ICalifornia yipeninsula etholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. Lincane futhi lide, ubude bale ngxenye yomhlaba buyi-1200 km. Ezindaweni ezibanzi kakhulu, iyahlukahluka ngo-240 km. Indawo yendawo enhlonhlo yendawo ingamakhilomitha ayi-144 000. Ngokwendawo ephethwe yiMexico, inezindawo ezimbili - eNyakatho naseSouth California. Enyakatho, inhlonhlo zemingcele zisesifundeni saseMelika esinegama elifanayo, ugu olusentshonalanga lugezwa yiLwandlekazi iPacific, nasempumalanga - yiGulf of California.
Iphuzu eliseningizimu impela yiCape San Lucas. Kubo bonke ubude bepeninsula, kunomgwaqo omkhulu owodwa wokuhamba - umgwaqo omkhulu iTranspeninsular. Umgwaqo uqala enyakatho nomngcele ne-United States, futhi ukuphela kokugcina yidolobhana eliseningizimu leCabo San Lucas.
Izindawo zemvelo
ICalifornia yiphenyana emelwe yizindawo ezimbili zemvelo. Engxenyeni enkulu yendawo kukhona ugwadule, futhi engxenyeni ephakathi kukhona uhla lwezintaba, engxenyeni eseningizimu yeRegia Nevada ridge. Peninsula inamadwala ikakhulukazi. ISonicora Desert ingenye yezindawo ezinkulu nezishisa kunazo zonke ezweni. Inani elikhulu lezulu liwela ngezikhathi zentwasahlobo nasebusika futhi alidluli kuma-350 mm ngonyaka. Ugwadule lwaseLower California lutholakala ogwini oluseningizimu ye-peninsula. Itholakala endaweni engezansi yesimo sezulu. Iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu le-peninsula idolobha laseDiablo (3 096 m).
Ithebula Lesimo Sezulu laseCalifornia (Kuqhathaniswa neFlorida)
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ISouthern California inezimo zezulu eziphansi. Kule ndawo, ihlobo elomile nelishisayo. Ebusika, isimo sezulu simswakama futhi sinomswakama. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu angama-+28 degrees ngoJulayi, futhi okungenani ama-+15 degrees ngoDisemba. Ngokuvamile, umswakama eSouthern California uphakeme kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iCalifornia ithonywe amasondo omoya weSanta Ana ahamba kusuka ekujuleni kwezwekazi elibangisa olwandle. Kuyagcizelela ukuthi ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kule ndawo kuhambisana nenkungu ejwayelekile. Kepha kubuye kube yisivikelo kubantu abaningi abanzima nabandayo busika.
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I-Coastline
ICalifornia yiphenathi okugudle ugu lwayo kugudle ulwandle. Ugu olusempumalanga luhluke kakhulu entshonalanga ngesimo sezulu salo. Lesi sakamuva sincike kwimifudlana ebandayo yasePacific, ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa lomoya namanzi lapha lihlukile kwezinye izindawo zepeninsula. Ugu olusempumalanga lumnene ngesimo sezulu esifana nohlobo lweMedithera. Lokhu kusungulwa ngamanzi afudumele echibini. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile liyahluka phakathi kuka- + 20 ... 22 ° C ehlobo, futhi kuncipha kancane ebusika - kuya ku- + 13 ... 15 ° C. Omunye wemifula emikhulu eNyakatho Melika, uMfula iColorado, ugeleza ungene eGulf of California.
Izimo Zesimo Sezulu zaseCalifornia
Isimo sezulu esiyingqayizivele sakhiwe nasengxenyeni esempumalanga yeCalifornia, ezintabeni zaseSierra Nevada naseCascade. Lapha, ithonya lezinto eziningana zesimo sezulu liyabonakala, ngakho-ke, kunezimo zesimo sezulu ezahlukahlukene kakhulu.
Isikhukhula eCalifornia siwela ikakhulu ekwindla nasebusika. Kuvele kukhale kancane, ngoba izinga lokushisa cishe alikaze lihle ngaphansi kwama-degree 0. Izulu eliningi liwela enyakatho yeCalifornia, ngaphansi eningizimu. Ngokuvamile, inani lezulu elehla phakathi nonyaka lingaphakathi kuka-400-600 mm.
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Lapho isimo sezulu sijula, izwe liba nezwekazi, futhi izinkathi zonyaka ziyahlukahluka ekushintshashintsheni okubonakalayo kokuphakama komhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintaba ziwuhlobo lwesithiyo esidonsa umoya omswakama ovela olwandle. Izintaba zinobusika obufudumele nobusika obunamakhaza. Ngasempumalanga yezintaba kukhona izindawo ezingamahlane, ezihlatshwa yihlobo elishisayo nobusika obubandayo.
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Isimo sezulu saseCalifornia sicishe sifane nezimo ezisogwini oluseningizimu peninsula yaseCrimea. Ingxenye esenyakatho yeCalifornia ilele endaweni enomusa, futhi eningizimu - endaweni engezansi. Lokhu kuvezwe kweminye umehluko, kepha ngokuvamile, izinguquko zonyaka zivezwa kahle lapha.
Isimo sezulu
I-California yiphenathi yesimo sezulu sayo esikhona futhi esingaphansi futhi simnene. Ithonya elikhulu kulo lihlinzekwa yizixuku zomoya ezifudumele. Izinga lokushisa lomoya engxenyeni eseningizimu yepeninsula liphakeme kakhulu kunengxenyeni esenyakatho. Inyanga eshisa kakhulu enyakeni nguJulayi. Ngalesi sikhathi, isilinganiso samazinga okushisa asenyakatho akhuphuka ngaphezulu kuka + 24 ° С, naseningizimu - ukusuka + 31 ° С. Ebusika, ngoJanuwari, i-thermometer ayibeki phansi + ngu-8 ° C enyakatho no- + 16 ° C eningizimu. Imvula eningi emaphethweni ebusika iwa ngendlela yezimvula nemvula. Imvamisa zibangela izivunguvungu enhlonhlo.
