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Izinhlobo: Placerias - isandulelo sezilwane ezincelisayo

I-Placerias (Placerias) - dicynodont enkulu, eyayiphila ngasekupheleni kwe-Triassic (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-221-210). Amathambo kaPlacerias agxiliwe okokuqala atholakala kuma-Carney deposits eNyakatho Melika (Arizona). Isibungu sokuqala wachazwa nguLucas ngonyaka we-1904 futhi simela okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo zePlacerias hesternus.

IPlacerias ingeyomndeni wakwaKannemeyeridae. Ungummeleli omkhulu waleli qembu lesikhathi sekwedlule isikhathi sokuphila kwabo emhlabeni.

I-dicynodont yasendulo yathuthukisa igebhezi elibanzi elinesiqu esiphakeme ngemuva kwekhanda. Uqhwaku lwophondo lwePlacerias luyisici esibonisa wonke ama-dicynodonts.

I-Placerias (lat.Placerias)

Kube kungekho ma-fangs, akhule ngokuqinile, ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa, imihlathi ye-tusk-like. Ubude besilwane sonke babungamamitha amathathu, ukuphakama kwayi-1,6 m. Kunesisindo esilingana nethani.

Amathambo wePlacerias.

UPlacerias wayenomzimba oyindilinga onemilenze eqinile nezimbambo zomsila omfushane. Ngokusekwe ocwaningweni lwengxenye yesidlakela sudebe, izazi zezimbali zaphetha ngokuthi ibhungane lalidla imifino. Uqhwaku lwayo olubukhali futhi oluqinile lungasiza isilwane ukubhula amagxolo ezihlahleni. Inani elikhulu lezinsalela zezilwane ezitholakele, kanye nemikhondo yazo iphakamisa impilo yomhlambi walezi zidalwa. Abantu abahlukile bePlacerias bakhombisa i-dimorphism ebonakalisiwe ekwakhiweni kwezidladla.

Usayizi wePlacerias.

Isizwe sePlacerini simelwe ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zama-dicynodonts - iMogreberia (Moghreberia) kusukela esikhathini seLate Triassic (Moromalia) kanye ne-Ishigualastia (Ischigualastia jenseni) kusukela esikhathini seCarney (Argentina). Izinhlobo ezimbili zama-dicynodonts zikhulu futhi ziyefana nePlacerias. Umehluko osesakhiweni sikakhanda. IMogreberia yayinama-fangs angempela, i-Ishigualastia yayingenawo ama-fangs kanti ukuphuma kwethambo lomhlathi kungakhiwa kancane. Kodwa-ke, i-Ishigualastia yayinkulu kakhulu kuma-dicynodonts futhi inesisindo esingaphezu kwethani.

Imodeli yePlacerias.

Ngesikhathi seKarney, kwatholakala izingwenya ezinkulu. Abamele lezi ezihuquzelayo - ravizuhi futhi presozuhi mhlawumbe babezingela ama-dicynodonts. Ezweni lakithi, esifundeni sase-Orenburg, ngesikhathi kokumbiwa kwenkathi ye-Middle Triassic, kwatholakala izingcezu zomhlathi ongenhla wedicinodont encane efana nePlacerias. Isibonelo esatholakala sabizwa ngokuthi yi-Edaxosaurus edentatus.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Ukulungiswa kwezimilo

Ngokokuqala ngqa, uTatarinov wakhuluma ngalo mqondo ngo-1976. Nguye - indoda eqaphele izimpawu ezikhulayo zezilwane ezincelisayo ngamaqembu ahlukile we-terapsids, ama-synapsid nama-theriodonts. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, wamisa umqondo wegama elijwayelekile elithi mamyrian theriodonts.

