I-Euglena eluhlaza (i-Euglena viridis) iyi-protozoan eneseli eyodwa yohlobo lwe-Euglena yohlobo lwe-flagellate yesigaba sarcomastigophora. Ngokusho kwezazi zezilwane, i-euglena eluhlaza ifakiwe eqenjini lezilwane - isitshalo i-flagella (phyto-flagellates). Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi i-euglena eluhlaza imele ngokwemvelo i-euglena algae.
La ma-protozoa ahlala emizimbeni yamanzi angcoliswe kakhulu - imisele, amawa, izihosha, izidumbu zamanzi ezincane zokubola. Kwesinye isikhathi i-euglena eluhlaza itholakala ezindaweni zokuhlanza ezihlanzekile, zombili ezisanda kufakwa nosawoti.
Igama elithi Euglena litholile ngombala oluhlaza okotshani, okunikeza ama-chromatophores omzimba. Uma sihlola i-euglena eluhlaza ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, kuyabonakala ukuthi iseli ye-euglena eluhlaza inesimo se-fusiform oblong, ubukhulu bayo bukhulu kune-amoeba ejwayelekile (0.05-0.06 mm). Ngaphansi kwe-membrane kune-cytoplasm enama-organoids ne-nucleus eyodwa enkulu. Ungqimba lwangaphandle lwe-cytoplasm luhlanganisiwe, ukuze ukuma kweseli kungashintsha kuphela ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ethile - kunciphe kancane, ngenkathi iseli liba mfushane futhi libanzi. Iso elibomvu le-photosensitive emaphethelweni alo angaphandle libonakala kahle emzimbeni womuntu. Eduze kwayo egumbini lokuphumula kukhona i-flagellum, ngosizo lokujikeleza okujikeleza okuthi i-euglena eluhlaza iqhubekele phambili. I-vacuar contractile isondelene neso elizwelayo, umsebenzi wayo ophambili yi-osmoregulatory (ukukhulula umzimba emanzini ngokweqile). Ama-chromatophores emzimbeni womuntu ahlelekile ngesimo futhi ahlelwe ngokugoba.
Isici se-euglena eluhlaza ukuthi ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kwaso izici zesitshalo nezilwane zihlanganisiwe. Lokhu kukhombisa umsuka ojwayelekile wezitshalo nezilwane ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, umsoco we-mixotrophic ubonakala nge-euglena, okungukuthi, uyakwazi uhlobo lwe-autotrophic nohlobo lwe-heterotrophic ngenxa yokuba khona kwama-chloroplasts ane-chlorophyll esitokisini. I-Photosynthesis yenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya okuhle kuma-chloroplasts. Kepha ngokuhlala isikhathi eside kwe-euglena eluhlaza ezindaweni ezinokukhanya okungekuhle, iseli layo libonakala "lincibilika" ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwe-chlorophyll kuma-chloroplasts. I-Euglena iba luhlaza okotshani noma ibonakale. Okulula kakhulu kuya kuhlobo lwe-heterotrophic lomsoco, obamba izinto eziphilayo ezihlakazwe emanzini. Lapho i-euglena ingena ezindaweni ezikhanyisiwe, zonke izinqubo zokudla kwe-autotrophic ziyabuyiselwa.
Kukhanya ngenxa ye-photosynthesis emzimbeni we-euglena eluhlaza, kwakhiwa umsobho wokugcina, ofana nesakhiwo nesitashi. Le nto ifakwa ngesimo okusanhlamvu ku-cytoplasm yeseli.
Ngakho-ke, emzimbeni we-euglena eluhlaza, imisebenzi efana nokondleka, ukuphefumula, ukumbumbuluzwa, i-photosynthesis, nokuzala kuyenziwa. Ukuphinda kuzalwe izidalwa zalolu hlobo ku-euglenic asexally - ngokuhlukanisa iseli ngesigamu, ngokungafani nemikhakha, nayo ebonakala ngenqubo yezocansi. Ngokukhiqizwa kabusha kwesibalo esikhulu sabantu abangama-euglena oluhlaza okotshani, kuqhakaza “obomvu” noma obuluhlaza bezidumbu zamanzi.
I-Anatomy kanye ne-physiology
Ubude bomzimba ama-micrometer angama-50-60, ububanzi obuyi-14-18 ma-micrometer. Umzimba uphakeme, emaphethelweni angaphambili kune-flagellum eyodwa ende, okuthi esitokisini kudlulele emzimbeni we-basal, ekugcineni engemuva kukhululeke kancane futhi kukhonjwe. I-Euglena inegobolondo eliwubala eliyinika umumo, kepha iyayivumela ukuba ichume, ibe mfushane futhi ibanzi.
Ngasohlangothini olufanayo ne-flagellum, umlomo oluhlaza utholakala kwi-euglena eluhlaza, ngosizo lwayo igwaze izinhlayiya ze-organic. I-flagellum iyasiza.
Futhi phambi kweseli kukhona ukwakheka kwezithombe - iso (bona ihlazo), elinombala obomvu. I-Euglena eluhlaza ine-Phototaxis eyakhayo, isb., Ihamba ezintanjeni zokukhanya.
Ukunyakaza kwenziwa endaweni lapho ifugellum itholakala khona. Uklwebheke emanzini, iseli uqobo lwalo ngalesi sikhathi lungena kolunye uhlangothi.
I-Euglena eluhlaza ihlanganisa izici zezitshalo nezilwane. Iseli lakhe liqukethe i-chlorophyll futhi ekukhanyeni ingondliwa ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis. Ebumnyameni kanye nokuchichima kokudla okuphathekayo, i-euglena idla i-heterotrophically, imunca i-organic organic. Ukuhlala isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezingakhanyisiwe kahle kuholela 'ekushintsheni' komzimba oluhlaza we-euglena: i-chlorophyll kuma-chloroplasts iyabhujiswa, bese kuthi i-euglena ibe luhlaza okotshani noma icwenge ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, lapho ubuyela ezindaweni ezikhanyisiwe, i-euglena iqala futhi ukuba nokudla kwe-autotrophic.
Lapho kuvela izimo ezingezinhle zemvelo (ubusika, ukoma echibini), i-euglena eluhlaza ibumba i-cyst, ngenkathi ilahlekelwa yi-flagellum futhi iba yindawo eyindilinga.
I-euglena eluhlaza isakazeka ngokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli amade.
Izinhlobo ezihlobene
Izihlobo ezisondele kakhulu ze-euglena eluhlaza zingamagazi euglena [en] (Euglena sanguinea) kanye ne-euglena yeqhwa (Euglena nivalis) Ngokuzala kabusha kwalezi zinhlobo, okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuqhakaza izimbali zeqhwa" kuyabonakala. I-Aristotle ethe xaxa ngekhulu le-IV BC. e. ichaze ukubonakala kweqhwa "elinegazi". UCharles Darwin wabona le nto ngenkathi ehamba ngomkhumbi waseBeagle.
Amanye ama-Euglenaans ngokuvamile awanamandla we-photosynthesis futhi ondle i-heterotrophically njengezilwane, ngokwesibonelo, abamele uhlobo lwe-Astasia ( I-Astasia ) Izilwane ezinjalo zingakha namadivaysi omlomo ayinkimbinkimbi ngawo amunca izinhlayiya zokudla ezincane kakhulu.
