . Ngakho-ke lamagundane akwazile ukufihla iphoyinti lawo lesihlanu kubazingeli.
Kepha kusukela emlandweni wemvelo, siyakwazi lokho izinga lamanzi - ehlukile . I-Beavers ikungene lokhu ngaphandle kokufunda ikharikhulamu yesikole ejwayelekile. Futhi akumangalisi. Uma amagundane agqoke kakhulu acabanga ngokwakha izakhiwo eziteshini samandla kagesi ngaphandle kwezemfundo ezi-3 eziphakeme, ngomsebenzi owenziwa njengomjikelezo wamanzi endalweni, ngokuqinisekile ngeke azidinge izincazelo.
Yebo yebo kumayelana amadamu . Imisebenzi yobunjiniyela yenziwa icatshangelwa konke okufihlakele: kusuka emazingeni okugeleza kuya kuzikhukhula ezingenzeka . Isifiso sokugcina isikhumba sabo esingenamanzi kulezi izinduku sikhulu kangangokuba asisetshenziswa kuphela amagatsha nezinduku. Emifuleni ikakhulukazi yesivunguvungu, isilwane singasebenzisa amatshe, isisindo saso, kwesinye isikhathi, esifinyelela 15-18 kg !
Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi izinguquko ezinjalo ekubukweni komhlaba zinemiphumela, ngaphezu kwalokho, zinesibonakaliso kanye . Ngama-paws abo amancane, ama-beaver dala i-biotope eyingqayizivele . Izilwane ezinhlobonhlobo, izinambuzane, izinyoni zigijimela ngokushesha emanzini. Ngaphezu kwama-beaver, hares, izinyamazane, kanye nokudla kwama-moose ezihlahleni eziwile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idamu liba isihlungi esikhulu. Yonke i-sludge ihlala kuyo, yingakho amanzi emfuleni ehlanza. Futhi yonke le mizamo iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi umnyango wokuphephela kwe-beaver uhlala uhlala ungaphansi kwamanzi!
Kepha sonke siyazi ukuthi ukuzivikela okuhle kakhulu ukuhlasela. Njengoba uqonda, ama-beavers awanawo nje kuphela umqondo ophakeme, kodwa namandla. Uhlome ngokuluma okuyingozi ikakhulukazi, amagundane agcwele kakhulu awesabi ingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqhawe lethu futhi Akusilo usongo olubuthaka yebo homo sapiens. Abantu baseBelarusian bezwa ulaka lomakhi we-toothy. Ngakho-ke, umzingeli wahlasela umdobi owayefuna ukuthatha isithombe nesilwane. I-rodent bittery's femoral fem in a fit angry.
Yebo, kuyadabukisa. Kepha isilwane sasendle, noma njengenduku, siyasendle. Ngokuvamile, ama-beavers angabafana abapholile. Futhi embhalweni owodwa konke ukuphola kwabo ngeke kulunge. Isibusiso leso ividiyo ! Sizojabula uma ubheka udaba olusha lwalamadoda amahle kakhulu isiteshi sethu se-YouTube !
Isithupha phezulu, ukubhalisa - ukusekela umsebenzi wombhali.
Yabelana ngemibono yakho kumazwana, sihlala siwafunda.
Incazelo Nezici
Eqenjini lama-rodent i-beaver kubhekwe cishe ummeleli wayo omkhulu kunayo yonke. E-Eastern Hemisphere, ayinakulingana ngokulingana. Kepha eNtshonalanga kuphela i-capybara engaqhathaniswa nabo - isilwane, okuthi phakathi kwamagundane alo lonke umhlaba wezilwane kube ngumpetha ngosayizi.
Ngokuqondene nama-beaver, lawo ahlala endaweni ye-Eurasia anomitha, futhi nangaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu, ngesisindo sawo kufinyelela kuma-32 kg. Kodwa-ke, eCanada kukhona abamele umndeni we-beaver futhi mkhulu kakhulu. Isisindo sabantu asebekhulile uyakwazi ukufinyelela ku-45 kg.
Esithombeni, i-beaver ejwayelekile
Futhi hhayi lokho beavers AmaNew Worlds makhulu ngokuyisisekelo akhulu (ngokujwayelekile okuphambene nalokho), akhula hhayi ebusheni kuphela, kepha kukho konke impilo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngeminyaka ayakwazi ukuziqhenya ngamazinga wokuqoshwa komzimba. Ngasikhathi sinye, emiqhudelwaneni yobulili balezi zilwane ezihlala kuwo womabili la mazwekazi, yisibonakaliso sengxenye yesifazane ebusa kukho konke, kufaka phakathi ubukhulu nobukhulu.
Kuyamangaza futhi ukuthi amadlozi asezinwele zanamuhla - izidalwa ezazivela ngemithombo ehlukahlukene e-Asia noma eNyakatho Melika esikhathini esisekupheleni kwe-Eocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-40 ezedlule) futhi zaba khona emhlabeni kamuva, zazicishe zibe ngamamitha amathathu ngosayizi nesisindo esingama-350 kg (lokhu kuyamangalisa izinsalela zezikhathi zakudala zalezi zikhathi ezifundwe yi-paleontologists ziyafakaza).
I-beaver yanamuhla inezici ezilandelayo. Isifutho sakhe sibukeka njengombala ngenxa yemilenze emifushane ngokungafani nalutho, kanti imilenze ngokwayo ineminwe emihlanu efakwe izilenge ezinamandla. Ikhanda lesilwane lincane, isihlahla somlomo sibunjiwe, ebunzini buyasineka.
Amehlo aqokonyiswa kwimibuthano emnyama emincane, njengoba kunekhala elikhulu impela. Izindlebe ze-beaver zibanzi, zimfushane, sengathi zitshaliwe. Lezi izidalwa ezinamanzi amancane, ngakho-ke ngokwemvelo zinemininingwane eminingi yokubukeka ebasizayo ukuba baphile kamnandi kule ndawo.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke, iyizinyawo ze-webbed kanye nomsila omude obunjiwe oak, ombozwe izinwele ezingenasici nezikali ezi-horny, kanye noboya obungacishe bube nobumnyama. Lesi sakamuva sine-undercoat ethambile ebushelelezi, phezu kwayo kukhula izinwele ezikhulu futhi ezinama-coarser. Lolu boya bucwebezela futhi buhle kakhulu; lungaba mnyama, lube ngamakhanda ezinhlotsheni eziningi zemithunzi noma onsundu omnyama.
Izinhlobo zezinto zokuphuza utshwala
Umndeni wama-beaever ezikhathini zange-prehistoric wawumelwe kakhulu kunamanje. Kepha namuhla kufaka izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela esivele sizisho ngenhla, ngoba zihlukaniswe ngokuqondile ngendawo yokuhlala.
I-Beaver yomfula
Lezi yizinhlobonhlobo zase-Europe naseCanada. Zingachazwa kuphela ngemininingwane eminingi, ngenkathi kushiwo ukuthi zombili lezi zinto zibhekwa njengezimpawu. Kuze kube manje, phakathi kwamagundwane, njengoba izazi zezakhi zofuzo zithole, ama-beaver awanazo izihlobo ezisondelene, yize phambilini abelwa umsebenzi wokuhambisa ama protein.
- UMfula (ojwayelekile) o-beaver - njengoba kuyisiko ukubiza izinhlobo ze-Europe. Kwenzeka eRussia, kubuye kube ngumhlali waseChina naseMongolia. Imvamisa ihlala eduze kwezindawo zokugcina izihlahla ezihlala emahlathini (amachibi, amachibi noma imifula ethule), okuyizigodi zazo ezigcwele izitshalo ezinamahlahla.
- I-beaver yaseCanada ihlala eningizimu yeCanada nakwamanye amazwe ase-USA. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, hhayi kudala kangako, izinhlobo zezilwane zangena (okungenzeka, zangeniswa) eScandinavia. Lapho, waba nezimpande futhi waqala ukusakazekela eMpumalanga. Abamele lokhu, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zangaphambilini, bahlala eduze kwamanzi futhi ngeke babe khona ngaphandle kwawo. Kukulesi sakhi ukuthi bachitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yabo.
Ngokubukeka, amalungu azo zombili lezi zinhlobo afane kakhulu. Kepha izakhamizi ze-Old World zinekhanda elikhudlwana futhi zinesimo esiyindilinga engatheni, umhluzi, uma uqhathanisa nezihlobo ezikhonjisiwe, umfushane, hhayi indlwana engaphansi ecebile, umsila omncane nemilenze emincane. Umzimba wezakhamizi zaseMelika awuphakeme kangako, izindlebe zikhudlwana nemilenze yinde, okubavumela ukuba bahambe emilenzeni yabo yangemuva. Anombala obomvu onsundu noma onsundu ngombala.
I-Canada beaver
Ekuhlaziyeni kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili, umehluko esimweni sofuzo nakho kwakubalulekile. Amanani ama-chromosome abo (48 emfuleni no-40 eCanadian) awahambelani, okuchaza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi weqe lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala uhlobene nazo, yize imizamo engaphumelelanga yososayensi yenziwa kaninginingi.
Eminyakeni eyikhulu eyedlule, laba bantu ababemele iziloba babesengozini enkulu yokuqothulwa. Ama-beaver aseRussia nawo ayehlukile. Kepha izindlela zokuzivikela sathathwa futhi zasebenza. Manje lezi zilwane zihlala engxenyeni enkulu yezwe lethu, kusukela eSiberia kuze kube seKamchatka.
Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat
Indawo abahlalwa kuyo abeaavers kulula kakhulu ukuyihlukanisa kwabanye ngezimpawu ezibonakalayo. Ezindaweni lapho lezi zilwane zenza khona umsebenzi wazo obalulekile, zihlala ziba ziningi zezihlahla eziwile ezisikiwe ngokusha kwesigaxa. Izidalwa ezisebenza kanzima zidinga lezo zinto zokwakha nezokwakha. Futhi-ke, isimo esibalulekile sokuba khona kwama-beaver endaweni ethile ukuba khona kwedamu: ichibi, ichibi, umfula, noma okungenani umfudlana.
Ngokomqondo, lezi zidalwa ezinamanzi amancane azinakuphila ngaphandle kwamanzi, kepha ngaphandle komoya zingahlala cishe ikota yehora. Futhi-ke, kunoma iyiphi ingozi, ngokwesibonelo, ukucasha kubaphangi: impisi, ibhere noma i-wolverine, lezi zidalwa zihamba ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho zihlala khona. Bahlala emiphakathini enobungani emindenini enkulu, futhi amalungu abo, uma kunesidingo, angabika inhlekelele yangakibo ezizweni zawo. Ngalezo zikhathi i-beaver yezilwane eshaya amanzi kanzima ngomsila wakhe. Futhi lolu phawu lutholakala ngokushesha yiwo wonke umuntu kusuka enkampanini yakhe, engaphakathi kwendawo yokugcina izinto.
Lezi zidalwa zisebenza ngokungakhathali ehlobo, kepha ziyasebenza lapho kuqala ukuhlwa, zisebenza ubusuku bonke kuze kuse, futhi ziphumula phakathi nosuku. Umsebenzi wabo ukugawula izihlahla futhi wakhe. Futhi kulokhu basizwa ngamazinyo abo abukhali angajwayelekile, abakwaziyo ukugawula izinkuni. I-beaver iyakwazi ukuwisa phansi umuthi omncane phakathi kwesigamu sehora, kepha kwesinye isikhathi isebenza kohlobo olukhulu nolukhulu ngobusuku obuhlukahlukene ngokulandelana. Ngasikhathi sinye, imizamo yakhe ayibonakali kuphela, kodwa futhi iyazwakala, futhi amamitha ayikhulu azungezile yimisindo ehlukile ye-beaver.
Ama-huts alezi zilwane ayisiphephelo esinokwethenjelwa kuzo esimweni sezulu esibi nasezitheni. Ukuze kwakhiwe ikhaya labo, izidalwa ezinjalo zimba izimbobo, zikhetha ogwini olupakeme salokhu ezindaweni lapho inhlabathi iqinile khona. Imisele yeBeaaver inesakhiwo se-maze eyinkimbinkimbi. Imigudu ekuyo iyaphetha ngokungajwayelekile, “amakamelo” amakhulu namancane futhi inezindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Izindonga zendlu ziqiniswa ngobumba nosilika, kanti phansi, okungukuthi, uhlobo lwaphansi, lumbozwe okokubanjiswa kwezinkuni.
