I-Spotted Tail Lamprologus S. AniksteinIningi labamele i-ichthyofauna yoLwandle i-Afrika iTanganyika inobude bamasentimitha ayi-10-15 noma ngaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, azikho izinhlobo ezinkulu kangako ezitholakala phakathi kokuphela kwalesi silondolozi esimangalisayo. Enye yezindlela "ezibukeka" ezikhangayo kakhulu yi-6-cm Lamprologus caudopunctatus. Uhlobo lwezinhlobo zazo, elisuselwa kumagama esiLatini athi cauda (umsila) no-punctum (ichashaza, ibala), inhlanzi ngenxa yendlela ebonwe ngumbala ku-caudal fin. Ekuqaleni "kuthiwa" luhlobo lwe-Lamprologus lesizwe seLamprologini, le cichlid yesikhathi eside yayingowaloludaba lweNeolamprologus oluphume kuyo futhi yangeniswa kwi-nomenclature nguColomb (Colombe) no-Allgayer (Allgayer) ngokususelwa kokungafani ekwakhekeni kwekhanda, ikakhulu i-supraorbital. Isimo sibonga ukubuyekezwa kabusha kwePoll (iPoll) ngonyaka we-1986. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olwalandela luholele ekutheni le nhlobo ibuyele esimweni sayo sangempela sohlobo lwayo. I-L.caudopunctatus ihlala esifundeni esiseningizimu yeLake Tanganyika ekujuleni kuka-1 kuye ku-10 m ezindaweni eziguqukayo isuka edwaleni le-biotope iye kwisanti. Kutholakale imidwebo ethile endaweni yaseKabeye, empumalanga yeKasaba Bay eZambia. Kunama-morphs ayi-6 endawo, amahle kakhulu awo, ngombono wami, yiKaratra. Le cichlid encane (5-6 cm) ibukeka kakhulu. Umzimba wepinki umbozwe amachashazi weparele acwebezelayo, umbala ophuzi wamawolintshi aphezulu uhlotshisa umzimba wokujaha, kanti amehlo anombala we-emerald anika umbala umbala okhangayo, okhethekile oyingqayizivele. Abesilisa bafika kubude obungu-6 cm, izinsikazi zivame ukuba zincane - ukuya ku-4 cm. I-dimorphism yezocansi kulezi zinhlanzi ivezwa buthaka, ngaphandle kobude bomzimba kanye nobume be-pilla yasesitho sangasese, esikhulukazi futhi esiyindilinga xaxa kwabesifazane. Umuntu angabona futhi ukugqama okuncane okuthe xaxa kwe-dorsal fin yowesilisa. Noma kunjalo, umgcini wasemanzini oqaphelayo uzokwazi ukubona ubulili bale nhlanzi ngokuziphatha kwabo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuklabha noma ngesikhathi sokuluka ngaphambi kokulimaza. Kumapharamitha we-morphometric, isibani sezibani ezinomsila osondele kakhulu eLamprologus leloupi, umehluko omncane wombala kuphela. Imivimbo emithathu yokuqala emile ye-caudopunctus imboza ingxenye yesisu yomzimba, eminye ifana ne-chessboard, efana neLamprologus leloupi. Yebo, futhi ama-biotopes kuzinhlobo zombili ziyefana. Izintshisakalo ezibalulekile zalezi zinhlanzi zigxunyekwe endaweni yamawa amnyama osogwini, ziqhekeka ziqonde kumamitha angama-20. Ngaphansi lapha kumbozwe izingcezu ezinkulu zamatshe, zakhe amasayizi ahlukahlukene emihumeni futhi afakwe ngaphakathi kwesihlabathi. Azikho izitshalo zamanzi eziphakeme, kepha ukhaphethi onamandla we-algae angatholakala ngisho nasekujuleni okukhulu. Ngokuhlanganisiwe, indawo enjalo ihlinzeka ngokuphephela kanye netafula kuyo yonke i-L. caudopunctatus kanye nama-cichlid angomakhelwane bolunye uhlobo kanye nezinhlobo. Futhi uma ukwazi ukuphinda wenze ingaphakathi elifanayo endaweni yakho yokuhlala, izilwane ezifuywayo zizojabulisa kakhulu. Sekuyisikhathi eside ngiphupha ngamalambu amancane amancane aziwayo eRussia, ngakho-ke kwangijabulisa kakhulu ukuthola iphasela elivela kwa-L.caudopunctatus laseGermany. Iphathi belenezinhlanzi ezincane eziyi-7,5 cm ezingama-2,5 ubude ezilingana kahle ne-40-litre aquarium enabasha beCallochromis melanostigma. Njengoba kwenzeka kamuva, isibalo esikhulu sezindawo zokukhosela ngesimo samabhodwe e-ceramic kanye namapayipi epulasitiki abengadingeki - asetshenziswa izinhlanzi kuphela ngesikhathi sokuqhuma. Ukudla okubaluleke kakhulu kwesibane esikhulile salolu hlobo ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, njengomthetho, ama-crustaceans amancane ahlukahlukene, izibungu zezinambuzane ezihlala engxenyeni engezansi, futhi ne-zooplankton, enobuningi echibini (ngokwesibonelo, i-Mysis spp.). Futhi i-fry emvelweni, ukudla okuyinhloko, mhlawumbe, kungabamele