Izici, ukwakheka nendawo yokuhlala
I-Euglena eluhlaza, isakhiwo okungekho lula ngokwanele ukuba i-microorganism, inomzimba omude nengxenye yangemuva eyingozi. Ubukhulu bezinto ezilula bancane: ngobude obulula abudluli kuma-micrometer angama-60, futhi ububanzi kuyaqabukela kufinyelela uphawu lwama-micrometer ayi-18 noma ngaphezulu.
Elula kakhulu linomzimba ohambayo, okwazi ukushintsha ukwakheka kwalo. Uma kunesidingo, i-microorganism ingahle inkontileka noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inwebe.
Ngaphezulu, okulula kakhulu kumbozwe okubizwa nge-pellicle, okuvikela umzimba emathonyeni angaphandle. Phambi kweMicroorganism kungumqhudelwano osiza ukuthi ujikeleze, kanye nesikebhe wamehlo.
Akuwona wonke ama -ugugi asebenzisa umqhudelwano wokuhamba. Abaningi babo bamane banenkontileka yokuqhubekela phambili. Ukuhlungelwa kwamaphrotheni okutholakala ngaphansi kwegobolondo yomzimba kusiza inkontileka yomzimba bese ihamba.
Ama-chromatophores abamba iqhaza ku-photosynthesis, akhiqiza ama-carbohydrate, anika umzimba luhlaza. Kwesinye isikhathi lapho ama-chromatophores akha inani elikhulu lama-carbohydrate, umzimba we-euglena ungahle ube mhlophe.
Ciliates isicathulisi ne-euglena luhlaza kuvame ukuqhathaniswa emibuthanweni yososayensi, kepha-ke, kuncane okufana ngakho. Isibonelo, i-euglena idla zombili i-auto- kanye ne-heterotrophically, kuyilapho isicucu se-ciliates sikhetha kuphela uhlobo lokudla okwenziwe ngomzimba.
Elula kakhulu lihlala emanzini angcolile (ngokwesibonelo, ukubhukuda). Kwesinye isikhathi itholakala emithonjeni ehlanzekile enamanzi amasha noma kasawoti. I-Euglena eluhlaza ciliates, i-amoeba - wonke la ma-microorganisms angatholakala cishe noma kuphi emhlabeni.
Imvelo nendlela yokuphila ye-euglena eluhlaza
I-Euglena ihlala ifuna ukuhambisa ezindaweni ezikhanyayo yedamu. Ukunquma umthombo wokukhanya, ubamba endaweni yakhe yezikhali "iso" elikhethekile eliseduze ne-pharynx. Isikhonkwane sithinta kakhulu ukukhanya futhi sibhekana nezinguquko zalo ezimbalwa.
Inqubo yokulwela ukukhanya ibizwa nge-Phototaxis enhle. Ukwenza inqubo ye-osmoregulation, i-euglena inezigcawu ezikhethekile zokuvikela inzalo.
Ngenxa ye-vacuole vacuole, isusa zonke izinto ezingadingekile emzimbeni wayo, noma ngabe kungamanzi ngokweqile noma kuqoqwe izinto eziyingozi. I-vacuole ibizwa ngokuthi i-contractile ngoba ngesikhathi sokulahlwa kukadoti kuncishiswa ngenkuthalo, isize futhi isheshise inqubo.
Njengamanye ama-microorganisms amaningi, i-euglena ine-nucleus eyodwa ye-haploid, i.e., inesethi eyodwa yama-chromosomes. Ngaphezu kwama-chloroplasts, i-cytoplasm yayo iqukethe ne-paramyl - protein protein.
Ngaphezu kwama-organelle afakwe kuhlu, i-protozoa ine-nucleus kanye nokufakwa kwezakhi zomzimba uma kwenzeka i-protozoa ingadli isikhathi esithile. Ukuphefumula okulula, ukudonsa umoya-mpilo kuwo wonke umzimba womzimba.
Elula kakhulu livumela ukuzivumelanisa nanoma yikuphi, noma izimo ezingezinhle kakhulu zemvelo. Uma amanzi ku-reservoir eqala ukubanda, noma isiphuli simane soma, i-micorganism iyayeka ukondla nokuhambisa, ijamo le-euglena eliluhlaza ithola ukubukeka okuyindilinga kakhudlwana, futhi umzimba umbozwe ngegobolondo elikhethekile eliwuvikela emiphumeleni eyingozi yemvelo, kuyilapho i-flagellum elula kakhulu inyamalala.
Esimweni se "cyst" (leli igama lalesi sikhathi ku-protozoa), i-euglena ingachitha isikhathi eside kakhulu kuze kube yilapho imvelo yangaphandle isizinzile futhi iba nokuthandeka.
Ukudla okuluhlaza kwe-Euglena
Izici ze-Euglena Green yenza umzimba womabili auto- kanye ne-heterotrophic. Ngakho-ke udla konke okusemandleni thwala i-euglena eluhlaza Kokubili i-algae kanye nezilwane.
Impikiswano ephakathi kwe-botanists kanye ne-zoologists ayifikanga esiphethweni esinengqondo. Owokuqala uyithatha njengesilwane futhi uyihlukanisa njengengxenye encane ye-sarcozhgutokonosotsev, ama-botanists nawo ayibeka njengezitshalo.
Kukhanya, i-microorganism ithola izakhamzimba ngama-chromatoforms, i.e. izithombe zizenza ngenkathi ziziphatha njengesitshalo. Okulula kuneso ngaso sonke isikhathi kuseshwa umthombo okhanyayo. Imisebe ekhanyayo ngokusebenzisa i-photosynthesis iguqulwa ibe kukudla kwakhe. Kuyiqiniso, i-euglena ihlala inokuthenga okuncane, isibonelo, i-paramilon ne-leukosin.
Ngokuntuleka kokukhanyisa, okulula kuphoqelelwa ukuthi ushintshele kwenye indlela yokondla. Impela, indlela yokuqala yakhethwa i-microorganism. I-protozoa, echithe isikhathi eside ebumnyameni ngenxa yokuthi ilahlekelwe yi-chlorophyll yabo, ishintshela komunye umthombo wezakhi zomzimba.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-chlorophyll inyamalala ngokuphelele, i-microorganism ilahlekelwa umbala wayo oluhlaza ogqamile bese iphenduka imhlophe. Ngohlobo lwe-heterotrophic lokudla okunempilo, okulula kakhulu kucubungula ukudla usebenzisa i-vacuoles.
I-dirtier echibini, ukudla okuningana, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-Euglena ithanda izimbotshana ezingcolile nezingcolile. I-Euglena eluhlaza, umsoco okuyinto ekhumbuza ngokuphelele ukudla kwama-amoebas, okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalezi zilwanyana ezincane ezilula.
Kukhona ama-euglena, wona, ngokomqondo, angenazimpawu ze-photosynthesis futhi kusukela ekwakhekeni kwawo, adla ukudla okune-organic kuphela.
Le ndlela yokuthola ukudla inegalelo ekwakheni ngisho nohlobo lomlomo lokugwinya ukudla okwenziwe ngomanyolo. Ososayensi bachaza indlela eembili yokuthola ukudla ngokuthi zonke izitshalo nezilwane ezifanayo zinomsuka ofanayo.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-euglena eluhlaza kwenzeka kuphela ezimeni ezinhle kakhulu. Esikhathini esifushane, amanzi amsulwa agcina kungaba uluhlaza obuthuntu ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwalezi zinto ezilula.