Izindawo zokuhlala
Isifunda sePeninsula yaseCalifornia kudala sahlalwa yizizwe zoMdabu zaseMelika. Kodwa, ngekhulu le-16, abanqobi beza kula mazwe. Isimo sezulu sePeninsula yaseCalifornia saba nomthelela omkhulu endaweni ababefika kuyo. Kuqala, izithunywa zevangeli zazama ukuletha impucuko ezizweni zamaNdiya, kodwa ngenxa yezifo ezethulwa ngabaseSpain, iningi labantu bomdabu lafa, kwathi abanye bashiya nje la mazwe. Ngemuva kwaloko, balimi baseYurophu bahlala emasimini enhlonhlo.
I-California kabani?
Isikhathi eside, i-United States neMexico baphikisana ngobunikazi bepenisithi eya esimweni esithile. Maphakathi nekhulu le-19, kwaba nempi yaseMelika neMexico phakathi kwala mazwe amabili. Ngaphansi kwemibandela yesivumelwano sokuthula, iCalifornia yahlukaniswa phakathi kwalezi zifundazwe zombili kanjengokulandelayo: izwe laseCalifornia lasuka e-United States, futhi iphenathiyakhe yaba ngeMexico.
ENyakatho Melika - isimo sezulu
Ukwehlukahluka kwesimo sezulu salelizwekazi kuncike esimeni saso ekulandelaneni okuhlukile. INyakatho Melika itholakala kuzo zonke izindawo ezinesimo sezulu ngaphandle kwe-equatorial. Isici esibalulekile esakha isimo sezulu ukukhululeka kwezwekazi. Izinhlelo ezinkulu ezakhiwe lapho zisezintabeni zivumelana ukungena komoya obandayo we-Arctic kude kufike eningizimu nasendaweni yezindiza ezishisayo enyakatho.
Maphakathi nezwekazi, kwakheka isimo sezulu sezwekazi. Isimo sezulu sithonywa imisinga yolwandle: ebandayo - iLabrador neCalifornia - amazinga okushisa aphansi ehlobo, futhi afudumele - iGulf Stream neNyakatho Pacific - kukhulisa amazinga okushisa ebusika futhi andise imvula. Kodwa-ke, izintaba eziphakeme entshonalanga zivimbela ukungena kwezixuku zomoya ezivela oLwandle iPacific.
Ngaphakathi kwesimo sezulu sase-Arctic kukhona umngcele osenyakatho wezwe kanye neziqhingi eziningi zoLwandlekazi i-Arctic. Ebusika, amazinga okushisa lapha aphansi kakhulu, izivunguvungu zeqhwa zivame kakhulu, futhi ikhava leqhwa liyakhiwa. Ihlobo liyabanda, lifushane, kufudumeza umoya kufinyelela ku- + 5 ° С. Imvula ejwayelekile yonyaka ingaphansi kwama-200 mm.
Isizinda sezulu esingaphansi kwe-subarctic simboza indawo ephakathi kwe-Arctic Circle no-60 ° C. w. Ngasentshonalanga, ibhande lifinyelela ngaphansi kokuphakama kweMoscow. Lokhu kungenxa yethonya loLwandle i-Arctic, umoya obandayo weLabrador yamanje kanye nomoya osenyakatho-mpumalanga eGreenland.
Ihlukanisa izinhlobo zamalwandlekazi nezwekazi lesimo sezulu. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa lifinyelela -30 ° C, ngasogwini lolwandle, izinga lokushisa lisuka ku-16 kuya ku-20 ° C. Izinga lokushisa lasehlobo liyi-5 - 10 ° С.
Inani lezulu lihlukahluka ukusuka ku-500 mm ngonyaka empumalanga kuya kuma-200 mm ngonyaka entshonalanga (esifundeni se-Alaska).
Iningi lezwekazi likhona ngaphakathi kwesimo sezulu esishisayo. Ihlukanisa izifunda ezintathu zezulu:
- Isifunda sezulu esishisayo esolwandle esentshonalanga yezwe (ugu lwePacific kanye nemithambeka esentshonalanga yeCordillera). Ezokuthutha zasentshonalanga zibusa lapha: imimoya iletha inani elikhulu lezimvula ezivela olwandle - lufika kuma-3000 mm ngonyaka. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile langoJanuwari lifinyelela ku- +4 ° С, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile likaJulayi lifinyelela ku-+16 ° С,
- Isifunda sezulu esishisayo sezwekazi sisendaweni engaphakathi kwebhande. Kubonakala ngamahlobo afudumele ngokwehlobo - ukusuka ku-18 ° kuya ku-+24 ° C, ubusika obubandayo - kuya ku-20 “C.
Inani lemvula entshonalanga lifinyelela kuma-400 mm, kepha inani labo lenyuka liye empumalanga liye kuma-700 mm. Isikhala esivulekile sale ngxenye yezwekazi singaphansi kokuhlasela kwezixuku zomoya ezivela enyakatho naseningizimu.
Ngakho-ke, amafridi womkhathi ajwayelekile lapha, ahambisana nezivunguvungu zeqhwa - ebusika nezimvula ezinkulu - ehlobo,
- Isifunda sezulu esishisayo sezwekazi sisatshalaliswa ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Ebusika, izivunguvungu zivame ukuvela lapha, zilethe iqhwa eliningi, izinga lokushisa lisuka ku -22 ° С enyakatho liye ku-2 ° С eningizimu. Ihlobo alishisi - kuze kufike ku- +20 ° С, iLabrador ebandayo yamanje inomphumela wayo.
