Ezinye izilwane ezanyamalalayo zazinezici zokwakheka kwezilwane eziningana ezahlukahlukene ngasikhathi sinye. I-fossil marten perunium yayifana ne-marten, wolverine nebhere ngasikhathi sinye. Kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngeMedvedosomakha. IPerunium yayisuka ebheleni elincane, kuyilapho inzalo yalo yanamuhla ifinyelela ngosayizi omncane kakhulu.
Ngokwakheka kwengqondo yomfelokazi, ngisho neminye imikhuba yesilo ibuyiselwe!

Usosayensi wabuye wakhumbula ukutholwa kwesikhumba samathambo weqiniso lokuthi ukutholakala kwemvelo kobuchopho bakhe kutholakala kugebhezi lwesilo - lokhu kuyinto enkulu kakhulu. Isishubhu safundwa yiSoviet paleontologist Yu.A. U-Orlov, ogama lakhe linguPaleontological Museum eMoscow

Ividiyo: Leo. Abazingeli abakhulu. Amafilimu abhalwe phansi. I-National Geographic Channel TV

Uthole kanjani? Ngokunokwenzeka, lapho umfelwa efa, kancane kancane i-skull yaqala ukugcwala nge-sandstone, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, is sandall evela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ezungeze ubuchopho bomfelokazi. Ngakho-ke imvelo yanikeza ososayensi isipho esibalulekile - bakwazile ukutadisha ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi isisekelo sobuchopho besilwane sasendulo.

Owokuqala ukuphenya izinsalela ze-perunium kwakungu usosayensi waseRussia uYu. Orlov. Wafundela imininingwane emincane kakhulu ubuchopho be-marten, ngenxa yokuthi wakwazi ukuthola ukusebenza kwayo nendlela yokuphila.

Ividiyo: Izilwane eziyingozi kakhulu eRussia

Ukuvela kwalesi sidlakela sasendulo kwakufana nemfene, iwunga kanye nebhere. Ngenxa yokubukeka, kwaqhamuka igama lesibili - "Medvedosomakha".

Ama-Perunium ayizidleke ezinkulu, osayizi bawo afinyelela osayizi bamabhere besimanje.

Izidladla zazo zazinamandla, futhi izinyawo zazo zazibanzi, ngakho-ke zazigijima kahle iqhwa.

Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi amadlozi ezinja zanamuhla ayengomunye wabahlaseli bakudala, ababeyizihlobo zamelamuni namabhere. Kepha okhokho bamakati nezinhlwathi babeyizisulu ezihluke ngokuphelele.

Izinsalela zenyathi emanzi yaseYurophu zatholakala okokuqala eRussia

Ochwepheshe abavela ePaleontological Institute. U-A. A. Borisyak weSikhungo SaseRussia Sezemfundo uveze imfihlo yombukiso ogcinwe ezimalini zeKolomensk Museum of Local Lore. Njengoba kwenzeka, kungokwesibambiso samanzi saseYurophu.

Ososayensi bathola nyakenye, behlola imibukiso. Isilwane esiyingqayizivele, esidumbu saso esingatholakalanga ngaphambili eRussia, sasihlala kude neKolomna yesimanje.

Ososayensi bathola nyakenye, behlola imibukiso. Isilwane esiyingqayizivele, esidumbu saso esingazange sitholakale phambilini eRussia, sasihlala kude neKolomna yesimanje.

Ngo-2019, abakwaMont pale paleologists bathola ugebhezi oyingqayizivele we-fossil buffalo phakathi kwezinto zesitoko seKolomna Museum of Local Lore. Isigaxa uqobo lwaso satholakala emuva ngo-1939 eduzane nedolobhana laseLukerino, eli-4,5 km ngasentshonalanga nedolobha laseKolomna, emfuleni iKolomenka, inkantolo efanele uMfula iMoscow.

Abaphenyi bayihlonzile njengenhlobo engapheli ye-buffalo yase-Europe (Bubalus murrensis). Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuningi bokwanda kwezihlakala nokulimala kwamazinyo, lesi siga bekungeso somuntu oneminyaka emihlanu kuya kwayisithupha.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekugcineni kwe-Middle and Late Pleistocene, izimbaza zamanzi zazihlala enkabeni yeYurophu. Ngesikhathi sokufudumala okulingana, abameleli abaningi bezilwane ezincelisayo babuyela enyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga, futhi enkabeni yeYurophu, nazo, izilwane ezixakile ngalezi zindawo njengoba kwavela imvubu nezinyathi.