Izihlobo eziseduze kwalokhu ezilula zingamaqhwa anamaqhwa futhi anegazi. Lapho lezi zingqamuzana zivela kabusha, izimanga ezimangazayo ziyabonakala.
Ngakho-ke, ngekhulu le-IV u-Aristotle wachaza iqhwa elimangalisayo "elinegazi", lelo, nokho, elivele ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwalezi zinto ezincanyana. Iqhwa elinemibala lingabonakala ezindaweni eziningi ezisenyakatho yeRussia, ngokwesibonelo, e-Urals, Kamchatka, noma eziqhingini ezithile ze-Arctic.
I-Euglena iyisidalwa esingathobeki futhi ingaphila ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima zeqhwa neqhwa. Lapho lezi zingqimba ezincane zanda, iqhwa lithola umbala we-cytoplasm yazo. Isithwathwa sangempela “siqhakaza” esinamabala abomvu ngisho namnyama.
Elula lisakaza kuphela ngokuhlukaniswa. Iseli likamama lihlukaniswe isikhathi eside. Okokuqala, i-nucleus ibhekana nenqubo yokuhlukaniswa, bese-ke okunye komzimba. Uhlobo lokwenza imisele luhlangana nomzimba we-microorganism, ohlukanisa umzimba womama kancane ube ngamadodakazi amabili.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, esikhundleni sokuhlukanisa, umuntu angabona inqubo yokwenziwa kwe-cyst. Kulokhu i-amoeba ne-euglena luhlaza futhi okufanayo komunye nomunye.
Njengama-amoebas, ambozwe ngegobolondo elikhethekile futhi awela kuhlobo lwe-hibernation. Ngendlela yama-cysts, lezi zinto eziphilayo zithwalwa ndawonye nothuli futhi lapho zibuyela esimweni semanzini ziphaphama bese ziqala ukuphindeka ngamandla futhi.
Izimpawu ze-Euglena Green
Umzimba we-unicellular unesimo se-fusiform. Unogobolondo onzima. Ubude bomzimba busondele kumamilimitha ayi-0.5. Phambi komzimba ka-Euglena uyisimungulu. Nasi iso elibomvu. Kuyinto yezithombe, ivumela izindawo ezine-celed eyodwa “fodder” phakathi nosuku. Ngenxa yobuningi bamehlo eqoqweni le-Euglen, ingaphezulu lamanzi libukeka libomvu, nsundu.
I-Euglena Green ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu
I-flagellum nayo ifakwe emaphethelweni angaphambili omzimba weseli. Ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa, kungenzeka kungenjalo, ngoba iseli lihlukanisa phakathi. IFlagellum ihlala kwenye yezingxenye. Isitho sesibili sezimoto sikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Emuva ekugcineni komzimba I-Euglena Green Plant ine-pointy. Lokhu kusiza ulwelwe ukungena emanzini, kuthuthukise ukugeleza, kanye nesivinini esikhulu.
Amaqhawe endatshana ahambisana nemetabolism. Lokhu yikhono lokushintsha ukwakheka komzimba. Yize kuvame ukwakheka njenge-spindle, kungahle kube:
- njengesiphambano
- gungqa
- eyindilinga
- inhlama.
Noma ngabe u-Euglena wayenjani, i-flagellum yakhe ayibonakali uma iseli likhona. Inqubo ifihliwe emehlweni ngenxa yemvamisa yokunyakaza. Iso lomuntu alikwazi ukubamba. Ububanzi obuncane be-flagellum buyasiza kulokhu. Ungahlolwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu.
Isakhiwo se-Euglena
Ukufingqa okwashiwo ezahlukweni zokuqala, I-Euglena Green - isilwane noma izitshalo eziqukethe:
- I-Flagellum, ukuba khona kwayo okuhlobana no-Evglen esigabeni se-flagella. Abamele bayo banezinqubo ezi-1 kuye kwezingu-4. Ububanzi be-flagellum cishe ama-microseter angama-0.25. Inqubo imbozwe nge-membrane ye-plasma; yakhiwa ngama-microtubes. Zihamba zihlobene. Lokhu kubangela ukunyakaza okujwayelekile kwe-flagellum. Ifakwe emizimbeni engu-2 eyisisekelo. Babambe i-flagellum efiphele ku-cytoplasm yeseli.
- Isikhonkwane. Ngaphandle kwalokho kubizwa ngokuthi ukucwaswa. Kuqukethe imicu ye-optic kanye nokwakheka okufana nelensi. Ngenxa yabo, i-peephole nayo ibamba ukukhanya. Ilensi yakhe iveza i-flagellum. Ukuthola umfutho, kuqala ukunyakaza. Isitho esibomvu ngenxa yamaconsi anamabala e-lipid - amanoni. Imibala yi-carotenoids, ikakhulukazi, i-hematochrome. Ama-carotenoids abizwa ngokuthi ama-organic pigment of tones orange-red. Isikhonkwane sizungezwe yi-membrane efana negobolondo le-chloroplasts.
- Ama-chromatophores. Amaseli abizwa ngokuthi ama-pigmented cell kanye nezakhi zezitshalo. Ngamanye amagama, sikhuluma nge-chlorophyll nama-chloroplasts aqukethe. Ngokuhlanganyela ku-photosynthesis, bakhiqiza ama-carbohydrate. Ukuqongelela, lokhu okwedlule kungadlula ngaphezulu kwama-chromatophores. Ngemuva kwalokho i-Euglena iba esikhundleni sombala oluhlaza okotshani.
- I-Pellicle. Kuqukethe ama-vesicles asemafulethini asicaba. Baqamba ifilimu elisembozo elilula. By way, in Latinis pilis lesikhumba.
- I-vacractile vacuole. Akhiwe ngaphansi kwesisekelo se-flagellum. NgesiLatini, igama elithi “vacuole” lisho ukuthi “okuyize”. Njengesistimu yemisipha, iyanqamula, ikhipha amanzi ngokweqile esitokisini. Ngenxa yalokhu, ivolumu ejwayelekile ye-Euglena iyagcinwa.
Ngosizo lwe-vacuole contractile, akugcini nje ngokuxoshwa kwemikhiqizo ye-metabolic, kepha futhi nokuphefumula. Ohlelweni lwabo kuyafana U-Euglena Green no-Amoeba. Umongo weseli yi-nucleus. Ihanjiselwe engxenyeni engasemuva yomzimba wesilo, imiswe ezintanjeni ze-chromatin.I-nucleus yisisekelo sokuhlukaniswa, okuphindaphindwa I-Euglena Green. Isigaba i-protozoa ibonakala ngale ndlela yokuzala.
Ukugcwaliswa koketshezi kweseli le-Euglena yi-cytoplasm. Isisekelo salo yi-hyaloplasm. Inamaprotheni, ama-polysaccharides nama-nucleic acid. Kuphakathi kwazo lapho kufakwa izinto ezifana nesitashi. Izakhi zintanta emanzini. Lesi sixazululo yi-cytoplasm.
Ukuqanjwa kwamaphesenti we-cytoplasm kuyahluka futhi akunanjongo yenhlangano. Ukugcwalisa amaseli ngokungabonakali akunamibala. Umbala u-Euglene unikeza kuphela i-chlorophyll. Empeleni, ukunqwabelana kwayo, i-nucleus nolwelwesi lwe-cytoplasm kukhawulelwe.