Umsuka nokuvela kwezilwane ezincelisayo kusuka emhlabeni wasendulo kuya kwesimanje, ngokusho kwabacwaningi, kwaqala eminyakeni engama-225 yezigidi edlule. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abanye abamele umhlaba wezilwane bathole ithuba lokukhulisa isilinganiso se-metabolic, bakhuphule izinga lokushisa lomzimba kanye nekhono lokuzilawula bebodwa. Amakhono amasha ahambisana noshintsho endizeni ebonakalayo:

• Ukwakheka kwama -osslicle wokuphamba.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwemisipha yezixhobo zomhlathi.
• Amazinyo ayashintsha.
• Kwakheka indawo yesibili yamathambo, ngenxa yokuthi izilwane eziningi zazikwazi ukuphefumula ngenkathi zidla.
• Inhliziyo ihlukaniswe ngamakamelo amane, ngakho igazi elenzelayo nele-venous alizange lixube.

Ukuvela kwezilwane ezincelisayo

ILate Cretaceous iyaziwa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi lapho kuvela khona izilwane ezincelisayo zokuqala. Abamele basendulo, empeleni, bangama-vittivores ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Ukubukeka kwawo kwakufana kakhulu: isidalwa esinegazi elinemfudumalo esinamachaphaza agrey kanye namilenze eyisihlakala emihlanu. Ekhaleni eliphakeme lalinomumo we-proboscis futhi lasiza isilwane ukusesha izinambuzane nezibungu.

Iningi lamathala atholakala kumaCretaceous deposits aseMongolia naseCentral Asia. Okhokho babo babizwa njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo zeqembu lezilwane ezingama-synapsid. Kwakuyiqembu leli elakha i-subclass yezidalwa ezixakile. Phakathi kwazo, kwavela abamele abamele izivakashi, nabasondelene kakhulu nezilwane ezincelisayo.

Ama-Synapsid

Isikhathi se-Mesozoic sidale yonke imibandela yenhlala-kahle yezilwane ezihuquzelayo nazo zonke izakhiwo ezijwayelekile zamaqhude angempela. Umlando ubakhumbule ngaphansi kwegama "dinosaurs." Izilwane bezizama ukuziphilisa phakathi kwazo, ngakho-ke baphoqeleka ukuba banciphise usayizi womzimba wazo, banciphise inani labo futhi bangene emathunzini, behlalisa i-niche yesibili yemvelo, benikeza ezinye izilwane kuqala. I-heyday yabo izoqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuqothulwa kwama-painolins okulandelayo.

Dictodon

Iminyaka yezinsalela ezitholakele isukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-252. Lesi ngesinye sezilwane zasendulo, ezazinemisipha emhlathini ongezansi. Ubude bomzimba wakhe abudluli amasentimitha angama-80. UDiictodon wayehlala endaweni yaseYurophu yanamuhla ngisho nangaphambi kokuvela kwama-dinosaurs okuqala. Kamuva, kwavela kuye lapho okhokho bezilwane ezincelisayo.

UDvinia

Lesi yisilo sasendle esenziwe ngesilo, esisesigabeni sama-cynodonts. Isikhathi sabo ukuphela kwenkathi ye-Permian. Izidumbu zokuqala zatholakala endaweni yase-Arkhangelsk. Amathambo aneminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-250. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zokuqala zivela kubo.

Lesi silwane besingaba amasentimitha angama-50 ubude. Yayinejazi loboya namazinyo afanayo ngesakhiwo namathuluzi ezinsana zezilwane ezincelisayo. Izici ezihlukile:

• Ebusweni kwakukhona ijazi elibucayi, i-vibrissa, elisiza ngesikhathi sokuzingela.
• Kuthuthukiswa kwegazi elifudumele, ngenxa yokuthi isilwane besingancikile ekushiseni okukhona.

Ngokunokwenzeka, ubukhosi babumangalisa. Naphezu kokufana okuningi, ubuchopho bakhe babungokwedlule kunalezo ezincelisayo ezilula kakhulu.