Izinsalela zabo zivame ukutholakala eRhine Valley eJalimane, ziyaziwa naseFrance, e-Italy naseNetherlands. Amagagasi amabili amakhulu okufuduka kwezinhlobo zamanzi asondelene nokushisa ahlukaniswa - ngezikhathi ezithile zeminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-425 kuya ku-337 edlule nezinkulungwane eziyi-130 kuya ku-115 edlule.

Ukutholakala kwesikhumba sikakhukhunathi wamanzi wasendulo bekungalindelekile: kutholwe amakhilomitha angamashumi amabili asenyakatho-mpumalanga yohlu oluphambili lwaseYurophu lwalezi zilwane - esifundeni saseMoscow, eduze kwaseKolomna. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-radiocarbon yokuqanjwa kwesampula etholakala esifundeni saseMoscow yakhombisa ukuthi lesi silwane besihlala lapha eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule ngemuva kwezihlobo zaso zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu - cishe ngasekupheleni kwePleistocene, cishe eminyakeni eyi-12 800 edlule.

I-Sarmiento Ingxenye 2 - I-Petrified Forest

Lapho ngihlela indlela yezindandatho ePatagonia, kwakukhona izindlela ezimbalwa zokuthi ungawela kanjani. Isinqumo sokudlula edolobheni laseSarmiento senziwa ngenxa yokuba khona kokukhanga okukodwa okungajwayelekile - ihlathi elinikezwe uphethiloli.

Nasi isiqu esibukeka sifana nesihlahla esomile impela. Kepha eqinisweni, yonke impahla yakhe isuswe ngokuphelele yitshe.

Isakhiwo sonke sezihlahla zasendulo siyalondolozwa, sinendlalelo, imifantu nemibungu. Ngisho amagxolo ayabonakala.

Iziqongo zezihlahla zikuyo yonke indawo - ukusuka ezigxotsheni ezincane kuya kweziqu ezinkulu:

Emashumi ezigidi zeminyaka, lezi zinsalela zehlathi lasendulo zazifihlwe ngaphansi kwamatshe odaka nodaka, kepha njengamanje kunenqubo yokufiphaza:

Ezindaweni awukwazi ukubona kuphela isihlahla ngokwaso, kodwa negobolondo lamatshe asentekenteke lapho lalilele khona, lijika kancane libe itshe. Naka ukuthi yiziphi izingulule zamatshe isiqu esiqhekezayo. izindlela kuleli paki likazwelonke zinamachashazi ngalezi zinsimbi, ezihluke kakhulu kulamatshe ayisiyingi kamuva.

Ngaphezu kwehlathi lakudala, le ndawo ngokwayo inhle kakhulu. Ubuhle obunamandla bogwadule, kunjalo, kepha namanje. "Inyanga Yesigodi":

Ngemuva kwezintaba ezinemibala eyisikhombisa zivame ukuya enyakatho yeArgentina, kepha eSarmiento kunokuthile ongakubona:

Akunakwenzeka ukuthi iSarmiento iyoke ibe indawo ebalulekile yabavakashi - ikhulu kakhulu phakathi nendawo, okusho ukuthi ubuhle kanye nomoya waleli kona elihle kuzohlala isikhathi eside. Sinezinkumbulo ezinhle kakhulu ezivela edolobheni.

Umsila we-plesiosaur wawugobile, ufana nomkhomo

Umsila we-plesiosaurus wahlotshiswa ngohlobo lwesikhumba futhi lwalutholakala luqonde, njengasezinkhathini zanamuhla zama-cetaceans nezinsimbi. Lesi siphetho safinyelelwa abacwaningi bePaleontological Institute. A. A. Borisyak ngokususelwa ekucwaningweni kabusha kwezinsimbi ezingaphezulu komhlaba nokuhlaziywa kwezincwadi.

Ukuba khona kwenhlawulo yesikhumba ekugcineni komsila kuma-plesiosaurs kwafakazelwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule kusampula yeJurassic Siliosaurus (Seeleyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris) enama-imprints omzimba. Ngokumangazayo, i-caudal fin ye-plesiosaurus imvamisa ayinakwa ezindlini ezakhiwe kabusha nasekucwaningeni kwesayensi. Njengoba isikhundla se-caudal fin kulokho okucatshangwe kuphela okutholakele kungacaci ngokuphelele, kusenezinkolelo ezahlukahlukene mayelana nalokhu. Inhloko ye-paleoherpetology laborator A.G. Sennikov ihlaziye amathambo ayi-14 ezihlambi zezilwane zasolwandle zaseJurassic ezivela ezezimali zePaleontological Institute, kanye nezinto zokwakha izilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini kanye nezirhubuluzayo ezivela kwezinye izinhlangano zocwaningo. Ukubuka okuningana kukhombisa indawo enezingqimba ye-caudal fin, ekhumbuza kakhulu izinzwa zanamuhla nama-cetaceans.