Inani lemvula liyahlukahluka, kuya ngesimo sendawo nokude okuvela olwandle, kepha ngokwesilinganiso - 1000-1500 mm ngonyaka. Indawo engaphansi kwesimo sezulu esiphansi itholakala kuleyo ndawo kusuka ku-40 ° C. w. ogwini lweGulf of Mexico.
Le nsimu futhi inobude obukhulu ukusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga, ngakho-ke, kukhona umehluko ezinhlotsheni zesimo sezulu kanye nezifunda zesimo sezulu ezilandelayo:
- entshonalanga, isimo sezulu siseMedithera esishisayo esinebusika obufudumele futhi obunomswakama: izinga lokushisa +8 °, imvula efinyelela ku-500 mm ngonyaka, kanye nezikhathi zasehlobo ezingomile ezishisayo: izinga lokushisa +20 ° С - okubandayo kweCalifornia yamanje kunomthelela wayo,
- Isifunda sezwekazi elingaphansi kwendawokazi sitholakala maphakathi nesifunda sezulu. Kubonakala ngokushisa okuphezulu ehlobo nemvula ephansi unyaka wonke,
- Isifunda sezulu esomile esisendaweni enomswakama sihlanganisa iMississippi Lowland. Amazinga okushisa ehlobo afinyelela ku +30 ° С, ubusika obuthambile bufika ku +5 ° С.
Iningizimu ka-30 ° C. w. Kukhona indawo yesimo sezulu eshisayo, eshisayo unyaka wonke. Ogwini olusempumalanga yezwekazi naseziqhingini kunenani elikhulu lezulu elethwa yimimoya yohwebo. ICalifornia inesimo sezulu esomile esishisayo.
Isimo sezulu se-subequatorial sitholakala engxenyeni encane kakhulu yaseningizimu yezwe. Lapha, amazinga okushisa aphakeme ale ndawo yesimo sezulu phakathi nonyaka azungeze +25 ° С. Imimoya evela olwandle lwePacific ne-Atlantic iletha umswakama omningi - ifinyelela ku-2000 mm ngonyaka.
ICalifornia ngumbuso ocebile waseMelika
ICalifornia iyizwe elithandeka kakhulu eMelika. Uyisikhungo somkhakha wamafilimu waseMelika. Iningi lezakhamizi zase-US liphupha ngokuphila kulesisimo esihle futhi esihle. Kungani i-California ibukeka kangaka? Ngenxa yamathuba angenamkhawulo, ukusondela koLwandlekazi lwePacific kanye nesimo sezulu esifudumele. Namuhla, cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingama-35 bahlala eCalifornia. Lesi yisifundazwe esinabantu abaningi.
Isimo sezulu saseCalifornia singaphansi komhlaba, kepha sihluke kakhulu ezindaweni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu yombuso. Enyakatho, ubusika buthambile futhi bunomswakama, futhi ehlobo lifudumele ogwini futhi kushisa ngaphakathi. Amazinga okushisa nsuku zonke angafika ku-35 ° C ngoJulayi futhi angehle afike ku-12 ° C ngoDisemba nangoJanuwari. Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli kuya ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, isimo sezulu sifudumele futhi sinelanga.
Lesi yisikhathi sehlobo. Inyanga ebanda kakhulu “ehlobo” ngu-Ephreli. Izinga lokushisa lesikhathi sasemini liseduze kuka-22-23 ° C. I-Julayi eshisa kakhulu. Amazinga okushisa nsuku zonke acishe abe ngu-35 ° C, kepha kwesinye isikhathi angafika ku-40-45 ° C. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile, umehluko phakathi kokushisa kwasemini nobusuku buphakeme. Amazinga okushisa asebusuku ebusuku acishe abe ngu-3 ° C ngoJanuwari kanye no-13 ° C ngoJulayi.
I-Autumn ihlala inyanga eyodwa - Novemba. Simnandi kakhulu phakathi nosuku - cishe ngo-17-18 ° C. NgoDisemba, uJanuwari nangoFebhuwari, isikhathi sasebusika. Izinsuku ziphakathi kuka-12 no-16 ° C, kanti nobusuku bubanda kakhulu - cishe u-3-4 ° C. Intwasahlobo ibuye iqhubeke inyanga eyodwa - Mashi. Isimo sezulu siyefana ngoNovemba - 17-18 ° C.
Kuyabonakala ukuthi lesi yisimo sezulu esijwayelekile saseMedithera - ihlobo elide, elishisayo nelomile, ubusika obuthambile kanye nezikhathi ezimfushane, (nezentwasahlobo nokwindla). Isimo sezulu ogwini singaphansi komhlaba, kepha siguqulwa ngokuqinile yimisinga yolwandle ebandayo edlula. Ukusondela kolwandle kwenza ubusika bufudumale.
Ukushisa kwesikhathi sasemini akuvamile kwehle ngaphansi kuka-14 ° C, kodwa futhi kubanda kakhulu ehlobo - eSan Francisco inyanga efudumele kakhulu nguSepthemba bese i-thermometer ingajwayelekile ikhombisa ngaphezu kwe-23 ° C. Ubusika bumanzi futhi ihlobo loma. Isici esibonakalayo yinani elikhulu lezinsuku zenkungu ngonyaka. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ehlobo.
Kepha eSan Francisco, isimo sezulu asisincane. Izinyanga eziyisithupha ngonyaka ngenhla kwe-18 ° C. Noma kunjalo, izimo aziyona iMedithera ejwayelekile. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi olwandle lihlala liphansi. Noma ekuphakameni kwehlobo ayidluli ku +11 - + 12 ° C. Izimo azikaze zikuvumele ukubhukuda olwandle, ngokungafani neSouthern California, lapho isimo sihluke ngokuphelele.
