Izinkinga eziphambili zemvelo zoLwandle lweCaspian

Izinkinga zemvelo zeCaspian kanye nezigodi zayo zingumphumela womlando womhlaba wonke wokuthuthuka komnotho emazweni akulesi sifunda. Zombili izinguquko zemvelo zesikhathi eside nezinkinga zomnotho nezomnotho zanamuhla zibucayi kulokhu.

Imiphumela yezinkinga zemvelo yomphakathi ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili - eqondile futhi engaqondile. Imiphumela eqondile iveziwe, ngokwesibonelo, ekulahlekelweni kwemithombo yezinto eziphilayo (izinhlobo zezentengiselwano nezinto zayo ezenziwe ngemfoloko) futhi ingavezwa ngokwemali. Ngakho-ke, ukulahleka kwamazwe esifundeni seCaspian kusuka ekunciphiseni okuqinile kwesitoko se-sturgeon, esivezwe ekuthengisweni okuncishisiwe, kungabalwa. Lokhu kufanele futhi kufake phakathi izindleko zokunxeshezelwa ngomonakalo (ngokwesibonelo, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokufuya izinhlanzi).

Imiphumela engaqondile iyisibonakaliso sokulahleka kwekhono lokuzihlanza ngokwezemvelo, ukulahleka kokulinganisela kwabo kanye nokuguqukela kancane kancane esimweni esisha. Komphakathi, lokhu kuboniswa ekulahlekelweni kwenani lobuhle bendawo, ukwakhiwa kwezimo zokuhlala ezingatheni kakhulu zesibalo sabantu, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchungechunge lokulahleka okuqhubekayo luholela, njengomthetho, futhi ukuqondisa ukulahleka komnotho (umkhakha wezokuvakasha, njll.).

Ngomqondo wentatheli wokuthi iCaspian iwele "emkhakheni wezithakazelo" zezwe, iqiniso lokuthi la mazwe, nawo, ewela emkhakheni wethonya leCaspian livame ukulahleka. Isibonelo, ngokumelene nesizinda semali eyizigidigidi ezingama-10-50 yokutshalwa kwemali okulindelwe eNtshonalanga kawoyela waseCaspian, imiphumela yezomnotho yokufa kwabantu abaningi baseCaspian ivezwa inani ledola "lezigidi" ezimbili. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, lo monakalo uvezwa ngesibalo samathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200 wokudla okushibhile kwamaprotheni. Ukuntengantenga, ubungozi bezenhlalo obubangelwa ukushoda kwemikhiqizo etholakala esifundeni seCaspian kungadala usongo lwangempela ezimakethe kawoyela waseNtshonalanga, futhi kubangele nenkinga enkulu kawoyela obhebhethekile.

Ingxenye ebalulekile yomonakalo odaleke emvelweni ngemisebenzi yabantu ihlala ingaphandle kwesibalo sokubalwa kwezomnotho. Kungukuntuleka kwezindlela zokuhlola ezomnotho zezinto eziphilayo nezinsizakalo zemvelo eziholela kwiziphathimandla ezihlela amazwe aseCaspian ukuthi zikhethe ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezingaphandle kanye "nomkhakha wezolimo" kulimaze ukusetshenziswa okuzinzile kwemithombo yezinto eziphilayo, ezokuvakasha nezokungcebeleka.

Zonke izinkinga ezichazwe ngezansi zixhumene kakhulu kangangokuba kwesinye isikhathi akunakwenzeka ukuthi uzihlukanise ngendlela yazo emsulwa. Eqinisweni, sikhuluma ngenkinga eyodwa, engachazwa ngokuthi "ukubhujiswa kwemvelo yemvelo yeCaspian".

1. Ukungcoliswa kolwandle

Ungcolisi oyinhloko wolwandle, yiqiniso, uwoyela. Ukungcoliswa kawoyela kuvimbela ukukhula kwe-phytobenthos ne-phytoplankton yeCaspian, emelwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nama-diatoms, kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo, futhi kunqwabelana emhlabathini ongaphansi. Ukwanda kokungcoliswa komoya kuthinta kabi ukushisa, igesi nokushintshashintsha komswakama phakathi kwamanzi namanzi nomoya. Ngenxa yokusakazeka ezindaweni ezinkulu zefilimu kawoyela, izinga lokuhwamuka lehla kaningana.

Umphumela osobala kakhulu wokungcola kawoyela kuma-waterfowl. Ngokuthintana namafutha, izimpaphe zilahlekelwa yizindawo zazo ezingaphenduki zamanzi nokufaka ukushisa, okuholela ngokushesha ekufeni kwezinyoni. Ukufa okukhulu kwezinyoni kwaphawulwa kaningi esifundeni sase-Absheron. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho komshicileli waseAzerbaijan, ngonyaka we-1998, kwafa izinyoni ezingaba ngu-30 esiqhingini saseGel (eduzane nomuzi wase-Alat). Ukusondela kwezindawo ezihlala izilwane zasendle kanye nemithombo yokukhiqiza kusongela njalo ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi zaseRamsar ogwini olusentshonalanga nasempumalanga yeCaspian.

Imiphumela yokuchitheka kawoyela kwezinye izilwane zasemanzini nayo ibalulekile, yize kungabonakali kangako. Ikakhulu, ukuqala komkhiqizo we-offshore kuhlangana nokwehliswa kwenani le-pike perch kanye nokulahleka kwenani layo lezinsizakusebenza (amasayithi avela kulolu hlobo ahlangana neziza zokukhiqiza uwoyela). Kuyingozi enkulu lapho, ngenxa yokungcoliswa komhlaba, hhayi uhlobo olulodwa olwayo, kodwa izindawo zokuhlala zonke.

Izibonelo zifaka iSoymonov Bay eTurkmenistan, izigaba ezibalulekile zogu olusentshonalanga yeSouth Caspian. Ngeshwa, eSouth Caspian, izindawo ezondla izinhlanzi ezincane zihlangana nezindawo zika-oyili negesi, kanti nezindawo zaseMarovskie zisondele kakhulu kuzo.

ENyakatho Caspian, ukungcoliswa kokuqalwa kokukhiqizwa kawoyela kuze kube seminyakeni yamuva bekungasho lutho; lokhu kwenziwa amandla okuhlola okuncane kanye nombuso okhethekile ovikelwe wale ngxenye yolwandle. Isimo sashintsha ngokuqala komsebenzi wokuthuthukiswa kwensimu yamaTengiz, kwathi ngemuva kokutholwa kwesidondosa sesibili - uKashagan. Izinguquko zenziwa esimweni sokulondolozwa kweNyakatho Caspian, okuvumela ukuhlola kanye nokukhiqizwa kawoyela (Isinqumo Somkhandlu WabaNgqongqoshe beRiphabhuliki yaseKazakhstan No. 936 yangoSepthemba 23, 1993 kanye noHulumeni waseRussia Federation Nombolo 317 ngomhlaka 14 Mashi 1998). Kodwa-ke, kulapha ukuthi ingozi yokungcola iphezulu ngenxa yamanzi angajulile, izingcindezi eziphakeme zamachibi, njll. Khumbula ukuthi kunengozi eyodwa kuphela ngo-1985 emthonjeni waseTengiz. 37 kwaholela ekukhulisweni kwamathani ayizigidi ezintathu kawoyela nokufa kwezinyoni ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-200.

Ukwehliswa okucacile ngokuphelele komsebenzi wokutshalwa kwezimali eSouth Caspian kunikeza ithemba lokuqapha kule ngxenye yolwandle. Sekuvele ukuthi ukwanda okukhulu kokukhiqizwa kawoyela akunakulindeka kuyo yomibili imikhakha yaseTurkmen nase-Azerbaijani. Bambalwa abakhumbula ukubikezela konyaka we-1998, ngokusho ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2002 i-Azerbaijan kuphela kwakumele ikhiqize amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-45 kawoyela ngonyaka (empeleni, cishe yi-15). Eqinisweni, ukukhiqizwa okutholakalayo lapha akwanele ngokwanele ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-100% kwezindawo zokuhlaziya ezikhona. Yize kunjalo, amadiphozithi asevele eselihlolisisiwe azothuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo, okuzokhulisa ubungozi bezingozi nokuchitheka okukhulu olwandle. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamadiphozithi eNyakatho Caspian kuyingozi enkulu, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke eminyakeni ezayo kuzofinyelela okungenani amathani ayizigidi ezingama-50 ngezinsizakusebenza ezilinganiselwe zamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-5-7. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iNorth Caspian ibihola phambili ohlwini lwezimo eziphuthumayo.