I-Plesiosaurus, enkulumweni yesazi se-paleontologist esingumNgisi uWilliam Buckland, inyoka efakwe emzimbeni wesudu. I-plesiosaurus inomzimba ofiphele ofanayo, ophoqelelwa ngohlaka olukhulu lwezimbambo zesisu. Phakathi kwe-vertebrae yokugcina yokugcina kanye ne-caudal vertebrae yokuqala, kutholakala indawo yokuhamba okunyukayo, okuvumela umsila ukuhamba ngokukhululeka. Izinqubo eziguqukayo eziguqukayo ze-caudal vertebrae ngokweqile zedlula ubude bezinqubo eziguqukayo eziguqukayo kanye nokuma kwe-hemal, okukhawulela ukuhamba komsila indiza enezingqimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isigaba sokugcina somsila we-plesiosaurus asiphambukeli siye phansi, njengoba kujwayelekile ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezine-fin caudal-based.

Phakathi kwezirala zamanzi zanamuhla, azikho izifanekiselo zesakhiwo somsila futhi, ngenxa yalokho, indlela yokuhamba endaweni yasemanzini eyatholakala ku-plesiosaurus. Ngakho-ke, imodeli yokuqhathanisa yama-plesiosaurs kwakudingeka itholakale kwamanye amaqembu ezilwane zasemakhaya ezisesekondari. Okusondele kakhulu kwakuyisakhiwo somsila wama-siren nama-cetaceans anensimbi evundlile yomsila. Ngama-plesiosaurs, umsila uqondile, ubanzi futhi uyamcaba, okusikhumbuza kakhulu umdwebo we-caudal wama-manatees anamuhla. Ekupheleni komsila, indawo ehlukile ihlukaniswa ne-vertebrae ehlanganisiwe, engasekelwa kuphela yi-caudal fin eqonde ngokuqondile, eyayinyukela phezulu naphansi futhi mhlawumbe ibisebenza njengejazi lokujula.

I-Skeleton ye-plesiosaur Wellesisaurus sudzuki (cast). Imnyuziyamu ye-Paleontological. Yu.A. Orlova

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-plesiosaurs nama-cetaceans nama-siren ukuthi izakhi eziyinhloko zokunyakaza okuguquguqukayo kuzo zingamaphepha, hhayi umsila. Kulesi simo, zombili izimbambo zamalunga zigcinwa kuma-plesiosaurs, kuyilapho kuma-cetaceans kanye nezinhlabamkhosi, amalunga asemuva ancishisiwe.

Izilwane ezihuquza zasolwandle ezifuywayo zisebenzise izitayela zokubhukuda ezahlukahlukene ezihambisana nezinto zesakhiwo samathambo abo. Ama-Ichthyosaurs, ama-mosasaurs kanye nezingwenya zasolwandle zigobisa umzimba ngendiza evundlile lapho zibhukuda, zinomsila ophakeme, kamuva ocindezelwe ngentambo eqondile, ingxenyeni yomgogodla eguqa phansi futhi isekela i-lobe ephansi. Ama-turfish asolwandle asebenzisa kuphela izitho eziguqulwe ziguqulwe lapho zibhukuda.

Ukushicilelwa: Sennikov A.G. Ubumqoka besakhiwo nomsebenzi we-locomotor womsila eSauropterygia // Biology Bulletin. 2019 Vol. 46. ​​Cha. 7. P. 751-762. I-DoI: 10.1134 / S1062359019070100

Ama-Glyptodonts wase-Argentina

E-Argentina, izazi zemvelo kanye nezazi zemivubukulo ezisebenza ngokubambisana esifundazweni saseBuenos Aires eduze komasipala waseBolivar, zathola amagobolondo amane agqilisiwe ama-glyptodonts, izilwane ezincelisayo ezingapheli emhlabeni ezihlala emhlabeni izigidi eziningi zeminyaka, embhedeni womfula iVallimanka.

Ukuthola lokhu kwabikwa nguMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wokucwaninga Ngesayensi Nobuchwepheshe (Incuapa-Conicet). Kutholakale izinsalela zama-glyptodonts eduze kweSan Luis Lagoon. Kusungulwe ukuthi bangabezinhlobo ze-Glyptodon reticulatus.

Kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu:

I-Glyptodon clavipes Owen, ngo-1839 ejwayelekile

UGlyptodon elongatus Burmeister, 1866

Glyptodon euphractus Lund, 1839

UGlyptodon reticulatus Owen, ngo-1845

Glyptodon munizi Ameghino, 1881

Amagobolondo ezinsalela Giant atholakala eduze komunye nomunye. Cishe lezi zilwane zafa ngasikhathi sinye. Ngale ndlela, abacwaningi bendawo abakaze babe nokutholakele okungaka.

Ososayensi okwamanje kufanele basungule ubulili bezilwane kanye nobudala abafa ngabo, futhi, uma kungenzeka, imbangela yokufa. AmaGlyptodonts amelela iqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo. Kwakungama-herbivores, imizimba namakhanda awo ayevikelekile ngokweqile ezilwaneni ezidla lubi ngegobolondo eliqinile.

Lezi zidalwa zakhula zaba ngamamitha amathathu ubude, futhi isisindo sazo safinyelela kumathani amabili. Okusho ukuthi, ngamapharamitha abo, abantu abakhulu babeqhathaniswa nemoto encane yabagibeli.

Izinsalela zezilwane ezifuywayo zitholakala ikakhulukazi eningizimu Melika. Kukholakala ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi bavele njengeqembu eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30 ezedlule. Isikhathi sokunyamalala kwabo asisungulwa ngokuqondile. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka kusuka eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 kuye kweyi-10 eyedlule. Mhlawumbe ama-glyptodonts anyamalala ngesikhathi sokuqothulwa kweziningi.

"Leli cala lingabizwa ngokuthi elihlukile, ngoba sithole abantu abaningi abafa ngasikhathi sinye ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo," kusho ofundile wezengqondo u-Ricardo Bonini. "Ukuzifunda ngokuqinisekile kuzosinika imininingwane eminingi emisha ngalezi zilwane eziyimfihlakalo, futhi kusivumele ukuthi sihlole eziningana iziqubulo ezibekwa phambili eminyakeni yakamuva. "

Abaphenyi baphawula ukuthi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 edlule, izinhlobo ze-Glyptodon reticulatus zaba namandla eqenjini lawo. Ngokokuqala ngqa, izinsalela zezinsalela zalezi zidalwa zatholakala eArgentina ngekhulu le-19. Kwabe sekukholelwa ukuthi endulo bekukhona inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo zama-glyptodonts.

Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezalandela zakhombisa ukuthi inani lezinhlobo lincane kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sekutholakele ukuthi eminyakeni eyizigidi zokugcina izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zalezi zilwane ezazikhona ngokweqiniso.

Umvuni Wokufa. Isihlobo sika-T-Rex sitholakala eCanada

Le tyrannosaurid yaphila eMhlabeni eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-80 eyedlule.

Ososayensi babike ukutholakala kohlobo olusha lwama-dinosaurs oluzungeza umhlaba waseNyakatho Melika cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-80 edlule.

I-Thanatotheristes degrootorum, okusho ukuthi “Umvuni Wokufa” ngesiGreek, ihlotshaniswa kakhulu ne-giant ty-rex (Tyrannosaurus rex) futhi ithathwa njengelungu elidala lomndeni womndeni wama-tyrannosaurus osenyakatho neNyakatho Melika. Lesi sidlwengu sifinyelele kumamitha ayisishiyagalombili ngobude futhi singowomndeni ofanayo, okubandakanya uhlobo lwabaphikisi - ama-tyrannosaurids (Tyrannosauridae).

“Sikhethe igama elifanekisela ukuthi yayiyini le turannosaurus. Kwakuwukuphela komuntu owaziwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe eCanada, umvuni wokufa, ”- UDarla Zelenitsky, uprofesa osizayo wedayosaur paleobiology eYunivesithi yaseCalgary, eCanada.

Izicucu zogebhezi lwe-T. degrootorum zatholakala yizakhamizi zaseCanada, abashadikazi uJohn noSandra De Groot, ngonyaka we-2010 ngasogwini loMfula uLuk eningizimu ne-Alberta. Amathambo athunyelwe eRoyal Tyrrell Museum, lapho abephutha khona ngokuthola izidumbu zeTyrannosaurus rex, kuze kube ngonyaka ka-2018, uJared Voris, umfundi ophumelele eNyuvesi yaseCalgary, waqala izifundo zawo.

Cishe ishumi leminyaka ngemuva kokususwa kwezinsalela futhi kwenziwa kuhlu, uVoris nozakwabo baqala ukuhlanganisa iphazili. Iqembu ligxile emathanjeni emihlathi, eyayinamagquma ahlukile, aqhakaza lapho kukhona izinhlaka zobuso ezikhethekile. Isigaxa sesilwane sabuye sisetshenziswe esigabeni sesiphambano, ngokungafani namanye ama-tyrannosaurs ahlobene kakhulu.