Lezi zilwane ezisebenza ngokuzikhandla zakha nezindlu, okuyizinto ezidaliwe ezenziwe ngamagatsha, ezakhiwe ngosilika nobumba. Umsebenzi wobuciko obuhle kakhulu idamu le-beaver. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zivame ukwakhelwa emifuleni, futhi ngandlela thile ziphansi phezulu ukusuka ezindaweni zokuhlala kwalezi zilwane. Iphuzu lapha ukusiza ekuchitheni umfula nasekuvikeleni ukujula kwalo eduze kwendawo yokuhlala yezingulube.
Ama-beavers akha amadamu ezihlahleni
Futhi lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekuqongeleleni ukudla, futhi futhi kukhuphula inani lezikhukhula zamanzi endaweni ehlala izilwane, okuyisinyathelo esisebenzayo ukwandisa ukuphepha kokuphila. Ama-Beavers aphumula ngokugcwele emisebenzini ebusika, echitha sonke isikhathi esinqunyiwe endlini yakhe esesimweni sokuwa. Kwesinye isikhathi baphumela ngaphandle, kepha balume kuphela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvela ukuthi i-beavers ilimaza kakhulu imvelo. Kodwa-ke, ziletha izinzuzo ezinkulu ku-ecosystem. Ezindaweni lapho amadamu akhiwe khona futhi kube nezikhukhula, izinhlanzi eziningi ziyafuywa, izinambuzane zasemanzini zizala izindawo ezinhle nezamanzi amaningi.
Lezi zilwane, empeleni, zibhubhisa inani elikhulu lezihlahla, kodwa ikakhulukazi lezo ezikhula eduze kwamanzi ziwa phansi. Abazifuni ngaphezulu. Ama-Beavers asebenzisa ngempumelelo iziqu zezihlahla eziwile ukwakha amadamu, kodwa amagatsha, iziqongo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene, amaqabunga namagxolo ayahlanganiswa.
Umsoco
Lezi zilwane zibhebhetheka ngokweqile. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kudla akunakubizwa ngokuthi akukubi. Izazi zezilwane ezifunda impilo yazo nezindlela zokudla, zithi imenyu yazo ifaka phakathi izitshalo ezingafani namakhulu amathathu. Ukuba khona kokuphakelayo okucebile nokuhlukahlukene kungenye indlela yobuningi ngokusho kwalezi zilwane ezenza ngayo, zikhetha indawo lapho zihlala khona. Besebenzisa amagxolo ohlelweni lomsebenzi, bathanda ukudla ngomcamelo, i-linden, i-aspen, i-birch, i-poplar, i-alder kanye nokuchitheka kwezinye izihlahla eziningi. Ziphinde zidle i-sorrel, i-nettle, i-sedge, imihlanga, ziyathanda kakhulu iminduze yamanzi.
Ama-beaver awendlu kakhulu, ayinendaba nenhlala-kahle yamalungu omndeni, ngakho-ke enza izindawo eziningi zokubhuka ebusika. Babeka ngokucophelela amagatsha ezihlahla ezansi kwerebi, lapho bakha khona “amasela” angajwayelekile. Umndeni omkhulu wama-beavers uyakwazi ukugcoba ngaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-cubic wokudla okunjalo ebusika. Kwesinye isikhathi kwenzeka ukuthi okuqukethwe egumbini lokugcina impahla kuthathwe ngumfula. Futhi-ke izilwane kufanele ziphume ezindlini zokukhosela ezithokomele ziphume ziye kubandayo ziyofuna ukudla. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokungajabulisi, kepha futhi kuyingozi, ngoba esikhathini esinjalo sokudla inyamazane yezilwane ezidla izitha, ngokwesibonelo izimpisi, kulula ukuba yikho.
Abantu bangaba yingozi kulezi zilwane ezisebenza kanzima nezingenangozi. I-Beaver Hunt Kuqala ngokusemthethweni eRussia kusuka ekwindla sekwephuzile futhi kuyaqhubeka kuze kube sekupheleni kwentwasahlobo. Abalandeli balo msebenzi, abaningi, babona ukuthi lezi zidalwa ziqaphele kakhulu. Ukuzingela kwabo kwenziwa kangcono ngesibhamu.
Uma usebenzisa isicupho sokubamba izilwane, khona-ke uboya bazo obubalulekile bungalimala kakhulu. Inyama yalezi zilwane ibomvu futhi ibhekwa njengemukelekile ukuthi isetshenziswe. Unambitha njengomvundla kululwanga. Noma kunjalo, ine-aftertaste eyinqayizivele, ngakho-ke isoso ekhethekile isetshenziswa ukuyilungiselela.
Izikhumba zezilwane ezifile zivame ukuthengiselwa ama-furriers. Ijazi loboya beea Bever kubhekwe njengokunethezeka, kubukeka kahle futhi kungafudumala kakhulu. Kukholelwa ukuthi imikhiqizo enjalo esezingeni eliphakeme, ngokuya ngayo yonke imithetho yokubeka nokugqoka, ingahlala okungenani amashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ama-beaver ebezingelwa inyama noboya obufudumele. Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, amakha kanye nemithi sebenzisa lokho okuthiwa jet beaver. Yini le
Iqiniso ngukuthi lezi zilwane zine-gland ekhethekile etholakala esifundeni sangaphambi komzimba. Ngaphandle, kufana nezikhwama ezimbili ezixhunyiwe komunye nomunye, kukhiqiza imfihlo ekhethekile. Le nto inamakha kakhulu, ngakho-ke ama-beavers ayisebenzisa ukumaka insimu yawo. Kodwa-ke, abantu ezikhathini zasendulo baqaphela ukuthi inamandla okuphulukisa asebenzayo. Kepha odokotela banamuhla baqinisekisile lokhu kucatshangwa kuphela.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Imicikilisho yokuhlobisa i-Beaver yenziwa engxenyeni yesibili yobusika. Futhi ama-beavers, inani lawo angafinyelela kwabayisithupha, azalwa ngemuva kwenkathi yezinyanga ezintathu (ama-beaver waseCanada akhulelwe isikhathi eside). La mawundlu awaboni futhi anesisindo esingamaphawundi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sonke isikhathi esifudumele sonyaka kubisi lwebele, akhula ngokushesha ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, ama-beaver awakavuthiwe ngokuphelele, futhi ngenxa yalokho asebusika kanye nabazali bawo.
Izindebe ezincane
Futhi kuphela uma ukukhula okuncane kufinyelela eminyakeni emibili yobudala, kungaholela ekutheni kube nokuzimela okuzimele, kanye nokufuna nokuhlomisa izindawo ezintsha. Kuyamangaza ukuthi abapheki besifazane, njengabantu, banendlela yokuthwala amathole abo ezingalweni zabo, noma kunalokho, bababamba ngaphambili. Izilwane zisebenzisa futhi lezi zitho zomzimba lapho zisebenza, zakha ubuciko bazo bezakhiwo, yingakho zihlukile ezweni lezilwane.
Kuyathokozisa futhi ukuthi iminyaka yalezi zidalwa inqunywa kalula ngamazinyo. Lawa madivayisi, anikezwe yimvelo, adlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yama-beavers, futhi ngenxa yalokho anesakhiwo esikhethekile. Isibonelo, ama-incisors aphezulu aphezulu athuthukiswe kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Futhi lapho umuntu emdala, amazinyo akhe aya eba banzi. Isikhathi sokuphila endle kulezi zidalwa cishe saziwa futhi cishe iminyaka eyi-15.
Ama-Beavers Kwimvelo
Ama-Beavers ahola ukufihla, i-tightight nobusuku. Lezi zilwane zidume kakhulu ngemisebenzi yazo yokwakha. Izindlwana ze-Beaver, amadamu, ukudlula komhlaba, imisele kanye nezinye izakhiwo kwesinye isikhathi kuyamangaza hhayi ngosayizi kuphela, kodwa nangokwencazelo ekhethekile eyakhiwe. Ubuka impilo yama-beavers, uvele ufinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi ngokungangabazeki anobuqili obuyinkimbinkimbi nabasekuqaleni komqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-beavers, ngandlela thile, abaguquguquli bemvelo, ngoba ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebenzi yabo yokwakha imifula emincane kwesinye isikhathi iphenduka ibe yizindawo ezinhle zamanzi ezilungele ukuhlalwa kwezinye izilwane zoboya, i-waterfowl (mayelana nezinhlobo zamadada), inhlanzi nabanye abamele umhlaba wezilwane .
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Ngabe zibukeka kanjani izindebe?
Inentshisekelo ngama-beavers
Ukubonakala okungajwayelekile kwe-beaver ngumsila wayo ongajwayelekile, kufana nengxenye ye-oar elele endizeni evundlile. Ngokungafani nekhanda ne-torso, ezimbozwe ngensimbi engaphansi kwendawo ebunjiwe futhi ezinwele zangaphandle ezilukhuni, umsila we-beaver umbozwe ngezikali ezincane ezilinganayo zedayimane. Futhi, uma uboya buvikela isivuno ngokuthembekile kumakhaza futhi, ngokwezinga elithile, ekulimaleni ngemishini, umsila ngasikhathi sinye ubambo phakathi kokuhamba kwesilo emanzini, nokusekelwa lapho sekungqubuzana izihlahla, nokuthi lelo bhakani elihlasela amanzi, oqwashisa ngokuxwayisa izihlobo zabo ngale ngozi. Ekugcineni, kuyisitho esisiza ukulawula ukushisa komzimba ngokunciphisa kanye nokunwebeka kwemithambo yegazi.
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Amalambu asezinwele
Izingalo zangaphambili nezangaphambili ze-beaver zihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Ingaphambili lifushane, liqinile, alinazimpawu zokuthambisa; alisebenzisi i-beaver hhayi ukunyakaza kuphela, kepha lisiza nokumba izimbobo, ukubamba amagatsha, izingcezu zokhuni nezinye izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwamadamu namakamelo. Izimbambo zangemuva zinde, zifakwe ulwelwesi lwesikhumba, ziyisitho esiyinhloko sokuhamba kwe-beaver emanzini. Emunweni wesi-2 womlenze ngamunye wangemuva kukhona uzipho lokubhala, olunamapuleti amabili ezimpondo eziwugqinsi. Ngalezi zinhlayiya, ama-beaver ahlanganisa izinambuzane zangaphandle kusuka kwekhava yoboya ngama-tweezers bese zikuhlela ngokulandelana.
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Umbala we-Beaver
Umbala woboya ku-beavers wase-Europe uvela kumathoni ansundu akhanyayo abe nsundu nomnyama. Izilwane ezinombala omnyama zibaluleke kakhulu. Ochwepheshe babuye bakuthola lokho
okuvela kubazali abamnyama kuzokuzalwa amabele amnyama kuphela, kusuka kokukhanya okukhanyayo kuphela okunsundu okhanyayo, abazali abadaywa ngombala onsundu onsundu noma babe nemibala ehlukile yoboya banika inzalo enemibala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemibala zabazali namzali wabo.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Photo: Beaver
Ngeshwa, abantu abaningi bazi ngalesi silwane kuphela ngokuzwa. Akuwona wonke umuntu okwazi ngisho nokubiza igama lakhe kahle. Isibonelo, igama elithi "beaver" lididekile ne "beaver." Ngaleso sikhathi, igama lesibili lisho igama loboya besilwane. Yize kungekho obambelela kule mithetho ngolimi olukhulunywa.
Ividiyo: Beaver
Umndeni we-beaver uyaziwa emazwenikazi ahlukene. Kuyaziwa cishe ngo-22 genera, futhi okokuqala lolu hlobo lwezilwane livela e-Asia. Ezinye izinhlobo zazinkulu kakhulu. Kuze kube sesikhathini sethu, kufakwe izinsalela zokuthi ososayensi kusukela ku-Eocene balondoloziwe.