Umlando wokuhlolwa kwe-oyela weCaspian ngesikhathi esifanayo umlando wokungcoliswa kwawo, futhi ngakunye kwalawa "ma-booms" amathathu afakiwe. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza sebuthuthukisiwe, kepha umphumela omuhle ngendlela yokuncishiswa kokungcola okuthile wabhekelwa phambili ngokwanda kwesibalo samafutha akhiqizwayo. Ngokusobala, amazinga wokungcola ezindaweni ezikhiqiza uwoyela (i-Baku Bay, njll.) Acishe afane ekuqaleni (ngaphambi kuka-1917), owesibili (40-50s wekhulu le-XX) nelesithathu (70s). ukukhiqizwa kawoyela.
Uma kufanelekile ukubiza izehlakalo zeminyaka yamuva ngokuthi "i-boom yesine yamafutha", khona-ke kufanele silindele okungenani isilinganiso esifanayo sokungcola. Kuze kube manje, akukho ukuncishiswa okulindelwe kokukhishwa kwemishini ngenxa yokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe besimanje ngabezizwe eziNtshonalanga. Ngakho-ke, eRussia kusuka ngo-1991 kuya ku-1998. ukuphuma kwezinto eziyingozi emkhathini ngethani elilodwa lamafutha akhiqizwayo afinyelela ku-5.0 kg. Ukukhishwa kweTengizchevroil JV ngonyaka we-1993-2000 ifinyelela kuma-7.28 kg ngethani ngalinye lamafutha akhiqizwayo. Imithombo yabezindaba kanye nemithombo esemthethweni ichaza amacala amaningi okwephulwa kwezidingo zezemvelo yizinkampani, izimo eziphuthumayo zobunzima obuhlukahlukene. Cishe zonke izinkampani azihambelani nokuvinjelwa kwamanje kokuphuma kokwehla koketshezi olwandle. Ezithombeni zezikhala, i-oyela enkulu eyi-South Caspian ibonakala kahle.

Noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezingozi ezinkulu futhi kucatshangelwa ukuncipha kokwehla kwezinga lomhlaba, ukungcola kolwandle okulindelekile kuzodlula konke esake sahlangabezana nakho phambilini. Ngokuqagela okwamukelwa ngokuvamile, kuwo wonke amathani ayisigidi kawoyela akhiqizwa emhlabeni, isilinganiso sokulahleka kwamathani ayi-131.4 siyalahleka. Ngokusekwe ekukhiqizweni okulindelekile kwamathani ayizigidi ezingama-70-100, sizoba okungenani namathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-13 ngonyaka eCaspian iyonke, ngobuningi abaya eNyakatho Caspian. Ngokusho kokulinganisa kweRoshydromet, okuqukethwe okuphakathi konyaka kwamafutha kawoyela enyakatho neCaspian amanzi kuzophindeka kabili noma kathathu ngo-2020 futhi kufinyelele kuma-200 mcg / L (4 MPC), ngaphandle kokuchithwa ngengozi.

Kungaleso sikhathi sokudonsa insimu yama-oyela i-Amafutha kusukela ngo-1941 kuya ku-1958 emithonjeni engama-37 lapho kwakhiwa khona i-gryphon yokwenziwa (ukukhululwa okungalawulwa kawoyela olwandle). Ngasikhathi sinye, la ma-griffin asebenza kusuka ezinsukwini eziningana kuya eminyakeni emibili, futhi inani likawoyela elalikhipha lalisuka kumathani ayi-100 kuye kwangama-500 ngosuku.

ETurkmenistan, ukungcola okubonakalayo kobuchwepheshe bamanzi angajulile osogwini eKrasnovodsk Bay, i-Aladzha Bay kwaqashelwa eminyakeni yempi nempi (iMpi Yezwe II 1941-1945), ngemuva kokuba ukuthuthwa kabusha kukaTufall kwathunyelwa lapha. Lokhu bekuhambisana nokushona kweziwidi zamanzi. Emadwaleni e-sand-shell rock spits kanye naseziqhingini zeTurkmenbashi Gulf, amamitha amamitha “asphalt”, akhiwa ngo-oyili ochithwe edonswe esihlabathini, asadalulwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngemuva kokuguguleka kwesivunguvungu ezindaweni ezingasogwini ngamaza esivunguvungu.
Ngemuva kweminyaka ema-70s, kwakhiwa kabusha imboni ekhiqiza uwoyela negesi enamandla engaphezulu kwamakhilomitha angama-250 engxenyeni esogwini yeNtshonalanga Turkmenistan. Kakade ngo-1979, ukuxhashazwa kwezinkambu zika-Dagadzhik ne-Aligul kwaqala emaphethelweni aseCheleken, Barsa-Helmes kanye naseKomsomolsky.

Ukungcola okuphawuleka engxenyeni yeTurkmen yeCaspian kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwamadiphozi e-LAM nezinkomo zeZhdanov: Imithombo engu-6 evulekile enemililo kanye nokuchitheka kawoyela, imithombo emi-2 evulekile enomoya ophuma kanye negesi namanzi, kanye nokunye okubizwa kanjalo "Contingeniture".

Ngisho ngo-1982-1987, i.e. esikhathini sokugcina 'sesikhathi esiminyene', lapho kwenziwa imisebenzi eminingi yomthetho: izinqumo, imiyalo, imiyalo, amasekhethi, izinqumo zabaphathi bendawo, kwakukhona inethiwekhi ebanzi yokuhlolwa kwendawo, ama-laboratories oMbuso Hydromet, iKomidi Lokuvikelwa Kwemvelo, uMnyango Wezimboni, uMnyango Wezempilo, njll. Isimo se-hydrochemical kuzo zonke izifunda ezikhiqiza uwoyela sahlala singalungile.

Ngesikhathi se-perestroika, lapho kunokuwohloka okubanzi kokukhiqizwa, isimo sokungcoliswa kawoyela saqala ukuba ngcono. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka we-1997-1998. okuqukethwe uwoyela emanzini asogwini oluseningizimu-nasempumalanga yeCaspian kuyehla kaningana, yize kwakusadlula i-MPC ngezikhathi eziyi-1.5 ukuya kwezi-2.0. Lokhu akubangelwa nje kuphela ukuntuleka kokumba kanye nokwehla okujwayelekile komsebenzi endaweni yamanzi, kodwa futhi nezinyathelo ezithathiwe zokunciphisa ukuphuma lapho kwakhiwa kabusha i-Turkmenbashi uwoyela wokuhlanza. Ukwehla kokungcoliswa komhlaba kwathinta ngokushesha i-biota. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ama-thocket of char algae amboze cishe yonke iTurkmenbashi Gulf, esebenza njengesikhombi sokuhlanzeka kwamanzi. UShrimp wavela ngisho naseSoymonov Bay engcoliswe kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kawoyela uqobo, amanzi ahambisana nawo ayingozi enkulu ye-biota. Njengomthetho, ukwahlukanisa (ukwahlukaniswa kwamanzi no-oyili) kwenzeka emhlabeni, emva kwalokho amanzi adonswa endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi "amachibi okuphuma amanzi", asetshenziselwa ukukhululeka okungokwemvelo kokuphumula (kokukhipha kanye nokuqubuka kukasawoti, okuvamisile ukungena emgodini). Njengoba amanzi ahambisana nawo enosawoti ophakeme (100 g noma ngaphezulu g / l), aqukethe uwoyela asele, ama-survivant nezinsimbi ezisindayo, esikhundleni sokuhwamuka, kuqubuka umoya ebusweni, kushibhe kancane ukungena emhlabathini, bese kubhekelwa olwandle lapho kuyiwa khona lapho kuhamba khona amanzi aphansi komhlaba.
Ngokuphikisana nalesi sizinda, umthelela wokungcola okuqinile okuhlobene uncane. Lesi sigaba sifaka izinsalela zemishini yokukhiqiza uwoyela nezakhiwo, ukusikwa kwendawo yokumba, njll. Kwezinye izimo, aqukethe izinto ezinobungozi, njengamafutha okuguqula, izinsimbi ezisindayo nezinemisebe, njll. Ukuqongelelwa kwesibabule okwatholakala ngesikhathi kucolisiswa uwoyela kaTengiz kwathola ukuthandwa okukhulu (amaphesenti ayisisindo esingu-6.9, cishe amathani ayizigidi ezi-5).

Umthamo omkhulu wokungcola (90% wenani) ungena kuLwandle lweCaspian ngokugeleza komfula. Lesi silinganiso singalandelelwa cishe kuzo zonke izinkomba (i-petroleum hydrocarbons, ama-phenols, ama-survivants, izinto ze-organic, izinsimbi, njll.). Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nokwehla okungcolile kokungcoliswa kwemifula egelezayo, ngaphandle kweTerek (i-MPC engama-400 noma ngaphezulu ye-petroleum hydrocarbons), okubandakanya uwoyela nemfucumfucu kusuka kungqalasizinda kawoyela olonakalisiwe weRiphabhulikhi yaseChechen.

Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi ingxenye yokungcoliswa kwemifula ivame ukuncipha, ngezinga elincane kakhulu ngenxa yokuncipha kokukhiqizwa kwezigodi zemifula, ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela ongaphesheya. Kulindelwe ukuthi ngokuzayo 2010-2020. isilinganiso sokungcoliswa komfula nolwandle sizofinyelela ku-50: 50.

Isiphetho. Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sokungcola kukhombisa ukuthi abathinteki kancane ngokuthuthukiswa kwemithetho yezemvelo, ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe besimanje, ukutholakala kwemishini ephuthumayo, ukuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe, ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kweziphathimandla zemvelo, njll. Okuwukuphela kwenkomba lapho izinga lokungcola kwezimo zeCaspian liwumthamo wokukhiqizwa kwezimboni esisekelweni salo, ngokuyinhloko ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrocarbon.

I-Myopathy, noma ukuhlukaniswa kwezicubu zemisipha kuma-sturgeons

Ngo-1987-1989 kuma-sturgeons avuthiwe, into enkulu ye-myopathy yabonwa, ehlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye ezinkulu zemicu yemisipha, kuze kufinyelele ekuhlolweni kwayo okuphelele. Lesi sifo, esathola igama eliyinkimbinkimbi lesayensi - "i-tocosis yezombusazwe eyonakele", besiyinto yesikhashana yesikhathi esifishane futhi siyindilinga (kucatshangelwa ukuthi zifinyelela ku-90% izinhlanzi esikhathini "somfula" sempilo yazo, yize imvelo yalesi sifo ingazange icaciswe, ukuxhumana nokungcoliswa kwemvelo yasemanzini kuyacatshangwa ( kufaka phakathi ukukhishwa kwe-volley kwe-mercury ku-Volga, ukungcoliswa kawoyela, njl.) Igama uqobo "ubuthi bezombusazwe obuqandayo.", ngombono wethu, kuyindali eyenzelwe ukufihla izimbangela zenkinga, kanye nezinkomba "zokungcoliswa okungapheli kolwandle Kunoma ikuphi, ngokuya ngokubona kweTurkmenistan, ngokolwazi oluvela kozakwabo base-Iranian nase-Azerbaijani, i-myopathy ayizange iboniswe kubantu baseSouth Caspian sturgeon. Ngokuvamile, izimpawu ze-myopathy zazingaqoshwa eSouth Caspian, kufaka phakathi nolwandle olusentshonalanga. lesi sifo siyathandwa ngabacwaningi eCaspian: saphinde sasebenza kuwo wonke amacala okufa kwezilwane (izinhlaka entwasahlobo ka-2000, amahlumela entwasahlobo nasehlobo lika-2001).
Ochwepheshe abaningi bahlinzeka ngemininingwane ekholisayo ekuhlobeni kwengxenye yesibungu saseNereis ekudleni namandla esifo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene ze-sturgeon. Kugcizelelwa ukuthi amaNereis aqongelela izinto ezinobuthi. Ngakho-ke, i-stellate sturgeon, edla i-nereis kakhulu, itholakala kalula kwi-myopathy, kanti i-beluga, edla kakhulu izinhlanzi, ayithinteki kangako. Ngakho-ke, kunesizathu esizwakalayo sokukholelwa ukuthi inkinga ye-myopathy ihlobene ngqo nenkinga yokungcoliswa kokugeleza komfula futhi ngokungaqondile nenkinga yezinhlobo zezinye izizwe.

Ukufa kwama-sprats entwasahlobo nasehlobo lika-2001

Inani lama-sprats afa ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo-ehlobo lango-2001 alinganiselwa kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-250, noma ama-40%. Njengoba sinikezwe imininingwane yokuqolwa ngokweqile kwesilinganiso se-ichthyomass kilk eminyakeni edlule, kunzima ukukholelwa ekuthini lezi zibalo zinembile kangakanani. Ngokusobala, hhayi u-40%, kepha cishe sonke ispinat (okungenani ama-80% abantu) bafa eCaspian.Manje kusobala ukuthi imbangela yokufa kwabantu abaningi ngama-sprats bekungeyona isifo, kepha ukuntuleka kokudla okungenampilo. Noma kunjalo, iziphetho ezisemthethweni ziveze "ukunciphisa ukungatheleleki ngenxa ye-" toxicosis yezombusazwe "

Caspian seal carnivore isifo

Njengoba abezindaba bebike, kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2000, kubulawe abantu abaningi kakhulu ngezimpawu zasolwandle eNyakatho Caspian. Izici ezisesimweni sezilwane ezifile nezenziwe buthakathaka ngamehlo abomvu, ikhala elivalekile. I-hypothesis yokuqala ephathelene nezimbangela zokufa yayinobuthi, okwakuqinisekiswa ngokwengxenye ngokutholwa kokugxilwa okuningana kwezinsimbi ezisindayo nokungcoliswa kokuphilayo okuqhubekayo kwezicubu zezilwane ezifile. Kodwa-ke, lokhu okuqukethwe bekungabucayi, mayelana nokuthi i-hypothesis ye- "cumulative politooticosis" idluliselwe kanjani phambili. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Microbiological okwenziwa "ngokulandela intshisakalo eshisayo" kwanikeza isithombe esingaqondakali nesididayo.

Kwadlula izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela lapho kwenzeka khona ukwenza ukucubungula ngegciwane nokuthola imbangela yokufa ngokushesha - isifo se-carnivore isifo morbillevirus (canine distemper).

Ngokwesiphetho esisemthethweni seCaspNIRKh, umfutho wokuqalwa kwalesi sifo ungaba “yi-toum yesifo sombusazwe” futhi izimo ezingezinhle kakhulu ebusika. Ubusika obukhulu kakhulu bunamazinga okushisa aphakathi nenyanga ngoFebhuwari, ama-degree angama-7- 7 ukuphakama kunokwejwayelekile kweqhwa, kuthintekile ekwakhekeni kweqhwa. Isembozo seqhwa esibuthakathaka sikhona isikhashana esithile kuphela emkhakheni osempumalanga weCaspian eseNyakatho. Ukuhlanjululwa kwezilwane akwenzekanga ekufakweni kweqhwa, kodwa ezimweni zokugcwala okukhulu ezigodini zamanzi angajulile asempumalanga, isikhukhula ngezikhathi ezithile lapho ngaphansi kwethonya lemigwaqo sokwenza kube nzima ukwanda kwesimo sokuvalwa kwezimpawu zomqala.

I-epizootic efanayo (okungenani ngezinga elincane) nokukhishwa kwezimpawu zamanzi eziyizi-6,000 ogwini kwenzeka ngo-1997 e-Absheron. Ngemuva kwalokho esinye sezimbangela zokufa kwesibonakaliso sabizwa nangokuthi isifo se-carnivores. Isici sosizi lwangonyaka ka-2000 ukubonakaliswa kwaso kulo lonke ulwandle (ikakhulukazi, ukufa kwezimpawu ogwini lwaseTurkmen kuqala emasontweni angama-2-3 ngaphambi kwemicimbi eNorth Caspian).
Kungcono ukubheka izinga eliphakeme lokudangala kwengxenye ebalulekile yezilwane ezifile njengeqiniso elizimele, ngokwahlukana nokuxilongwa.

Iningi labaphinisi bamanoni linamafutha ngenkathi efudumele, bese lithuthela enyakatho ngenkathi ebandayo, lapho ukuzalanisa nokuncibilika kwenzeka eqhweni. Ngalesi sikhathi, uphawu luyangena emanzini ngokunqikaza kakhulu. Izinkathi zonyaka zibonisa umehluko obukhali emsebenzini wokudla. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokuzala nokuncibilikisa, ngaphezu kwesigamu sesisu sezilwane ezifundwayo azinalutho, okuchazwa hhayi kuphela ngesimo somzimba womzimba, kepha futhi nangobuphofu bokulethwa kokudla okungaphansi kweqhwa (izinto eziphambili yizona zinkunzi nezinkalankala).

Ngesikhathi sokudla, kufinyelela ku-50% wesisindo somzimba esilahlekile ebusika siyanxeshezelwa. Isidingo sonyaka sabantu bokwenza uphawu lokudliwayo singamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-350-80, lapho ama-89,4% adliwayo ngenkathi yokondla ehlobo (Meyi-Okthoba). Ukudla okuyinhloko ehlobo yi-sprat (80% yokudla).