Kodwa-ke, ngakwezinye izindlela i-T. degrootorum yayifana nezihlobo zayo, okuthi, ngazo zonke izinkomba, zazingaziphindiseleli ezinobungane. Amathambo e-Tyrannosaurus ajwayele ukuqukethe izifengqo zakudala ezingomakhelwane nezihlobo namanye ama-dinosaurs. Umbhali we -atatoter akahlukile: ukuklanywa okumhlophe okudlula emhlathini wakhe ongaphezulu kwesokudla akuyona into edlula isikhafu, kusho abaphenyi.

Imfucumfucu ihlinzeka ngokuqonda okungafani ukwahlukahluka kosomashiqela eNyakatho Melika, abaningi babo ababehlala futhi bafa ogwini olusentshonalanga yolwandle olunamandla olwandle, olusuka ohlangothini olwandle oluya e-Arctic luze luye eGulf of Mexico.

I-Thanatotheristes isuka endaweni esezintabeni engatheni Iminyaka yakhe ilinganiselwa eminyakeni engama-79,5 wezigidi. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi wayene-muzzle ende, okwenza sikwazi ukwahlukanisa imigqa emibili yomashiqela ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zaseNyakatho Melika - enezizumbulu ezinde (enyakatho) kanye nezifushane, ezifana ne-bulldog-like (ezifundeni eziseningizimu).

Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi umehluko ekwakhekeni kukadayi womashiqela abasezindaweni ezihlukene kungenzeka ngenxa yokungezwani kokudla futhi kuncike inyamazane etholakala ngaleso sikhathi - ngokwesibonelo, abashokobezi abakhulu kakhulu base-Asia, ababephoqelelwa ukuba baphange inyamazane enkulu njenge-herbivorous zavropod giants, Ngenxa yalokhu, engeza ngosayizi walesi sizathu.

Imfucumfucu ihlinzeka ngokuqonda okungafani ukwahlukahluka kosomashiqela eNyakatho Melika, abaningi babo ababehlala futhi bafa ogwini olusentshonalanga yolwandle olunamandla olwandle, olusuka ohlangothini olwandle oluya e-Arctic luze luye eGulf of Mexico.

I-Thanatotheristes isichotho isuka endaweni enezintaba ezingatheni. Iminyaka yakhe ilinganiselwa eminyakeni engama-79,5 wezigidi. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi wayene-muzzle ende, okwenza sikwazi ukwahlukanisa imigqa emibili yomashiqela ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zaseNyakatho Melika - enezizumbulu ezinde (enyakatho) kanye nezifushane, ezifana ne-bulldog-like (ezifundeni eziseningizimu).

Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi umehluko ekwakhekeni kukadayi womashiqela abasezindaweni ezihlukene kungenzeka ngenxa yokungezwani kokudla futhi kuncike inyamazane etholakala ngaleso sikhathi - ngokwesibonelo, abashokobezi abakhulu kakhulu base-Asia, ababephoqelelwa ukuba baphange inyamazane enkulu njenge-herbivorous zavropod giants, Ngenxa yalokhu, engeza ngosayizi walesi sizathu.

Lapho abashokobezi beqala ukubonakala (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-165 edlule), babengewona ama-superpredators amahle kakhulu futhi ayingozi kakhulu uSteven Spielberg awakhazimulisa kwifilimu yakhe iJurassic Park. Ukukhula kwabanye babo akufinyelelwanga amamitha owodwa nesigamu.

AmaTirannosaurs ayezingela ethunzini lemindeni enkulu kakhulu yama-carnivores ayebusa ngaleso sikhathi - i-allosaurus ne-megalosaurids.Eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-80 eyedlule, lezi zidlozi zanyamalala, okwanikeza abashokobezi ithuba lokukhuphukela phezulu kwekhonkolo lokudla baphenduke imidondoshiya ebusa ngesikhathi seCretaceous. Ngaphambi kokunyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba, omashiqela bangakwazi ukufinyelela kumamitha ayi-12 ubude nesisindo cishe ngamathani ayisishiyagalolunye.

Ama-Giant pliosaurs asinda kusukela ekuqaleni kweLate Cretaceous

Ama-vertebra atholakala esifundeni seSaratov ayengama-pliosaurus amakhulu kunawo wonke eRussia. Ku-deposits yobudala beCenomanian (100.5-93.9 Ma), akukho lutho olunjengolu olutholakele ngaphambili. Ukuchazwa kokutholakele kushicilelwe kumagazini i-Cretaceous Research.