Amanzi olwandle afudumele futhi amabhishi agcwele kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuLwezi. Ubusika eSan Diego naseLos Angeles bufushane kakhulu. Izinga lokushisa nsuku zonke eLos Angeles liyi-19 ° C ngoJanuwari nango-29 ° C ngo-Agasti nangoSepthemba. Ngezinye izinsuku kungashisa kakhulu .. Ama-Thermometers akhombisa ama-degree angama-40 noma ngaphezulu. Izulu eliningi liwela ebusika.
Isimo sezulu iMedithera - ilanga futhi ilungele impilo. Ukushisa nelanga kudonsela abantu abavela kulo lonke elaseMelika. ISouthern California ingenye yezindawo ezaziwa kakhulu e-United States. Amabhishi agcwele izivakashi kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuLwezi.
ICalifornia yingxenye enabantu abaningi kunazo zonke e-United States. Eduze kogu lwePacific, kwakhiwa i-megalopolis enkulu ebizwa ngokuthi iSan San. Igama livela emadolobheni eSan Francisco naseSan Diego. Isizathu ukuthi ukusuka eSan Francisco kuya eningizimu, cishe ngaphandle kwekhefu, kugeleza ezindaweni zokuhlala, emadolobheni nasezindaweni zokuhlala.
Ikakhulu ukushuba kwabantu abaningi endaweni yaseLos Angeles naseSan Diego. Womabili la madolobha asevele ehlangene futhi akukho mehluko ocacile phakathi kwawo. ILos Angeles enabantu abaningi kunazo zonke - abantu abangaba yizigidi eziyi-14. ESan Francisco, indawo yedolobha elikhulu elinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-7.5. I-Agglomeration of San Diego enabantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingama-2.8.
Yize inabantu abaningi, iCarlifonia ifaka iphupho laseMelika. Isimo esicebile sase-US sigcwele izindawo zokuhlala ezibizayo, eziphakathi kwezimila ezinde zaseMedithera. ECalifornia, isenzo sakha ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yemikhiqizo yaseHollywood. Isimo seCalifornia senziwe kabusha esikrinini sinempilo futhi ezimweni eziningi singokoqobo.
Impela, eCalifornia (futhi ikakhulukazi eSan Diego) kunezindawo ezicebile kakhulu lapho abantu bengasakakhi umnyango futhi behlala ezweni elihlukile. Bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi inhlokodolobha yombuso akuyona enye yamadolobha adumile, kodwa iSacramento engathandeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqiniso lokuthi iLos Angeles empeleni alilona idolobha elilodwa laziwa kancane.
Isikhathi esiningi wabiza inkulumo yakhe ethi "Ukuyekethisa okulawula." Imelela cishe amadolobha angama-90 axhumeke kwelinye. ISan Bernardino, iHollywood namanye empeleni ngamadolobha, hhayi omakhelwane.
ECalifornia, kunamabhishi athile aziwa kakhulu e-USA - Malibu, Pasadena, Coronado, Pizmi Beach, La Yola nabanye abaningi. Bayipharadesi lokushiswa, ikakhulukazi ebusika lapho amagagasi amakhulu ehambahamba ogwini lwaseCalifornia.
Bazama ukuhola impilo enempilo nenempilo. Ogwini lweLos Angeles neSan Diego, uzobona abantu abaningi abathi, emzameni wokubukeka muhle, ulungile futhi ubukeka, bagijima ngamandla ngaphansi kwelanga elishisayo laseCalifornia. Babonga ukwakheka okuhle komzimba nokukhanya okulula.
Ukunakekelwa kwempilo sekuyifilosofi yempilo yabantu bendawo.
Isifundazwe sinezinto eziningi ezikhangayo zemvelo, kanti amabhishi amahle kakhulu, yize ethandwa kakhulu, amelela ingxenye encane kuphela yobuhle beCalifornia. Yosemite Park ingenye enhle kakhulu eMelika.
Kuyisigodi esimbozwe amahlathi amaphayiphi aminyene, sizungezwe imigwaqo ebabazekayo lapho kwehla khona izimpophoma ezihlaba umxhwele. I-fauna eyingqayizivele ayigcini ngokuheha izivakashi, kodwa futhi ibafundise ukuthanda imvelo.
Ibhele elimnyama, i-coyote, i-cougar, inyamazane enomsila omnyama nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zitholakala lapha. Okuhehayo kakhulu kule paki ama-redwoods. Lezi zihlahla eziyingqayizivele ezithathwa njengezihlala isikhathi eside kunazo zonke futhi ezinde kakhulu emhlabeni.
Iningi lama-sequoias akhona namuhla iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2000. Ezinye zazo zikhulu kangangokuba imigudu yezimoto nemigwaqo idlula kuzo.
ISigodi Sokufa kungenye into yemvelo. Indawo icindezelekile ngaphansi kogu lolwandle. Le yingxenye ephansi yohlangothi lwaseMelika. Ukushisa kwasehlobo kunamandla ngokukhethekile, futhi nobusika ubusika bunamakhaza.
Lapha kulinganiswa amanye amazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni (okwesibili kune-Al-Asia, Libya). Kuhle lapha ebusika, kepha kusebusuku bodwa, futhi amazinga okushisa ezungeze +18 - +20 degrees.
Isigodi sasibizwa ngokuthi abahlali baseYurophu, ngoba ngalezozinsuku, kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuthi umuntu aphile kulezo zimo ezinzima.