be-Сopepoda - Diaptomus spp. - kanye ne-phytoplankton ehlukahlukene. E-aquarium, i-L.caudopunctatus ikhombisa ukulula okumangalisayo kokudla ngokudla noma yiluphi uhlobo lokudla okuphilayo nolomile. Ikakhulu, amawadi ami avela ezinsukwini zokuqala agwinye ngokuzithandela amaCyclops, iCoretra, kanye nama-flakes ahlukahlukene nemifino evela kubakhiqizi abaqavile baseNtshonalanga. Ngokuqondene nezinketho zokunambitha ze-caudopunctus, zona, ngombono wami, zinikezwa i-brine shrimp ekhulile kanye ne-coronet. Izimo zokuboshwa zazimi ngale ndlela elandelayo: dGH 10-20 °, pH 7.5-8.5, filtration enhle nokubusa komoya-mpilo (i-oksijini okuhlushwa cishe i-10 mg / l), T = 24-27 ° C. Njengoba sekushiwo, emvelweni, izibani ezinezibani ezinomsila zithanda izindawo zokushintshela kusuka edwaleni biotope ziye e-biotope yesihlabathi, ziqonde ezindaweni ezinenqwaba yamagobolondo angenalutho aseNeothauma spp. Lezi "zindlu" zemvelo zezinhlanzi zisetshenziswa njengendawo esetshenziswayo evulekile, ukuthembeka, ukuyiphonsa esihlabathini. Lapho zigcinwa e-aquarium, amagobolondo angenalutho ama-mollusks oLwandle Olumnyama, njengama-rapans, kanye nama-ampoules amakhulu noma iminenke yamagilebhisi, ayafaneleka. Izinhlanzi ezenziwe kahle ziwumbono ongasoze walibaleka! Futhi ukuze uzuze ukugcwala okukhulu kwamathoni, udinga ukudala indawo efanelekile echibini lakho lasekhaya. Ngokubona kwami, lezi zibani zezibani zibukeka zinenzuzo kakhulu ekuphambaniseni, hhayi ukukhanya okukhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nesizinda sombala omnyama. Ukuphela kwento egqamile oyifunayo yisisekelo. Lapho ngikhanyisa, ngisebenzisa amalambu weHagen Life Glo ne-Aqua Glo. Benza umbala wezinhlanzi uthandeke kakhulu, bagcizelela umbala wamaphiko e-dorsal aphuzi namalambu ansundu. Kodwa ubuhle be-caudopunctuses buvuselelwa ngokuphelele yimithombo ekhanyayo ngokushisa kombala kwe-6500-10000K. Ngokuvamile, i-aquarium yalezi cichlids kufanele ifakwe inani elanele lokukhosela kanye namagobolondo enziwe ngamatshe angangebhola le-tennis. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi konke lokhu kulele esihlabathini esihle somfula, lapho (ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu) izinhlanzi zithanda ukumba. Azinandaba nezitshalo. I-Flora ingathakazelisa kuphela abantu abangaphansi, futhi noma ngabe hhayi ngemagama asezingeni lokudla, kepha njengezindawo zokukhosela. Ubhangqa lwalezi zibani “zasolwandle” lwanele umkhumbi onamalitha angama-50. Zingagcinwa ndawonye nabanye abamele uhlobo, kepha lapho kukhona ivolumu eyanele nenani lezindawo zokukhosela. Ngaphezu kwezihlobo eziseduzane, endaweni efanele i-aquarium L.caudopunctatus ihlangana kahle nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zeCyprichromis, Paracyprichromis namanye ama-cichlids angama-pelagic Tanganyik, akhetha izingqimba zamanzi eziphakathi, ngakho-ke angaqhudelani nama-caudopunctuses, agcinwa ikakhulukazi eduze komhlaba. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lapho sigcina izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-cichlid eLake Tanganyika, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi indawo engezansi eyanele ibalulekile. Ama-wallrologologists abuthakathaka obukhulu bomsindo obonakaliswa ubutha obuthakathaka be-intraspecific, ngakho-ke bangagcinwa ngababili (ngokwemvelo banikeza ukukhetha indlela yokuphila enjalo), kanye nomhlambi. Ukuzala kabusha, njengabanye abamele abanye bohlobo, kwenzeka ezindaweni zokukhosela. Le nhlobo "ngumhume" ojwayelekile, lapho izinhlanzi ezisaphaza zisebenzisa amatshe amadwala kanye "nezintandane" zamagobolondo. Insikazi ivikela amaqanda nezinsana. Owesilisa uvikela insimu, futhi ubudlova bakhe abudluleli nakwentsha ezivunyelwe endaweni evulekile. Ngokuvamile, angikaze ngimbone umuntu omdala edla i-fry noma, uthi, ulutsha luqoma ezihlotsheni ezincane. Lokhu kuziphatha kugcwele ama-cichlid amaningi "amatshe" weLake Tanganyika - lokhu kudala ukuthi kube nokuhlangana okuvumelanayo kwezizukulwane eziningi. Ezincwadini zaseNtshonalanga, ngifunde ukuthi ukuzala, izilwane ezifuywayo