Izici zesakhiwo
I-Euglena eluhlaza iyisidalwa esilula kunazo zonke esine-unicellular organic enesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokulula. Unomzimba ophakeme nomhlane obukhali. Ubude be-euglena bungafinyelela kuma-micrometer angama-60, nobubanzi bama-microseter ayi-18. Iseli inayo:
- umnyombo
- igobolondo
- cytoplasm
- i-photosensitive peephole
- vacuole contractile,
- i-flagellum
- Photoreceptor
- chloroplasts
- amanye ama-organelles.
Isakhiwo siluhlaza nge-euglena. I-Euglena yinto ephilayo eluhlaza okotshani enesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi
Igobolondo (ipellicle) livikela isitokisi emathonyeni angaphandle. I-cytoplasm iminyene, kepha ipulasitiki, evumela umzimba ukuthi ushintshe ukwakheka kancane, ukwanda nesivumelwano uma kunesidingo.
Ngenxa yeso elibonisa ukukhanya, elinombala obomvu, i-euglena iphendula ushintsho oluncane lokukhanya. Lokhu kumvumela ukuba ahambe kancane esikhaleni - uhamba endaweni ekhanya.
Ngokunyakaza, umzimba usebenzisa i-flagellum (protoplasmic outgrowth) engaphambi kweseli. I-Flagellum yenza ukunyakaza okuhamba ngamandla, futhi ijubane le-euglena lidlula ijubane lamanye ama-protozoa amaningi, elinikeza ithuba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-euglena ingahamba ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komkhosi wokuvakasha, umane unenkontileka.
Uphefumula i-euglena, udonsa umoya-mpilo emzimbeni wonke ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi lwamaseli, Umkhiqizo wekhabhoni wedijithali uphuma kubo. Isibonakaliso esivamile esinezitshalo ubukhona be-chlorophyll, enquma ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-photosynthesis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa ye-chlorophyll, umzimba unombala oluhlaza okhanyayo.
Indawo yokuhlala nendlela yokuphila
Imvamisa, imizimba yamanzi engcolisiwe - amachibi, imisele, njll. Iba yindawo eluhlaza yase-euglena.kodwa la ma-protozoa nawo angazinza emanzini ahlanzekile, kepha indawo enjalo ayintofontofo kuyo. Uma amanzi eqala "ukuqhakaza", okutsho ukuthi, liphenduka liluhlaza,-ke lokhu kuyinkomba yokuvela kwalawa manzi angenamanzi emzimbeni.
Ngokuqondene nokudla, i-euglena ibhekisela kuma-mixotrophs, okungukuthi, angasebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili zamandla ukukhiqiza amandla. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, okulula kakhulu kuziphatha njengesitshalo, okungukuthi, kudla ngendlela ye-autotrophic - ithola amandla avela ekukhanyeni ngosizo lwe-chlorophyll. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-euglena ayisebenzi, ihamba kuphela kumthombo wokukhanya.
I-Euglena eluhlaza ihlala emanzini angcolile anjenge-swamp
Uma i-unicellular ihlala ebumnyameni isikhathi eside, ishintshela esimweni sokudla se-heterotrophic - imunca udaba lwe-organic emanzini. Kulokhu, ukuze ukucinga izinto zokulandela umkhondo, i-euglena kufanele ihambise okuningi. Izinguquko zangaphandle zenzeka neseli - ilahlekelwa umbala wayo oluhlaza bese icishe ibe sobala.
Yize i-photosynthesis iyindlela enkulu yokuthola amandla kwe-Euglene iningi, kunezimo ezikhetha ukudla ukudla okuvela emvelo ngokuzalwa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-unicellular inomlomo oyingqayizivele wokudla okunjalo. Yize ukudla kudliwa yi-microorganism, hhayi lo mlomo kuphela, kepha ulwelwesi lonke.
U-Euglena oluhlaza udla ama-organics, unomlomo kulokhu
Ngenxa yalesi sici sokudla okunempilo, izazi zebhayoloji ayinawo umbono wokubumbana wokuthi ngabe i-euglena iyi-alga noma isilwane. Ososayensi bayachaza ukuthi lokhu kukhiqizwa kwamandla okumbaxambili kuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo nezilwane zinemvelaphi efanayo.
Njengoba ifakwe ebumnyameni emanzini acwengekile, ongenalutho lwento eziphilayo, ingqamuzana liyafa. Lapho ichibi loma noma iqhwa, liphenduka i-cyst. Ngalesi sikhathi, akadli noma aphefumule. I-flagellum iyanyamalala bese kuvela umfudlana omvikelekile. Kuleli fomu, lizohlala lize izimo ziphinde zamukeleke empilweni.
Indlela yokwandiswa kwe-euglena eluhlaza ukwahlukanisa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, i-protozoa ingahlukanisa ngokushesha okukhulu. Kulokhu, ungabheka ukuthi amanzi aba kanjani ngamafu futhi aqhubeke kanjani eluhlaza okotshani.
Ukwehlukaniswa kwenzeka ngendlela esekude. Okokuqala, i-nucleus yeseli lomama ihlukaniswe, bese kuba yikho konke okunye. Igreyidi ende ethinta umzimba igijimisana nomzimba, lapho iseli likamama lihlukaniswe ngamangqamuzana endodakazi amabili.
I-Euglena e-aquarium
Yize i-euglena uqobo iyisitho esithandekayo, inani elikhulu le-protozoa baba izivakashi ezingafuneki ku-aquarium. Izindawo ezintsha zasemanzini zithambekele kakhulu ekubukekeni kwalezi zinto ezingafani namakhemikhali, lapho izakhamizi sezisohlelweni lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha, ngenkathi i-protozoa ijwayela ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ezinye izizathu zokubonakala kwe-euglena ku-aquarium zingaba:
- ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo noma ukukhanyisa okwenziwe ngokweqile,
- ukukhuphuka kwamanzi okushisa
- inani elikhulu lezitshalo
- Izinguquko zamanzi ezivama kakhulu noma ezingavamile,
- izinsalela zokudla kwezinhlanzi emanzini
- ukwethulwa komanyolo we-organic.
Ukususa okulula kakhulu ku-aquarium, kunconywa ukuthi umise i-aquarium amaviki ama-2 futhi unciphise inani lokuphakelayo noma ufake i-sterilizer ye-aquarium. Kodwa-ke, i-euglena ayilethi ukulimala okubonakalayo esimweni semvelo, okuwukuphela kwengozi yokuwohloka kokubukeka kwe-aquarium kanye nokwehla kokukhanya kungena izitshalo nezinhlanzi ngenxa yokulahleka kokubonakala emanzini.
Izimpawu ze-euglena ziluhlaza
Umzimba we-heroine yethu umumo we-fusiform ngegobolondo elinzima. Ubude bomzimba we-euglena bungama-0.5 mm. Ingaphambili lomzimba limfushane lisesimweni futhi linamehlo abomvu. Le peephole inezithombe futhi ivumela umnikazi wayo ukuthi athole izindawo "zokudla" ntambama, ngamanye amagama, "uhola i-euglena ekukhanyiseni", kunoma yisiphi isigcino la ma-microorganisms ahlala ehlangana ezindaweni ezikhanyayo. By the way, inani elikhulu le-euglena endaweni yokugcina ethile lenza umhlaba wamanzi ube bomvu, futhi ube nsundu. Umphumela ongajwayelekile kanjena oqhamuka eqoqweni lika-Euglen wabonwa futhi wachazwa emisebenzini yakhe ngumuntu omkhulu wemvelo wasendulo u-Aristotle ngekhulu le-4 leminyaka BC. e.
