I-Grass frog (i-Rana temporaria) - ummeleli womndeni wamaxoxo wangempela (Ranidae). Lokhu kuyi-amphibian enkulu kunalokho: i-amphibian ifinyelela ku-10 cm. Umzimba mkhulu, ikhanda likhulu. Umbala we-Amphibian ungahluka kusuka ku-beige kuya koshokoledi. Izindawo ezimnyama ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nobukhulu, kanye namashubhu, zisakazeke ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba. Isisu sikhanya, sinependi ephuzi noma eluhlaza okotshani, imvamisa iphethini elimnyama elibunjiwe. Indawo emnyama yethempeli isuka emaphethelweni ongaphandle wamehlo nge-eardrum iye kwisisekelo sangaphambili.
Emadodeni, umzimba unciphile, izimbobo zezimbambo eziboshwe ngamakhonkco omlomo. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, sebekhulumile izingcingo zokukhwelana emunweni wokuqala, futhi futhi bashintsha umbala kancane - uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba luyakhanya, ngenkathi umphimbo uthola ukucwazimka.
Ngokubukeka, isele lotshani lifana kakhulu nolunye uhlobo lwendalo - isele elibukhali. Kodwa-ke, uma ubhekisisa, kulula ukuhlukanisa. Okokuqala, i-heroine yethu ingumnikazi wesigaxa sezimbiza kunomzala wakhe, okwesibili, sikhulu ngokubonakalayo, futhi okwesithathu, esiswini sayo inephethini emnyama ebunjiwe (isisu esicijile esimhlophe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-heroine yethu ine-tubercle yangaphakathi ephansi yangaphakathi.
Indawo yokuhlala yeGrass Frog
Le amphibian isatshalaliswa kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngaphandle kwe-Iberian peninsula. Itholakala kuyo yonke iScandinavia futhi iya lapha enyakatho kude kunabo bonke abanye abantu basendle. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia enyakatho ifinyelela ogwini loLwandle Olumhlophe. Umngcele osempumalanga wobubanzi ufinyelela emaphethelweni aphansi e-Irtysh, eningizimu - ezindaweni ezinemikhawulo ephakathi yeVolga.
Ama-Amphibias ahlala cishe kuwo wonke ama-biotypes, kepha athanda kakhulu amahlathi anobuhlakani obuningi, ahlukanisayo futhi axubekile. Emngceleni wobubanzi bawo, utholakala ku-tundra nasezitebhisini. Uhlala ezindaweni ezitshaliwe - amasimu, izingadi, izingadi namapaki. Izintaba zikhuphuka ngamamitha ayi-3,000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Njengamanye ama-amphibians, iselesele lotshani lizama ukugwema amachibi kasawoti futhi alikwazi ukuhlala ngosuku emanzini, usawoti lona ofinyelela ku-0.07%.
Indlela yokuphila yesele yesele emvelweni
Lawa ma-amphibians achitha iningi lempilo yawo esemhlabeni, kepha azama ukugwema izindawo ezomile kakhulu. Amachibi awadingayo kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalela, yize evame ukubonakala eduze kwamanzi noma emanzini nangemva kwenkathi yokuzala.
Amaxoxo asebenza njengezindawo zokukhosela emathangeni aminyene ezitshalo, ukhuni, amatshe, izimbotshana emhlabathini: ngaphansi kwawo afihla izitha nesimo sezulu esingesihle.
Njengomthetho, umuntu ngamunye uhlala endaweni efanayo iminyaka eminingana: kwisiza saso i-frog ijwayelekile kuzo zonke izindawo ezifanele ukuzingela, indawo yokukhosela kanye nobusika.
Ngomsebenzi wexoxo lotshani, umswakama wemvelo ubaluleke kakhulu. Akukona kaningi ukwenzeka ukuba uhlangane ekuseni noma ngosuku olukhanya kakhulu. Ukusebenza ngamandla kuye kuqala kusihlwa nasebusuku. Ehlobo, uma kungekho imvula isikhathi eside, futhi umhlaba womile, akunakwenzeka ukuthi okungenani kutholakale umuntu oyedwa ehlathini. Kepha kufanelekile ukuna imvula noma ukuwela emazingeni amaningi, ziningi zazo.
Izinga lokushisa lomoya eliphansi alilinganiseli umsebenzi wamaxoxo otshani: noma ku-2-3 ° C ayasebenza, yize ama-amphibians ezizwa ekhululekile kakhulu ekushiseni kwe-17-20 ° C.