I-beaver edume kunazo zonke, ukubukeka kwayo okunyamalale kudala kakhulu, kuyisiqhwaga esasikhona emuva ePleistocene. Isayensi iyazi mayelana nezinhlobo zayo ezimbili - iSiberia Trogontherium cuvieri, kanye neNorth American Castoroides ohioensis.
Uma ukubalwa kwenziwa kahle, ngokusho kwamafosofi ekhanda, ukukhula kwesilwane kufinyelele ku-2.75 m, futhi isisindo sawo sasingama-350-360 kg. Okusho ukuthi, lalifana ngosayizi nebhere elinsundu. Izinhlobo zanamuhla zohlobo lwe-beaver zazihlala eYurophu nase-Asia, cishe yonke indawo esifundeni sehlathi. Kepha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lesi silwane esisemhlabeni wonke ngenxa yoboya baso obucishe sicishe siqothulwe.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Beaver
Namuhla emvelweni ungathola izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela ezisindile ze-beaver. Sikhuluma nge-beaver ejwayelekile, etholakala endaweni ye-Eurasia, kanye nangezinhlobo zaseCanada ezihlala eNyakatho Melika. Ngokubukeka kwabo, akukho okungafani phakathi kwabo okutholakele phakathi kwabo. Futhi ziyefana kakhulu kwimikhuba, zinobukhulu obufanayo.
Kepha, njengoba ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisile, umehluko phakathi kwabo ubonwa ezingeni lozalo. I-beaver yase-Europe inama-chromosomes angama-48, kanti isihlobo sayo esivela ezwenikazi laseMelika sinama-40 kuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili azikwazi ukunqamula nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuzala uhlobo olusha.
Izici eziningana ze-beaver zingahlukaniswa ngokubukeka kwayo nomfanekiso ojwayelekile womzimba:
- uma ungabheki ubude bomsila, isilwane singakhula size sibe yimitha eyi-1 ubude,
- ubude bomsila bungasukela ku-0,4 buye ku-0.5 m,
- uma i-beaver encane, isisindo sayo kuvame ukuba ngama-30-32 kg,
- owesilisa osemdala angathola isisindo aze afike ku-45 kg,
- ubude bokuphila baleli ligundane buba phakathi kweminyaka eyi-15-17,
- isilwane esinjalo asiyeki ukukhula kuze kube sekufeni. Uma siqhathanisa owesilisa nowesifazane, khona-ke owesifazana uvame ukuba mkhulu.
Umbala woboya beaaver uvame ukuba nsundu. Kepha konke kuya ngeminyaka yakhe, ngakho-ke uboya bungaba bomvu noma bumnyama ngokuphelele. Lezi zilwane zithanda ukumnakekela, zihlala zilwa. Ukuze benze lokhu, basebenzisa imilenze yabo engemva, ebambe imfoloko. Ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa, uboya bumbozwa ngokushesha ngemfihlo ekhethekile yamafutha. Ngenxa yalokhu, “ijazi loboya” le-beaver alinamanzi ngisho nokuchayeka isikhathi eside emanzini.
Uboya beaver yomfula bunezingoma ezimbili: izinwele zangaphandle ezilukhuni, futhi zithambile futhi ngasikhathi sinye obukhulu be-fluffy undercoat. Lokhu kuvikela okuhle kwesilwane ku-hypothermia.
Kepha i-beaver inesinye isivikelo ebandayo - ungqimba olunamafutha angenamafutha. Ikhanda lesilwane, uma liqhathaniswa nomzimba, likhulu. Isibalo sisincane, futhi amehlo anezindlebe mancane. Isici esiyinhloko salesi silwane yimisuka emibili emikhulu evikelayo. Futhi amazinyo akhe amangalisayo, ahlukaniswa ngokuzilolisisa, futhi akhula impilo yakhe yonke. Amawashi akhe anamandla amahlanu, anama-membranes, ngenxa yalokho kulula kuye ukuhambisa emanzini. Futhi izinzipho azikhulu kuphela, kodwa futhi ziyindilinga. Imilenze yangemuva ithuthukiswe kakhulu kunangaphambili.
Isici sesibili se-beaver ngumsila waso, obukeka njengesikejana esidonsa. Uyisicaba ngokuphelele, futhi futhi akazange ambozwe ngoboya, kodwa ngesikali esiminyene se-horny. Maphakathi nalo lonke umsila kudlula i- “keel” efanayo. Ububanzi bomsila bungafinyelela ku-13 cm, kuthi emanzini kusetshenziselwa ukuphenya nokubhukuda okusheshayo.
Ihlala kuphi i-beaver?
Photo: European Beaver
I-Beavers ibhekwa njengezindandatho zasemanzini, njengoba zingaba semhlabeni noma emanzini isikhathi eside. Imvamisa babhukuda nje, yize bekwazi ukuntywila.
Ensimini yezwekazi laseYurophu lesi silwane sitholakala ezindaweni ezihlukile:
- emazweni aseScandinavia, ngoba kunamachibi amaningi nendawo enamahlathi,
- eFrance, imvamisa kumane nje kuyizindawo eziphansi zeRhone,
- eJalimane, kumayelana nomgodi womfula i-Elbe,
- ePoland, imvamisa yaseVistula.
Uma sibheka amazwe ase-USSR Yangaphambili, khona-ke ama-beaver atholakala e-Ukraine, Belarus naseRussia. Imvamisa lokhu kuyingxenye yezindawo ezisehlathini zaseYurophu.
Njengoba lesi silwane sivikelekile namuhla, singatholakala cishe kuyo yonke insimu yaseRussia. Kutholakala eChina naseMongolia. Ukuthola indawo yokuhlala kwalesi sinongo kulula kakhulu. Kwanele ukubona ukuthi kukhona izihlahla eziwile eduze kwamachibi, futhi konke kuzokhanya ngokushesha. Kepha iphuzu elisikiwe kuphela okufanele libe nokubumbeka. Izimbali ezivela ezihlahleni eziwile namagatsha zakha uhlobo lwedamu. Lokhu kuwubufakazi bokuthi amagundane anjalo endaweni ethile lapha.
Kepha ukuhlangana ekhaya le-beaver yimpumelelo enkulu. Imvamisa bayifihla ngokuthembekile ukuze ingabonakali kusukela ngaphandle. Bayakha ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo, futhi bahlala lapho nomndeni wonke. Endaweni abahlala kuyo, imifula iyakhethwa, kepha kuphela ngenqubo ehamba kancane. Imivimbo namachibi nawo kufanelekile kubo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi basagwema amadamu amakhulu kakhulu. Zitholakala kuphela lapho kukhula izihlahla eziningi kanye nezihlahla. Uma kungumfula, khona-ke kufanele ugeleze ehlathini. Noma okungenani ogwini kufanele kube nezihlahla eziningi ezahlukahlukene. Uma ubusika echibini liqhasha ubheke ezansi, lapho ngokuqinisekile awungeke uthole i-beaver.
Ngabe kudlani umuntu ophuza ubhiya?
Photo: Beaver Red Book
Kepha ukuba khona kwamanzi akwanele ukuba abathobi bezinyosi baphile lapha. Impilo yabo egcwele uzodinga inala yokudla. Lezi zilwane zingadli imifino, zingadli noma yikuphi ukudla kwenyama. Ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko amagxolo nezihlahla ezincane zezihlahla ezahlukahlukene nezihlahla. Phakathi kwezihlahla eziphambili, okuthandwa kakhulu yi-beaver yi-birch, aspen, willow, kanye ne-poplar. Futhi uma i-linden ikhula, amagxolo ayo akulungele ukudla.
Ngokuqondene nezitshalo ezine-herbaceous, ukuzifaka kuhlu azinangqondo nakancane. I-bulrush, sedge, nettle - lokhu kuyingxenye yokudla kwabo kwansuku zonke. Ngokusho kokubona kososayensi kuma-beaver abaphila ngenkululeko, bangasebenzisa izinhlobo ezingama-300 zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ukudla. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, sikhuluma ngezitshalo zasemanzini nezisemhlabeni.
Kepha lapha kudingeka kucaciswe okubalulekile: ama-beaver akhetha izinhlobo zezhlahla ezithambile njengokudla. Noma kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangane nezihlahla zom-okhi eziwile futhi u-alder, futhi ngomsiki kuyabonakala ngokushesha ukuthi lo ngumsebenzi wama-beavers, kodwa azisebenzisi lezi zihlahla ukudla, kepha zakha indawo yokuhlala noma idamu. Ngale ndlela, bayakha ukuze indlu yabo ihlale isemanzini. Ngale ndlela, bazama ukugwema izimo lapho amanzi ancipha khona nendawo yokuhlala isemhlabeni.
Uma i-beaver ikhethe izinhlobo eziningana zezihlahla, khona-ke ngeke isashintsha indlela edla ngayo. Uwathanda kakhulu ama-acorns, ngenxa yamazinyo akhe, ubhekana kalula nawo. Ehlobo, zidla izitshalo ezahlukahlukene, kuthi ekwindla ziqale ukuvuna ukudla ebusika.
Imvamisa bazama ukubeka amagatsha emanzini ukuze bakwazi ukufinyelela. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi lapho ichibi libanda ebusika. Emndenini owodwa uzodinga inani elikhulu lokudla okunjalo, okufanele kugcwale amanzi. Futhi yize kuzoba khona ungqimba lweqhwa ngaphezulu, ukusuka endaweni yokuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi kusazokwazi ukufinyelela ukudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Beaver European
I-beaver ingakwazi ukubhukuda emanzini isikhathi eside. Emhlabeni, kuhamba kancane, ihamba kabi. Kepha emanzini uzizwa enenkululeko ephelele. Lapho ugxuma, kungaba imizuzu eyi-15 ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lapho uhudula, ama-auricles kanye namaphasi wamakhala avalwa ngokushesha nge-septum ekhethekile. Futhi amehlo ambozwe ifilimu ebonakalayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-beaver ibona kahle ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ibanga elide lingabhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi - kufinyelela ku-1 km.
I-beaver ihlukaniswa ngesimilo sayo esithanda ukuthula, izama ukubaleka lapho kukhona ingozi. Kepha uma kungekho ndawo yokugijimela, angangenela impi enamandla, khona-ke isitha ngeke sidilizwe phansi.
Lapho isilwane sibona, siyayizwa (yize inezindlebe ezincane, kepha ukuzwa kwayo kukuhle kakhulu) noma izwa ingozi, ngokushesha izazama ukuntywila ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, izama ukushaya ngezwi elikhulu ngomsila wayo obanzi. Lokhu akuveli ekuxabaniseni, kepha ikakhulukazi ukuxwayisa ngengozi yezihlobo zabo. Futhi kuphela ngemuva kwesikhathi lapho kudingeka khona umoya, ikhanda lakhe livela ngaphezu kwamanzi. Kubalulekile ukwazi: I-Beaver ukuphela kwesilwane phakathi kwawo wonke amagundane angahamba kuyo yomibili imilenze yangemuva. Kuzo, angathwala namatshe ngokwakhiwa komuzi wakhe.
I-beaver isilwane esihlanzeke kakhulu. Endlini yakhe awusoze wabona udoti. Wakha ikhaya lakhe ngendlela yokuthi ngisho nasebandeni elinamandla kakhulu kuzoba nokushisa okubandayo. Ungaqonda kahle ukuthi la maqhugwane afihle kuphi, ngenxa yezithandani ezikhuphuka ngemigodi ophahleni lwale ndlu. Ngendlela, bazama ukuyifudumeza kahle. Ukuze wenze lokhu, abaletha ubumba ngezihlakala zangaphambili, bese amboza amagatsha ngaphezulu. Bashiya ikhaya labo kuphela emva kokuhwalala, bese besebenza kuze kuse. Amazinyo abo abukhali kangangokuba isiqu sombungu, obubanzi baso bufika ku-15 cm, i-beaver eyodwa ingakuluma ngokuphelele engxenyeni yehora.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Beaver
Emini, i-beaver isekhaya layo. Umnyango lapho kufanele ufihlwe ngaphansi kwamanzi. Impilo ethakazelisa kakhulu yomndeni walezi zilwane.