Kukhona i-flagellum ekugcineni kwangaphandle komzimba wesitho se-unicellular. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwizinto ezisanda kuzalwa, i-flagellum ingahle ingabikho, ngoba ingqamuzana lihlukaniswe kabili futhi i-flagellum ihlala kuphela kwenye yezingxenye. Kwi-euglena yesibili, izokhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuphela emuva komzimba oluhlaza we-euglena, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhonjisiwe; ukwakheka kwawo kuthuthukisa ukugeleza kokunye, futhi ijubane.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi okwe-euglena eluhlaza, i-metabolism iyimpawu, okungukuthi, amandla okushintsha ukwakheka komzimba. Ngaphandle kokuthi, njengomthetho, ama-eugleans angama-fusiform, ezimweni ezihlukile angathatha ezinye izinhlobo, abe:
- njengesiphambano
- gingqa
- eyindilinga
- inhlama.
Kodwa ngaphandle kokubukeka komzimba we-euglena, i-flagellum yayo eluhlaza ngeke ibonakale uma iseli likhona. Futhi akabonwa ngesizathu sokuthi imvamisa yokunyakaza kwakhe ishesha kakhulu kangangokuba iso lomuntu alikwazi nje ukuyibamba.
Isakhiwo esiluhlaza se-Euglena
Ukufingqa konke okungenhla, singaphetha ngokuthi i-euglena eluhlaza isilwane noma isitshalo, esakhiwa:
- I-Flagellum, ukuba khona kwayo okuhlobene ne-heroine yethu ekilasini le-flagella. Ububanzi be-flagellum bungama-microseter ayi-0,25, bungabonakala kuphela ngesibonakhulu esinamandla. Inqubo embozwe ulwelwesi lwe-plasma oluqukethe ama-microtubules ahamba esihlobene. Ukunyakaza kwabo kubangela ukunyakaza okujwayelekile kwe-flagellum.
- Iso, futhi kwesinye isikhathi elibizwa ngokuthi ukubandlulula. Iso liqukethe imicu ye-optic kanye nokwakheka okufana nelensi. Ngenxa yokugcina, ucosha ukukhanya okuvezwa ilensi ku-flagellum. Ngemuva kokuthola umfutho kuye, i-flagellum, iqala ukungena ekukhanyeni. Umbala obomvu weso le-euglena kungenxa yamaconsi anemibala ye-lipid - amanoni. Iso ngokwalo lizungezwe i-membrane.
- I-chromatophore ngamaseli akhethekile anezici ezinemibala nezakhi zomzimba ezibhekele umbala wayo, ku-euglena ziluhlaza okukhanyayo.
- I-Peplikuli, ngesiLatini, leli gama lisho "isikhumba." Ama-peplicle we-Euglena, aqukethe ama-vesicles ayisiyaluyalu omcaba, akha ulwelwesi lwalesi silwanyana esilula kakhulu se-unicellular.
- Vacuole contractile, etholakala ngaphansi nje kwesisekelo se-flagellum. Le vacuole contractile iwuhlobo lwe-analogue yezicubu zemisipha. Esakhiweni se-euglena, inesibopho sokukhipha amanzi ngokweqile esitokisini, ngenxa yokuthi i-euglena igcina umthamo wayo njalo.
Yile ndlela isakhiwo se-euglena green sibukeka ngayo esithombeni.
Amagama ambalwa ngaphezulu mayelana ne-vacuole vacuole, kusiza nokuphefumula i-euglena eluhlaza.
I-Habitat euglens iluhlaza
I-Euglena ihlala kuphela emanzini ahlanzekile, futhi ikhetha ikakhulukazi lawo manzi lapho amanzi angcoliswa khona. Ezindongeni ezinamanzi ahlanzekile, i-euglena iyindlala noma ayikho ngokuphelele. Kulokhu, i-euglena ifana nezinye "ozakwabo" abangathandeki: ama-amoebas kanye nama-ciliates, nabo abathanda amanzi angcolile.
Njengoba i-euglena imelana nokubanda impela, ngaphandle kwamanzi amasha, ingaphila ezimweni ezinzima zeqhwa neqhwa.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi i-euglena eluhlaza ingaba yingozi, ngoba kwesinye isikhathi ihlala emanzini afihliwe, kwesinye isikhathi isebenza njengomphathi wama-trypanos kanye neLeishmania. Lesi sakamuva yi-ejenti ebangela ezinye izifo zesikhumba. I-Trypanosomes ingadala ukugula kokulala kwama-Afrika, okuthinta amasistimu wezinzwa nama-lymphatic, okuholela kumkhuhlane.
Uma i-euglena ingena emanzini ase-aquarium, khona-ke amanzi anjalo azoqhakaza, ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kwesizathu ama-aquarists abheka i-euglena njengegciwane eliyingozi bese uzama ukuyiqeda. Ungasusa i-euglena eluhlaza ngosizo lwamakhemikhali akhethekile (ngaphandle kokukhohlwa ukuxuba inhlanzi kwenye indawo ngalesi sikhathi). Futhi, ngeqiniso, ungakhohlwa ngokubuyiselwa okujwayelekile kwamanzi nokuhlunga, khona-ke amanzi e-aquarium azoba musha futhi ehlanzekile nabantu be-eugle bangaqali kuwo.
Ama-Organoids Euglena Green
Ama-Organoids noma ama-organelles ayizakhiwo ezingapheli noma ezikhethekile zeseli ngayinye, yezilwane nezitshalo. Ngokuqondene nama-organelles aluhlaza we-euglena, asefakwe ohlwini ngaphezulu kusigaba esakhiweni se-euglena. Ngayinye yalezi zinto ezihlanganisiwe noma i-organelles iyinto ebalulekile yesitho se-unicellular, ngaphandle kwayo ebingakwazi ukuyidla, ukunyakaza, ukuphindaphindeka futhi nokuba khona.
Ama-Organoids Euglena Green
Ama-Organoids abizwa ngokuthi izakhiwo ezingapheli futhi ezikhethekile. Kukhona okunjalo kumaseli wezilwane nezitshalo. Kukhona elinye igama - ama-organelles.
Ama-Organoids Euglena Green, empeleni, zibhalwe esahlukweni "Isakhiwo". Isidalwa ngasinye siyinto ebalulekile yeseli, ngaphandle kwaso engeke:
- zande
- ukufihlwa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene
- fanisa okuthile
- khiqiza futhi uguqule amandla
- Dlulisa futhi ugcine izinto zofuzo
Ama-Organelles abonakala ngezinto eziphilayo ezi-eukaryotic. Lokho kufanele kube nomgogodla nolwelwesi lwangaphandle oluhlotshisiwe. U-Euglena Green ulingana nencazelo. Ukufingqa, i-eukaryotic organoids ifaka phakathi: i-endoplasmic reticulum, i-nucleus, i-membrane, i-Centrioles, i-mitochondria, i-ribosomes, i-lysosomes, kanye nezinto ze-Golgi. Njengoba ubona, iqoqo le-Euglena organoids lilinganiselwe. Lokhu kukhombisa ubuciko be-unicellular.