zidinga indawo yokukhosela ehlukahlukene, imifantu phakathi kwamatshe amatshe, izimbiza zezimbali ezaphukile, njll. Kepha ukuqhuma kwangilandela kuphela ngemuva kokufaka igobolondo ledonki ethangini. L. caudopunctatus baqaphe kakhulu futhi bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi besondelene namagobolondo amakhulu kanye nama-crevices amakhulu. Ngakho-ke, akulula ukuthola ukuthi ukwanda kwenzeke noma cha. Umuntu wasolwandle ongenalwazi uzomangala ukubona uFry omncane emnyango wokuhlala. Isibonelo, ngifunda ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwenzekile ngokuziphatha kwezibani zezibani: umbhangqwana uxosha ngobudlova bonke omakhelwane abavela eduze kwegobolondo, noma ngabe bunjani. Ngisho nowesilisa ovuthiwe uCallochromis melanostigma wahlaselwa kaningi, futhi lokhu, kufanele ngisho, "yinhlanzi enomlingiswa." I-clutch yokuqala yaphenduka yaba mincane ngesibalo - amaqanda ayi-10 kuphela, futhi ngenxa yalokho - ama-9 gry. Ku-26 ° C, ukuqanduselwa izibungu kwenzeka ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-3, kanti nefry iqala ukubhukuda futhi idle ngokuzikhandla emva kwezinsuku ezingama-4-6. Kusukela ngosuku lokuqala, uLamprologus caudopunctatus osemncane wazama ukubamba i-artemia nauplii, kodwa ngokusobala ukudla kwakumkhulu kakhulu kuye. Kwakudingeka ngithenge ngokuphuthumayo i- "barberry". Kwaphela izinsuku ezintathu uFry edla ama-nematode, okwathi emva kwalokho ngaphinda ngabanikeza izibungu ze-crackacean yamanzi ebakaki. Kulokhu okuphakelayo kubuye kwaba lusizo. Izinhlanzi zikhula kancane. Noma ngondla ka-5-6-kanye nezinguquko zansuku zonke ezifika kuma-50% wevolumu yamanzi (ngenxa yalokho, ukuqoqwa kokuvinjwa okuyinhloko kwezinsizwa - ama-nitrate - akuzange kudlule ku-5-10 mg / l). Ngemuva kwenyanga, intsha ifinyelela ku-1 cm kuphela ubude. Njengabazali, bahola indlela yokuphila ye-pelagic, kepha ngokusondele kakhulu phansi noma emashalofini. Kuqala, i-fry "graze" engekude nezindawo ezinwebayo, kodwa lapho ifika ku-2-3 cm isivele iqhutshwa ngabazali bayo, ngaleso sikhathi aba matasa ngokugcwele ngokugada i-clutch elandelayo. Intsha ibukeka ilangazeleleki, imvamisa ikhombisa ukucindezela - upende "onebala". Ngendlela, kubantu abadala, iziveza kuphela esimweni sokwethuka noma kwezinye izimo eziphuthumayo. I-fry ye-caudopunctus enamahloni. Ukunyakaza ngakunye okubukhali eduze kwe-aquarium kubangela ukusabela kwesici samakhandlela kuzo: ijerk esheshayo - futhi akukho zinhlanzi (kuku ndawo ndawo egobolondweni). Lokhu mhlawumbe kusiza emvelweni ukubalekela izitha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abancane bakwa-L. caudopunctatus baba njengabazali futhi cishe ngezinyanga ezimbili ubudala sebevele sebethola umbala wabo ngokugcwele. Kuyahlekisa kakhulu ukubona i-2-centimeter Fry isebenza njengenhlanzi endala: umlomo wayo uvuleke kakhulu namaphiko awo uvuleke kakhulu, ukuze ubukeke sengathi 'uyesabisa' ngokwengeziwe. Ukuphila endalweniNgokokuqala ngqa, i-geophagus enamakhanda abomvu ngokwemvelo yabanjwa amasosha aseJalimane (uChristop Seidel noRainer Harnoss), eMfuleni iTapajos, empumalanga yeBrazil. Ifomu lesibili lombala, elihluke kancane ngombala, laziswa kamuva njengeG. sp. 'I-Orange head Araguaia', ehlala endaweni enkulu yomfula iTokantins River. Umfula i-Shingu ugeleza phakathi kweTapajos neTocantins, okwaholela ekucabangeni ukuthi kunolunye u-subspecies. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje kwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ubomvu unamabibi, futhi uhlala ezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula iTapajos kanye nemikhawulo yawo, i-Arapiuns neTokantins. Umfula i-Arapiuns umgwaqo ojwayelekile wamanzi e-Amazonia, onamanzi amnyama, okuqukethwe okumbiwa phansi okune-pH ne-pH ephansi, nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-tannins kanye nama-tannins, anikeza amanzi umbala omnyama. Ekhondweni eliyinhloko, iTapajos iqukethe okuthiwa ngamanzi amhlophe, ne-pH engathathi hlangothi, ubulukhuni obuphansi, kepha okuqukethwe okuphezulu kobumba nosilika, kukhaphela umbala wayo omhlophe. Kuzona zozimbili lezi zinhlobo, indawo oyithandayo ye-geophagus enamakhanda abomvu yindawo engasogwini, ine-silty noma sandy ethambile. Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, etholakala nase-snag, phakathi kwamatshe nasezindaweni ezinobuningi bezitshalo ezijikelezayo phansi. Ngokuhlangana kwemifula yeTapajos ne-Arapiuns, ama-redhead abonwa emanzini acwebile (ukubonakala kuze kufinyelele kumamitha angama-20), ngenqubo eyisilinganiso kanye naphansi lapho kwakubekwa khona izindonga ezinamatshe, nezilimi ezinde zesihlabathi phakathi kwazo. Kukhona izitshalo ezimbalwa nemishanguzo, ukungathathi hlangothi kwamanzi, nezinhlanzi ezivuthiwe zokubhukuda ngababili, futhi intsha nentsha ihlangana ezikoleni zabantu abangafika kwabangu-20. IncazeloAma-geophagus anekhanda elibomvu afinyelela osayizi abangama-20-25 cm. Umehluko omkhulu, abalitholile igama, indawo ebomvu ekhanda. Amaphinifa ama-dorsal ne-caudal ane-tint ebomvu nemicu ye-turquoise. Imivimbo emincane ibheke phezulu ihamba nomzimba, ibala elimnyama phakathi komzimba. Ngokubheka ukuthi izinhlanzi zihlala emhlambini, futhi kunalokho zikhulu, lapho-ke zokugcina udinga i-aquarium yamalitha angama-400. Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlobisa inhlabathi. Kufanele ube nesihlabathi esihle somfula, lapho ama-geophagus anekhanda elibomvu ahlala egaya futhi ehlwitha, ewaphonsa ngokusebenzisa amagazi. Uma inhlabathi inkulu, khona-ke bayayithola emlonyeni, bese beyikhafulela ngaphandle, futhi nangaleso sikhathi, uma incane ngokwanele. I-Gravel ayinakwa, kuqubuka umsindo phakathi kwakhe. Ukuhlobisa okuseleyo kungokubona kwakho, kepha i-biotope izoba ejwayelekile futhi ikhange kakhulu. IDriftwood, i-echinodorus, amatshe amakhulu ayindilinga. Ukukhanya okukhanyisiwe, okuntantayo ebusweni besitshalo kanye nomakhelwane abakhethwe kahle - ukubuka kuzoba okuphelele. Okujwayelekile kulezo zindawo ukuba khona kwenqwaba yamaqabunga awileyo phansi, kepha esimweni esinamakhanda abomvu, namanye ama-geophagus, lokhu kugqame neqiniso lokuthi izinsalela zamaqabunga zizothantaza kulo lonke i-aquarium bese zivala isihlungi namashubhu. Bafunwa kakhulu kubhalansi ku-aquarium nokuguquguquka kwamapharamitha wamanzi, kungcono ukuyigijimisa e-aquarium esele ilungile. Ngokwami, ngiyabona ukuthi ngikuqalise okusha, izinhlanzi bezihlala, kepha kwagula ukukhohlisa, okwakunzima futhi kuthathwa isikhathi eside. Isihlungi sangaphandle esinamandla ngokwanele nokushintshwa kwamanzi njalo kuyadingeka, futhi ukugcwaliswa kwemishini kubalulekile kumuntu ongaphandle, ngaphandle kwalokho amakhanda abomvu azoshesha enze ixhaphozi. - lokushisa 26 - 30 ° C
- pH: 4.5 - 7.5
- ubunzima 18 - 179 ppm
UkondlaAma-Bentophages adla ngokuhluza inhlabathi nosilika emigodini, futhi adle izinambuzane ziqhuma ngale ndlela. Izisu zabantu ababanjwe emvelweni zazinezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane nezitshalo - imbewu, i-detritus. Njengoba sekushiwo, kuma-geophaguses i-substrate ibalulekile. Bemba kuwo futhi bafuna ukudla. Ekuqaleni, babengilinda ezansi, ngoba ngaphambili babehlala e-aquarium ehlukile nezinhlanzi ezihamba kancane. Kodwa, basheshe babona ukuthi kwakudingekile ukungaboli ngamakhaza futhi baqala ukukhuphuka ezingxenyeni zamanzi ezingenhla neziphakathi ngesikhathi sokudla. Kepha, lapho ukudla kuwela phansi, ngincamela ukukuphakela kusuka emhlabathini. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi lapho unikezwa amagremu amancane. Umhlambi uhluza ngokoqobo indawo lapho luwele khona. Badla ukudla okukhona, okubandayo nokufakwayo (inqobo nje uma beminza). Badla konke kimi, abahlushwa wukuntuleka kwesifiso sokudla. Kuyinto efiselekayo kakhulu ukondla ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, njengoba zikhula, zidlulisela ekudleni kwezitshalo. IGeophagus ihlushwa kakhulu i-hexamitosis ne-tapajos akuyona into ehlukile. Futhi ngokudla okuhlukahlukene futhi lapho usuthisa ukudla kwemifino, amathuba okugula ancishisiwe. UkuvumelanaAmahloni, e-aquarium ukuze anamathele ndawonye, ngezikhathi ezithile abesilisa babebonisa ukubonakaliswa