Izici eziningana zingaphawulwa lapha:
- o-beaver angahlala yedwa, noma njengomndeni wonke,
- uma kuziwa emndenini, ukubusa matriarchy kubusa lapha,
- lapho owesilisa nowesifazane behlangana, bahlala ndawonye kuze kube sekupheleni,
- uma omunye walaba abashadikazi efa ngaphambili, owesibili akaqali umndeni omusha,
- Lezi zigundane zihlangana kuphela ngaphansi kwamanzi, futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngoJanuwari noma ngoFebhuwari.
Iphuzu lokugcina lisikisela ukuthi ukuzala kuvame ukwenziwa ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-3,5, kuvela amawundlu, futhi kungaqhamuka izingcezu ezi-2 ziye kwezi-6. Emndenini owodwa, amawundlu aphile iminyaka emibili, bese emuka kuphela. Ehlobo lonke ngemuva kokuzalwa, bondla ubisi lukanina. Bese kuthi ubusika bufike, futhi baphinde bathole isisindo, bedla amagxolo namagatsha ezitshalo asevele ezilungiswe ngabazali.
Uma ichibi lincane, umndeni owodwa kuphela ohlala lapho. Futhi uma kwenzeka kuba kukhulu noma kumayelana nomfula, lapha ungavele uhlangane nemindeni eminingana. Kepha phakathi kwezindawo abahlala kuzo kufanele kubhekwe okungenani amamitha angama-300. Futhi kwesinye isikhathi, uma kunokudla kungenele, kungafinyelela kumakhilomitha amathathu. Ama-Beavers azama ukushiya ugu lungadluli kuma-200 m.
Izitha zemvelo zezingulube
Photo: European Beaver
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ama-beaver ayaxhumana.Ngale ndlela, badlulisa imininingwane, okokuqala sikhuluma ngokubukeka kwengozi.
Ukuxhumana kwenzeka kanjena:
- kukhethwe indawo ethile,
- umsila ushaya amanzi
- Kusetshenziswa ukumemeza, okuthile okufana nekhwela.
Lapho kuvela umhlaseli noma umuntu, i-beaver eduze namanzi ngokuyinhloko isebenzisa inketho yesibili. Ingozi yokuthwala abanye abagcini nje kuphela, kepha futhi yincintisana nezifo. Kaningi bayagula ngenxa yokudla izimbaza. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka lapho i-rodent idla izitshalo zasemanzini. Inkinga enkulu imelelwa yizikhukhula zobusika kanye nezikhukhula zasentwasahlobo. Lapho-ke kungafinyelela ema-50% wemfuyo.
Phakathi kwabaqhudelanayo akufanele ukugqamisa hhayi kuphela i-hare ye-brown, kodwa futhi ne-red deer kanye ne-elk. Lezi zilwane futhi zidla kuzo zombili amagxolo ezihlahla kanye namahlumela amancane ezitshalo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kulezo zihlahla ezadonswa yi-beaver. Kepha ngaphezu kwabaqhudelana, unezitha zemvelo. Sikhuluma ngezimpisi, izimpungushe namabhere ansundu. Futhi uma i-wolverine ne-lynx zihlala ehlathini, khona-ke zihlasela i-beaver. Izinja ezidukayo ziletha nezinkinga eziningi. Kepha abantu abasha bangadliwa yibo bobabili ama-pike kanye nesikhova. Kepha isitha esikhulu yindoda ebilokhu izingela le mpuku ngenxa yesikhumba isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu. Kepha kamuva nje, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kumlethele izinkinga eziningi, futhi umuntu kufanele asolwe.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: West Siberian River Beaver
I-Beavers ingaba yingozi ebantwini. Isibonelo nje, amadamu abawakhayo aholela ekugcwala komhlaba wezolimo. Futhi bekukhona nezimo lapho kungeyona imigwaqo kuphela, kepha nokwakhiwa imigqa yesitimela. Kulokhu, izinqumo zenziwa ekubhujisweni kwezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngabakwa-beaver. Kodwa nokho lokhu akunikezeli okuningi, ngoba amadamu avele ngokushesha okukhulu futhi.
Ukuzingela kwe-Beaver kwenzeka (futhi ngisho namanje kukhona abazingeli) ngezizathu ezilandelayo:
- furs zisezingeni eliphezulu,
- inyama iyadliwa, ingadliwa,
- "I-Beaver river" ilungile ngokwenza izinhlobo ezithile zamakha.
Futhi, "i-beaver river" isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Ngenxa yalokhu, eminyakeni eyi-100 eyedlule, umndeni we-beaver wacishe wanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba. Kepha noma kunjalo, ungakhohlwa ukuthi lezi zilwane zinomphumela onenzuzo ku-ecology yesifunda lapho ivela khona. Amadamu awakhayo enza okuhle kakhulu kunokulimaza. Ngenxa yalokhu, amanzi ayahlanzwa, ukungasebenzi kwawo kunyamalale.
Unogada we-Beaver
Photo: Beaver Red Book
Ngenxa yokuzingela ama-beaver, amanani abo anciphe kakhulu. Kunemininingwane ethembekile yokuthi ngonyaka ka 1918 kwakungekho bantu abangaphezu kwe-1000 yalolu hlobo lwamagundane. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ababefakwe ku-Red Book. Uhulumeni waseSoviet wanquma ukubhekana nokusindiswa kwabo. Kakade ngo-1920, kulezo zindawo lapho kwakusenziwa khona abagqizi, izindawo zokugcina zaqala ukubonakala lapho kwenqatshelwe ukuzingela.
Lapho lezi zilwane zanda kakhulu ezindaweni ezigcinwa kuzo, abanye abantu baqala ukuhanjiswa kwezinye izifunda zezwe. Ngeminyaka yama-1930s, base bevele bevele ezifundeni ezingama-48. Konke bekuhloselwe ukubuyisa inani le-beaver.
Ngokuwa kwe-USSR, le nqubo ayizange ime, futhi namuhla eRussia sebevele behlala ezifundeni ezingama-63. Ngokuqondene nensimu yase-Ukraine, ngisho nakuKievan Rus imithetho yayisetshenziselwa ukugcina lolu hlobo lwezilwane. Kusukela i-XI, iqoqo lezinkambiso ezingokomthetho seligcinwe, elalibonisa ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezinqatshelwe ukuzingela. Futhi phakathi kwalolu hlu beavers kukhulunywa futhi.
Namuhla, inani lama-beaver seliqale ukwehla futhi. Futhi isizathu salokhu asikho ekuzingeleni okungekho emthethweni kuphela, kodwa futhi naseqinisweni lokuthi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwenzeka ngamanani amakhulu. Kuyiqiniso, abazingeli abazingeli abakafiki kuPolesie kanye nendawo yaseChernobyl. Njengamanje, kwenziwa yonke imizamo emhlabeni wonke ukuze i-beaver ibuyisele abantu bayo, sinethemba lokuthi imizamo izothela izithelo.
Habitat
Ama-Beavers angamalungu omndeni wakwaCastaridae, okufaka okuwukuphela kohlobo lweCastor nezinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela:
- i-beaver ejwayelekile (i-Castor fiber) (i-aka river noma i-empumalanga),
- I-Canada beaver (aka North American) (uCastor canadensis).
Namuhla, ama-beaver aseNyakatho Melika atholakala kulo lonke izwekazi, kusukela emlonyeni woMfula iMackenzie eCanada eningizimu kuya enyakatho neMexico. Kepha bekungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abantu baye bazingela lezi zilwane amakhulu eminyaka ngenxa yenyama yabo, uboya, nomfudlana we-beaver. Ngenxa yalokho, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, inani labantu baseCanada laba lagxeka, futhi ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala zacishe zachithwa, ikakhulukazi empumalanga ye-United States. Izinhlangano zezemvelo zoMbuso nezendawo zakhala ngokuzwakalayo, futhi izilwane zaqala ukuthuthwa zivela kwezinye izindawo. Ayethulwa naseFinland, Russia, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi aseCentral Europe (Germany, Austria, Poland). Enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zamagundane aseCanada namuhla ikhona eningizimu mpumalanga yeFinland.
Esikhathini esidlulileyo ama-beaver beaver ayehlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseNyakatho ye-Asiya, kepha akubona bonke abantu ababekwazi ukusinda eduze kwabantu. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abantu abambalwa kuphela abangama -lici ama-replic nenani labantu abayi-1200 ababesindile eFrance, eNorway, eJalimane, eRussia, eBelarus, e-Ukraine, eChina naseMongolia.
Ngenxa yezinhlelo zokuphinda zikhiqize futhi ziphinde zisebenze, ezaqala ukusebenza engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lokugcina, inani lama-beaver ajwayelekile laqala ukukhula. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XXI, kwakukhona abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-500-600, futhi indawo ababehlala kuyo yandiswa zombili eYurophu nase-Asia.
Zombili lezi zinhlobo zitholakala endaweni yaseRussia namuhla, yize i-beaver ingumhlali woqobo. Uhla lwayo luhlanganisa cishe yonke indawo yamahlathi eRussian Federation - ukusuka emngceleni osentshonalanga kuya esifundeni saseBaikal naseMongolia, nokusuka esifundeni saseMurmansk enyakatho kuya e-Astrakhan eningizimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lwenziwe kabusha ePrimorye naseKamchatka.
I-Canada beaver beaver ezweni lethu yavela kuma-50s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, yahlala ngokuzimeleyo i-Karelia kanye ne-Leningrad Region kusuka ezingxenyeni ezingomakhelwane zeFinland, futhi ngeminyaka yama-70s lesi silo sangeniswa emgodini we-Amur River naseKamchatka.
Incazelo yeBeaver
Ukubonakala kwe-beaver kuhluke kakhulu ngokubonakala kwabanye abamele iqembu lama-rodent, elichazwa yindlela yokuphila ye-hero yethu yasemanzini. Ngokombono wesazi sezinto eziphilayo, izici eziphawuleka ngesilo yilezi zinto ezinkulu ezicijile, umsila ocwebezelayo kanye nemilenze yangemuva yangemuva enozipho olukhethekile olubunjiwe "ukuskena" emunweni wesibili, kanye nezici eziningi zesakhiwo se-pharynx nepheshana lokugaya ukudla.
I-Beavers yinduku enkulu kakhulu yezidalwa zoMhlaba Omdala kanye namagundane amakhulu wesibili ngemuva kwama-capybaras aseNingizimu Melika. Umzimba wesilwane ungumbethe, umdaka, unesimo sefusform, ingxenye engemuva layo inwebekile, kuphela empandeni yomsila iconsa kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba 80-80 cm.Abadala banesisindo esimaphakathi sama-20-30 kg, kuyaqabukela ukuthi isisindo singafinyelela ku-45 kg. Ubungako bezinhlobo zaseCanada bukhulu kancane kunokujwayelekile.
Ikhanda eliyindilinga elincane elincane elinentamo emnene nethambile cishe aliguquki. Amehlo mancane, enesibungu esime mpo nesikhumba esisobala (ukuvikela amehlo ngaphansi kwamanzi). Izindlebe zincane, azivelwanga lutho oluvela koboyeni. Ukuvuleka kwamadokhumenti angaphandle namakhala kunemisipha ekhethekile engena lapho icwiliswa emanzini. Izindebe eziphuma ezindebeni zingavala izikhala zokuzilimaza, zihlukanise umgogodla womlomo, ovumela abaluki ukuba baququne uhlaza ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kokuvula umlomo.
Amehlo ezilwane asabela cishe kuphela ekunyakazeni, ukungaboni ngamehlo ampofu kunesinxephezelo sokuzwa nokuhogela okuhle kakhulu, okuyizinto ezibalulekile emhlabeni.
Umsila uyisicaba, ufinyelela ku-30 cm ubude, u-13 cm ububanzi, futhi mfushane futhi ubanzi ku-beaver waseCanada. Ingxenye yomsila obunjiwe oar imbozwe ngezikali ezinkulu ze-horny, phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-bristles angavamile.