Ukuzalela okuluhlaza kwe-Euglena
Ungathanda umfundi othandekayo ukuba aphile phakade? Lo ngumbuzo wefilosofi, futhi ungamangala, kepha kwi-biology kunesibonelo 'sempilo engapheli', futhi yebo, iqhawe lethu lanamhlanje, u-Euglena, lesi isibonelo. Isikhathi sokuphila sika-Euglena Green empeleni asipheli! Futhi konke ngenxa yendlela yokuzala, okwenziwa kuphela ngokuhlukaniswa kweseli. Ngakho-ke i-euglena ongayibona namuhla echibini elithile eliluhlaza noma echibini yadalwa ngokuhlukanisa kusuka euglena ethile eyayiphila ngenkathi yama-dinosaurs, noma ngisho nangaphambilini.
Kepha isikhathi i-euglena sihlala singabonakali, ngaso linye, sifushane kakhulu, futhi sinezinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho i-Euglena iqala ukuhlanganyela, iphinde ihlanganyele futhi, nokunye.
Ngokuqondene nokuhlukaniswa kwe-euglena uqobo, kwenzeka ngezigaba eziningana, konke kuqala ngokuhlukaniswa kwengqamuzana leseli. Ukwehlukahlukana okusha kwe-nucleoli kabili ezinhlangothini eziphambene zeseli, emva kwalokho iseli ngokwayo selivele liqala ukuhlukanisa kwicala elide. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesiphambano akunakwenzeka.
Ngakho-ke ukwahlukaniswa kwe-euglena kubukeka ngamasu.
Ulwelwesi oluhlukaniselwe luvala engxenyeni ngayinye yeseli. Ngakho-ke, kutholakala euglena elilodwa. Esimweni esikahle, lezi zidalwa zingazala ngqo ekuhlolweni kwe-arithmetic.
Imininingwane yesakhiwo se-Euglena
Isakhiwo se-euglena eluhlaza silula, sifana nokwakheka kwazo zonke izidalwa zesitshalo ze-flagellum. Esitokisini se-E. viridis kuneyunithi eyodwa eyakhiwe izungezwe i-membrane yenuzi. I-cytoplasm iqukethe ama-chromatophores amaningi - ama-psychanoids akhethekile aqukethe i-chlorophyll pigment edingekayo ye-photosynthesis nokunikeza kungenzeka kwale nqubo. Ngokuya ngesakhiwo se-ultramicroscopic, ama-chromatophores afana nama-chloroplasts kumaseli wezinto eziphakeme zezitshalo. I-Euglena eluhlaza ikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis kuphela lapho kukhona ukukhanya. Ebumnyameni, abamele izinhlobo bayo baphendukela kuhlobo lwe-heterotrophic (saprophytic) lokudla okunempilo (ukufana kwezilwane). Futhi, lapho kungekho kukhanya, ama-viridis angama-E. angalahlekelwa umbala wawo oluhlaza. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “iso | iso” (inhlamba) kuvumela okulula ukubona ukukhanya. U-Green usebenzisa i-paramyl, i-carbohydrate efana nesitashi eyenziwe yasendaweni ku-cytoplasm, njengendawo yokugcina izakhi ze-euglena. Ukulawulwa kwengcindezi ye-osmotic kanye nokuqothula okuyingxenye kwemikhiqizo yokungcola kwenziwa kusetshenziswa vacuole contractile. I-viridis idla sibonga isitofu sokugaya, okuningi ngalokhu ngezansi.
I-Flagellum, isakhiwo sayo nemisebenzi
I-flagellum iyi-organoid ebalulekile yeseli, ngosizo lwayo ihamba | ihamba futhi idle nge-euglena eluhlaza. Isakhiwo se-flagellum silula, siqukethe isigaba esivela kuseli futhi sikhombisa ukuphuma kwangaphandle okwenza imisebenzi yokunyakaza nokubanjwa kokudla | ukudla, nomzimba we-basal | body (kinetosomes) - into etholakala ekuqineni kwe-cytoplasm, encane kakhulu ngosayizi. Isakhiwo se-Ultramicroscopic siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-flagellum ngokuyinhloko ihlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa komsebenzi we-locomotor. I-viridis njengokungathi ihlehliselwe emvelweni | imvelo ngosizo lwayo, okungukuthi, ihamba | iqhubekela phambili isikulufa-sifana. Ijubane lokuhamba (ngokulandelana, ukuzungeza kwe-flagellum) ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle liphezulu kakhulu. Futhi, ngosizo lwe-euglena organoid okukhulunywa ngayo, okuluhlaza kuthatha ukubanjwa kokudla | ukudla. Ukuhamba kwe-flagellum kubangela i-whirlpool encane, ngenxa yalokho izinhlayiya ezincane zithwalwa ziye kwisisekelo sazo. Kwenziwa lapho isitofu sokugaya ukudla, lapho ama-enzyme aqhamuka kuwo wonke amaseli avumela lezi zinhlayiya ukuthi zigaywe.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-euglena eluhlaza
I-Euglena eluhlaza iphindaphindeka ngokuhlukaniswa kweseli kwe-mitotic ngesigamu. Kulokhu, i-flagellum yakudala ingahle idlule komunye wabantu abasanda kusungulwa | abantu, kanti enye kamuva iyokwakha futhi i-kinetosome.Kwezinye izimo, i-flagellum ingachithwa ngaphambi kokwehlukana ngokujwayelekile futhi iphinde yakheke kubo bobabili bendodakazi ngokwabantu | abantu ngabanye.
Isakhiwo esiluhlaza se-Euglena
- 1. Isakhiwo se-euglena eluhlaza
- 2. Ukuhamba kwama-euglens aluhlaza
- 3. Uzalela kanjani ama-euglens aluhlaza
I-Euglena eluhlaza iyisidalwa esino-unicellular esihlobene nesitshalo i-flagella. I-Euglena inomzimba omile wezinto | umzimba, kuthi emuva kukhonjiswe.
Ubukhulu bawo buhluka phakathi kwama-microseter angama-50-60, futhi ububanzi bungama-microseter ayi-14-18. Umzimba uyathuthuka | uhamba, uma kunesidingo, i-euglena iyancipha noma ibanzi.
Isakhiwo esiluhlaza se-Euglena
Ngaphezulu kwe-euglena eluhlaza imbozwe ungqimba oluncane lwe-cytoplasm, le nto eyenziwe nge-elastic ibizwa ngokuthi i-pellicle, yenza umsebenzi wokuvikela. Engxenyeni engaphambili yomzimba | kukhona umzimba owodwa wokuvakasha, lapho i-euglena ihambisa, ihamba, iqhubekela phambili. Isisekelo somqhudelwano unwebekile, indawo yeso itholakala kuso.
I-Euglena eluhlaza (i-Euglena viridis).