kwamandla, kepha ngaphandle kokulimala nokulwa. Ngokumangazayo, ama-redheads ahlangana ngisho ne-neon, ungathinti izinhlanzi, uma ngabe okungenani amasentimitha ambalwa. Uhlu lwezinhlanzi ezihambisanayo ngeke lube olungapheli, kepha lugcinwa kangcono nezinhlanzi ezihlala e-Amazon - amasalali, amakhorali, ama-cichlids amancane. Baba nolaka ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, bavikele isidleke sabo. UkuzalaAma-geophagus anekhanda elibomvu aqhuma emhlabathini, insikazi ibamba amaqanda emlonyeni. Azikho izimo ezikhethekile zokuqalwa kokukhula kweziqashiwe; ukondliwa okuhle nokuhlanzeka kwamanzi, okumele kushintshwe masonto onke, dlala indima. Njengoba kunzima kakhulu ukwahlukanisa insikazi neyowesilisa besebancane, bathenga umhlambi, ikakhulukazi bebheka iqiniso lokuthi izinhlanzi ziyahlangana futhi zakha ezabo isikhundla. Ukuqomisana kuqukethe ukuzungeza insikazi, ukusakaza gill namaphinifa, nezinye izikhathi ezijwayelekile. Ngokuhlakazeka, bangakhetha bobabili i-snag noma itshe, futhi phansi kwe-aquarium. Indawo ekhethiwe iyahlanzwa futhi ivikeleke futhi ekuvukeni. Ukusaphaza kuqukethe iqiniso lokuthi insikazi ibeka imigqa yamaqanda, kuthi owesilisa amvundise, inqubo iphindaphindwe kaningi ngaphezulu kwamahora ambalwa. Ngemuva kokusaphaza, insikazi ihlala isondelene nethole, iyivikele, bese iduna livikela indawo ekude. Ngemuva kwamahora angama-72, owesilisa uyobopha, bese owesifazana emfaka emlonyeni.Ngemuva kokubhukuda kowesilisa, ukunakekelwa kwenzalo kuzohlukaniswa phakathi, kepha konke kuncike kowesilisa, abanye babandakanyeka ekuqaleni, abanye kamuva. Abanye besifazane baze baxoshe owesilisa futhi banakekele i-fry kuphela. Kwezinye izimo, abazali bahlukanisa i-fry bese bayishintshanisa njalo; lokho kushintshana kwenzeka ezindaweni eziphephile. I-Fry iqala ukubhukuda ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-8 - 11 futhi abazali babadedele ukuba bondle, kancane kancane isikhathi sabo. Uma kuvela ingozi, zinika umtshini ezintshweni bese kuthi gazinga zinyamalale emlonyeni. Futhi bafihla i-gry emilonyeni yabo ebusuku. Kepha, njengoba bekhula, ibanga lapho ukuthosa balunyusa ngalo, futhi kancane kancane bashiya abazali babo. Kulula ukondla ifry, badla okusanhlamvu okuchotshoziwe, i-artemia nauplii, ama-microworms nokunye. Uma ukukhiqizwa kwenzeke ku-aquarium ejwayelekile, kunconyelwa ukususa insikazi endaweni ehlukile ye-aquarium, ngoba i-fry izokuba yisisulu esilula kwamanye ama-cloisters. Amapharamitha wamanziIGeofagus ayilandeki ezimweni zamanzi, ivumelana kalula kunoma iyiphi imingcele yamanzi. Kunconywa ukufaka: - izinga lokushisa 26 - 28 ° C,
- acidity 5.5 - 7.5 pH,
- ubunzima 20 - 180 ppm.
Kuyalulekwa ukudala umphumela wokugeleza ku-aquarium, ngakho izinhlanzi zizizwa zikhululekile ngokwengeziwe. Ukuze kugcwaliswe amanzi nomoya kanye nokuhlanzwa, kudingeka isihlungi esinamandla nohlelo lwe-aeration. IzitshaloKungabakhona izinkinga ngezimila. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ama-tapajos amba umhlabathi, futhi angasusa izitshalo. Ukuvimbela lokhu, kunconywa ukubeka izitshalo ezibunjiwe ku-aquarium. Ungathola futhi izinhlobo ezingakhula kumaskhi (ngokwesibonelo, iJavanese moss). Amahlamvu ezinhlanzi awazinuki. Inketho enhle yenhlabathi yisihlabathi somfula. Amapulangwe akufanele abekwe, inhlanzi, izama ukugqwala kuwo, ingalimaza umlomo wabo. Ukwehluka kobuliliAbesilisa bakhudlwana kunabesifazane, imivimbo yabo ebomvu igcwele kakhulu, imingcele esecaleni le-caudal ne-dorsal ithe xaxa. Ukwahluka kocansi kuqala ukuvela lapho ifry ifinyelela ku-5 cm. Ungawuqonda kanjani ubulili kulefry: ebunzini libomvu emadodeni, imivimbo ivele emaphashini abesilisa nabesilisa. Izifo NokuvimbelaUkungavikeleki kwama-geophaguses kunamandla. Ukuthi bangaki abamele izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo abahlala kulapho kuncike ekondleni nasezimeni. Isifiso sempilo yiminyaka eminingana. AmaTapajos ayagula kuphela uma imibandela yokuboshwa ingahambisani neyamukelekayo. Izifo okukhona kuzo ama-cichlid. Umuntu ogulayo uhlukaniswa ngokushesha