Imilenze enezimpiko ezinhlanu efinyeziwe, inemisipha yokubhukuda eyenziwe kahle emilenzeni yangemuva (engxenyeni yangaphambili esekuncane kwabo). Imilenze yangaphambili ibuthakathaka kakhulu kunemilenze yangemuva futhi isetshenziswa yizilwane njengezandla - ngosizo lwazo, i-beaver idonsela izinto, imbe imigodi nezimbobo, isebenze ukudla. Isitho esiyinhloko sokuhamba kwezilwane yimilenze yangemuva. Esinzwaneni sesibili somlenze wangemuva kukhona uzipho olufihliwe, olunezingxenye ezimbili: amapuleti angaphezulu - akhombe futhi aphansi - abanzi, aqondekayo ahambelana. Lesi sikhali sisetshenziswa isilo ngezinhloso zokuhlanzeka - sihlanza futhi sihlanganise izinwele naso lapho sincibilikisiwe, futhi sisuse namaphara.
Uboya beaaver bunsundu okhanyayo bumnyama, buba nsundu kakhulu obomvana. Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala abantu abathile be-pinto abanezikhala zemithunzi ehlukile. Isikebhe esingaphansi simanzi, ngimpunga emnyama. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba yi-pubescent denser.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uhlobo olukhanyayo olunsundu lusendulo ngombala, lwalusinda ngenkathi yeqhwa, ngakho-ke ama-beavers anjalo avumelana kangcono nesimo sezulu esibandayo, kanti abantu abebala elimnyama bavame ukutholakala kubantu abaningi baseningizimu.
Amadamu nezindlu
Mhlawumbe wonke umuntu uzwile ngamathalente wokwakha amangalisayo alezi zilwane. Ngenxa yokungakhathali kwabo, abahloli bezilwanyane bafunda ukuvumelanisa imvelo nezidingo zabo. Amadamu awadalayo anda ukwehlukahlukana kwemvelo, andise izindawo zamanzi, andise umthamo nekhwalithi yamanzi, futhi ashintshe isimo sendawo. Ngokwesisekelo sedamu, isihlahla esiwele phesheya komfula kwesinye isikhathi sivame ukusetshenziswa. Ligcwele ngamagatsha, izingxenye zeziqu zemithi, ngamatshe, ngomhlaba, ngezimila, kuze kube yilapho idamu lifinyelela amamitha ayi-100 (imiphetho yedamu inwebeka kude kakhulu kwesiteshi), futhi ukuphakama kuvame ukufika kumamitha amathathu. Kulokhu, umehluko wezinga lamanzi ufinyelela kumamitha amabili. Kwenzeka ukuthi umndeni wakhe amadamu amaningi ngasikhathi sinye, ngenxa yalokho kwakheka wonke amachibi amachibi. Izindwangu zishiseka kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamadamu entwasahlobo nasekwindla, yize umsebenzi ungaqhubeka unyaka wonke.
I-Beaver Dam
Ama-Beavers angabavubukuli abanamakhono. Imvamisa, bmba izimbobo eziningi endaweni ephethwe ngumndeni, okungaba yimigudu elula noma ama-labyrinths wonke aholela ogwini lomfula noma edamini liye kwelinye noma ngaphezulu amakamelo. Kuma-biotypes amaningi, lamagundane asebenzisa imisele njengezindawo zokukhosela eziyinhloko.
Kubukeka ngathi yindlu yohudo
Enye inketho yekhaya lasogwini yindlwana. Izindebe zabo zakha kulezo zindawo lapho ukuhlelwa kwezimbobo kungenakwenzeka khona. Izilwane zisebenzisa isiqu esidala, ugu oluphansi noma i-rafting njengesisekelo sendawo. Ngaphandle, indlu enjalo iyinqwaba enkulu yamahlumela, izingcezu zeziqu zezinkuni, ezihlanganiswe ngumhlaba, usilika, imfucumfucu yesitshalo. Ngaphakathi, kuhlelwa ikamelo lokudlela, kusuka lapho kunendlu ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngokwesilinganiso, ububanzi bendawo bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3-4. Izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zinamagumbi amaningana emazingeni ahlukene. Ama-huts angaba okwesikhashana futhi abe unomphela, asetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi. Lezi zokugcina ziqedwa njalo futhi zingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-14 ububanzi kanye namamitha angaphezu kwamabili ukuphakama.
Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi yokwakha i-beaver, ukumba imisele kunobunzima obuncane. Ngamehlo abo angaphambili, bathwebula usilika nokungcola okuvela phansi kwemifudlana emincane nezindlela eziyizimbotshana, bazilahle kude nendlela yabo. Iziteshi ezivelayo zivumela izilwane ukuba zihlale emanzini, zihamba phakathi kwamadamu noma ezindaweni zokuphakela. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, izinduku zenza lokhu ehlobo, lapho izinga lamanzi liphansi.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ama-beaver aseCanada angabakhi abakhuthele futhi abakhuthele kunabaphansi. Izakhiwo zabo ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zihlala isikhathi eside, ngoba basebenza kakhulu amatshe ekwakheni.
Ukudla
Ama-Beavers ayizilwane ezi-herbivorous kuphela. Ukwakheka kokudla kwabo kungahluka ngonyaka. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, isisekelo sokudla kwabo sakhiwa ngamaqabunga, izimpande, amakhambi, i-algae. Ngokwindla, bashintshela kumagatsha acishe abe yizihlahla nezihlahla, bakhetha i-aspen, umcamelo noma i-alder.
Kusukela maphakathi no-Okthoba, izinduku ziqala ukuvuna ukudla kwezinkuni ebusika. Kungaba ngamagatsha awugqinsi ngisho nezingxenye zeziqu zemithi yama-aspen, u-willow, i-bird cherry, i-alder, i-birch, kanye nenani elincane le-conifers. Izihlahla ezigawuliwe zigawulwa zibe yizicucwana ezincane yizilwane futhi zigcinwe ngaphansi kwamanzi ezindaweni ezijulile eduze kwemisele kanye nendawo yokulala. Ama-Beavers angabhukuda aye kuwo ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kokushiya idamu eliphephile.
Uma kungekho kudla kwenkuni okwanele, izilwane zineliswa uhlaza olunamanzi. Ngezikhathi ezithile ukuhlaselwa ezingadini ezisondelene nezingadi zemifino kungenzeka.
Ama-beaver amaningi ase-Europe awaqoqi ubusika. Esikhundleni salokho, baya ngasosebeni ebusika beyofuna ukudla.
Ukusakaza kwe-Beaver
Isici esibonakalayo sezilwane ukuba khona “komfula we-beaver” okhiqizwa yizinduna ezikhethekile. Yinto eyinkimbinkimbi enezakhi zamakhulu, kufaka phakathi ama-alcohols, ama-phenols, i-salicylaldehyde ne-castoramine. Igama lesayensi lale nto yi-castoreum.
Kudala kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izindawo zokuphilisa zaphezulu ziye zabizwa ngokuthi yi-beaver river. Emakhulwini eminyaka we-Y-IY BC UHippocrates noHerodotus baphawula ukusebenza kwawo ekwelapheni izifo ezithile. Futhi namhlanje le nto ithole ukusetshenziswa emithini yabantu, kepha isetshenziswa ikakhulu kumakha.
I-beaver ngokwayo isebenzisa imfihlo yayo enamakha ngezinhloso zokumaka. Ama-tag amakha angenye yezindlela ama-heroes ethu ashintshana ngayo imininingwane. Lezi zinhlobo zombili zaseCanada nezasemfuleni zishiya uphawu lwephunga kuzindunduma ezakhiwe eduze namanzi avela kusilika nezitshalo ezikhulwe ngaphansi kwendawo yokugcina amanzi.
Ubuhlobo bomndeni
Imvamisa, aba-beaver bahlala emaqenjini emindeni (amakoloni), kepha kunabantu abathanda indlela yokuphila bebodwa. Ngezizathu zokudla ezingezinhle, isilinganiso sezilwane ezizodwa singafinyelela ku-40%.
Lo mndeni uqukethe umbhangqwana osukhulile, amawundlu alo nyaka, amawundlu wonyaka odlule, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ulutsha olulodwa noma olungaphezulu olusuka kwilitha eyedlule. Ubukhulu bomndeni bungafinyelela abantu abangama-10-12.
Izikhundla ezikoloni zakhiwa ngokuya ngemigomo yobudala, ngesikhundla esiphambili sombhangqwana osukhulile. Ukubonakaliswa kobudlova bomzimba akuvamile, kepha izibazi ezisesiswini zingabonakala ezinkungwini eziningi zama-beavers. Lokhu kungumphumela wokulwa nabantu ongabazi eduze kwemingcele yezwe.
Amabhuthi kulezi zintambo ahlala njalo futhi eqhubeka impilo yonke yabalingani. Iqembu lomndeni lizinzile, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokuzala. Ziletha izinyane elilodwa ngonyaka, kulo lisuka ku-1 kuya ku-5 cubs ku-beaver ejwayelekile, ekuzalweni kweCanada kuphezulu - kufinyelela kumawundlu ayi-8. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa kakhulu esifweni kukhona amazinyane angama-2-3.
Umjaho uqala ngoJanuwari (eningizimu yebanga) futhi uqhubeka kuze kube uMashi. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-103-110.
Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezinamehlo, ama-pubescent, aqukethe iziqhumane eziphansi. Umama usuthisa izingane ngobisi (olunamafutha amahlandla amane kunobisi lwenkomo) cishe amasonto angama-6-8, yize eseneminyaka emibili amasonto, ama-beavers eqala ukunambitha amaqabunga ethenda alethwe ngabazali bawo. Eminyakeni engu-1 ubudala, isizukulwane esincane siqala ukushiya kancane isidleke sidle sodwa.
Ngenkathi izingane zincane kakhulu, ubaba uchitha isikhathi esiningi evikela uzungu lomndeni: ukuhamba emngceleni nokushiya amamaki anephunga. Owesifazane ngalesi sikhathi umatasa ukondla izingane futhi ezinakekela. Izingane zikhula ngokushesha, kepha zidinga izinyanga eziningi zokuzijwayeza kahle amakhono okwakha amadamu nezindawo zokuhlala. Abazali babafundise ukubamba iqhaza kuzo zonke izindaba zomndeni, kubandakanya nokwakha.
Imvamisa, abantu abasha bashiya imindeni yabo bahambe bayofuna umhlaba wabo wesikhathi esizayo osele ngonyaka wabo wesibili bese bephila impilo yokuba yodwa kuze kube yilapho sebethola umbhangqwana.
Ukuthomba kwe-Beaver kwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, kepha abesifazane bavame ukuqala ukuzala eminyakeni engu-3-5 yokuphila.
Isikhathi esiphakeme kakhulu se-beaver ejwayelekile endalweni yiminyaka engu-17-18, eCanada - iminyaka engama-20. Kodwa-ke, kuma-vivo akuvamile ukuthi baphile iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Isilinganiso seminyaka ephezulu salawa makhulu aqoshiwe e-nursery afinyelela eminyakeni engama-30.
Ezokuxhumana
Ngaphezu kokumaka insimu, ama-beaver axhumana nomunye ngosizo lokushaya umsila wawo emanzini. Lokhu kuvame ukuthi abantu abadala batshele abantu abangabazi ukuthi baboniwe. I-rodent ehlasele insimu okuhlalwa kuyo ihlasela izimpendulo, imvumela ukuthi ahlole ukungathi sína kwezinjongo zakhe kanye nokuthi usongela kangakanani.
Enye indlela yokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, kanye namaphimbo: izilwane ziyakwazi ukukhononda futhi zikhala.
Izinzuzo nokulimala kwama-beavers
Njengoba sekushiwo, ama-beaver ayaziwa ngokulangazelela kwawo ukwakhiwa: ukuhlomisa izindawo abahlala kuzo, bakha amadamu abalawula izinga lamanzi emizimbeni yamanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, amanzi angakhukhula izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi futhi azicekele phansi. Amagagasi nemigwaqo ingahlupheka.
Iphuzu lesibili elingelibi ukuthi amadamu akhula kakhulu ezimeni zokudalwa kwezinhlanzi, okuyisithiyo esivimba i-grey, i-whitefish, i-salmon kanye ne-trout fish ukuba ziphume imifula emincane.