Ngokusekelwe kulezi zibalo, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-280- 20000 wama-sprats ngonyaka adliwa ngophawu. Uma kubhekwa ukuncishiswa kokubanjiswa kwe-sprat, ukuntuleka kokudla ngonyaka we-1999 kungalinganiselwa kumathani ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, noma ama-35%. Leli nani ngeke likhishwe ngezinye izinto zokuphakelayo.

Kungabhekwa kakhulu ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-epizootic phakathi kwezimpawu zasentwasahlobo zonyaka ka-2000 yacasulwa ukungabibikho kokudla (ama-sprats), okuthe ngenxa yalokho, abangelwa ukondliwa ngokweqile futhi, mhlawumbe, ukwethulwa kwe-cencophore Mnemiopsis. Maqondana nokuncipha okuqhubekayo kwezitoko ze-sprat, kungaphindwaphindwa ukufa kwabantu abaningi besibalo eminyakeni ezayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, okokuqala, inani labantu lizolahlekelwa yiyo yonke inzalo (izilwane ezingondli okunamafutha ngeke zingene ekukhiqizweni kabusha, noma zizolahlekelwa amazinyane azo ngokushesha). Mhlawumbe, ingxenye ebalulekile yezinsikazi ekwazi ukuzalanisa nayo izokufa (ukukhulelwa nokukhipha inyawo - ukukhathala komzimba, njll.). Isakhiwo sabantu sizoshintsha kakhulu.

Ukuqapha kufanele kusetshenziswe maqondana nobuningi 'bemininingwane yokuhlaziya' kuwo wonke amacala angenhla. Cishe ayikho imininingwane etholakalayo ekwakhekeni kobulili kanye nobudala bezilwane ezifile, indlela yokuhlola inani eliphelele, imininingwane kumasampula athathwe kulezi zilwane ayengekho noma ayicutshungulwanga. Esikhundleni salokho, kuhlaziywa amakhemikhali anhlobonhlobo lwezakhi (kufaka phakathi izinsimbi ezisindayo nezinto eziphilayo), imvamisa ngaphandle kolwazi ngezindlela zokusampula, umsebenzi wokuhlaziya, amazinga, njll. Ngenxa yalokhu, "iziphetho" zigcwele ukukhohlakala okuningi. Isibonelo, ekuphetheni kwe-All-Russian Research Institute for Control, Standardization and Certification of Veterinary Medicines (ephindwa yiGreenpeace kwabezindaba eziningi) kukhona ama- “372 mg / kg ama-polychlorobiphenyls” (.). Uma ushintsha ama-milligrams ngama-micrograms, lokhu okuqukethwe okuphezulu, isici, ngokwesibonelo, ubisi lwebele lomuntu kubantu abadla ukudla kwezinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imininingwane etholakala kuma-epizootic e-morbillevirus ezinhlotsheni ezihlobene ze-seal (iBaikal, iWhite Sea, njll.) Ayizange ibhekwe nakancane, futhi nesimo sokudonswa kwempahla njengoba bekuyinto yokudla eyinhloko nayo ayihloliswanga.

3. Ukungena kwezinto eziphilayo

Usongo lokuhlasela kwezinhlobo zabafokazi kuze kube esedlule lwalungathathwa njengolubucayi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uLwandle lweCaspian lwalusetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlola yokwenziwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha eziklanyelwe ukukhulisa umkhiqizo wezinhlanzi okususwayo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le misebenzi yenziwa ikakhulukazi ngesisekelo sezibikezelo zesayensi; kwezinye izikhathi, inhlanzi kanye nento eyondlayo yethulwa ngasikhathi sinye (ngokwesibonelo, umhlonyane ne-nereis). Izizathu zokwaziswa kokufakwa kwezinhlobo zohlobo oluthile noma ezinye zazingokwesikhashana futhi azange zibheke imiphumela yesikhathi eside (ngokwesibonelo, ukubukeka kokuphela kokuphela kokudla, ukuncintisana kokudla nezinhlobo zomdabu ezibaluleke kakhulu, ukunqwabelana kwezinto ezinobuthi, njll.). Ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi kuncipha minyaka yonke, ekuhlelweni kokubanjwa kwezinhlobo ezibalulekile (i-herring, i-pike perch, i-carp ejwayelekile) kwathathelwa indawo yilokho okungabalulekile (ingxenye encane, i-sprat). Kubo bonke abahlaseli, i-mullet kuphela enikeze ukwanda okuncane (cishe amathani angama-700, eminyakeni engcono kakhulu - kuze kufinyelele kumathani angama-2000) yemikhiqizo yezinhlanzi, engeke yanxephezela ngomonakalo odalwe ukwethulwa.

Lezi zigameko zaba nomlingiswa omangazayo lapho kubuye kwaqala ukwenziwa kabusha kwezinhlwayiya zomnumzane i-Mnemiopsis (Mnemiopsis leidyi) eCaspian. Ngokusho kukaKaspNIRKh, i-mnemiopsis yaqoshwa ngokusemthethweni eCaspian okokuqala ekwindla ka-1999. Kodwa-ke, idatha yokuqala engaqinisekisiwe yenzeka maphakathi nawo-80s, futhi maphakathi nama-90s izixwayiso zokuqala zavela mayelana nokwenzeka kwayo kanye nomonakalo ongaba khona, ngokususelwa kulwazi olumnyama lwe-Azov .

Umahlulela imininingwane ecezuzanayo, inani lama-ctenophores endaweni enikeziwe lingashintsha kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe baseTurkmen babona ukugxila okukhulu kwe-Mnemiopsis esifundeni sase-Avaza ngoJuni 2000, ngo-Agasti walowo nyaka akuzange kubhalwe kulesi sifunda, kwathi ngo-Agasti 2001 ukuhlaselwa kweMnemiopsis kwakusuka ku-62 kuye ku-550 org / m3.

Kuyamangaza ukuthi isayensi esemthethweni eyiKaspNIRKh kuze kube umzuzu wokugcina wenqabe umthelela weMnemiopsis ezitokisini zezinhlanzi. Ekuqaleni kuka-2001, njengesizathu sokwehla kwesibalo sezinhlwathi ezingama-3-4, lolu theisis lwabekwa phambili lokuthi izikole "zathuthelwa kwezinye izijule," futhi kwathi entwasahlobo yalowo nyaka, ngemuva kokubulawa ngesihluku kwe-sprat, kwaqashelwa ukuthi iMnemiopsis yadlala indima kulokhu.

UGrebnevik wavela okokuqala oLwandle i-Azov eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, kwathi phakathi kuka-1985-1990. zayichitha ngokoqobo i-Azov ne-Black Seas. Kukho konke, lalethwa namanzi amabi emikhunjini evela ogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika; Ukungena kwiCaspian kwakunzima. Idla ikakhulu nge-zooplankton, idla cishe ama-40% esisindo sayo nsuku zonke, ngaleyo ndlela ichithe isisekelo sokudla kwezinhlanzi zaseCaspian. Ukuzala kabusha okusheshayo nokungabikho kwezitha zemvelo kukwenza ngaphandle komncintiswano nabanye abathengi be-plankton. Ukudla futhi izinhlobo ze-planktonic zezinto eziphilayo ze-benthic, i-ctenophore kubeka usongo enhlanzini ebaluleke kakhulu ye-benthophagous (sturgeon). Umthelela ezinhlanzini ezibalulekile ezomnotho uboniswa hhayi ngokungaqondile, ngokuncipha kokuphakelwa kokudla, kodwa futhi nasekubhujisweni kwabo okuqondile. Ngaphansi komshini wokucindezela omkhulu kukhona ama-sprats, i-brackish herring kanye ne-mullet, okuvela kuyo i-caviar nezibungu kwikholamu yamanzi. I-Caviar ye-pike perch, i-atherin kanye nezinto ezihamba phansi ezitshalweni futhi izitshalo zingakugwema ukuqagelwa okuqondile ngumhlaseli, kepha uma zishintshela ekukhuleni kwezibungu nazo zingaba sengozini. Izici ezinqamula ukusakazeka kwe-ctenophore eCaspian zifaka usawoti (ngaphansi kuka-2 g / l) kanye nokushisa kwamanzi (ngaphansi kuka + 40 ° C).

Uma isimo oLwandle lweCaspian luzothuthuka ngendlela efanayo nasolwandle lwase-Azov naseLwandle Olumnyama, khona-ke ukulahleka okuphelele kwenani lezokudoba olwandle kuzokwenzeka phakathi konyaka ka-2012 kuya ku-5 ,5, umonakalo osuwonke uzoba cishe ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha ngonyaka. Kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okukhulu kwezimo zeCaspian, ushintsho olukhulu kusawoti, izinga lokushisa lamanzi nokuqukethwe kwezakhi zomzimba ngesizini nangendawo yendawo, umthelela we-Mnemiopsis ngeke ubhubhise kakhulu njengasolwandle Olumnyama.