U-Euglena wabizwa ngokuthi luhlaza ngenxa yombala | umbala womzimba wakhe | umzimba - ama-chromatophores anika iseli isitayela esiluhlaza. Ama-chromatophores avele ngesimo, ahlelwe nge-euglena ngesimo senkanyezi | izinkanyezi, futhi i-photosynthesis yenziwa kuwo. Kukhanya, ama-carbohydrate amafomu, abukeka njengokusanhlamvu okungenamibala. Kwesinye isikhathi | Kwesinye isikhathi kwenziwa ama-carbohydrate amaningi aze agqithe ama-chromatophores, bese umzimba we-euglena uba mhlophe. Ebumnyameni, i-photosynthesis ayenzeki. Iseli liqala ukugaya ukudla kwama-carbohydrate okusho ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi liphenduka libe luhlaza futhi.
Umbala wesilwane wenziwa ngenxa yomthunzi we-chromatophore.
Lezi zidalwa zihlala emanzini angcolisiwe anokuqukethwe okuphezulu | okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngokuqondene nalawa ma-euglens, aluhlaza unezinhlobo ezimbili zokudla komsoco: zondla ngokudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Okusho ukuthi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-euglena eluhlaza ibangelwe izitshalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezilwaneni. Leli seli linesakhiwo esixubile, ngaleyondlela libangela inani elikhulu lezingxabano | izingxabano phakathi kososayensi banamuhla. AmaBotanists akholelwa ukuthi i-euglena eluhlaza iyisitshalo, futhi izazi zezilwane zithi iyi-subtype flagellates.
Abamele abathile be-euglenae, okuyizihlobo eziseduzane ze-euglena eluhlaza, ngokuvamile abakwazi ukubamba iqhaza ku-photosynthesis, indlela yabo yokudla iphelele, njengasezilwaneni. Izinhlobo ezinjalo zifaka, ngokwesibonelo, i-astasia. Abamele abanjalo be-Euglena desachment form formatigation lisebelisoa zomlomo ezidingekayo ukufakwa kwezinhlayiya zokudla okuncane.
Ukunyakaza kwe-euglena eluhlaza. I-Euglena isilwane esine-flagella.
Akuzona zonke | zonke izinhlobo ezinyakazayo | ezinyakazayo nge-flagella. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyahamba, zingena emzimbeni futhi zenze ukunyakaza okufana namagagasi. Ukuthi inqubo yalolu hlobo | uhlobo lokunyakaza kwenzeka kanjani ayiqondakali ngokuphelele. Ngaphansi kwegobolondo le-euglena kukhona izimbambo zamaprotheni ezihlelwe endaweni eyindilinga. Lawa makhompiyutha afushaniswa. Kukholelwa ukuthi ama-organelles ahlinzeka iseli ngamandla kanye nezintambo zokuvikela inzalo ziyaxhuma. Kepha ukuhamba kwezinkontileka kungahlotshaniswa ne-mucus ekhwetshwe ngomsele we-excretory.
Ukuthi i-eugles eluhlaza izala kanjani ama-Euglens iphindaphindeka ngokushesha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, i-euglena eluhlaza ikhiqiza kabusha ngenkuthalo. Kulokhu, ngosuku olulodwa amanzi acwebile echibini aba ngamafu, ansundu noma aluhlaza | Uma ubheka ithonsi lamanzi anjalo | amanzi ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, khona-ke inani elikhulu le-euglena lintanta kuwo.
Izihlobo eziseduzane zohlaza ze-euglena ziqhwa zeqhwa ne-euglena ezinegazi. Lapho lezi zinhlobo zobumba zithuthuka, izinto ezimangazayo zenzeka, ngokwesibonelo, u-Aristotle ngekhulu lesi-4 wabona ukwakheka kweqhwa "elinegazi" iqhwa. UDarwin naye uhlangabezane nesimo esifanayo lapho ehamba ngomkhumbi iBeagle.
I-Euglena eluhlaza inobukhulu obukhulu.
E-Urals, eCaucasus naseKamchatka, iqhwa kwesinye isikhathi “nama blooms” kwesinye isikhathi. Isimo esifanayo siyabonakala eziqhingini ezithile ze-Arctic. Lokhu kuchazwa kalula nje - ezinye izinhlobo ze-flagella zingaphila, kungabonakala, ezimweni ezingenamuntu ngokuphelele - eqhweni naseqhweni | iqhwa. Lapho lezi zidalwa ziqala ukwanda ngobuningi, iqhwa lithola i-hue ebonakala nge-cytoplasm yale seli. Isithwathwa “singaphuhla” ngombala oluhlaza okotshani, ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi futhi omnyama, kodwa kuvame ukubonwa into ebomvu, lokhu kungenxa yokuvela kabusha kwegazi nokugcwala kweqhwa.
Ividiyo ehambisanayo: Isakhiwo se-euglena eluhlaza
Isakhiwo esiluhlaza se-Euglena
U-Euglena luhlaza kubhekiselelwe izidalwa ezilula kakhulu, ezineseli elilodwa. Kungokwesigaba sohlobo lwe-flagella uhlobo lwe-sarcozhgutikonosos. Imibono yososayensi ukuthi lo mbuso ungowaluphi uhlangothi ihlukaniswe. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lesi isilwane, kanti abanye bathi i-euglena yi-algae, okungukuthi, ezitshalweni.
Kungani i-euglena eluhlaza ukubize kuluhlaza? Konke | Konke kulula: I-Euglena yathola igama ngokubonakala kwayo okumangazayo. Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi usuvele uqagele, lesi sidalwa ngombala oluhlaza okhanyayo | umbala ngenxa ye-chlorophyll.
Izici, ukwakheka nendawo yokuhlala
I-Euglena eluhlaza, isakhiwo okungekho lula ngokwanele ukuba i-microorganism, inomzimba omude nengxenye yangemuva eyingozi. Ubukhulu bezinto ezilula bancane: ngobude obulula abudluli kuma-micrometer angama-60, futhi ububanzi kuyaqabukela kufinyelela uphawu lwama-micrometer ayi-18 noma ngaphezulu.
Elula kakhulu linomzimba oshukumisayo | ohambayo, okwazi ukushintsha ukwakheka kwawo. Uma kunesidingo, i-microorganism ingahle inkontileka noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inwebe.
Ngaphezulu, okulula kakhulu kumbozwe okubizwa nge-pellicle, okuvikela umzimba emathonyeni angaphandle. Phambi kweMicroorganism kungumqhudelwano osiza ukuthi ushukumise | ukuhambisa, kanye nesichibi wamehlo.
Akubona Bonke | Onke ama-Euglens asebenzisa i-tourniquet ukuhambisa. Abaningi babo bamane banenkontileka yokuqhubekela phambili. Ukuhlunga kwamaphrotheni okutholakala ngaphansi kwegobolondo yomzimba kusiza inkontileka yomzimba bese kuhanjwa | ukunyakaza.
Ama-chromatophores abamba iqhaza ku-photosynthesis, akhiqiza ama-carbohydrate, anika umzimba luhlaza. Kwesinye isikhathi lapho ama-chromatophores akha inani elikhulu lama-carbohydrate, umzimba we-euglena ungahle ube mhlophe.
Ciliates isicathulisi ne-euglena luhlaza uvame ukuqhathaniswa kwimibuthano yososayensi, kepha, banezinto ezimbalwa ezivamile | izici. Isibonelo, i-euglena idla zombili i-auto- kanye ne-heterotrophically, kuyilapho isicucu se-ciliates sikhetha kuphela uhlobo lokudla okwenziwe ngomzimba.