I-Didelfodon

Iminyaka yezinsalela isukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule. Indawo ongaba kuyo yokuhlala - i-USA, Montana, Australia, South America. Lesi ngesinye sezilwane zakudala zasendulo esezisuselwa kuzo.

Ubude be-didelphodone abudluli imitha eyi-1, futhi isisindo sasingamakhilogremu angama-20. Wayenamehlo abukhali, ngakho-ke kukhona ukuqagela ukuthi lesi silo sasihlala ebusuku. Wayedla izilwane ezincane, izinambuzane, amaqanda edayinaso noma yikuphi ukutholwa okutholakele.

Umvikeli

Isilwane sokuqala esimise okwamahhashi, okuthiwa yi-brontotherium, sakhula kusukela ekugcineni kwe-Eocene kuya maphakathi ne-Oligocene. Ukubonakala kwayo kwakufana nobhejane omkhulu noma imvubu, eyayinezinyawo ezinkulu ezinezinyawo ezinezinyawo. IMisa - 1 ithoni. Izikhuni ezibukhali zithuthuke emhlathini ongenhla nangaphansi, zikuvumela ukuba ucindezele utshani eduze namachibi.

Iningi lezinsalela zitholakala eNyakatho Melika. Iminyaka yabo inqunywa ezingeni lezigidi ezingama-35 ezedlule. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, indlela yabo yokuphila yayikhumbuza ngemvubu yanamuhla. Emini balala emanzini emanzini angajulile, kuthi kusihlwa baqhubeke otshanini.

I-Australopithecus

Lokhu kuphakathi okukhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi izihlobo zakhe zaba ngokhokho basendulo babantu besimanje. Isikhathi sokubukeka kwabo singena esikhathini esivela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisithupha edlule.

Bahlala e-Afrika ngamaqembu amancane, okubandakanya abesilisa abangu-2 noma abe-3, abesilisa nabesifazane abaningana. Isisekelo sokudla kwabo kwakuyizitshalo nembewu. Lesi kwakuyisizathu sokuncipha kwama-fangs nokuqala kokuhamba okuqondile, ngoba phakathi kwamathanga amade, ahamba ngemilenze emine, kwakunzima ukubona isilwanyana esidla izinyawo. Ukuvela kobuchopho kwengqondo yezilwane ezincelisayo kwakusesigabeni sokuqala, ngakho-ke umthamo wezinto ezimpunga wawungaphansi kokuqukethwe kwebhokisi le-cranial yabantu basendulo.

I-African Australopithecus iyisidalwa esiphakeme saso esingadluli amasentimitha ayi-150. Abaphenyi baphakamisa ukuthi wasebenzisa ngokungafanele amatshe, amagatsha nezicucu zamathambo, wenza umsebenzi wakhe ube lula. Umugqa wayo uqhamuka e-Afar Australopithecus, ethathwa njengokhokho bohlanga lwesintu.

Indoda yangaphansi

Ummeli omnyama wesintu. Kukholakala ukuthi amaNeanderthals avele e-Afrika eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-400 edlule. Kamuva, bazinza kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseAsia (phakathi nenkathi yeqhwa). Amalungu okugcina esixuku abulawa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 edlule.

Isikhathi eside kakhulu, bonke abacwaningi babona eNeanderthal okuwukuphela kokhokho babantu banamuhla. Umbono manje usudumile wokuthi zombili lezi zinhlobo (amaNeanderthals nabantu banamuhla) zivela kukhokho eyodwa. Isikhathi esithile, baba khona endaweni.

Ukukhula kwe-Neanderthal ejwayelekile kwakungamasentimitha ayi-163, i-physique yayinamandla futhi inemisipha, ivumelaniswa nezindawo ezinezimo ezinzima zokuphila. Isigaxa sakhe saphakeme, sinemihlathi eqinile futhi eqinile, amashiya aqhamile. Ukwakheka kwesigebhezi kukhombisa umbono obukhali nenkulumo yasendulo. Babekwazi ukusebenzisa amathuluzi alula futhi bakhe uhlobo lomphakathi.