Ukusindiswa kokubaluleka komnotho wolwandle kungenzeka kube ukwethulwa okuphuthumayo kwesitha sayo semvelo, yize lesi silinganiso singeke sakwazi ukubuyisa isimo semvelo esonakalisiwe. Kuze kube manje, muncu munye kuphela kule ndima osubaliwe - ikamu le-beroe. Okwamanje, kunokungabaza okukhulu ngokusebenza kwe-beroe eCaspian, njengoba izwela kakhulu ekushiseni nasosawoti kune-Mnemiopsis.

4. Ukungena ngokweqile nokuzingela

Kukholelwa kakhulu phakathi kochwepheshe bezimboni yezokudoba ukuthi ngenxa yesiphithiphithi sezomnotho ezifundazweni zaseCaspian ngeminyaka yo-1990, amasheya cishe azo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho (ngaphandle kwe-sturgeon) ayengasebenzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo seminyaka yezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe kukhombisa ukuthi ngisho ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona ukudoba okukhulu (okungenani, i-anchovy sprats). Ngakho-ke, ekubanjweni kwama-sprats we-1974, ngaphezu kwama-70% ayenhlanzi ezineminyaka engu-4-8. Ngo-1997, isabelo saleli qembu leminyaka sehle saya ku-2%, kanti inqwaba yayizinhlanzi ezineminyaka yobudala engama-2-3.
Izilinganiso ze-Catch zaqhubeka nokukhula kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2001. Inani eliphelele elivumelekile lokubamba (i-TAC) lonyaka we-1997 lalinqunywa ukuba ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-210-230, amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-178,2 asetshenziswa, umehluko kubangelwe “ubunzima bezomnotho”. Ngo-2000, i-TAC yanqunywa kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-272, ayengamathani - izinkulungwane ezingama-144.22. Ezinyangeni ezi-2 zokugcina zika-2000, ukubanjiswa kwe-sprat kwehla amahlandla angama-4-5, kepha ngisho nalokhu akuzange kufake ukwehla kwenani lezinhlanzi, kwathi ngo-2001 I-ODU yandiswa yaba ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-300. Futhi ngisho nangemva kokushona kwezixhaxha kweCaspNIRKh, ukubikezela kuka-2002 kwehliswe kancane (ikakhulukazi, isilinganiso seRussia sehlisiwe sisuka kumathani ayi-150 kuye kwangama-107 ezinkulungwane). Lesi sibikezelo asinangqondo ngokuphelele futhi sibonisa kuphela isifiso sokuqhubeka nokuxhaphaza insizakusebenza ngisho nasenkingeni eyinhlekelele ngokusobala.
Lokhu kusenza siqaphele ukuthi isayensi yezizathu zokukhishwa kwezilinganiso ezakhishwa yiCasNNKhKh kule minyaka edlule zizo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Lokhu kukhombisa isidingo sokudlulisela incazelo yemikhawulo yokuxhashazwa kwezinsizakalo zezinto eziphilayo ezandleni zezinhlangano zezemvelo.

Ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu, ukungafani kahle kwesayensi yegatsha kuthinte isimo sama-sturgeons. Le nkinga yayisobala emuva ngawo-80s. Ukusuka ngo-1983 kuya ku-1992, ukubanjwa kwe-Caspian sturgeon kwehle izikhathi ezingama-2,6 (kusuka kuma-23,5 kuye ku-8,9 wamathani ayizinkulungwane), futhi eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili elandelayo - okunye amahlandla ayishumi (afinyelela ku-0.9 izinkulungwane zamathani ngo-1999 .).

Kwabantu abaningi baleli qembu lezinhlanzi, kukhona inani elikhulu lezinto zokuvimbela, phakathi kwazo okubaluleke kakhulu yilezi ezintathu: ukususwa kwezizathu zemvelo ezinqabile, i-myopathy kanye nokuzingela. Ukuhlaziywa ngokungakhethi kukhombisa ukuthi ayikho neyodwa kulezi zinto eyayibucayi kuze kube muva nje.

Isici sokugcina sokwehliswa kwesibalo sabahlali be-sturgeon sidinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela. Izilinganiso zokubanjwa kwezingane ngokuzingela zikhule ngokushesha phambi kwamehlo ethu: sisuka kuma-30-50% ekubanjweni okusemthethweni ngonyaka we-1997 kuye amahlandla ama-4-5 (1998) nezikhathi eziyi-10-11-16-15 ngesikhathi sika-2000-2002. Ngo-2001, inani lezimayini zeCaspNIRKh ngokungemthetho lalinganiselwa kumathani ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili zamathani e-sturgeon kanye namathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,2 caviar, amanani afanayo aqhamuka ezilinganisweni zeCITES, esitatimendeni seKomidi Lokudoba Yezwe Lombuso waseRussia. Njengoba kunikezwe inani eliphakeme le-caviar emnyama (kusuka kumadola angama-800 kuya kwangama-5 000 kg ngakunye emazweni aseNtshonalanga), amahlebezi mayelana ne "caviar mafia", okusolakala ukuthi ayengalawulwa nje ngokudoba kuphela, kepha nezinhlangano ezisebenzisa umthetho ezindaweni zaseCaspian, zazisakazwa kabanzi ngabezindaba. Ngempela, uma umthamo wokusebenza kwesithunzi ungamakhulu ezigidi - amadola ayizigidigidi, lezi zibalo ziqhathaniswa nesabelomali samazwe anjengeKazakhstan, iTurkmenistan neAzerbaijan.

Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi iminyango yezimali nezinhlaka zamandla ala mazwe, kanye neRussian Federation, azikuboni ukugeleza okunjalo kwemali nezimpahla. Okwamanje, izibalo zamacala atholakele zibukeka njengemiyalo eminingana yobukhulu obukhulu. Isibonelo, e-Russian Federation cishe amathani angama-300 enhlanzi namathani ayi-12 e-caviar abanjwa njalo ngonyaka. Ngaso sonke isikhathi ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR, yimizamo embalwa kuphela eyenziwe yokukhipha ngokungekho emthethweni i-caviar emnyama phesheya.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akunzima ukucubungula ngobuhlakani amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili ka-sturgeon namathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,2 caviar. Eminyakeni yama-80s, kwakukhona imboni yonke yokucubungula amanani afanayo e-USSR, ibutho labaphathi bebhizinisi lalibandakanyekile ekunikezelweni ngosawoti, izitsha, izinto zokufaka, njll.

Umbuzo wokudotshwa kwasolwandle ama-sturgeon. Kunokubandlulula ukuthi bekungukuvinjwa kokudotshwa kwama-sturgeon ngo-1962 okuvumela ukubuyiselwa kwabantu bazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Eqinisweni, kunezinqumo ezimbili ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganisiwe lapha. Ukuvinjelwa kokudotshwa kwasolwandle nokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ezinezinyamazane nokuyingxenye, lapho kucekelwa phansi khona inqwaba yezinsizwa ezingama-sturgeon, kwabamba iqhaza elikhulu kulondolozo lwe-sturgeon. Empeleni, ukwenqatshelwa kokudotshwa kwasolwandle akubanga ngisho nendima ebalulekile. Ngokombono webhayoloji, lokhu kwenqatshelwa akunangqondo, kepha kunencazelo enhle yokuthengisa. Ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ezinwebayo kulula kakhulu futhi kukuvumela ukuthi uthole i-caviar eningi kunenye indawo (10%). Ukwenqatshelwa kokudotshwa kwasolwandle kuvumela ukugxila ekukhiqizeni emilonyeni yeVolga kanye ne-Urals futhi kusize ukulawula phezu kwawo, kufaka phakathi ukukhohliswa kwezilinganiso zetotota.

Ukuhlaziya umlando wokulwa nokuzingela e-Caspian, kungahlukaniswa izinsuku ezimbili ezibalulekile. NgoJanuwari 1993, kwathathwa isinqumo sokuxhuma amabutho asemngceleni, amaphoyisa abashokobezi kanye neminye imikhosi yezokuphepha kule nkinga, nokho, eyaba nomthelela omncane ezinambeni zenhlanzi ezabanjwa. Ngo-1994, lapho kwenziwa imisebenzi yalezi zinhlaka ukuze kusebenzewe eVolga delta (i-Operation Putin), inani lezinhlanzi zabanjwa laphindeka kathathu.