Manje ake sibheke ukusebenza kwalezi zilwane kusuka kolunye uhlangothi. Esikhathini eside, umqhudelwano wamadamu wamabhishi akhona phezu komfula uyancibilika namanzi esiphepho, futhi lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okuthi kube nezikhukhula ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, kunciphisa ukuguguleka komhlaba kanye nokugudla ugu, kufinyeze isikhathi samanzi aphansi ehlobo, futhi kusize ukubuyisa uhlelo lweziphethu nemifudlana eyacekeleka phansi ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Konke lokhu kwenza ihlathi elihlalwa yizilwane lingabi yindawo eyomile, futhi ngenxa yalokho lihlaselwe kakhulu yimililo yehlathi.
Yehlisa inani lokugeleza komfula, amadamu athuthukisa ukunqwabelana kokudilika, akha uhlelo lokuhlunga okungokwemvelo olususa ukungcola okuyingozi emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidalwa zamanzi ezivelayo zidala ezinye izinzuzo, njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukwanda kwehlukahlukana kwemvelo.
Ama-Beavers abuye athuthukise ukulethwa kokudla kwama-hares, inyamazane, ukondla "emfucumfucwini" yezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha amadamu, futhi lokhu, kuheha izilwane ezizingelayo.
Ngakho-ke, la makhulu adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi aseduze, futhi umuntu anganwebisa ulwazi lwakhe ngezidingo zabo zemvelo futhi aqhamuke namasu angavumela bobabili abantu nabapheki bokubuka ubuhle bendawo.
I-Beaver Habitat
Ama-beaver ahlala ngasogwini lwemifula, imifudlana, amachibi, amachibi, ezigcawini ezi-peat, ezixhaphozini. Njengoba sinezinga eliphansi labantu, abapheki banethuba lokukhetha indawo abangahlala kuyo, ngenxa yalokho imvamisa bahlala emachibini acashile, athulile, agcwele ukugcwala agcwele izimbotshana zemifino nezinye izihlahla ezibabayo nezihlahlana, enesethi eyanele yezitshalo ezinotshani ezidliwayo yizo. Ngemuva kokufinyelela kwabantu abaningi, abafudukayo bahlala ezingxenyeni ezihamba ngokushesha zemifula, ezindaweni zokucima ukoma kakhulu, ezingathandeki kangako ngokuphila. Isibonelo,
ENyakatho Melika, ama-beaver sekuyisikhathi eside ehlala izingxenye ezithule zemifula nemifudlana yezintaba, ikhuphuka inyukela ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-3 000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Kulezo zindawo lapho ugu lwamachibi luphezulu impela, abakwa-beaver bazimbela izimbobo. Ezindongeni ezinamabhange aphansi, izilwane zihlala ezindaweni ezihlala izimpande, zikhula osebeni lwezihlahla, noma zizakhele izindlu zazo.
Imisele ye-Beaver ine-lairs eyodwa noma amaningana - izandiso zezindima ezingaphansi komhlaba ezifakwe umugqa wokhuni. Amaphasi angaphansi komhlaba ayinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yemigudu enobubanzi bamasentimitha angama-25-40, ukuphuma kwawo okuvame ukufihlwa ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Izindlwana zeBeaaver ziyizakhiwo ezinesigaxa esenziwe ngezibhalo zeziqu zemithi kanye namagatsha esihlahla afakwe ngesilika. Imvamisa, izindlu ezivukayo zivela ezindaweni ezinezimbobo eziwohlokile noma izicubu ezonakalisiwe. Ukuphuma emakamelweni, okuvame ukuba amaningana, kufihlwe futhi ngaphansi kwamanzi. Iminyaka eminingi kunendlwana lapho kuhlala khona abenzi bezikhumba, ubukhulu bayo bukhulu. Ochwepheshe kwakudingeka bahlangane nezindlu ezifika kumamitha ayi-1.5-2 ukuphakama, nobubanzi bamamitha ayi-4-5 noma ngaphezulu. Ezindlini ezinjalo kunezihlalo ezimbalwa ze-beaver ezitholakala phansi kweziyisithupha. Uma umndeni we-beaver uhlala echibini isikhathi eside, ungaba nezimbobo eziyishumi noma izindlu ezi-2, ezihlala ngokuhlangana nohlelo lwezimbobo ezivakashelwayo kanye nama-cobs.
Ehlobo, izinga lokushisa emakamelweni okudlela alikhuphuki ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-+22, futhi ebusika kuyaqabukela kwehle ngaphansi kwama-degrees angu-4. Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa okuncane kakhulu okubonwa ezindlini zabagcini bezinto zenyama kunezimo zangaphandle zivumela lezi zilwane, ezithambekele kakhulu kumakhaza, ukuba ziphile ngisho nangaphezulu kwe-Arctic Circle.
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Indlela yokuphila ye-Beavers
Ama-Beavers ahlala emindenini, imvamisa enezilwane ezindala ezi-2, izingane zonyaka wamanje wokuzalwa nezonyaka odlule zincanyana. Sekukonke, umndeni ungaba nezilwane ezingama-6-8. Izingane ezineminyaka engu-2 ubudala, njengomthetho, zishiya umndeni wazo wabazali entwasahlobo, kwesinye isikhathi ekwindla, bese zakhe indawo yazo entsha. Ezindaweni ezinemibandela elinganiselwe yokuhlaliswa kabusha kungatholakala emndenini wezilwane ezi-2-3 ngisho nezine. Emndenini onjalo kungafakwa ama-beaver afinyelela kwayi-16. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho izimo zokwenza kabusha izilwane ezisakhula zinganqunyelwe, izilwane ezinonyaka owodwa kwesinye isikhathi nazo ziyahamba ziye kude nemindeni.
Ngesikhathi sesomiso, ukuthikamezwa okuyinhlekelele kwezidumbu zamanzi, abaphethe imindeni eminingana engomakhelwane baphoqelelwa ukuba bahlangane lapho amanzi esalondoloziwe khona. Kwesinye isikhathi ezindaweni ezinjalo kunama-beaver afinyelela ku-16-20 noma ngaphezulu. Kuyinto ephawuleka ukuthi izilwane ezisosizini zinokuthula komunye nomunye, kanti kwezinye izimo ukulwa okunonya kungabonakala phakathi kwama-beaver avela kweminye imindeni.
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Ukuzalanisa i-Beaver
Beaver ngamawundlu
Ama-Beaver afinyelela ebusheni eminyakeni yobudala engama-2-3 yokuphila - i-Europe kaningi ku-3, naseCanadian - ku-2 Bazala isikhathi esi-1 ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokukhwelwa kwabahlwayi abahlala emzileni ophakathi siba ngasekupheleni kukaDisemba - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, ukuphakama kwesiqu - ngoJanuwari-uFebhuwari. Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane zivame ukuza ebusweni, kwesinye isikhathi zishiya imifudlana ye-beaver kuma-sorities. Isenzo sokuzalelisa kuma-beaver senzeka emanzini, ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuhlala kusuka ku-103 kuya ku-107, isilinganiso sezinsuku ezingama-105. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi sokuzala ngokuvamile siba ngoMeyi-Juni.
Ama-Beavers azalwa akha ngokuphelele, aboniwe, embozwe ngoboya obuthambile. Lapho izilwane zizalelwa khona ekuqaleni, noma ngesikhathi sesikhukhula sentwasahlobo, izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zingabhekwa ezindlini zesikhashana. Izinsuku ezineminyaka engu-2-4 ubudala azisondeli emgodini, azikhuphuki ngezinyawo zazo futhi zizuma zizungeza. Ama-beavers azalelwa emakhaya ahlala njalo, ikakhulukazi emabeleni, kunzima ukuthola.
Kuze kube iminyaka engama-2-3, izilwane azikwazi ukungena emanzini, ngoba isisindo sazo asidluli isisindo samanzi ahlukanisiwe nazo.
Cishe inyanga eyi-1 ubudala, ama-beaver aqala ukubonakala ebusweni, lapho kudliwa khona amahlumela amasha wezitshalo ezinotshani notshani. Ezinyangeni ezi-3-4, ama-bea young asezilwane ezivele ezimele ngokuphelele, nayo yonke imikhuba yezilwane zabantu abadala.
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Abadli bokudla badlani?
Ama-Beavers adla kuphela ukudla kwezitshalo. Uhlu olujwayelekile lwezitshalo zabo zokudla lifinyelela kuma-300, kepha isisekelo sokondliwa azidluli izinhlobo eziyi-10-20 zezihlahla nezihlahla, kanye nezinhlobo ezingama-20-30 zotshani. Ngokuyisisekelo, lezi yizinduna ezahlukahlukene, i-aspen, i-birch, iqanda, i-poplant, i-lily yamanzi, i-sedge, ikhathalogi, umhlanga, umcibisholo weqabunga ... Ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni, izilwane ziququda zidle okuluhlaza okuyingxenye yegxolo, izeluleko zamagatsha, amaqabunga, utshani - iziqu, amaqabunga, izimbali, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ama-rhizomes.
Amandla ama-beaver ukwakha ukudla kwasebusika ayaziwa. Imvamisa, izindawo ezinjengalezi ziyalingana namamitha ayi-10-25 e-cubic, kepha eminye imindeni iqeqesha kuze kufike ku-50 no-cubic metres wemithi yezihlahla namagatsha, iziqu kanye nama-rhizomes ezitshalo zasemanzini nezasemanzini. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunemindeni lapho ukudla kwasebusika kungatholakali ngokuphelele.
Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi abapheki bedla izitshalo ezinotshani ikakhulukazi ngenkathi efudumele, kanti ebusika basebenzisa kuphela amagxolo ezihlahla nezihlahlana ezigcinwe ekwindla baphinde baquqane ngenkathi kubuna ebusweni. Kodwa-ke, ukubonwa kwakamuva kukhombisa ukuthi lokhu akunjalo. Amakhambi amanzi namanzi asogwini awusizo olukhulu ekondlweni kwasebusika kwama-beaever, futhi kweminye imindeni idlala indima enkulu. Konke lokhu kuyasiza ukuqonda ukuthi kungani eminye imindeni yo-beaver ingenayo imali yokudla, futhi idlani ebusika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukulethwa kokudla okubekwe ngaphansi kwamaphethelo eqhwa noma impango ekupheleni kukaJanuwari -Febhuwari, futhi kusukela kuleso sikhathi izilwane zishintshela ngokuphelele emadlelweni.
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Izitha zabathwali
Izitha ezithwala abantu abadala zimbalwa - izimpisi, izindunduma, amabhere, ama-wolverines. Ezinye izazi zezilwane zithi i- otter yazo. I-Beaver ne-otter bahlala ezimweni ezifanayo futhi bavame ukuhlangana. Kodwa-ke, zimbalwa kakhulu izehlakalo ezirekhodiwe ze-otter ehlasela i-beaver. Ngakho-ke, umuntu angacabanga ukuthi izesekeli eziqinile ezibukhali zokuthwala abantu abadala zivikela kakhulu futhi zigcina i-otter isekude nenhlonipho.
Ama-bea young, ikakhulukazi ama-beaver wonyaka wokuzalwa, anomjikelezo obanzi wezitha. Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla - kuyimpungushe, inja ye-raccoon, iminki, ummbela, isigaqa. Ezinyoni, izikhova kanye nezinye izikhova ezinkulu, i-goshawk, ikiti emnyama, i-osprey ziyingozi kuma-beavers. Kunezimo ezaziwayo zezinsalela zama-beaver esiswini se-catfish kanye nemikhumbi emikhulu.
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Beaver Ukuncintisana Ukudla
Ama-Beavers anomncintiswano ambalwa. Ngokwezinga elithile, ngokungathi sína, njengabaqhudelwano bokudla abapheki benkomo, singakhuluma kuphela ngalezo zilwane ukuthi, ezihlala ogwini lolwandle, zidla izitshalo ezingama-shrub zezihlahla eziphakelwa izindebe. Lezi zilwane zifaka i-moose, inyamazane, lapho okwenzeka khona lezi, ezihlala ezindaweni ezinamanzi akhula kakhulu. Izilwane ezisele - amagundane, ama-voes, ama-muskrats nabanye bancintisana ngokudla kwama-beaver kuphela eminyakeni yokuzalwa kwabo ngobuningi.