Isici esibi kakhulu saseCalifornia ngokuqiniseka ukuzamazama komhlaba njalo. Abantu bendawo bayazi ukuthi kunjani lapho umhlaba uhamba ngaphansi kwezinyawo. Isizathu ukuthi ingxenye yombuso manje sehlukanisa izwekazi laseNyakatho Melika.
Ukwehlukaniswa kwengxenye yombuso kungalandelelwa ngephutha eSan Andres, olwenzeka eduze kweLos Angeles. Igebe lingalandelwa lapho libheke enyakatho liye eningizimu.
Okunye okungathandeki nge "City of Angels" (hhayi yena kuphela, kepha namanye amadolobha eCalifornia) ukuthi imigwaqo yakhelwe ikakhulukazi ukuhamba ngezimoto. Imigwaqo emincane incane, futhi ezindaweni eziningi ngisho ingekho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumbozwa komhlaba, ikakhulukazi eLos Angeles, akwanele.
Idolobha ingenye eluhlaza kakhulu e-United States. Futhi endaweni eshisayo efana neyasendaweni, umthunzi wezihlahla ubaluleke kakhulu. ILos Angeles inemigwaqo eminingi enelanga nelanga elifudumele, lapho okuwukuphela kwendawo epholile esemthunzini wezihlahla zesundu zobukhosi.
Isixazululo senkinga
- Zonke izigaba
- kwezomnotho 42,673
- wobuntu 33,411
- kwezomthetho 17,859
- isigaba sesikole 591,481
- miscellaneous 16,671
Idumile kusayithi:
Ungayibamba kanjani ngekhanda inkondlo ngokushesha? Ukukhumbula izinkondlo kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile ezikoleni eziningi.
Ungakufunda kanjani ukufunda i-diagonally? Ijubane lokufunda kuya ngejubane lokuqonda kwegama ngalinye embhalweni.
Ungasilungisa kanjani ngokushesha nangendlela efanele umbhalo wesandla? Abantu bavame ukucabanga ukuthi i-calligraphy nokubhala ngesandla kuyizimpawu ezifanayo, kepha azinjalo.
Ungakufunda kanjani ukukhuluma kahle nangokufanele? Ukuxhumana ngesiRussia esihle, esinokuzethemba kanye nemvelo kungumgomo ongafinyeleleka.
Izici zesimo sezulu zase-US
Izici zenombolo enkulu yezindawo zesimo sezulu e-United States zincishiswa ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo nezehlakalo ezimbi zemvelo. Ake sibacabangele ngemininingwane eminingi:
- Isomiso. Kwenzeka ezifundeni lapho izimo zedlanzana lendawo zihlala khona. Isomiso esinzima, esabhubhisa amapulazi amaningi, senzeka eMelika ngo-1931,
- Izikhukhula. Izivunguvungu zivame ukwenzeka ogwini oluholela ezikhukhula emadolobheni asogwini. Ukushiswa kweCalifornia njalo ngenxa yemvula,
- Tornado. Ngokwesibalo sezaqhwithi nesiphepho, iMelika ingaphambi kokuphumula. I-Texas, i-Oklahoma, i-Kansas neMissouri yakha i- "Tornado Alley." Lapho, ngenxa yokushayisana kaningi kwezixuku zomoya ezahlukahlukene, izivunguvungu zenzeka kaningi. IHawaii ithambekele ezivunguvungwini ezihlukumezayo,
- Ukuzamazama komhlaba. Izintaba-mlilo namaphutha e-tectonic e-United States aba neqhaza ekutheni ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile kulawo mazwe. I-California, i-Alaska, i-Hawaii ibona i-vagaries yemvelo endaweni yayo ngokujikeleza futhi njalo. Umphumela wokuzamazama komhlaba njalo ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-United States yi-tsunamis.
IMelika akuyona izwe elithuthuke ngokomnotho kuphela. Umcebo wayo wemvelo awunamkhawulo, kepha izinkinga ezihambisana nazo zibhekwa njengezingenakuphela. Imvelo enhle yaseMelika inezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu impela ngoba izwe limboza inani elikhulu kangaka lezindawo zezulu. Kubukeka njengakwabangaphandle ukuthi emazweni aseMelika ungathola indawo yanoma yiluphi uhlobo lweholide, izwe laseMelika linothile futhi lihlukahlukene.
I-California (peninsula)
IPeninsula yaseCalifornia yindawo emide, emaphethelweni amancanyana eningizimu nasentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika, engxenyeni esenyakatho nentshonalanga yeMexico efana nomunwe okhomba oLwandlekazi iPacific. Peninsula yaseCalifornia ihlukaniswe nomhlaba omkhulu yiGulf of California noMfula iColorado.
Ugu olusempumalanga lugezwa yiCalifornia Ghuba lePacific, elibizwa nangokuthi uLwandle lwaseCortes ukuhlonipha uHernan Cortes (1485-1547) - umgadli waseSpain onqobayo futhi empeleni futhi wabhubhisa impucuko yase-Aztec.
Eminyakeni eyedlule, nokho, amagagasi amaningi okuhlala, lapho izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zesikhathi sePleistocene zisahlala lapha, azikhishwa. Amaqembu amaningana ezizwe ezakhiwe lapha: enkangala enkabeni lapho kwakuhlala khona isizwe samaKochimi, ngasenyakatho, lapho isimo sezulu siba sincane khona futhi izwe livunda kakhulu, kunezizwe ezihlala phansi zaseKilivi, Paipai naseKumei.
AbaseYurophu bokuqala kulezi zindawo kwakuyizinqobi zaseSpain ngeminyaka ye-1540, bathola lapha izizwe zakudala zaseNyakatho Melika ezinabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-60-70. AmaNdiya ayesenza ukudoba, ukuzingela nokubutha. Yonke imizamo yokwenza leli lizwe lingafinyeleleki koloni ekuqaleni yaphela ngehluleka, kuze kube ngo-1697 amaJesuit asungula idolobhana laseLareto lapha.