I-vertebra enkulu yatholakala eminyakeni eminingana eyedlule endaweni yedolobhana laseNizhnyaya Bannovka esifundeni saseSaratov Volga. Le ndawo yaziwa ngokutholwa kwenye yama-ichthyosaurs okugcina (Pervushovisaurus bannovkensis) ne-ichthyornis yokuqala eRussia. Ukutholwa okusha kungokwamaPliosaurs athuthuke kakhulu we-Brachaucheninae engaphansi.

Isampula yokuhlola iyi-vertebra yomlomo wesibeletho enobubanzi obungamasentimitha ayi-19. Ama-vertebrae wesibeletho salolu sayizi aziwa kuphela ngama-pteosaurs amathathu amakhulu amakhulu aseCretaceous - Kronosaurus queenslandicus avela e-Australia naseKronosaurus boyacensis naseSachicasaurus vitae evela eColombia. Lawa ma-pliosaurs amakhulu afinyelela kumamitha ayi-10- 11 ubude, eyizidalwa ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezilwandle zaseCretaceous.

Ngakho-ke, i-vertebra yobukhulu obuqhathanisayo kusuka esifundeni Saratov beyingele-pliosaurus enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia. Kodwa-ke, iminyaka yokutholwa, i-Cenomanian (100.5-93.9 Ma), iyisithakazelo esikhulu. Ngaphambi kwalolu cwaningo, bekukholelwa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi, amaPliosaurs ayecindezelwe kakhulu ngaphambi nje kokuqothulwa kweLate Cretaceous ngekhulu leminyaka laseTurkey elilandelayo. Ukutholwa okusha kusikisela ukuthi ama-pliosaurs amakhulu ahlala eziqongweni zemibhoshongo zokudla nawo abekhona ekuqaleni kweLate Cretaceous. Mhlawumbe ukunyamalala kwabo kuhlobene ngandlela thile nokuqothulwa kwama-ichthyosaurs ekupheleni kwekhulu le-Cenomanian, kodwa ukuze kufinyelelwe eziphethweni eziqinisekile, okunye okutholakele kulokhu kuphumula kwesikhathi kuyadingeka.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwenziwa ngesisekelo samathambo aphelele we-pliosaurus Sachicasaurus vitae ovela eLower Cretaceous of Colombia.

Ukushicilelwa: Nikolay G. Zverkov, Evgeny M.Pervushov. I-pliosaurid enkulu evela eCenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) weSifunda iVolga, Russia // Cretaceous Research, Itholakala online ngoFebhuwari 19, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104419

Izinto eziphilayo noma itshe elihle nje?

Namuhla ngithole lapha amatshe anqabile ogwini lolunye lwamabhings eRussiaky Island. Umbuzo wokuba ngongqondongqondo ukuthi leli yi-lizard / whale / bone bone, izinyo, amakhorali, noma i-cobblestone ejwayelekile?

UFotkal kwi-Honor 10, ngokudutshulwa kwe-macro unenkinga

Ngezansi kwalokho engikutholile nezinhlobo ezithile

Ukwenziwa kobuhle?

Ngonyaka odlule ngithole, kubonakala kimi, masonry petrified. Amaqanda (uma kungamaqanda), ngokulingana okulingana, ubude obungu-20 cm. Namuhla wahamba ohambweni lwesikebhe, wathwebula izithombe.
Ngabe okutholwayo kumelela noma iliphi inani? Sekuvele isilevu esinamabhele lapho sesikulungele, sabuthana kimi futhi sicebile))) Ukudlala nje, kunjalo, kepha kukho konke amahlaya, njengoba besho.

Indawo: Amadwala ogwini olusentshonalanga eCrimea.

Entelodontidae

Ama-Entelodonts (umndeni ka-Entelodontidae) ayengama-artiodactyl amakhulu aqhamuka e-Eocene-Miocene yaseNyakatho Melika kanye ne-Eocene-Oligocene yase-Eurasia (Brunet, 1979). Lezi “zingulube ezinkulu” zazingamazinyo womhlaba ezinemilenze emine ezinemihlathi emikhulu namazinyo eziwavumela ukuba aqhoboze futhi adle izinto ezinkulu zokudla ezingamelana nemithi, kufaka phakathi amathambo (uJoeckel, 1990).