Ukudoba olwandle kuyinkimbinkimbi, akukaze kunikeze ngaphezu kwe-20% yokubanjwa kwama-sturgeon. Ikakhulu, ngasogwini lwaseDagestan, manje olubhekwe njengoluthengisela kakhulu imikhiqizo yezinhlanzi, ngesikhathi sokuloba olwandle okuvumelekile, akukho ngaphezulu kwe-10% elalakhiwe. Ukubanjwa kwe-Sturgeon emilonyeni yemifula kusebenza kaningi, ikakhulukazi ngenani eliphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- "elite" yomhlambi we-sturgeon ishaywa emifuleni, kuyilapho izinhlanzi ezinokuphazamiseka okukhona zibutha olwandle.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-Iran, ebamba kakhulu ukudotshwa kwasolwandle ama-sturgeon, ayigcinanga nje ngokunciphisa, kepha futhi yakhuphuka kancane kancane, yaba ngumphakeli ophambili we-caviar emakethe yomhlaba, yize iqiniso lokuthi umhlambi waseNingizimu Caspian kufanele uqothulwe ngabazingeli baseTurkmenistan nase-Azerbaijan . Ukuze kulondolozwe izinsizwa ezingama-sturgeon, i-Iran yaze yaqhubeka nokunciphisa indabuko yokudoba kuleli lizwe.

Ngokusobala, ukudoba kwasolwandle akuyona into enqumayo ekwehleni kwezinga labantu abangama-sturgeon.Umonakalo oyinhloko wezinhlanzi wenziwa lapho ukudotshwa kwawo okugxileke khona - emilonyeni yeVolga nase-Urals.

5. Ukulawulwa kokugeleza komfula. Shintsha kwimijikelezo yemvelo yemvelo

Ukwakhiwa okukhulu kwe-hydro kwiVolga (bese kuba seKura nakwamanye imifula) kusukela ngeminyaka engama-30s. I-XX century yanciphisa i-sturgeon yezwe laseCaspian iningi lezindawo zabo zemvelo eziluhlaza (ze-beluga - 100%). Ukuze unxephezele lo monakalo, kwakhiwa ama-hatcheries futhi ayakhiwa. Inani le-fry ekhishwe (kwesinye isikhathi kuphela ephepheni) lisebenza njengesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokunquma isilinganiso samanani okubamba izinhlanzi ezibalulekile. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukulimala kokulahleka kwemikhiqizo yolwandle kusatshalaliswa kuwo wonke amazwe aseCaspian, kanye nezinzuzo ezivela ku-hydropower nokunisela - kuphela emazweni lapho umthethonqubo wokugeleza kwensimu wawo wenzekile. Lesi simo asishukumiseli amazwe aseCaspian ukuthi abuyisele izindawo zemvelo ezinwebayo, alondoloze ezinye izindawo zemvelo - izindawo ezinikeza ukudla, ubusika be-sturgeon, njll.

Izikhuhla kumadamu zinamaphutha amaningi ezobuchwepheshe, futhi uhlelo lokubala izinhlanzi ezivezwa lukhona nalo alusetshenziswa ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ngezinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu, i-fry rolling egudla umfula ngeke ibuyele olwandle, kodwa izokwakha abantu bokufakelwa ezindlini ezingcolisiwe nezingondlekile zokudla. Kwakungamadamu, hhayi ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kanye nokushiswa ngokweqile, okwaba yisizathu esikhulu sokwehliswa komhlambi we-sturgeon. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngemuva kokubhujiswa kohlelo lwe-Kargaly hydroelectric, i-sturgeon ibonwe iphaphalaza emaphethelweni angenhla weTerek.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ukwakhiwa kwamadamu kufaka nezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu. INyakatho Caspian yayiyindawo ecebe kakhulu yolwandle. I-Volga ilethe i-phosphorus yamaminerali lapha (cishe i-80% yemali isiyonke), inikela ngobuningi bemikhiqizo yokuqala yezinto eziphilayo (photosynthetic). Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakhiwa ama-70% ezindawo zokugcina ama-sturgeon kule ngxenye yolwandle. Manje iningi le-phosphate liyadliwa ezindaweni ezihlala amaVolga, kuthi ifosphorus ingene olwandle isivele isezimweni zezinto eziphilayo nezifile. Ngenxa yalokhu, umjikelezo webhayoloji usushintshe kakhulu: ukuncishiswa kwamaketanga we-trophic, ukuxhaphaka kwengxenye yokubhujiswa komjikelezo, njll. Izindawo zokukhiqiza kakhulu i-bio manje sezisezindaweni ezikhulayo ezigudle ugu lweDagestan nasezigodini ezijulile zeSouth Caspian. Izindawo eziphambili zokuphakela izinhlanzi ezibalulekile zishintshele kulezi zindawo. Kwenziwe "amawindi" kumaketanga wokudla, imvelo engenakulinganiswa idala izimo ezinhle zokungena kwezinhlobo zezinye izizwe (ctenophore mnemiopsis, njll).

ETurkmenistan, ukonakala kwezindawo ezihlakazekile zomfula u-Atrek odlulayo kubangelwa izizathu eziyinkimbinkimbi, kubandakanya nokuncipha kokutholakala kwamanzi, ukulawulwa kokuphambanisa eRiphabhliki Yezwe lase-Iran, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwesiteshi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlanzi ezingena endaweni ethile kuncike kokuqukethwe kwamanzi oMfula i-Atrek, okuholela esimweni esishubile sezindawo zokugcina zezentengiso zoMhlambi we-Atrek we-Caspian roach kanye ne-carp. Ithonya lomthethonqubo wase-Atrek ekonakalisweni kwezindawo ezinamaphaphu alivezwanga nakancane ekuntulekeni kwenani lamanzi. I-Atrek ingenye yemifula enodaka kakhulu emhlabeni, ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yokuhoxa kwamanzi ngezikhathi ezithile, kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu kwesiteshi.
I-Urals ihlala ukuphela kokungalawulwa kwemifula emikhulu yomgodi waseCaspian. Kodwa-ke, isimo sezindawo ezivundile kulo mfula naso asisihle neze. Inkinga enkulu namuhla ukusikwa kwesiteshi. Lapho inhlabathi esigodini sase-Ural ivikelwe amahlathi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi la mahlathi anqunywa, futhi indawo yokugcwala yatshalwa cishe emaphethelweni amanzi. Ngemuva kokuthi “kumiswe ukuzulazula e-Urals ukuze kulondolozwe ama-sturgeon”, umsebenzi wokuhlanza izitaladi waphela, okwenza izindawo eziningi ezazivulekile kulo mfula zingafinyeleleki.

Izinga eliphakeme lokungcoliswa kolwandle nemifula egeleza kulo bekuyisikhathi eside iyinto ekukhathazayo ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezingenawo umoya-mpilo eCaspian, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseningizimu yeGulf of Turkmenistan, yize le nkinga ibingafakwanga ohlwini.
Kodwa-ke, idatha yakamuva ethembekile kulolu daba ivela emuva kuma-80s okuqala. Okwamanje, ukungalingani okukhulu ekuhlelweni nasekubunqambeni kwento yezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yokufakwa kwe-Mnemiopsis ctenophore kungaholela kwizinguquko ezinkulu kanye nezinhlekelele. Njengoba i-Mnemiopsis ingabeki usongo emisebenzini ye-photosynthetic ye-unicellular algae, kepha ithinta ingxenye ebhubhisayo yomjikelezo (i-zooplankton - inhlanzi - i-benthos), into e-organic efayo izoqongelela, ibangele ukutheleleka kwe-hydrogen sulfide yezingqimba ezingezansi zamanzi. Ukunobuthi kwamabhentshi asele kuzoholela ekwandeni okuqhubekayo kwezindawo ze-anaerobic. Umuntu angabikezela ngesibindi ukwakheka kwezindawo ezinkulu ezingenawo umoya-mpilo noma kuphi lapho kunemibandela yokuhlangana kwamanzi isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho amanzi ahlanzekile nosawoti exutshwe khona, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesisindo se-algae enama-unicellular. Lezi zindawo zihlangana nezindawo zokungena kwe-phosphorus - kumathafa ajulileko we-Middle and Southern Caspian (indawo ekhuphukayo) kanye nasemngceleni weNyakatho nePhakathi ye-Caspian. Amasayithi anokuqukethwe komoya ophefumulwayo nawo aqashelwa eNyakatho Caspian; inkinga iyanda ngokuba khona kokumboza kweqhwa ezinyangeni zasebusika. Le nkinga izothuthukisa isimo sezinhlanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiso (zibulala, izithiyo ezindleleni ezifudukayo, njll.).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi ukwakheka kwe-taxonomic ye-phytoplankton kuzovela kanjani ngaphansi kwezimo ezintsha. Kwezinye izimo, ngokudla kakhulu izakhi zomzimba, ukwakhiwa kwama-“tides red” akunqatshiwe, ngokwesibonelo, izinqubo ezenzeka eSoymonov Bay (eTurkmenistan).