Izithunywa zevangeli zifundisa amaNdiya ukuthi angagqoka kanjani, afundise izisekelo zokulima nokufuya izilwane, ngasikhathi sinye enza ubuKhrestu bonke bendawo basebenza. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha cishe wonke amaNdiya abulawa ubhadane lwezifo ezethulwa ngabaseSpain. AmaJesuits athathelwa indawo amaFrancis, alandelwa amaDominican. Ngo-1822.
UMbuso WaseMexico, ozimele woMqhele waseSpain, wamenyezelwa, kakade ngo-1823 waba yiRepublic yaseMexico ezimele. Ngalesi sikhathi, imikhosi yamaKatolika yayekwa, amaNdiya ashiya lezi zindawo, futhi ama-mestizos - abalimi bezinkomo nabalimi - athatha indawo yawo.
I-USA neMexico zalwela lezi zindawo, futhi ngenxa yeMpi yaseMelika neMexico yango-1846-1848, kwasayinwa isivumelwano saseGuadalupe-Hidalgo, ngokusho kwendawo lapho izwe lakulelo koloni laseSpain i-Upper California (California) lidluliselwa e-USA, kanye ne-colony Lower yangaphambili. ECalifornia (eCeninsula yaseCalifornia).
izintaba ezinwebisa amabanga weSierra Nevada zinwebeka kulo lonke ubude bepeninsula: ISierra De Juarez, iSan Pedro Martir, iSierra de San Borjas, iSail Viskaino, iSierra de Mueja, iSierra IGiant's.
Iningi lezindawo ezisePhalamende laseCalifornia liwugwadule. Nansi ingxenye yogwadule olunesihlabathi esikhulu seSonora - enye yezindawo ezinkulu kunazo zonke nezishisayo eNyakatho Melika. Lapha kukhula i-saguaro cactus enkulu - ukubhubhisa oLwandle u-Sonora. Ugwadule lwesibili, i-Nizhne-California, umucu onamatshe amakhulu anesihlabathi onamakhilomitha angama-77 700. Isimo sezulu sogu olusentshonalanga peninsula sincane kakhulu: imiphumela yezinyoni zomoya omswakama iyathinteka. Ebusika, izimvula ezinamandla zenzeka, zihambisana nezivunguvungu ezinamandla. Eningizimu eseduzane futhi eduze nendawo maphakathi nethafa, lapho ukushisa kuba khona okungabekezeleleki kakhulu.
Ukuheha okungokwemvelo kwendawo enkulu yempumalanga yi-El Viskaino Biosphere Reserve enendawo engama-25,5 amawaka.
km2 (ugwadule luthatha ingxenye enkulu yayo), enkulu kunazo zonke eLatin America, ebaluleke kakhulu ngokwesiko layo njengoba imvelo: imihume yaseSierra engaphezu kwama-200 ihlotshiswe ngomdwebo wakudala wedwala lesizwe samaKochimi.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ogwini naseziqhingini: Amabhubesi asolwandle aseCalifornia, uphawu, zasenyakatho zezindlovu. Lesi sigcinelo sinezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingama-469, ezingama-39 zazo ezihlukile.
Kepha umcebo oyinhloko we-El Viskaino indawo egcotshwe ngomkhomo, ompofu waseChukchi-California usanda kuqothuka. Ungabheka imidondoshiya enhle hhayi eMexico kuphela, kepha lapha inobungani ikakhulukazi, ibhukuda iye emikhunjini futhi ivumele ukuchitheswa, bonisa abantu ezinganeni zabo.
Indawo: ENyakatho Melika, ugu oluseningizimu ntshonalanga. EPeninsula California.
Ugu: Ulwandle iPacific oluseNtshonalanga naseGulf of Pacific Pacific Ocean eMpumalanga.
Isigaba sokuphatha: Izwe laseMexico iBaja California Northern (inhlokodolobha - iMedicali) neBaja California Southern (inhlokodolobha - iLa Paz).
Ukwakheka kwezinhlanga: ama-mestizos, amaNdiya (koi, kukapa, miigteki, paipai), amhlophe, ama-Asians.
Izinkolo: UbuKatolika, ubuProthestani.
Imali: I-Peso yaseMexico.
Izindawo ezinkulu: Baja California Northern (Tijuana - 1,300,983 people, 2010, Mexicali - 689,775 people, 2010 Ensenada - 279,765 people, 2010 Tekate - 64,764 people, 2010 , Rosarito - 65,278 people, 2010), Baja California Southern (La Paz-215,178 people, 2010, Cabo San Lucas - 70,000 people 2012).
Imidwebo
Indawo: 143,396 izinkulungwane km2 (Baja California Northern - 69,921 km2, Baja California South - 73,475 km2).
Ububanzi obuncane: 40 km.
Ububanzi obukhulu: 240 km.
Inani labantu: 3,792,096 (Baja California Northern - 3 155 070 people (2010), Baja California Southern - 637026 people, 2010).
Ubuningi babantu: Baja California Northern - 45.1 people / km2, Baja California Southern - 8.7 people / km2.
Ubude bendawo egcwele ogwini: 3280 km.
Iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu: INtaba i-Diablo (Mount San Pedro Martir, 3096 m).
Umnotho
Amaminerali: Igolide Isisekelo somnotho ukukhiqizwa okususelwa kwamanye amazwe nokuhlangana. Eduzane nomngcele wase-US kunezitshalo ezincane zemihlangano emincane: izimboni zikagesi, izindwangu, amakhemikhali, ezokhuni kanye nezimboni zezimoto.