Umuntu wokuqala owabhala kakhulu kwakungu-Eoentelodon ovela e-Eocene waseChina kanye neMongolia (Chow, 1958, Dashzeveg, 1976, 1993). Uhlobo lwe-Entelodon olukhudlwana futhi olukhula ngokwengeziwe, olwaziwa ukusuka eNtshonalanga Yurophu, eChina, eMongolia naseKazakhstan, lwaluvamile e-Esasia e-Middle Eocene-Early Oligocene futhi lwalusakazwa kabanzi ngokwendawo (isib. Matthew Granger, 1923, Trofimov, 1952, Young and Chow, 1956 , Biryukov, 1961, Hu, 1964, Dashzeveg, 1965, Brunet, 1979, Tomida. 1986, Emry et al., 1995, Lucas and Emry, 1996). Ama-entelodonts okuqala e-Europe aphakathi kwama-entelodonts amakhulu kakhulu aziwayo futhi ahlukaniswe ngama-genera amabili, iParaentelodon neNeoentelodon, eyaziwa ngeLate Oligocene-Early Miocene yaseGeorgia, Kazakhstan neChina (Gabuniya, 1964, Aubekerova, 1969, Brunet, 1979, Qiu et al. )

Ama-Entelodonts aqale ukubonakala eNyakatho Melika ngesikhathi sekwedlule isikhathi i-Eocene njengabafuduki abavela e-Asia (Bruner, 1979, Emry, 1981, Lucas, 1992). Imfucumfucu yabo iyaqapheleka ngasekupheleni kwe-Eocene-Early Oligocene yasentshonalanga ye-United States naseCanada. Ama-Entelodonts aphikelela kuyo yonke i-Oligocene ne-Early Miocene, ngokwengxenye entsha ye-entelodont entsha yohlobo lwe-Daeodon, isichazamazwi sakhe sokuqala yi-Dinohyus, esimelela umugqa wokuziphendukela kwemvelo we-entelodonts yase-Asia owathuthela eNyakatho Melika ngasekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Oligocene (Brunet, 1979, Lucas et. , 1997a, Effinger, 1998).

Abamele abakhulu kakhulu bomndeni we-entelodont (i-Entelodontidae) kwakuyidikoni (iDaeodon) kanye nabadala, mhlawumbe ongokhokho bayo, uParaentelodon (Paraentelodon). Yikuphi kubo okwakukhulu ngaleso sikhathi akunakushiwo ngokuqinisekile, ngoba izinsalela ze-paraantelodon, ngokungafani nesihlobo sayo esincanyana, zingcezu kakhulu.

Ngemuva kwabo yi-Archeotherium (Archaeotherium), abamele kakhulu lapho izinduna zifinyelela cishe ukuphakama okulingana nedikoni, kepha i-archeotherium yayingaphansi kwesidikoni ngobukhulu. Noma kunjalo, ububanzi begebhezi ngezinqubo ze-lobe e-archeotherium lalilikhulu kunawo wonke ama-entelodonts.

Ama-Entelodonts kungenzeka ukuthi ahleliswa ukusebenza okusheshayo nangokufanele. Ukuba nemilenze emide nezinselo ezibunjiwe. Okufakazela impilo ezindaweni ezivulekile. Izitebhisi ne-savannah. Ngosayizi bawo nemihlathi enamandla, babekwazi ukubamba izisulu ezincane (ama-artiodactyls amancane ngaleso sikhathi ayizimbumbulu), bawabulale futhi bawadle ngokumane bachoboze izicubu namathambo ngamazinyo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusika.

Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuhlaba umxhwele, amazinyo asabekayo, kanye nokufana kwabo nezingulube (uSuidae), babeqanjwa igama elithi "izingulube zangaphansi" (ukuqedwa kwezingulube).

Ngaphandle kobuhlobo nokufana nezingulube, kunomehluko omkhulu obonakalayo phakathi kwale mindeni yomibili. Ezinye zezinto ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu kulezi ezilandelayo:

1. Ngokungafani nezingulube, ama-canine aphezulu ama-entelodonts awazange agobeke phezulu, kepha akhula phansi.

2. Ama-fangs (angenhla nangaphansi) ayeneyingi oyindilinga, kunokuba acwebezelwe ngesimo esisetshenziswayo kamuva, futhi engenawo umphetho wokusika futhi awazange abe nomphumela obukhali njengezihlobo zawo.

3. Ngokungafani nezingulube, ezineminwe emane ephela ezinsweni, ama-entelodonts kulelo nalelo gwala wayeneminwe emibili egqoke izinselo.

4. Ama-entelodonts, ngokungafani nabameli bomndeni wezingulube, wayenombono we-binocular ngaphezulu, njengoba izisekelo zawo zamehlo ziqondiswe phambili ngezinga elikhulu kunezihlobo zazo.