7. Iziphetho

1. Njengamanje, izinsongo ezenziwe ngabantu kanye nobungozi akuxhunyanwanga nganoma iyiphi indlela nenzuzo yezwe ngalinye etholwe ngokuxhashazwa kwezinsizakusebenza zeCaspian. Isibonelo, ngaphansi kohlelo lwamanje lokunquma izilinganiso zokudotshwa kwama-sturgeon, umonakalo odalwe ukuhlola kwe-oyili, ukwakhiwa kwe-hydro, ukuzingela kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi omfula nolwandle kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyafana kuwo wonke amazwe, okungelona iqiniso futhi akukuvuseleli ukwamukelwa kwezinyathelo ezifanele zokulungisa isimo.
2. Umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu emvelweni nasezinsizakalweni zemvelo zolwandle kubangelwa ukonakala kwezindawo zemvelo (kufaka phakathi ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali), ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kanye nokungena kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezingaziwa. Izifo ezinkulu ziyimbangela yesibili ebangelwa yilezi ezintathu ezingenhla.
3. Ukungcoliswa kolwandle kubangelwa ikakhulu yikhwalithi yamanzi emifula. Ukukhula okuphansi kwemisebenzi yezimboni nezolimo esiqiwini iVolga kusikisela ukuthi izinga lamanzi asemifuleni ngeke lisiwohloke eminyakeni ezayo, futhi nokukhishwa okuphuthumayo kuzosulwa ngenxa yokuba khona kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi.
4. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukungcola kwasolwandle okwenziwa isikhathi esifushane kusuka ekukhiqizeni uwoyela kuzokhula kakhulu, ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Caspian, ngokusakazeka kancane kancane kuya eMiddlepi naseNingizimu Caspian ogwini olusentshonalanga. Ukuphela kwendlela yokuqothula lokhu kungcola kungukunciphisa umkhawulo kawoyela, ngokomthetho.
5. Umonakalo oyinhlekelele ezinsizakalweni zezinhlanzi obangelwa ukudoba ngokweqile uwumphumela oqondile wokuxakeka kwemisebenzi yokusetshenziswa, ukuqapha nokulawulwa kwezinsiza ezandleni zomnyango ofanayo (njengoba bekuloluhlelo lohlelo lwangaphambili lweSoviet Rybprom). Isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke sesayensi yeCaspian - iCaspNIRKh iyisakhiwo esiyimboni yezimboni zokudoba. Ikhomishini eyaziwa ngokuthi yiKhomishini yaphesheya kwezilwandle i-Aquatic Bioresource yasolwandle iCaspian yasungulwa ngonyaka we-1992 ngesisekelo seqembu elisebenzayo eKaspryba JSC. Iziphathimandla zezemvelo zeCaspian littoral state azimelelwa kuKhomishini, okuholela ekutheni izilinganiso ezabelwe kwesinye isikhathi ziphindwe kabili iziphakamiso zesikhungo esingaphansi kweCaspNIRKh.
6. Esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, ukubaluleka kwezomnotho kwemithombo yezinto eziphilayo yolwandle kuzokwehla kungacishe kube yi-zero, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezichithiwe eduze kweVolga ne-Urals, isidingo sokuxhumanisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezinhlanzi sizonyamalala uqobo. Izinga eliphakeme lezimo zemvelo ezingalingani (amaminerali amanzi, ukungena kwe-discrete yabasebenzisi abagxekayo, iqhwa engxenyeni esenyakatho yolwandle, njll.), Kanye nokuvumelanisa ne-Caspian biota ukuze izinguquko zisivumele ukuba nethemba lokuthi isimo semvelo saseCaspian sizogcina amandla abo okubuyela.
7. Amathuba okubuyiselwa kwemvelo yeCaspian kuncike kakhulu ezenzweni ezihlanganisiwe zezifundazwe zaseCaspian. Kuze kube manje, ngenani elikhulu lezinqumo nezinhlelo ezamukelwe "zemvelo", azikho izinhlelo nezinqubo zokubheka ukusebenza kwazo ngempumelelo. Uhlelo olunjalo lunenzuzo kuzo zonke izinhlaka zebhizinisi ezisebenza eCaspian, okubandakanya izinhlaka zikahulumeni, izinkampani zezwe nezezizwe.
8. Uhlelo lokuqapha imvelo nokucwaninga kwesayensi eCaspian lwenziwa ngamandla amakhulu, luyinkinga, luyabiza futhi alusebenzisi, luvumela ukusetshenziswa kolwazi kanye nemibono yomphakathi.
9. Indlela engenzeka yokuphuma kwesimo esikhona kungenzeka kube ukwakhiwa kohlelo lwe-phenthnic oluhlanganisa imisebenzi yokuqapha nolwazi lomphakathi. Uhlelo lolu kufanele lushintshashintshe ngangokunokwenzeka, luhlukaniswe ezikhundleni, lufanele ukubandakanyeka kancane kancane komphakathi jikelele ekuphathweni kwezinsiza zemvelo.

I-Timur Berkeliev,
I-Ecoclub СATENA, Ashgabat

Incazelo emfushane

Eminyakeni yamuva, inkinga yokulondolozwa kwempilo yemvelo yento eyingqayizivele yemvelo, efana nolwandle iCaspian, iye yaba yimbi kakhulu. Ulwandle lweCaspian luyindawo yokugcina ehlukile, imithombo yayo ye-hydrocarbon kanye nomcebo webhayoloji awunazimpawu emhlabeni.
ICaspian yisitsha esidala kakhulu esakha uwoyela emhlabeni. E-Azerbaijan, eNhlonhlo ye-Absheron, ukukhiqizwa kawoyela kwaqala eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-150 edlule, futhi ukutshala imali kwangaphandle kwaqondiswa lapho okokuqala. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Offshore kwaqala ngo-1924.

Isingeniso ………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Imvelaphi nendawo yokuhlala oLwandle lweCaspian. …………. 4
Izinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle lweCaspian ……… .. ……………………………. 5
Ukungcola Kawoyela ..... …………………………………………………………… .6
Ukungcoliswa komfula .. ……………………………………………………… 11
Ukungena kwezinto eziphilayo njengakwamanye amazwe ………………………………………………… 12
Ukudoba nokuzingela ngokweqile ……………………………………………
Izifo …………………………………………………. …………… 14
Ukungcoliswa kwensimbi esindayo ………………………………………
I-eutrophication ………………………………………………………………… ..16
Ukufa kwezimpawu zamanzi ………………………………………………………………………. 17
Izinkinga zemvelo zengxenye yeKazakh yoLwandle lweCaspian .... 17
Izinyathelo zokugcina uzinzo kuLwandle lweCaspian ………………… 18
Isiphetho …………………………………………………………………………………………… .20
Uhlu lwezincwadi ezisetshenzisiwe ……………………………………………………………. 21

Imikhiqizo kawoyela

Emathunjini amanzi aseCaspian kufihlwe imali eningi efakwe kawoyela negesi, ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kwenziwa nsuku zonke. Ngokuya ngokugcinwa, uLwandle lweCaspian lwesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngemuva kwePersian Gulf. Ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa nendawo yokugcina amanzi, ngisho nokuchitheka kwe-oyili okuncane kuyingozi endaweni yendawo yamanzi nezakhamuzi zayo.

Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwamanzi ifaka lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Amanzi amdaka. Cishe ama-90% okungcoliswa angena emzimbeni wamanzi ngokuhamba komfula ngenxa yokusebenzisa amanzi okulahla imfucuza. Phakathi kwazo, ukusebenza kwezimayini, izinsimbi, ama-phenols, nezinto ezi-organic kuvame kakhulu. Ukuthuthwa kwendle okungekho emgodini kudonswa njalo kwiVolga, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, inani eliphezulu lemikhiqizo yamafutha emifuleni egeleza oLwandle lweCaspian idlula okwejwayelekile ngesici esiyishumi.
2. Imithombo kawoyela negesi. Ukuthuthukiswa kokufakwa kwamaminerali asuka eRussia, Azerbaijan naseTurkmenistan kunomthelela ekungcoleni kwendawo yokugcina amanzi. Izimbungulu zokumba izinsimu ziyimithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa koLwandle iCaspian. Ukusuka emthonjeni owodwa okugcina kuthola kusuka ku-25 kuya ku-100 amalitha kawoyela.
3. Ukuhambisa. Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kungenye yezimbangela zokungcoliswa kwamanzi ngenxa yokuvuza kophethiloli. Lapho uhambisa i-oyili emanzini, kuchitheka i-oyili futhi.

Ukukhishwa kwemfucumfucu kaphethiloli kufanekisela usongo olukhulu emithini nasezintabeni zoLwandle lweCaspian. Uwoyela, lapho ungena emanzini, usakaza kuwo kanye nefilimu emincane futhi ulimaze nezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke umsebenzi wezixhumanisi zeketheni lokuphazamiseka uphazamisekile.