Ezolimo: okusanhlamvu (ummbila, umdumbula, ukolweni), ukukhula kwemifino, ingadi (amawolintshi, ulamula, izinsuku, izihlahla zamaplanethi, uphayinaphu), i-viticulture, ukulinywa kwezilwane (izimvu nezimbuzi).
Izindawo zokudoba zasogwini, kufaka phakathi ama-oysters kanye nama-lobster.
Umkhakha Wezinsizakalo: Ezokuvakasha.
■ I-El Viskaino Biosphere Reserve enendawo engama-25,5 ayizinkulungwane ezingama-km2: izindawo zokufuduka kwemikhomo empunga echibini le-El Viskaino kanye nethala lesifunda i-Ojo de Liebre, imigede engaphezu kwama-200 enemidwebo yamatshe yesizwe soKochimi, iSonora ugwadule olunezindawo ezinkulu zasendlini. le ndawo itholakala eduze komngcele wase-US. ■ Idolobha laseMexico: I-Cathedral of the Virgin of Guadalupe. ■ Imyuziyamu yabafuduki baseRussia (amaMolokan Christian, abasunguli beGuadalupe). I-El Arco de Cabo San Lucas, noma i-Arch of the End of the World (Cabo San Lucas). ■ IMexico National Astronomical Observatory yaseMexico (iSierra San Pedro Martir). Ngo-1532 kwaba nomphumela wokuqala owazama ukuzungeza "isiqhingi" esiyinganekwane
Isiphetho ngezinhlobo zesimo sezulu kanye nezimbangela zokungafani kwesimo sezulu eCarlifonia naseFlorida
Isiphetho ngezinhlobo zezulu kanye nezizathu zomehluko wesimo sezulu kuma-peninsulas aseCalifornia naseFlorida.
- Naphezu kwesikhundla esifanayo se-latitudinal, i-California neFlorida peninsula inomehluko omkhulu wesimo sezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yemijikelezo, izinkomba zomoya ezikhona nokukhululeka komhlaba ongaphansi.
- ECalifornia. Isimo sezulu sihlukile: - - iMedithera iningi lesifundazwe, lapho kubusika nemvula nehlobo elomile. Ithonya lolwandle linciphisa ukusakazeka kokushisa futhi liholele ehlobo elipholile nasebusika obufudumele. Ngenxa yemisinga yolwandle yaseCalifornia ebandayo, inkungu evame ukugcwala ugu. - Izwekazi ngalinye lapho lihamba lijula ensimini ngokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa ebusika nasehlobo. Imimoya yesterly evela olwandle iletha umswakama, futhi ingxenye esenyakatho yombuso ithola imvula eningi kuneyaseningizimu.
Isimo sezulu saseCalifornia sithintwa yizintaba ezingavumeli umoya omanzi ovela olwandle ukuba ungene kude phakathi nezwe.
EFlorida: INorthwest California inesimo sezulu esishisayo esinemvula engama-38,100 cm ngonyaka. - Isimo sezulu saseMedithera eCentral Valley ngokuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene kwezinga lokushisa. Izintaba zibonakaliswa isimo sezulu sezintaba, ubusika obuneqhwa kanye nehlobo elifudumele ngokwehlobo. Ngasempumalanga kwezintaba kukhona izindawo zamahlane ezinobusika obubandayo nehlobo elishisayo.
- kushubile kunomswakama ezindaweni eziningi ezingasenhlonhlo, nakwezishisayo engxenyeni eseningizimu. Ehlobo nasekwindla kunengozi engaguquki yesiphepho. Isimo sezulu saseFlorida sinqunywa kakhulu yiqiniso lokuthi umngcele walezi zingxenye ezimbili zesimo sezulu esishisayo (enyakatho peninsula) nasezindaweni ezishisayo (eningizimu) unqamula enhlonhlweni.
Isimo sezulu esishisayo esolwandle esisogwini olusempumalanga yeFlorida singenxa yokufudumala kwe-Gulf Stream, amamayela ambalwa ukusuka ogwini, kanye nomoya waseningizimu mpumalanga oletha umoya ofudumele ebusika futhi upholile ehlobo. Ubusika eFlorida buthambile futhi bomile - izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJanuwari lingama-21C, amahlobo ayimvula futhi ayashisa - izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJulayi lingama-29C.
Ukushisa okujwayelekile konyaka kuyinto + 18C + 21C enyakatho no + 23C kuya + 25C eningizimu peninsula naseziqhingini. Umphetho omncane impela wepeninsula ephansi ungena ungene emanzini weengxenye ezimbili zamalwandle womhlaba (i-Gulf of Mexico ne-Atlantic), ehlukahlukeneko ngamazinga wokushisa ahlukahlukeneko nesimo sezulu.
Ngenxa yalokhu, zombili kusukela e-Atlantic naseGulf of Mexico, kuvunguza umoya wesiphepho, isivinini sawo sifinyelela ku-240 km / h. Iziphepho ezinje zivame ukudala ukubhujiswa okukhulu, ukulimala kanye nokulahleka okukhulu komnotho wezwe.
Isikhathi semvula eFlorida siqala ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi futhi siphela ekuqaleni kukaNovemba.
Lawa maphenathi amabili atholakala endaweni efanayo, endaweni efanayo (sezulu) (KP) - eshisayo, kepha ahluke kakhulu ekushiseni komoya kanye nemvula.
Isimo sezulu esishisayo sogu lolwandle olusogwini olusempumalanga yeFlorida kungenxa yokufudumala kweGulf. Imimoya yokuhweba yaseningizimu mpumalanga evela oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic iya ePeninsula yaseFlorida futhi ilethe imvula eningi, isimo sezulu simanzi sezulu esishisayo.