nabanempilo. Imvamisa, isizathu sokwehla kokungazinzi kanye nokufa kwezilwane ezifuywayo yikhwalithi ephansi yamanzi, okuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-nitrate ne-ammonia. Ukuze uvimbele, kuyadingeka ukulungiswa kokuhlunga okufanelekile kanye nokuvuselelwa kwemali, ungakhohlwa ngokushintsha kwamanzi ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngenkathi igcina ikhwalithi efanelekile yamanzi, ama-geophagus aphila isikhathi eside, ejabulisa ngobuhle bawo kanye nokubukeka kwasekuqaleni. Ulwazi oluvamileIGeophagus (Geophaginae) - iqembu lezinhlanzi ezihlotshiswe ngemisebe ezivela emndenini wakwaTsikhlov. Kufaka phakathi izinhlobo eziseduze zohlobo lokuhlala ezihlala eNingizimu Melika futhi zihlukahlukene kakhulu ngosayizi womzimba, umbala nokuziphatha. Igama laleli qembu livela kumagama amabili esiGreki athi "geos" - umhlaba ne "phagus" - ukudla. Ngakho-ke, i-geophagus "idla." Igama lesiLatini libonisa umkhuba ojwayelekile kuwo wonke amalungu omndeni ukugwinya isihlabathi kusuka phansi kwemifula. Into ekhona ukuthi inani elikhulu lama-invertebrates - izibungu zezinambuzane, izibungu, nama-mollusks - ziphila ngama-sandy kanye nama-silty glade. IGeophaguses ibabamba kanye nesiqephu sesitho bese ihlunga zonke izinto ezinhle kakhulu emlonyeni, bese kuthi isihlabathi siphume. Ama-Geophaguses ayaziswa kakhulu ngabathandi be-cichlid, noma ezinye izinhlobo zidinga ama-aquariums ngenani lama-400-500 amalitha. Futhi banemvelo yomzali ebekiwe. UkubukekaAma-Geophaguses anomzimba onamandla, kamuva nocindezelwe. Isici esibonakalayo yinhloko ehlanganayo enamehlo aphezulu. Imvamisa kwakha i-cap enkulu yamafutha. Umlomo uqondiswe phansi, nezindebe ezinamanzi, uzivumelanise nokudla ukudla okuvela phansi. Amaphiko akhule kahle, i-dorsal isuka ekhanda futhi inwebeka eduze nomsila. I-caudal Fin ilayishwa kanye, imisebe yayo eyeqile ingadlulelwa. Amaphiko we-pectoral aphela ngokuphuma okufanayo kwefilimu. Ubungako obujwayelekile be-geophagus buyi-10-12 cm, kepha kunezinhlobo ezinkulu ezikhula zize zibe ngu-30 cm. I-Geophagus Altifrons. Ukubukeka Umbala womzimba we-geophagus uhlukile. Kunezinhlobo ezinombala ophuzi-oluhlaza okotshani, omnqumo, ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka neminye imibala yesikali. Ezintweni ezijwayelekile, umuntu angahlukanisa isibonakaliso sensimbi samabala amaningi asakazeke emzimbeni wonke nezinduna, akha ngisho imigqa. Amagilo ezinhlotsheni eziningi anendawo encane emnyama. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibuthakathaka. Isikhathi sokuphila e-aquarium sifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-15.
HabitatAma-Geophaguses angabahlali bezindawo ezilinganayo nezishisayo zaseNingizimu Melika. Zitholakala emikhakheni eminingi yemifula emikhulu - i-Amazon ne-Orinoco. Ama-Geophaguses ahlala ezinhlobonhlobo zama-biotopes: angatholakala emifuleni ngesivinini esisheshayo, nemifudlana egeleza kancane enamanzi "amnyama" asezindaweni ezishisayo, enothe ngezinto ezinomswakama ezivela kumakhasi namagatsha awohlokayo. Umbuso wokushisa awudlali nendima ekhethekile yezinhlanzi. Izinhlobo ezithile zingakwazi ukubekezelela kalula ukwehla kobusuku kumazinga okushisa kwamanzi kuya ku- + 10 ° C. I-Geophagus Steindachneri (Geophagus Steindachneri)Yakha indawo yeColombia yanamuhla. I-biotope ejwayelekile ingamanzi asezingeni eliphansi anendawo enesihlabathi. Umbala womzimba uhluka kusuka kokuphuzi kuya kokubomvu kuye ngesifunda sendawo yokuhlala. Inhlanzi ikhula ibe ngu-11-15 cm. Kwabesilisa abadala, ukukhula okunamafutha ekhanda kuyinto ethile. Steindahner Geophagus IGeophagus enekhanda elibomvu (i-Geophagus sp. Tapajos)Lolu hlobo alukabi nakho ukubhala okugcwele ngokwesayensi, ngakho-ke laziwa kangcono ngaphansi kwegama lokuthengisa elithi geophagus elibomvu-iTapazhos. Izinhlanzi zihlala eBrazil, izinhlamvu zokuqala zabanjwa eMfuleni iTapajos, lapho kwaqhamuka khona igama langempela. Khetha amanzi "amnyama" asezindaweni ezishisayo nesamanje. Bangakhula bafinyelele kuma-20-25 cm. Isici esivelayo yindawo ebomvu ekhanyayo ekhanda. Izikhumba