Izilwane ezincelisayo zakuqala

Kwabameli basendulo, izindlala zesithukuthuku ziguqulwa ukuze zakhe izicubu ezincelisayo. Ngokunokwenzeka, ekuqaleni azange bondle inzalo yabo, kepha babedakiwe, bebanikeza ukufinyelela okungapheli koketshezi nosawoti obalulekile. Amazinyo ashintshe ngokulandelayo, ahlukanisa izilwane ezincelisayo zokuqala zaba ngamaqembu amabili - i-cuneotheriid ne-morganukodontid.

Omunye umugqa, obizwa ngokuthi i-pantotherium, uvumelana kangcono nezimo zokuphila ezishintsha ngokushesha. Ngaphandle, afana nezilwane ezincane ezidla izinambuzane, amaqanda nenzalo yezinye izilwane. Ngalesi sikhathi sesikhathi, ubungako bobuchopho babo babuncane kakhulu, kepha bukhulu kakhulu kunokwezinye izilwane. Ukuphela kwenkathi ye-Mesozoic kwaba yisinqumo esinqunyiwe sale nhlobo, sikuhlukanise kube izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukile - ama-marsupials aphezulu nezindawo eziphansi.

Ekuqaleni kweCretaceous, kwavela izilwane eziwubala. Njengoba okunye ukuqhubeka kwemvelo kwezilwane ezincelisayo kukhombisile, le nhlobo iphumelele impela.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezilwane zasendulo ezilwaneni zesimanje

IBhungane lalikhona ngaphambi kwe-Upper Triassic. Izinsalela zezinsalela zasendulo zezilwane zasendulo zitholakala emafektri aseJurassic.

Kamuva, izilwane ezincelisayo ezi-placental kanye ne-marsupial zavela ezilwaneni ezi-tubed-tooted. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-Cretaceous, i-placental ihlukaniswe, yakha umugqa wama-cetaceans namagundane. Labo abondla izinambuzane bakha imigqa eminingi: amalulwane, ama-primates, ama-neurites, njalonjalo. Izinhlobo zezilwane ezingamakhoboka ezihlukanisayo zahlukanisa, zakha uhlobo oluzimele lwezinto eziphilayo, olwagcina lwadala izilwane ezidla ezinye nezingazithandi. Kusuka ekuhlaselweni okudala kakhulu, okuthiwa ama-creodonts, ama-pinnipeds avela, kusukela kwabokuqala abangabumbuli - ama-artiodactyls, ama-artiodactyls ne-proboscis. Ekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Cenozoic, izilwane ezincelisayo ezi-placental zazithatha i-niche enkulu yemvelo. Kulezi, kwakhiwa izilwane ezingama-31, eziyi-17 zazo ezihlala nanamuhla.

Izilwane ezincelisayo zasendulo kakhulu yilezo ezazidla izinambuzane. Ngaphandle, ayefana nezilwane ezincane ezikwazi ukuhlala emhlabeni nasezihlahleni. Izinambuzane ezihamba ezihlahleni, lapho kuziwa khona ukuziphendukela kwemilenze yezilwane ezincelisayo, zaqala ukuhleleka, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zandiza, zakha ukuqhekeka kwamalulwane. Amafomu aphansi akhuphuke ngosayizi, ayewavumela ukuthi aqhubeke nokuzingela umdlalo omkhulu, owabavumela ukuba bakhe isigaba se-creodonts. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, banika okhokho bezilwane zesimanje i-oda leGarnivora. Ikati elidume ngokudla ama-saber-toothed livele eNeogene.

Kuyo yonke iPaleogene, izilwane ezidla ezinye zakha imigqa emibili efanayo: ama-pinnipeds nezilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba. Ama-pinnipeds ahlala kuyo yonke imizimba yamanzi futhi aba ngamakhosi olwandle.