Izixuku zomoya, sezidabule izintaba zeCordillera, zomile futhi, zehlela oLwandlekazi iPacific (lapho kubanda khona manje iCalifornia), azifaki sandla ekwakhekeni kwezulu, ngenxa yalokho, ePeninsula California, isimo sezulu sokomile.
Isiphetho: Ngaphandle kwesikhundla esifanayo se-latitudinal, i-California ne-Florida peninsula inomehluko omkhulu wesimo sezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yemijikelezo, izinkomba zomoya ezikhona nokukhululeka komhlaba ongaphansi.
Izikhathi Zokuvakasha ZaseCalifornia
Ukungabikho kokushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka, ihlobo laphakade, okuluhlaza okotshani kanye nelanga eliqhakazile - kunjalo yiCalifornia cishe unyaka wonke futhi cishe kuyo yonke indawo “eyakhiwe”.
I-sequoia Hyperion ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-115, ikhula eCalifornia.
Naphezu kwesimo sezulu esintofontofo kakhulu nogu oluhle, iCarlifonia inomdwebo owodwa obalulekile - amanzi oLwandle iPacific awafudunyezwa ngokwanele amaholide agcwele olwandle. Amanzi anokuphakama okungu- + 18 C C, futhi angashintshwa ngenxa yomoya oqhubekayo. Kodwa-ke, le yi-mecca yabafuduki - amagagasi endawo makhulu, kodwa kubagibeli kuphela, ukubhukuda esivunguvungwini esinjalo njalo akunakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, kungaba yimidlalo eyedlulele ne-tan enhle, noma romance ebhishi (isidlo sasebusuku olwandle, ukuhamba).
Isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokuhamba ngu-Ephreli-Okthoba, obhekwa njenge "California ehlobo".
Kungani uye eCalifornia? Ngemuva kwamabhishi obuhle angajwayelekile, amaza aphezulu, ama-selfies ngemuva kokubhaliwe kwe- "Hollywood", amapaki amahle, amatilosi nezintaba-mlilo, amaholide okushushuluza nokuhamba ngezinyawo ezindaweni zodumo oludumile lwe- "Gold rush".
Yini izingubo ukuletha
Okuphezulu ijacket lesikhumba, ubuncane buyi-bikini. ICalifornia yemukela izivakashi njalo ehlobo, yebo ebusika ngaphandle kokwehlisa izinga lokushisa ngaphansi kuka-15 ° C. Futhi ebusika elinemvula enyakatho, umbuso kufanele ube nesambulela nezicucu ezingamanzi, i-raincoat. Ukuya endaweni yaseSan Francisco ebusika, kufanelekile ukugcotshwa ngesigqoko namagilavu - kungaba dank impela futhi kube yiqhwa - okungenani ama-degree angama-5 ngaphansi kwe-zero. Ubusika engxenyeni eseningizimu yombuso kuzoba ama-sweatshi afudumele anele. Kunemvula encane kakhulu.
Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezinsuku ezinelanga eliseSacramento. Inhlokodolobha yaseCalifornia ishiye kude ngemuva kweLos Angeles neSan Francisco.
Novemba
Kuphela ngu-Thanksgiving, ovame ukuwa ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba, lapho isimo sezulu siqala ukufana nento esondele ekwindla. Ngalesi sikhathi, umehluko wesimo sezulu phakathi kweningizimu nenyakatho yombuso uyabonakala. Eningizimu, kusafudumele, kanti enyakatho kunama-degree angama-7 ezintabeni. Ekwindla, "ukudukelwa kukaThule" kwehlela eNyakatho California. UNovemba okuwukuphela kwenyanga ekwindla eyiqiniso, ezungeze + 18 ° C.
Ihlathi elilingana nokwakhiwa kabusha lenza umngcele oyingqayizivele phakathi kweSouthern neNyakatho California, lapho imithini yamaphayini nezihlahla zesundu kukhula eceleni.
Disemba
Kukhona neholide lokushushuluza eCalifornia - ngoba kufanelekile ukuya enyakatho eLake Tahoe (amakhilomitha angama-250 ukusuka eSan Francisco), endaweni yokuphumula eseHavenly ngamathambeka ayo amakhulu. Enye indawo yokushushuluza iziNtaba zaseMammoth eningizimu.
Ubusika obubi kakhulu benzeka ngo-1937, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi kulungiswe amazinga okushisa aphansi ngokuphelele - ama-43 degrees ngaphansi kwe-zero.
NgoJuni Agasti
Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu seholide olusebenzayo lolwandle. Nge- $ 75 eHuntington Beach, inhloko-dolobha yomhlaba yokushweza ngamandla, ungazi kahle ubuciko bokubamba igagasi. E-Dana Point, ungashona uye emanzini nge $ 105. UJulayi uyisilinganiso esiphakeme sansuku zonke + 35 ° C
Isithombe esijwayelekile seCalifornia ukuqiniswa kwezindlu ezinezihlabathi zesandwich ngesikhathi semililo yehlathi evuthayo.
Septhemba Okthoba
Ukuqala kwe-Autumn yisikhathi esihle sokuhlola amasiko wokuwina waseCalifornia. ISonoma noma iNapa - iya kunoma yimaphi ama-winisties anqobayo eSan Francisco, ngeke ulahlekelwe: ungavuna. Nge- $ 15-17 ungakwazi ukunambitha kuze kufike amawayini ambalwa endawo. Ngo-Okthoba, isikhathi sasehlobo saseCalifornia siyaphela.
Onke ama-alimondi aseMelika avela eCalifornia. Lo mbuso ubuye umholi ekukhiqizweni kwewayini nezomisiwe (idolobha laseCalifornian Fresnoproduces ngaphezu kwengxenye yenani eliphelele lomhlaba wonke lomisiwe).