5. Izakhiwo zokuqala ezintathu (zombili ezihlathini ezingenhla nezingaphansi) zinesimo sokuxubha amazinyo wohlobo (lapha ungadweba isifaniso nalawo amazinyo ama-hyenas (Hyaenidae).

Kungacatshangwa futhi (yize kungekho bufakazi obuqondile balokhu) ukuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, bekukhona umehluko ezinhlwini zangaphakathi nohlelo lwe-endocrine.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, imigqa yokuqala yama-entelodons yayihlikihla uhlobo. Ezingubeni, wonke amazinyo angemuva (wonke amafasitela nopelepele) ayihlobo lokugaya. Okusho ukuthi, bakwazi ukusika amathambo alula futhi angcono. Ama-entelodont fangs abene "chimiro zakudala." Okusho ukuthi, babehloselwe ukuba balume, hhayi isiteleka esihlabahlosile ngabo. Ama-Entelodonts abenombono we-binocular ongcono (isb. Voluminous ngaphezulu). Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukubala ibanga kulowo ohlukunyezwayo. Phakathi kokunye, ama-entelodonts ayenenombolo encishisiwe yezinzwane, okuyinto (yize engaqondile) iphakamisa ukuthi ibingabantu abagijimayo kakhulu futhi bangahamba amabanga amade ngaphandle kwamandla athe xaxa beyofuna i-carrion noma okuphangwa bukhoma.

Manje siphendukela ezingulubeni, okuyinto ngazo zonke izindlela "zilahlekelwe" kuma-entelodonts ekubikezelweni. Ngisho nazo, ezinjenge-boar yasendle (iSus scrofa), noma izingulube ezifuywayo, ngaphezu kokutshala ukudla, zidla inyama. Ama-boar asendle okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla kwesinye isikhathi aze azizingele (ikakhulukazi ebusika obunzima), abulale ngisho nabantu abancane abangatheni, ikakhulukazi inyamazane (uhlobo lweCapreolus). Futhi kukho konke lokhu, izingulube zasendle azinayo imishayo nezakhiwo ezisetshenziselwa izinyamazane.

Umbono oboniswe ngaphezulu we-binoelon we-entelodonts wabavumela ukuba basebenzise ngempumelelo isisulu, futhi imicu yabo emikhulu (engazange igobe phezulu) ibavumele ukuba bathathe enkulu ngokuthembekile.

Ingulube yaziwa ngokuba isilwane esimangazayo, kepha ukudla okususelwa ezitshalweni kuyenzeka ekudleni kwayo. Kuzo zonke lezi zinto ezingenhla, singaphetha ngokuthi ama-entelodonts kwakuyizilwane ezihlasimulisayo (obunye bobufakazi balokhu ukwakhiwa kwangaphambi kwamagumbi kanye nokugaya ama-molars), nokho, ukudla kwezilwane kudlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekunakekelweni kwazo.

Ukufingqa, singasho ukuthi ama-entelodonts ayengama-omnivores, edla imifino ehlukahlukene, ngenkathi esebenzisa ubukhulu bawo namandla enza njenge-scavenger-amaphekula, ethatha inyamazane evela ekuhlaseleni okuphumelelayo kodwa okubuthakathaka, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ngokuvamile athola izilwane zawo ngendlela (isb. ukuzingela).

Umhlathi ophansi (cast) we-entelododont yakamuva (i-Paraentelodon intermedium). IMiocene yaseKazakhstan yokuqala. I-Paleontological Museum yeYu.A. Orlov isithombe sami.

Isikhumba se-Entelodont saseKazakhstan. Isithombe sami.

I-Sche archeotherium yenja. (I-Archaeotherium caninus).

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kweDekhoni kusuka emnyuziyamu eDenver.

Amathambo we-entelodon (i-Entelodon enkulu) evela endaweni yakuqala ye-Oligocene yendawo yaseMyneskesuyek (esifundeni saseKaraganda) kanye nomhlathi ophansi weparaentelodon (Paraentelodon intermedium) ovela eLate Oligocene yendawo yaseSary-Ozek (esifundeni sase-Almaty). Imnyuziyamu yeNdalo e-Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Isidalwa

«Ngibone amaMasters amaningi aMnyama. Bayinto yesikhashana. Enye yazo yachotshozwa, enye yayinhlabathi, owesithathu wadliwa ngumdondoshiya omkhulu!»
- UGnarl.

Giant marten (eng. Gias weasel) - isidalwa esishiwo kusuka Okweqile: ukukhulisa isihogo.