Abanye abamele ama-creodonts, abaguqula ngokuphelele ukudla kwabo okujwayelekile kokudla kwezitshalo, baba ngamadlozi omshini womoya, okuwukuthi, ngabokuqala abangazichazanga.

Ngokuqala kwe-Eocene, amadlozi wamagundane, ama-aardvark, ama-primates kanye nama-neurotubes ahlukaniswe kuma-sireletsetivores futhi akha izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezizimele.

Ukuvela kwezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo kwaqhubeka kuyo yonke inkathi yeCenozoic. Izimbali zokuqala zavela, zaba yinto ebalulekile ekudleni kwansuku zonke kwezilwane ezincelisayo. I-ecology yaguquka ngezikhathi ezithile, iphoqa izilwane ukuthi zijwayele izimo ezintsha zokuphila. Izinyoni zasendulo nezilwane ezincelisayo zafinyelela izinhloso zazo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo futhi kancane kancane zanyamalala, futhi inzalo yazo enesizukulwane ngasinye esisha yathuthuka futhi yaphelele. Kepha inqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamazwekazi yakha izindawo ezihlukaniswe zodwa emhlabeni, lapho izinhlobo zokuqala zezilwane zahlala khona isikhathi eside kakhulu.

Ngenkathi yesikhathi seminyaka yama-marsupials, i-Australia ihlukaniswa namanye amazwekazi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNingizimu Melika yathutha inyakatho neNyakatho. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kule nsimu zathuthuka ngokuzimela.

I-niche enkulu yemvelo eseNingizimu Melika yasala yabahlali bodwa, okwathi ngenxa yokuntuleka komncintiswano yaqhubeka nokukhula. Ezidalweni ezincane ezi-carnivorous ezazingadluli usayizi we-inclum ngamapharamitha wazo, zaphenduka izilwane ezinkulu, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-tier-toothed tiger.

Ngesikhathi sokuvela kwesigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo, kwavela izinhlobo ezinkulu zezidleke, i-armadillos ne-sloths. Ukuhlala okuzinzile kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala emajukujukwini aphela ngasekupheleni kwePliocene. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakhiwa i-isthmus, exhuma iNyakatho neNingizimu Melika. Okokuqala ngqa esikhathini eside kakhulu, izilwane ezingxenyeni eseningizimu zahlangana nomakhelwane bazo basenyakatho. Lezi zakamuva bezithuthukiswe kakhulu, ngakho-ke ziqothula kalula abantu abasemzini kanye nabantu abangathandeki. Ama-giadillos amakhulu nama-sloths amakhulu kuphela angaqhubeka ngaphezu kwesifunda esenyakatho, afinyelela indawo ye-Alaska.

Ensimini ye-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika, zonke izigaba zokuvela kwezilwane ezincelisayo zadlula izilwane nezindlovu ezingazithobanga. Ngenxa yezazi ze-paleontologists, ukuthuthukiswa kwamahhashi, okwenzeka ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Melika, kwahlolwa ngemininingwane ethe xaxa. Idlozi labo lithathwa njenge-hyracoteria noma i-eogippus, obukhona bayo buwela esikhathini sePaleocene. Ukudla kwe-gyracoterium kwakuyizinhlamvu eziqinile zezihlahla, futhi ukunyakaza kwabo endaweni ezungezile kwakushesha kakhulu.

Amadlelo asendulo anikeza amahhashi ithuba lokuthi angabheki ukudla, ukukha izihlahla kanye namahlumela amancane, kodwa ukudlela ezolile emathafeni amakhulu. Abanye abameleli balezi zinhlobo bahlala bezulazula ezihlahleni ezibanzi, belondolozela ubukhulu bethoni. Bakha isikhova se-hipparionic, esagcina sisabalale kuzo zonke izindawo ze-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Isisekelo sokudla kwabo kwakuyizitshalo ezincane namaqabunga ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni. Babenomncintiswano lapho bebhekene nobhejane abancane abanezinyawo ezinde, abantu babo abangakwazi ukumelana nokuhlaselwa kwamahhashi futhi banyamalala.