zibomvu ngemicu emide ye-turquoise longitudinal. Ezinhlangothini ungabona imicu emnyama ecashile futhi, imvamisa, indawo emnyama ngemuva kwama-gill. Ivolumu ye-aquarium enconyiwe - kusuka kumalitha angama-300. Ama-cichlid anamahloni aphethwe emihlambini. I-geophagus enekhanda elibomvu I-Geophagus altifrons (i-altifrons ye-Geophagus)Indawo yokuhlala yemvelo ifaka iRio Negro River Basin. Izinhlanzi zithanda izingxenye ezisogwini zemifula ngamanzi ahlanzekile futhi acacile. Ubukhulu obukhulu be-altifrons geophagus buyi-22 cm. Umbala uncike esifundeni sendabuko futhi ungahluka kusuka kokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya korenji. I-dimorphism yezocansi ayivezwanga. Inani elinconyelwe ukulungiswa lincane okungenani ngamalitha angama-500. Lapho iqoqwa e-aquarium enkulu, izinga lokuhlukumezeka liyancipha. Ezimweni ezicindezelekile, abantu abanamandla bahlasela labo ababuthakathaka. I-Geophagus Altifrons I-Geophagus surinamese (Geophagus surinamensis)Ngokwemvelo, lolu hlobo lwe-geophagus lungatholakala emgodini omfula ogeleza endaweni yeSuriname neFrench Guiana. Zihlala duzane naphansi, njengokugeleza okuthe ngcembe kanye nama-substrates abunjiwe. Izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezingakhula zize zibe ngu-30 cm ubude. Umbala womzimba kusuka ku-olive eluhlaza kuya ku-pearl grey ngemivimbo eshintshanayo eluhlaza okotshani. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibuthakathaka. Ukulungiswa, udinga i-aquarium okungenani amalitha angama-500. Esitsheni esinjalo, ungabeka izinhlanzi ezi-5-8. Bahlukaniswa yimvelo ezolile, enolaka kuphela ngesikhathi sokuqhuma. IGeofagus Surinamese I-Brazilian Geophagus (Geophagus brasiliensis)Enye yama-geophagus amahle kakhulu atholakala eningizimu yeBrazil nase-Uruguay. Izinhlanzi zihlala ezindaweni ezigudle ugu nemifula ephansi yemifula. I-geophagus yaseBrazil ibizwa nangokuthi i-pearl cichlid yezindawo eziningi eziluhlaza emzimbeni. Ubukhulu besilisa bungafinyelela ku-25 cm, izinsikazi zivame ukuba zincane - azikho ngaphezu kwama-cm 15. Abesilisa banombala okhanyayo, abantu abadala bakhulisa umlingiswa onamafutha ekhanda. Ukuze ugcine izinhlanzi ezimbalwa udinga i-aquarium yamalitha angama-300. Ngokungafani namanye ama-geophaguses amaningi, ukusondeza akudingekile. Inhlanzi ingaxazululwa iyodwa noma ngababili, uma umuntu eyakhekile. Lo mlingisi uyisidina, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuhluma. Ukuze ugcine nezinye izinhlobo, udinga i-aquarium okungenani amalitha angama-500 enendawo yokukhosela eningi. I-geophagus yaseBrazil UGeophagus balzanii (Gymnogeophagus balzanii)IGeofagus balsani itholakala emifuleni yaseNingizimu Melika eParana, eParaguay, eGuapor. Ukulungisa kuqala amanzi asezingeni eliphansi. Umbala wenhlanzi awukwazi ukubizwa ngokukhanya. Umzimba unamachashazi aluhlaza asabalale kuwo. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba kukhona imivimbo emnyama engu-5-8. Ubukhulu benhlanzi obukhulu ku-aquarium buyi-20 cm. I-Calm cichlid, ihlangana kahle nezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezilinganayo. Ama-balsani geophagus aqala indlela yokuphila ebusheni, kepha, ngokungafani nezihlobo zawo eziseduzane, akuvamile ukuthi zingene emhlabathini. Ukulungiswa, udinga i-aquarium yamalitha angama-300. Abesilisa abakubekezelelani, ngakho-ke kufanele kube nabesifazane abaningi. Futhi, kusobala, kuyadingeka ukuhlela inani elikhulu lendawo yokukhosela. UGeophagus Balzani I-Geophagus Weinmiller (Geophagus winemilleri)Lesi sidalwa se-cichlid esiseMfuleni i-Orinoco siyivelakancane ezindaweni zasemanzini. Ukulungiselela ukuhlala emifuleni enamanzi acacile, acwebile emabhange amnene. Ukubuka okukhulu okungafinyelela ku-20 cm ubude. Umbala omkhulu womzimba uphuzi-owolintshi onemigqa yemivimbo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ohlangothini ngalunye kunendawo enkulu enkulu ende emnyama okusaqanda. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibuthakathaka. Igcinwa kangcono ngamaqembu amancane (kuze kufinyelele kubantu aba-5) e-aquarium ephuma kumalitha angama-500. Inokuthula. Weinmiller Geophagus Ukunakekelwa nokugcinwaKungcono uma i-geophagus ihlala e-aquarium emihlambi yabantu abahlanu kuya kwabali-15. Ezimweni ezinjalo, bayozizwa bekhululekile ngangokunokwenzeka. Izinhlanzi zizozethemba ngokwengeziwe futhi zisebenze. Endleleni, umuntu angabona ukwakhiwa kobudlelwano bendawo phakathi kwabantu, futhi namathuba wokuzala ngempumelelo ayanda. Njengoba kunikezwe usayizi ojwayelekile wama-geophaguses, umthamo omncane we-aquarium kufanele okungenani ube namalitha angama-300, ngokuqondile kusuka ku-500. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-geophaguses adinga ukuzilungiselela Iphuzu elilandelayo elibalulekile ukukhethwa kwenhlabathi. Isifiso sokudonsela kuso singene ngaphakathi kwezinhlanzi ezingeni lomqondo wemvelo, noma ngabe iqiniso lokuthi ama-cichlid awadingi ukuthola ngokuzimela ukudla. Ngakho-ke, isihlabathi esihle se-quartz sizoba yisinqumo esihle kunazo zonke, esizovumela ama-geophagus ukuthi athambise ngokuphele emaphethelweni. Inketho enhle yendawo enhle kuzoba yi-driftwood yemvelo namatshe, ezokwenza izindawo zokukhosela ezinhle. Imigqa iyasiza futhi ngoba idedela ama-tannin emanzini. Ukumba ngomhlabathi we-geophagus, ngeshwa, kubeka imingcele ethile ekusetshenzisweni kwezitshalo eziphilayo ekwakhiweni. Izinhlanzi zingimba kalula izimpande zesihlahla, okwenza lesi sitshalo sintenge. Imvamisa kakhulu e-aquarium enalezi cichlids isebenzisa i-anubias, i-cryptocorynes, i-echinodorus. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokugcina zitshaleke kahle emabhodweni ukugwema ukulimala kohlelo lwezimpande. IGeophagus idinga inhlabathi enesihlabathi Ukukhanyisa akufanele kube okugqamile, ama-geophaguses akhetha ukuhwalala okukhanyayo. Kubalulekile ukuhlela ukuhlunga okufanele ku-aquarium. Lokhu, futhi, kuhlotshaniswa nomkhuba wokumba izinhlanzi esihlabathini. Ngesikhathi senqubo enjalo, inani elikhulu lokumiswa likhuphukela emanzini, okuzodala ukungcola okukhulu uma kungahlungwanga ngesikhathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuyadingeka futhi ukuthi uhlanze njalo phansi kwe-aquarium kusuka kumasalela e-organic. Amanzi kufanele agcwele umoya-mpilo, ngoba ama-geophaguses izinhlanzi ezisebenzayo kakhulu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngezinhlobo ezihlala emifuleni ezinamandla amanje. Isilawuli sokushisa siyadingeka futhi lapho kugcinwa ama-gemoselms we-thermophilic. Amapharamitha wamanzi afanele wokuqukethwe yilezi: T = 24-27 ° C, pH = 6.5-7.5, GH = 6-18.
Izinguquko ezenziwa njalo ngeviki ziyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe ikhwalithi ephezulu yamanzi. Kulabo abathanda amachibi anamanzi amnyama asezindaweni ezishisayo, ukwengeza okujwayelekile kwesikhombi esikhipha i-peat yemvelo - iTetra ToruMin - kuyasiza. Ukuzalela nokuzalelaIGeophaguses izalela kahle ekhaya. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngqo e-aquarium ejwayelekile. Indlela elula kunazo zonke ukwakha amabhangqana ngokugcwala kwama-geophaguses. Imizamo yokwakha “imifelandawonye” yokwakha ivame ukuphela ngokuhluleka ngenxa yesimo senhlanzi esinenkani. Ukuthomba kwenzeka kuma-geophaguses eneminyaka engaba unyaka. Ngokuqala kokushibilika, abesilisa bathola umbala ocebile futhi bahlele imidanso yokugoba, ama-gill avuthayo kanye nokuhlelwa kwamaphayi. Ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, izinhlanzi zivame ukubonisa ukuziphatha okunolaka. Isisusa sokuqhakaza ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa nokushintshwa kwamanzi njalo. Lo mbhangqwana owakhiwe uzitholela indawo efanelekayo, lapho insikazi izalela amaqanda angama-200. IGeophagus inemvelo ebekiwe yokuba ngumzali: ngemuva kokukhulelwa, omunye wabazali uqoqa amaqanda emlonyeni, lapho kwenzeka khona ukufakwa, okuhlala izinsuku eziyi-10-14. Fry ihlala emgodini womlomo womzali kuze kube yilapho sebesebenzisa i-yolk sac yabo, emva kwalokho baqale ukubhukuda. Kodwa-ke, emavikini ambalwa kamuva, izingane zifihla emlonyeni wabantu abadala uphawu lokuqala lwengozi.
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