Esebenzayo la ma-amphibians ayeki ukuba nokuqala kweziqalo ezijwayelekile. Abantu abasha bahamba baye ebusika ngemuva kwesikhashana nje kunabantu abadala, bangatholakala ngisho ngoNovemba, uma izinga lokushisa phakathi nosuku lalingaphansi kune-0 ° C.
Yini ukudla kwasemini?
Ukudla kwamaxoxo otshani kuya ngezici zesimo umhlaba ahlala kuzo. Zidla emhlabathini ohlukahlukene we-invertebrates. Kunezinambuzane ezimbalwa ezindizayo ekudleni kwalawa ma-amphibians, ngoba zizingela ebumnyameni ikakhulukazi, lapho kunezilwane ezimbalwa ezindizayo. Emngceleni osenyakatho webanga, bahlukanisa ukudla kwabo ngezidalwa zasemanzini.
Ukuqina kwesondli akufani ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokuzalela, bagcina isikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi “inkathi yokuzalela”.
Izici Zobusika
Ukuqothuka kwamaxoxo otshani kuhlala izinsuku ezingama-180: kubantu base-amphibians abahlala eziphethweni zethu, lesi isikhathi esifushane.
Ama-Amphibians awakwazi ukudlula emhlabeni kuphela, kepha futhi ngaphansi kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi, akhetha imifula engenawo umkhumbi egeleza ngokushesha, izixhaphozi ezinodaka nemisele ebanzi. Ubusika bama-Amphibi buqabukela kakhulu emachibini, emachibini nasemifuleni emikhulu. Ukuqothulwa kwezidumbu zamanzi kuholela ekufeni kwamaxoxo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni ezigcina amanzi ngaphansi kweqhwa, kuvame ukubulawa - kusuka ekushoda komoya-mpilo, zonke izinto eziphilayo ziyafa. Ama-Amphibians nawo angafa ngenxa yezikhukhula zasentwasahlobo. Ama-Amphibians acasha emhlabeni emashalofini ama-amphibians futhi angathola isiphetho esidabukisayo - kaningi awasindi ebusika nasebusika beqhwa.
Ngaphansi kwamanzi, i-amphibian “ilala” endaweni engafani nalutho: izinyawo zayo zasemuva ziqinisiwe, kanti ngaphambili, ziphenduka “izintende zezandla” ngaphandle, njengokungathi zimboze ikhanda. Ngasikhathi sinye, "izintende zezandla" zibomvu ngokugqamile kusuka ekwakhiweni kwenethiwekhi eminyene yemithambo yegazi esikhunjeni sabo. Amaxoxo obusika ebusika ngaphansi kwamanzi kwesinye isikhathi angazungeza aze athole nokudla.
Inombolo ehlukile yamaxoxo angalala endaweni eyodwa: kwenzeka ukuthi ziba zodwa endaweni eyodwa, kepha kaningi kunezikhathi zobusika eziqukethe abantu abangama-20-30, futhi kwezinye izimo inani labo lingafinyelela kumakhulu amaningana emihlambi.
Ukufuduka
Empilweni yalawa maxoxo, kuvezwa izinhlobo ezi-3 zokufuduka. Okokuqala, lokhu ukufuduka kwaminyaka yonke kuzindawo zokuzalela nezokuphikisana nalokho, okwesibili, ukufuduka kwama-metamorphoses asanda kuqedwa kuzongena endaweni yazo, futhi okwesithathu, ukuthuthela ezindaweni zobusika.
Amaxoxo angabuthana ezindaweni ezifanelekileyo zobusika, amboze amabanga afinyelela ku-1.5 km ngosuku olulodwa. Kwesinye isikhathi ekwindla ungabona ukunqwabelana okukhulu kwama-amphibians ezindaweni eziseduzane nobusika bawo besikhathi esizayo: eceleni komfula wemifula, ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi, njll.
Ukuzijabulisa
Amaxoxo otshani aya kwizidumbu zamanzi ukubeka amaqanda ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Emzameni wokuqhubeka nomjaho wabo, bashiya izindawo abahlala kuzo futhi banqobe amabanga abalulekile nezithiyo ezahlukahlukene.
Amachibi okusakaza kuwo angaba amachibi amile ahlukahlukene - ngisho nemibhoshongo yomgwaqo egcwele amanzi nezigodi kufanelekile ukubeka amaqanda.