Zonke ezinye izinhlobo zobhejane zazifana nemvubu yamanje. Kunezinhlobo ezakhula zaba ngosayizi ohlaba umxhwele. Okudume kakhulu kubo yiBaluchiterium - isilwanyana esikhulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona emhlabeni. Ukukhula kwabamele ababodwa balezi zinhlobo kungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6, okwabavumela ukuba bafinyelele emaqabunga kanye amahlumela ezihlahla ezinde kakhulu.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlovu kwakungelula. Ukwakheka kwabo kokugcina kwenzeka ngesikhathi seNeogene.Ngalesi sikhathi, izindlela zeCenozoic zokhokho bendlovu zaqala ukuhlafuna ukudla ngendlela ehlukile - phambili naphambili emuva, zihamba ziqonde ngaphesheya. Kwakuwushintsho olukhulu kumishini ye-masticatory eyacunula ukwakheka kwezimpawu ezidume umhlaba wonke zekhanda lendlovu.

Isikhathi seCretaceous sibuye saba yindawo yokuguqula iqembu labokuqala. Bavele eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-80 edlule, futhi ukubukeka kwabo kwakufana nezilwane zesimanje, njengama-tarsiers noma ama-lemurs. Ngokuqala kwe-Paleogene, ukwahlukana kwabo baba ngabamele abaphansi nabanamahloni. Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-12 eyedlule, i-ramapitek yavela - intengo yokuqala efana nokufana nabantu. Izindawo ezihlala kuzo zibandakanya i-India ne-Afrika.

Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-5 ezedlule, i-Australopithecus yokuqala yavela e-Afrika - izihlobo eziseduzane zalo mjaho, ezingamacala ayisipesheli, kepha bazi ukuhamba ngezinyawo ezimbili nokusebenzisa amathuluzi enziwe ekhaya nsuku zonke. Cishe eminyakeni engama-2500000 edlule, baqala ukushintshela ekusebenzeni kwabantu, okufakazelwa yizinsalela ezihlukile ze-Australiaalopithecus ezitholwe yi-paleontologists e-East Africa. Ukuqala kwe-Paleolithic kushiye uphawu lwayo emlandweni iqiniso lokuthi abantu bokuqala bavela phakathi nalesi sikhathi.

Izici eziphambili zamakhosi omhlaba wezilwane

Ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izilwane ezincelisayo ziye zafinyelela esigabeni esiphakeme kakhulu sama-vertebrates, athatha isinyathelo esiyinhloko embusweni wezilwane. Inhlangano yabo ejwayelekile ifanelwe ukunakwa ngokukhethekile:

1. I-Thermoregulation yomzimba, ihlinzeka ngokushisa okuhlala njalo komzimba wonke. Lokhu kwenze ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo zinganciki ezimeni ezithile zesimo sezulu.
2. Izilwane ezincelisayo ziyizilwane eziphila bukhoma. Ezimweni eziningi, bondla izingane zabo ubisi, banakekele izingane zize zifike eminyakeni ethile.
3. Esigabeni sezinyamane kuphela lapho ukuvela kwemvelo kwenze ngcono uhlelo lwezinzwa. Lesi sici sinikeza ukusebenzisana okuphelele kwazo zonke izitho zomzimba nokuvumelana nezimo kunoma yiziphi izimo zemvelo.

Lezi zimfanelo zaziqinisekisa ukwanda kwezilwane ezincelisayo emhlabeni, emanzini nasemoyeni. Ukubusa kwabo akuzange kufinyelele ezwenikazi lase-Antarctic kuphela. Kepha ngisho nalapho ungahlangana nokukhanyiselwa kwaleli gunya ebusweni bomkhomo nezimpawu.