Ukwehliswa kwezinga lamanzi

Ulwandle lweCaspian, ngaphandle kwegama, empeleni lichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Emashumini eminyaka edlule, inani lamanzi akulo liyancipha kancane kancane, okubandakanya ukusongela kokungaxhumi. Ososayensi baqophe iqiniso lokwehla konyaka kwezinga lokugcina ngamasentimitha angama-6-7. Izindawo ezithintekile ikakhulukazi zeCaspian.

Lesi simo siholela emiphumeleni emibi:

1. Izinga losawoti wamanzi liyakhuphuka. Ngenxa yalokho, izitshalo ezingashintshiwe ezimweni ezinjalo ziyafa.
2. Inani lezinhlanzi echibini liyancipha.
3. Uhlelo lokuhamba ezindaweni ezingashoni luhlupheka - kancane kancane amanzi ancipha emadolobheni anamachweba.

Ngokwesilinganiso esifanayo sokwehla kwamazinga amanzi, emashumini ambalwa eminyaka inyakatho yoLwandle iCaspian izophenduka umhlaba.

Kunezizathu eziningi zokungaxwayi ndawo yendawo yamanzi.

Okokuqala, kufaka phakathi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu esifundeni, ikakhulukazi endaweni yaseVolga, okuwumthombo ophambili wokudla komsoco okongeni. Eminyakeni engu-15-20 edlule, izinga lokushisa lomoya oLwandle lweCaspian lenyuke ngesilinganiso esingu-1.

Ulwandle lweCaspian alunayo imithombo ejwayelekile yokuyixhuma nolunye ulwandle nezilwandle, ngakho-ke izinga laso lithinteka ngenani lokushona kwezulu, izinga lokuhwamuka kanye nokungena kwemifula. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kuholele ekunyukeni kwamanzi okuhwamukayo kusuka ebusweni bethala.

Namuhla, uLwandle lweCaspian lunokulinganisela okungalungile kwamanzi - luphuma ngaphezu kwalokho luvela ngaphandle.

Ukudoba

ICaspian yaziwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zenhlanzi ezibalulekile. Kulapha lapho kwenziwa khona ngaphezu kwama-80% womkhiqizo we-sturgeon womhlaba. Namuhla oLwandle iCaspian kunezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingaba ngu-130. Inyakatho yedamu kanye nomlomo weVolga kubaluleke kakhulu - kulezi zindawo kunenqwaba yama-sturgeon, stellate stellate ne-beluga. Futhi kule ngxenye yomzimba wamanzi kunezimpawu eziningi. Ngalesi sizathu, ngisho nangesikhathi seSoviet Union, lesi sifunda sasithathwa njengendawo yokonga.

Ukudoba ngokweqile kwezinhlanzi ze-sturgeon kungenye yezinkinga eziphambili zemvelo zoLwandle iCaspian. Le nhlanzi ibhekwa njengebalulekile ngenxa ye-caviar (abanye bayibiza ngokuthi "igolide elimnyama"). ICaspian inikeza ngaphezulu kwamaphesenti angama-90 omthamo wayo womhlaba.

Ukuwa kwe-USSR kuholele ekuqothulweni kobuningi babokudoba ngokuqina e-Azerbaijan naseTurkmenistan. Ngenxa yalokho, ukubanjwa kwalezi zinhlanzi kwaqala ukuba kukhulu. Namuhla, ama-sturgeon asondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni. Abazingeli babhubhise ngaphezulu kwamaphesenti angama-90 amasheya we-sturgeon.

Kukhona izindlela zokugcina ngenhlanzi izinsalela, kepha imvelo kuphela engenza lokho kulahlekelwe.

Ulwandle lweCaspian ngumzimba wamanzi oyingqayizivele. Yinake kakhulu, uxazulula izinkinga zemvelo., Izosiza ukugcina indawo enamanzi kanye nemvelo yayo.

Ukushintshashintsha njalo kwezinga lolwandle

Enye inkinga ukuguquguquka kwezinga lolwandle, ukwehla kwamanzi, kanye nokwehliswa kwendawo engaphezulu kwamanzi nendawo yamashalofu. Inani lamanzi avela emifuleni egeleza olwandle sehlile. Lokhu kwenziwe lula ngokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zamanzi kanye nokuphambukiswa kwamanzi omfula kwizindawo zokugcina amanzi.

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Amasampula wamanzi nodaka oluvela phansi koLwandle lweCaspian lubonisa ukuthi indawo yamanzi ingcoliswe nge-phenols nezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene: i-zebury ne-lead, i-cadmium ne-arsenic, i-nickel ne-vanadium, i-barium, yethusi ne-zinc.Izinga lalezi zinto zamakhemikhali emanzini lidlula zonke izinkambiso ezivumelekile, ezilimaza kakhulu ulwandle nezakhamuzi zalo. Enye inkinga ukwakheka kwezindawo ezingenawo umoya-mpilo olwandle, okungaholela emiphumeleni emibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungena kwezidalwa zasemzini kulimaza imvelo yolwandle iCaspian. Phambilini bekukhona uhlobo lwendawo yokuqeqesha yokwazisa ngezinhlobo ezintsha.

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Izimbangela zezinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle lweCaspian

Izinkinga ezingenhla zezemvelo zoLwandle lweCaspian zavela ngalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:

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• ukweqisa
• ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene emanzini,
• Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi imfucuza yezimboni neyasekhaya,
• usongo oluvela emafutheni kawoyela negesi, amakhemikhali, owezimboni zamandla, owamandla, wezolimo kwezomnotho
• umsebenzi wabazingeli,
• eminye imiphumela ku-ecosystem yasolwandle,
• ukuntuleka kwesivumelwano samazwe aseCaspian ngokuvikelwa kwendawo yamanzi.

Lezi zici ezonakalisayo zethonya kuholele ekutheni uLwandle lweCaspian luphulukane namathuba okuzibamba nokuzihlanza ngokuphelele. Uma ungafaki izinto ezihlose ukulondolozwa kwemvelo yolwandle, izolahlekelwa umkhiqizo wezinhlanzi bese iphenduka idamu elinokuthuthwa kwendle okungcolile.

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Ulwandle lweCaspian luzungezwe yizifundazwe eziningana, ngakho-ke, isisombululo sezinkinga zemvelo yedamu kufanele sibe imbangela evamile yalawa mazwe. Uma unganakekeli ukulondolozwa kwemvelo yeCaspian, khona-ke ngenxa yalokho ngeke kugcinwe imithombo ebalulekile yemithombo yamanzi kuphela, kodwa futhi izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zasemanzini nezilwane zizolahleka.

Izinkinga eziphambili zemvelo zoLwandle lweCaspian

Izinkinga zemvelo zeCaspian ziye zavela futhi ziyaqhubeka ukuthuthuka ngokushesha ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo:

• okungalawulwa, kufaka phakathi ukuzingela, ukudoba,
• ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zamandla kagesi wamadamu namadamu emifuleni ekhipha ulwandle,
• Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ngamanzi okugcwala kwendle kanye nokungcola okuqinile,
• ukuphuma kwamafutha,
• ukungena olwandle chemistry kusetshenzwe ukucubungula amasimu,
• ukuntuleka kwemvume yezindawo zaseCaspian ezimtoti ngodaba lokuvikelwa nokuhlanzwa kwendawo yamanzi.

Uma ungazithuthukisi izinyathelo ezihlangene zokuhlanza indawo enamanzi, emashumini ambalwa eminyaka amaCaspian azolahlekelwa ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi futhi abe yindawo nje yokugcina engcolile egcwele indle.

Ukungcoliswa kwendle

Amanzi eCaspian angcolile hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokuphuma ngephutha kawoyela. IVolga nayo yonke eminye imifula, ethwala amanzi ayo eLwandle lweCaspian, iletha amathani emikhiqizo kadoti yomuntu, kanye nemfucuza eqinile yasendlini.

Amadolobha amaningi asogwini awanazo izitshalo zokwelapha ukuthuthwa kwendle kanye nokuhambisa indle - kokubili okuvela ezindlini nakwezamabhizinisi - ngqo olwandle.

Amanzi angcolile agelezela eCaspian akha izindawo eziyingozi ezingenawo umoya-mpilo - asivele avele eningizimu yesifunda. Lezi zingxenye zolwandle lapho, ngenxa yezinga eliphakeme lokungcoliswa, zonke izimila zasolwandle ezikhiqiza i-oksijini ziyabhubha, futhi zonke izakhamizi zasolwandle ziyafa ngemuva komsuka wolwandle.