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Ngubani ohlezi emabheleni asebusweni
Ama-Beavers cishe awanabancintisanayo ngesisekelo sezindawo zokuhlala noma indawo yokuhlala. Kwezinye izindawo, isistimu efanayo yemisele, kanye nama-beaver, basebenzisa ama-otter. Ezindongeni eziphakathi nendawo, imisele ebhusha ngaphezulu, enezimbobo, kwesinye isikhathi ivakashelwa yizimpungushe, izinja ze-raccoon, kanye nezimbila ezivame kakhulu. Emabheleni amadala asebusweni ashiywe umuntu angathola izifungulu zezimpungushe nezinja zezinja.
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Isifo Beaver
Ama-Beavers atheleka ezifweni ezahlukahlukene - angahlaseli futhi ayatheleleka. Kaningi kunezinye, izifo ze-helminthic zenzeka kuma-beavers asemfuleni. Akukhona ukweqiwa ukusho ukuthi eMvelweni inyanga emva kokuzalwa, bonke abapheki bangenwa yizikelemu. Izinhlobo ezingama-26 zezinhlaka ezingama-beaver zaziwa kahle. Izifo zezikelemu ezivame kakhulu izinkondlo kanye ne-grassssosiosis.
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Izinkondlo kuma-beavers
I-stikhorkhoz ibangela enye yamakhaza amhlophe qwa, ubungako kanye nesimo sawo esifana nokusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu okuvuthiwe. Lesi sinambuzane ngesinye isikhathi sinqwabelana ngamanani amakhulu ku-cecum yesilwane futhi sibangele ukwehla kwesisindo, i-anemia ,oshe ubuthi emzimbeni we-beaver ngama-secretion we-parasite. Ipulazi lezinkondlo lidlangile phakathi kwabantu abaphethwe yiVoronezh, Batyug, Pozersk nezinye izakhamuzi.
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I-Beaver Travassosiosis
I-Travassosiosis ibanga i-nematode encane enombala onsundu evuthana esiswini nasezindongeni ze-gastric gland enkulu. Ama-Beavers atheleleke ngale nematode avame ukuba nenkinga yokuphazamiseka komgudu wokugaya ukudla, okuqhubeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungadala ukufa kwesilwane.
Ngesikhathi sokuchayeka ngokweqile, ngesikhathi somsebenzi wokwakhiwa kabusha, ama-beavers avame ukubulawa yi-paratyphoid ne-pasteurellosis. Amacala okufa kwe-beaver kwe-tularemia ayaziwa.
Namuhla sikhulume ngesilwane esithandekayo njengo-beaver, safunda ngemikhuba yakhe nokuthi udlani, lapho ahlala khona. Siyethemba ukuthi lolu lwazi luzosiza ekuzingeleni kwakho i-beaver. Ngale ndlela, ukhetha ukusizonda kanjani lesi silwane? Yabelana nakho kwakho nezindaba nathi.
Le ndatshana yalungiswa ngokusetshenziselwa izinto ze-Yu. Dyakov, ukhetho lwezesayensi yemvelo, ethathwe emithonjeni yamahhala.
Silinde impendulo yakho namazwana, ujoyine iqembu lethu le-VKontakte!
Izici nendawo yokuhlala ye-beaver
Ngokulandelana kwamagundane, lo mfula osololwandle ungenye enkulu kunazo zonke, ufinyelela kuma-30 kg nesisindo xaxa. Umzimba ubumbekile futhi ubude bawo bufika ku-1.5 m ubude, kuze kube malunga nama-30 cm.Imilenze emifushane eneminwe emihlanu, phakathi kwayo kukhona ulwelwesi. Imilenze yangemuva inamandla kakhulu kunangaphambili.
Amacici aqinile, asontekile futhi atholekile. Emunweni wesibili, uzipho lubunjiwe, olufana nekamu. Lokhu yilokhu okusetjenziswa yisilwane ukuhlanganisa uboya obuhle nobubalulekile. Uboya bunezinwele ezilukhuni zangaphandle ne-undercoat eminyene, isivikelo esithembekile ekulweni ne-hypothermia, njengoba iba manzi emanzini kabi.
Ungqimba lwamafutha angashintshashintshi, agcina ukushisa kwangaphakathi, nawo usindisa ekubandeni. Uhla lwemibala yoboya lusuka esifubeni kuya kinsundu omnyama, ucishe ube mnyama, njengama-paws nomsila.
Ngenxa yoboya obuyigugu futhi obuhle, lesi silwane sacishe sabhujiswa njengohlobo: kwakukhona abantu abaningi ababefuna ukuthola ijazi loboya nesigqoko esivela esikhunjeni sesilwane. Ekugcineni i-beaver kungezwe ohlwini izilwane ezibomvu incwadi.
Umsila wesilwane ufana ne-oar cm cm ubukhulu nobubanzi obungu-11-13 cm. Ingaphezulu limbozwe ngezikali ezinkulu nangama-bristles aqinile. Ukwakheka komsila nezinye izici kuhlukanisa i-beaver yase-Yuria noma eyejwayelekile esihlotsheni saseMelika (eCanada).
Emsileni kukhona i-wen kanye nezindlala ezimbili zokukhiqiza into enephunga elibizwa ngokuthi umfula we-beaver. Imfihlo ye-wen ukugcina imininingwane yomuntu (ubudala, ubulili), nephunga likhombisa imingcele yendawo okuhlalwa kuyo. Iqiniso elikhangayo lihlukile lomfudlana we-beaver, njengesikhombisi somunwe kumuntu. Umuthi usetshenziswa kumakha amakha.
Esithombeni kukhona beaver
Esiqeshini esincane, izindlebe ezimfushane ezivele ngaphandle koboya ziyabonakala. Naphezu kosayizi bezitho zokuzwa, ukuzwa kwesilwane kuhamba kahle. Lapho amathumbu acwiliswa emanzini, izindlebe zesilwane zivala, amehlo avikeleka “ngekhulu lesithathu” futhi avikelwe ekulimaleni.
I-Flashing membrane ikuvumela ukuba ubone isilwane emanzini aminyene. Izindebe ze-beaver nazo ziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuze zingakhungatheki, amanzi angangeni emgodini womlomo lapho uququda.
Amaphaphu amakhulu amakhulu avumela isilwane ukubhukuda, ngaphandle kokubonakala ebusweni bamanzi, kufinyelela kuma-700 m, sichitha imizuzu eyi-15. Kwezilwane ezihlala emanzini, lezi zinombolo zokurekhoda.
Phila abathwali bezilwane emizimbeni yamanzi ahlanzekile egeleza kancane. Lawa amachibi asehlathini, amachibi, imifula, imifudlana, amabhange amadamu okugcina amanzi. Isimo esikhulu izitshalo ezicebile zasogwini zamadwala athambile, izihlahlana notshani. Uma i-landscape ingalungile impela, khona-ke i-beaver isebenza ekushintsheni imvelo, njengomakhi.
Kwake kwahlaliswa izilwane kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseAsia, ngaphandle kweKamchatka neSakhalin. Kepha ukuqothula kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho kwaholela ekuqothulweni kwengxenye enkulu yama-beavers. Umsebenzi wokubuyisa uyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla, ama-beavers ahlala emizimbeni yamanzi angenzeka.
Umlingiswa we-Beaver nendlela yokuphila
Ama-Beaver ayizilwane zasemanzini ezizizwa zizethemba ngokwengeziwe emanzini, zibhukuda kahle, zishayela emanzini nasemhlabathini i-beaver ine uhlobo kubi isilwane.
Umsebenzi wezilwane ukhuphuka kusihlwa kanye nokuqala kobusuku. Ehlobo bangasebenza amahora ayi-12. Ubusika kuphela, kumasithwathwa anzima, abashiyi izindawo ezivalekile. Burrows noma okuthiwa indawo yokuhlala yizindawo lapho kuhlala khona imindeni yama-beaver.
Ukungena kwe-Mink kufihlwe ngamanzi futhi kuholele kwizimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezindawo ezisogwini. Ukuphuma okuphuthumayo kuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezilwane. Igumbi lokuhlala elikhudlwana kune-metres futhi elingama-50 cm ukuphakama lihlala likhona ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi.
I-beaver ingakha amadamu angaxhasa kalula isisindo somuntu.
I-canopy ekhethekile ivikela indawo esemfuleni lapho umgodi utholakala khona lapho kubanda khona ubusika. Ukuqonda kwama-beaver kuhlobene nobungcweti babaklami. Ukwakhiwa kwamahabhu kwenziwa kumasiza amnene noma emabhange aphansi.Lezi yizakhiwo ezinesigaxa esifinyelela ku-3 m ukuphakama nge-brawwood, i-silt nobumba.
Ngaphakathi, zinobubanzi, zinobubanzi obungafika kumamitha ayi-12. Phezulu kukhona umgodi womoya, futhi phansi kukhona imanales yokucwiliswa emanzini. Ebusika, ukushisa kugcinwa ngaphakathi, akukho qhwa, ama-beavers angacwiliswa echibini. Umusi phezu kwendlu ngosuku lweqhwa kuwuphawu lwendawo yokuhlala.
Ukuze kulondolozwe izinga lamanzi elidingekayo futhi kulondolozwe indawo yokulala nemijondolo, ama-beavers abeka amadamu noma amadamu owaziwa ngokuqhamuka ezihlahleni zezihlahla, emabhulashini nasolwandle Ngisho namatshe asindayo aze afike ku-18 kg atholakala ukuqinisa isakhiwo.
Njengomthetho, uhlaka lwedamu lumuthi owileyo, omile ngezinto zokwakha ukuya kumamitha angama-30 ubude, kuze kufike ku-2 m ukuphakama, kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-6. Isakhiwo singasisekela kalula isisindo somuntu.
Esithombeni, uNora Beaver
Isikhathi sokwakha sithatha cishe amasonto ayi-2-3. Ngemuva kwalokho ama-beavers aqapha ngokucophelela ukuphepha kwento eyakhiwe bese enza “ukulungisa” lapho kunesidingo. Basebenza nemindeni, besabalalisa imithwalo yemfanelo, njengokungathi ngenxa yokuhlela okunembile futhi okunamaphutha.
Ama-rodents ahlangabezana kalula nemizuzu emi-5 ngezihlahla aze afinyelela ku-7-8 cm ubukhulu, agqume iziqu phansi. Ngezihlahla ezinkulu, ezingafika ku-40 cm ubukhulu, zikopisha ubusuku bonke. Ukuzisika kube izingxenye, ukunamathela endaweni yokuhlala noma edamini kwenziwa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi engaphazanyiswa.
Uhlobo luni lwabapheki bezilwane emndenini wakhe, obonakalayo ngendawo yokuhlala. Hhayi izindlu kuphela, kepha neziteshi ezisetshenziselwa izinto zokwakha nokudla, azinayo imfucumfucu kanye nemfucumfucu yokudla.
Izitimela, izindlu, iziza zokwakha - konke kuyaxhunyaniswa futhi kuhlanzwe. Kwakheke indawo ekhethekile, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-beaver. Ukuxhumana kwezilwane kwenzeka ngosizo lwamamaki akhethekile anephunga elimnandi, okhipha imisindo efana nokushaya ikhwela, ukubethelwa komsila.
I-pop pop - i-alamu nomyalo wokufihla ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izitha eziphambili emvelweni yizimpisi, izimpungushe, amabhere ansundu. Kepha umonakalo omkhulu kubantu beaver wenziwa ngabantu.
I-Beaver - isilwane-osebenza futhi exhumanisa indlela yokuphila yomndeni ethule. Esikhathini sabo esikhululekile, banakekela ijazi loboya, beligcoba ngama-secretion avela ezithweni ze-sebaceous, livikele ukuthi lingangeni.
Isihloko
Igama elithi "beaver" litholakala olimini lwangaphambi kwe-Indo-European (cf. German Biber, jam. Bėbros), elakhiwe ngokungaphindwa kabili kwegama elinsundu. Isisekelo esakhiwe kabusha * bhe-bhru-.