Elula kakhulu lihlala emanzini angcolile (ngokwesibonelo, ukubhukuda). Kwesinye isikhathi itholakala emithonjeni ecacile enamanzi amasha noma kasawoti. I-Euglena eluhlaza ciliates, i-amoeba - wonke la ma-microorganisms angatholakala cishe noma kuphi emhlabeni.
Imvelo nendlela yokuphila ye-euglena eluhlaza
I-Euglena ilwela njalo ukuya ezindaweni ezikhanyayo | izindawo zesitoreji. Ukunquma umthombo wokukhanya, ubamba endaweni yakhe yokugcina “isikhonkwane | isikhonkwane” esikhethekile eduze ne-pharynx. I-Peephole | I-peephole - ithinta kakhulu ukukhanya futhi ihlangabezana nezinguquko zayo ezincane.
Inqubo yokulwela ukukhanya ibizwa nge-Phototaxis enhle. Ukwenza inqubo ye-osmoregulation, i-euglena inezigcawu ezikhethekile zokuvikela inzalo.
Ngenxa ye-vacuole vacuole, isusa zonke izinto ezingadingekile emzimbeni wayo, noma ngabe kungamanzi ngokweqile noma kuqoqwe izinto eziyingozi. I-vacuole ibizwa ngokuthi i-contractile ngoba incishiswa kakhulu ngenkathi kukhululwa imfucuza, isiza futhi isheshisa inqubo.
Njengamanye ama-microorganisms amaningi, i-euglena ine-nucleus eyodwa ye-haploid, i.e., inesethi eyodwa yama-chromosomes. Ngaphezu kwama-chloroplasts, i-cytoplasm yayo iqukethe ne-paramyl - protein protein |
Ngaphezu kwama-organelle afakwe kuhlu, i-protozoa ine-nucleus kanye nokufakwa kwezakhi zomzimba uma kwenzeka i-protozoa ingadli isikhathi esithile. Ukuphefumula okulula kakhulu, okuthola i-oxygen yonke indawo yomzimba wayo | umzimba.
Elula kakhulu liyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nanoma yikuphi, ngisho nezimo ezingezinhle kakhulu zemvelo. Uma amanzi ku-reservoir eqala ukubanda, noma isiphuli simane soma, i-micorganism iyayeka ukondla nokuhambisa, ijamo le-euglena eliluhlaza ithola ukubukeka okuyindilinga kakhudlwana, futhi umzimba umbozwe ngegobolondo elikhethekile eliwuvikela emiphumeleni eyingozi yemvelo | imvelo, kuyilapho i-flagellum elula kakhulu iwa |
Esimweni se "cyst" (leli igama lalesi sikhathi ku-protozoa), i-euglena ingachitha isikhathi eside kakhulu kuze kube yilapho imvelo yangaphandle isizinzile futhi iba nokuthandeka.
Ukudla okuluhlaza kwe-Euglena
Izici ze-Euglena Green yenza umzimba womabili auto- kanye ne-heterotrophic. Ngakho-ke udla konke okusemandleni thwala i-euglena eluhlaza Kokubili i-algae kanye nezilwane.
Impikiswano ephakathi kwe-botanists kanye ne-zoologists ayifikanga esiphethweni esinengqondo. Owokuqala uyithatha njengesilwane futhi uyihlukanisa njengengxenye encane ye-sarcozhgutokonosotsev, ama-botanists nawo ayibeka njengezitshalo.
Kukhanya, i-microorganism ithola izakhamzimba ngama-chromatoforms, i.e. izithombe zizenza ngenkathi ziziphatha njengesitshalo. Elula ngosizo iso | iso lihlala lifuna umthombo okhanyayo. Imisebe ekhanyayo ngosizo lwe-photosynthesis iguqulwa ibe ukudla | ukudla kwayo. Kuyiqiniso, i-euglena ihlala inokuthenga okuncane, isibonelo, i-paramilon ne-leukosin.
Ngokuntuleka kokukhanyisa, okulula kuphoqelelwa ukuthi ushintshele kwenye indlela yokondla. Impela, indlela yokuqala yakhethwa i-microorganism. I-protozoa, echithe isikhathi eside ebumnyameni ngenxa yokuthi ilahlekelwe yi-chlorophyll yabo, ishintshela komunye umthombo wezakhi zomzimba.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-chlorophyll inyamalala ngokuphelele, i-microorganism ilahlekelwa umbala wayo oluhlaza ogqamile bese iphenduka imhlophe. Ngohlobo lwe-heterotrophic lokudla okunempilo, okulula kakhulu ukucubungula ukudla | ukudla usebenzisa izikhala.
I-dirtier echibini, ukudla okuningana | ukudla, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-Euglen akhetha ukubhukuda okungcolile okunganakwa nezimbotshana. I-Euglena eluhlaza, umsoco okuyinto ekhumbuza ngokuphelele ukudla kwama-amoebas, okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalezi zilwanyana ezincane ezilula.
Kukhona ama-euglenaes, okuthi, empeleni, abonakaliswa yi-photosynthesis futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kwabo ukudla ukudla okune-organic kuphela.
Le ndlela yokuthola ukudla | ukudla ibambe iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni ngisho nohlobo lomlomo lokugwinya ukudla kwe-organic | ukudla. Ososayensi bachaza indlela eembili yokuthola ukudla | ukudla ukuthi zonke | zonke izitshalo nezilwane ezifanayo zinomsuka ofanayo.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-euglena eluhlaza kwenzeka kuphela ezimeni ezinhle kakhulu. Esikhathini esifushane, amanzi amsulwa wedamu angaba umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka | umbala ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwalezi zinto ezilula.
Izihlobo eziseduze kwalokhu ezilula zingamaqhwa anamaqhwa futhi anegazi. Lapho lezi zingqamuzana zivela kabusha, izimanga ezimangazayo ziyabonakala.
Ngakho-ke, ngekhulu le-IV u-Aristotle wachaza iqhwa elimangalisayo "elinegazi", lelo, nokho, elivele ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwalezi zinto ezincanyana. Iqhwa elinemibala lingabonakala ezindaweni eziningi ezisenyakatho yeRussia, ngokwesibonelo, e-Urals, Kamchatka, noma eziqhingini ezithile ze-Arctic.
I-Euglena iyisidalwa esingathobeki futhi ingaphila ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima zeqhwa neqhwa | iqhwa. Lapho lezi zingqimba ezincane zanda, iqhwa lithola umbala we-cytoplasm yazo. Isithwathwa sangempela “siqhakaza” esinamabala abomvu ngisho namnyama.
Elula lisakaza kuphela ngokuhlukaniswa. Iseli likamama lihlukaniswe isikhathi eside. Okokuqala, i-nucleus ibhekana nenqubo yokuhlukaniswa, bese-ke okunye komzimba. Uhlobo lokwenza imisele emzimbeni womzimba | umzimba we-microorganism, ohlukanisa umzimba womama ube ngamadodakazi amabili.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, esikhundleni sokuhlukanisa, umuntu angabona inqubo yokwenziwa kwe-cyst. Kulokhu i-amoeba ne-euglena luhlaza futhi okufanayo komunye nomunye.
Njengama-amoebas, ambozwe ngegobolondo elikhethekile futhi awela kuhlobo lwe-hibernation. Ngendlela yama-cysts, lezi zidalwa zithwalwa ndawonye nothuli futhi lapho zithola | zibuyele esimweni semanzini | imvelo ivuka bese iqala ukuphindeka ngamandla.