Ngokusho kwemithombo yezilimi yango-1961, leli gama i-beaver kufanele isetshenziswe encazelweni yesilwane kusuka ekuhlelweni kwamagundane ngoboya obalulekile, futhi i-beaver - ngokwencazelo yoboya balesi silwane: i-beaver collar, isembatho ku-beaver fur. Noma kunjalo, ngolimi olukhulunywa, igama i-beaver esetshenziswa kakhulu njengegama elifanayo elithi igama i-beaver (kanjani impungushe futhi impungushe, thambisa futhi thambisa).
Ngokusho kwesichazimazwi sango-2004, isilinganiso sokuphinyiselwa beaver, beaver (isilwane, uboya).
Ukusatshalaliswa
Esikhathini sokuqala komlando, i-beaver ejwayelekile yayisakazwa kuyo yonke indawo yase-Europe nase-Asia, ngenxa yokuvunwa kakhulu, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-beaver yayisicishe yaphela ebangeni layo. Ububanzi bamanje beaver buwumphumela womphumela wemizamo yokuphucula nokwenza kabusha kabusha. EYurophu, ihlala emazweni aseScandinavia, iGreat Britain (yabulawa ngekhulu le-16 ngaphandle kweScotland kanye nesifunda saseDevon, iphinde yenziwa esifundeni saseGloucestershire ngo-2005), iRhone ephansi (iFrance), i-Elbe basin (Germany), iVistula basin (Poland) , ehlathini kanye nezindawo ezithile ezisehlathini ezihlala emahlathini ezingxenyeni zaseYurophu zaseRussia, eBelarus, e-Ukraine. E-Russia, i-beaver itholakala naseNyakatho Trans-Urals, yonke indawo esifundeni saseNovosibirsk. Izindawo ezihlakazekile ze-beaver ejwayelekile zitholakala endaweni ephezulu Yenisei, Kuzbass, Pribaikalye, Khabarovsk Territory, Kamchatka, Kurgan, Omsk naseTomsk Oblasts (izinkulungwane eziyishumi) kuMfula iKeti enyakatho, e-Altai Territory. Ngaphezu kwalokho, itholakala esifundeni esenyakatho nasempumalanga yeKazakhstan, eMongolia (imifula i-Urungu neBimen) naseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga China (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).
Amawa namadamu
Ama-beavers ahlala emiseleni noma emijondolo. Indlela yokungena ekhaya le-beaver ihlala itholakala ngaphansi kwamanzi ukuze iphephe. Imisele igeleza emabhange asezingeni futhi emaweni; ayibhayibhile eyinkimbinkimbi enama-4-5 ukungena. Izindonga nophahla lomphetho zidonswa ngokucophelela futhi ziboshwe. Igumbi lokuhlala ngaphakathi komgodi likhona ekujuleni okungadluli kumamitha ayi 1. Ububanzi begumbi lokuhlala lingaphezulu kwemitha, ukuphakama ngamasentimitha angama-40-50. Iphansi kufanele libe ngamasentimitha angama-20 ngaphezulu kwezinga lamanzi. Uma amanzi asemfuleni enyuka, i-beaver ikhuphuka phansi, ihlwitha umhlabathi kusuka ophahleni. Ukuze isigaba somfula ngaphezulu komnyango wokungena umgodi ebusika singaholi futhi sikhiye izilwane emgodini, zimboza le ndawo nge-canopy ekhethekile. Kwesinye isikhathi uphahla lomgodi luyabhidlika futhi endaweni yalo kuhlelwe isisekelo esiqinile samasango ne-brashi sokhuni, kuguqulwe umsele ube uhlobo lwesiphephelo lokuhlala - umjondolo osisigamu. Entwasahlobo, kuzamcolo, ama-beaver akha izando eziqongweni zezihlahla eziqhamuka emagatsheni namagatsha anombhede wotshani obomile.
Lezi zindlu zakhiwe ezindaweni lapho kungenzeki khona ukushaqeka - osebeni olubhukuda noluphansi nolwaphansi. Ama-Beavers kuyaqabukela aqale ukwakha izindlu ezintsha ngaphambi kokuphela kuka-Agasti. Ama-huts abukeka njengesixhaxa esenziwe ngesigaxa sokhuni, esifakwe nge-silt nomhlaba, sifinyelela ku-1,3 m ukuphakama nobubanzi obuyi-10 m. Izindonga zale ndlu zihlanganiswe ngokucophelela nosilika nobumba, ukuze ziphenduke inqaba yangempela, engenakugwenywa kwabazingeli, umoya ungene ngaphakathi umgodi ophahleni. Naphezu kwenkolelo ebanzi, ama-beaver asebenzisa ubumba esebenzisa i-paws yawo yangaphambili, hhayi umsila (umsila usebenza kuphela njengesihla). Ngaphakathi kwendlu kukhona ama-manholes emanzini kanye nesiteji esikhuphuka ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi. Ngeziqalo zokuqala, ama-beavers ngaphezu kwalokho afaka izimbotshana ngensimbi entsha yobumba. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa elihle ligcinwa ezindlini, amanzi kumanholes ayiqandisi, futhi abapheki banethuba lokuphuma baye eqhweni ngaphansi kwamanzi. Kwiqhwa elinamandla phezu kwamahabhu kukhona umusi, okuwuphawu lokuhlala kwezindlu. Kwesinye isikhathi endaweni eyodwa ebhekabheka kukhona nezindawo zokuhlala nezihlahla. I-Beavers ihlanzekile kakhulu, ayilokothi ichithe amakhaya ayo ngodoti wokudla nangokweqile.
Ezindongeni ezinamazinga okushintsha kwamanzi, nasemifudlaneni nasemifuleni engajulile, imindeni yama-beaver yakheka amadamu. Lokhu kuyabavumela ukuthi bakhuphule, balondoloze futhi balawule izinga lamanzi endaweni yokugcina amanzi ukuze ukungena kwamakamelo nemiseleni kungakhishwa futhi kutholakale kulabo abahlaselayo. Amadamu asendaweni engaphansi kwedolobhana elihle ngeziqu zezihlahla, amagatsha kanye ne-brigwood, ezihlanganiswe ndawonye ngobumba, isilika, izingcezu ze-rafting nezinye izinto ezenziwe ngabapheki ezingena ngamazinyo noma ngaphambili. Uma umzimba wamanzi unokugeleza okusheshayo futhi kukhona amatshe phansi, asetshenziswa futhi njengezinto zokwakha. Isisindo samatshe kwesinye isikhathi singafinyelela ku-15-18 kg.
Okwakhiwa kwedamu, izindawo lapho izihlahla zikhula khona eduze nomaphethelo wonxweme zikhethiwe. Ukwakha kuqala ngama-beaver anamathela ngokunamathisela amagatsha neziqu zawo phansi, kuqiniswa izikhala ngamagatsha kanye nomhlanga, kugcwalisa izikhala ngosilika, ngobumba nangamatshe. Njengefreyimu esekelayo, bavame ukusebenzisa izinkuni eziwele emfuleni, kancane kancane bazincwelisa ngezinto zokwakha ezivela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Kwesinye isikhathi amagatsha asemadamini we-beaver avele izimpande, azinike amandla athe xaxa. Ubude obujwayelekile bamadamu yi-20-30 m, ububanzi esisekelweni bungama-4-6 m, endaweni engu-1-2 m, ukuphakama kungafinyelela ku-4.8 m, yize kuvame ukuba ngamamitha ayi-2. Idamu elidala limelana kalula nesisindo somuntu. Amarekhodi ekwakhiweni kwamadamu, noma kunjalo, awawona awokujwayelekile, kepha ngawabapheki baseCanada - idamu elakhiwe yibo emfuleni. UJefferson (Montana), wafinyelela kubude obungamamitha angama-700. (Esifundeni saseNew Hampshire kunedamu elide - i-1,2 km.) Ukwakheka kwedamu kuncike ngejubane leleso sikhathi - lapho lihamba khona kancane, idamu licishe liqonde, ligobile emifuleni esheshayo phezulu phezulu. Uma okwamanje kunamandla kakhulu, ama-beaver akha amadamu amancane angeziwe ngaphezulu komfula. Kugeleza imvamisa kuvame ukuhlelwa emaphethelweni edamu elilodwa ukuze lingadabuli kuzamcolo. Ngokwesilinganiso, umndeni we-beaver uthatha cishe isonto ukwakha idamu le-10 m. Ama-Beavers aqapha ngokucophelela ukuphepha edamini futhi alinamathisele uma kungavuza. Kwesinye isikhathi imindeni eminingana esebenza amashifu ibamba iqhaza ekwakheni.
Isazi sokuziphatha kahle saseSweden, uDon Wilson [en] (1971) nodokotela wezilwane waseFrance, uRichard (1967, 1980) baba negalelo elikhulu ekufundeni ngokuziphatha kwe-beaver ngenkathi kwakhiwa amadamu. Kwavela ukuthi isisusa esikhulu ekwakhiweni ngumsindo wamanzi agelezayo. Inamandla okuzwa okuhle, ama-beavers anqunywe ngokunembile ukuthi umsindo ushintshe kuphi, okusho ukuthi bekukhona ushintsho ekwakhekeni kwedamu. Kodwa-ke, azange banake ngisho nokuntuleka kwamanzi - ngendlela efanayo, ama-beavers aphendula umsindo wezwi eliqoshwe kwi-rekhoda le-tepi. Ukuhlolwa okunye kukhombisa ukuthi umsindo, ngokusobala, akuyona ukuphela kwesikhuthazo. Ngakho-ke, izihlwayi ezazibekwe edamini zazimbozwe ngothayela kanye namagatsha, noma ngabe idlula ngaphansi futhi “ingekholekayo”. Ngasikhathi sinye, kusalokhu kungacaci ngokuphelele ukuthi abantu beavers basabalalisa kanjani izibopho phakathi kwabo emsebenzini wokuhlangana. Bangasebenza emaqenjini, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, noma bebodwa. Kepha bobabili abahlanganayo nabakhi abazimele basebenza ngokwecebo eliyinqayizivele lendawo yonke, linembile ngokuphelele futhi licatshangwe ngemininingwane emincane kakhulu.
Ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kulungiswe ukudla, abapheki bagawula izihlahla, baziququze phansi, bagalele amagatsha, bese behlukanisa isiqu ngezingxenye. I-beaver iwela i-aspen enobubanzi obungu-5-7 cm ngemizuzu emi-5, isihlahla esinobubanzi obungamasentimitha angama-40 siyawa futhi sinqume ubusuku bonke, ukuze kuthi kusa kusa kuphela isigaxa esikhutshiwe nesixhaxha sokushefa endaweni yomsebenzi wesilwane. Isiqu somuntu ophathwa yi-beaver sithatha isimo sesibuko sehora. Iziqu ze-Beaver, zikhuphuka emilenzeni yazo yangasemva futhi ziphumule emsileni wayo. Imihlathi yayo isebenza njengesaha: ukuze ibhoboze isihlahla, ibhele likhipha izingqimba zalo ngaphezulu kumagxolo alo bese liqala ukusheshisa umhlathi walo ophansi lisuka ngapha nangapha, lenze ukunyakaza okungu-5-6 ngomzuzwana. Izigqoko ze-beaver ziyaziloloda: uhlangothi olungaphambili lumbozwe nge koqweqwe lwawo, ingemuva liqukethe i-dentin elukhuni. Lapho i-beaver ihlafuna okuthile, i-dentin igaya ngokushesha kune-koqweqwe lwawo, ngakho-ke umphambili wezinyo uhlala ubukhali ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ama-Beaver adla amanye amagatsha esihlahla esiwile endaweni leyo, amanye adiliza futhi ahudule noma abambeke emanzini lapho ahlala khona noma endaweni lapho kwakhiwa khona idamu. Unyaka nonyaka, belandela imigudu efanayo yokudla nezinto zokwakha, banyathela emikhondweni yogu oluhamba kancane lukhukhulwa ngamanzi - iziteshi ze-beaver. Bafaka ukudla kwezinkuni ngakubo. Ubude besiteshi bufika emamitha ngamamitha ububanzi obu-40-50 cm kanye nokujula kwamamitha ayi-1. Izindebe zihlala zigcina iziteshi zihlanzekile.
Indawo eguqulwe ngenxa yomsebenzi wama-beaver ahlala kuwo ibizwa ngokuthiwa ubuhle bezwe.