Ukufakwa kweqanda kwenzeka endaweni lokushisa lamanzi elingu-5 kuya ku-+ 15 ° C, kwesinye isikhathi iqhwa lingasala likhona ezindaweni ezingaphezulu komhlaba.
Ngokuya ngemibandela yedamu elithile, ukuzala kabusha kuthatha izinsuku ezi-2 kuye kweziyi-10. Ezindaweni ezizaliswayo, abesilisa abenzi umsindo omningi, musa ukuhlela ukuhlabelela okude nokuzwakalayo. Babiza abangane babo ngezimpawu ezihlukile ezihlala njalo cishe ngomzuzwana futhi kufana nokuxokozela okuthe cwaka.
Abesilisa bavela endaweni yokugcina maduze ngaphambi kowesifazane. Kwesinye isikhathi imibhangqwana isivele ixhunyiwe emhlabeni, lapho insikazi ibhekisa emanzini. Njengabesilisa besandla esisezandleni ezivamile, esimatasa ngesifiso sokushiya inzalo, abesilisa besele lotshani 'bangavalela' abantu abasemzini bezinye izinhlobo futhi, “ngengozi” ebanjwe engalweni.
Owesifazane obeka amaqanda ngokushesha uphuma echibini futhi asheshe abuyele endaweni yakhe yaphakade, kodwa owesilisa usala. Uma enenhlanhla, ngobusuku obulandelayo uzoshiya inzalo nomunye umuntu wesifazane.
Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezine. Ubumbano bunokwakheka kwesigaxa, okuthi ekuqaleni sibe nobukhulu obuncane, kepha ngokushesha amagobolondo amaqanda ayavuvukala nesigaxa sanda amahlandla ambalwa, ngenkathi sithola ukubonakala kwesisindo esinjenge-jap-like. Ukwenziwa okunjalo kwesinye isikhathi kuvame ukubonwa emanzini angajulile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amaqanda otshani obusika amelana kalula ne-hypothermia kuya--6 ° C, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla abo okuthuthuka. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuzilimaza, azikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa kusuka ku-+ 24 ° C isikhathi eside.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ukukhula kombungu kuhlala izinsuku ezi-5 kuye kwezingu-15. Izibungu zidla ngokubola okuvela emanzini nasezitshalweni ezincane. Ngisho nasemachibini amakhulu, amathubisi akha iziqubu eziminyene - aze afike kubantu abayi-100 ilitha ngalinye. Indawo engajulile lapho ikoloni likhona ibukeka njengesixha esimnyama esiqinile.
Ngokuya ngezimo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-1,5,3 futhi kuphele nge-metamorphosis.
Eminyakeni eyomile neyishisayo, ukomiswa kwamachibi okuqala kuholela ekufeni kwezifo zombili izindunduma ezisekuwo kanye amabhange nezihlahlana zemithi, lapho amanzi ancipha, anqunywe ezingxenyeni ezijulile. Ezimweni ezinhle kakhulu, inqwaba yezibungu isinda iye ku-metamorphosis, kuthi ngemuva kokuphothulwa, amaxoxo amaningi amancane ngasikhathi sinye ashiye amadamu. Ngalesi sikhathi, zivame ukubulawa ukoma ukuphuma, ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto noma kuba yisisulu sazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye. Labo abakwazile ukusinda, badla kakhulu ukuze baphile ngempumelelo ngenkathi ebandayo ende.
Amaxoxo weGrass afinyelela ekuthweni ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila. Ezimweni zemvelo baphila ngeminyaka engu-6-8.
Incazelo Nezici
Abamele abaningi balesi silwane luhlaza okombala okhanyayo ngombala omncane onemibala emibalabala. Isithwathwa sengilazi akukho ngaphezu kwe-3 cm ubude, noma izinhlobo zitholakala zikhulu ngosayizi omncane.
In iningi lazo, isisu kuphela esivele sobala, okuthi uma kufiswa, kuhlolwe zonke izitho zangaphakathi, kufaka phakathi amaqanda abesifazane abakhulelwe. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamaxoxo engilazi, ngisho namathambo nezicubu zomzimba kuyabonakala. Cishe akekho wabamele umhlaba wezilwane ongaziqhayisa ngempahla enjalo yesikhumba.
Kodwa-ke, lesi akusona ukuphela kwesici salawa maxoxo. Amehlo abo nawo ahlukile. Ngokungafani ne-kin's genogs (ixoxo lesihlahla), amehlo amaxoxo engilazi akhanya ngendlela engajwayelekile futhi aqondiswa iqonde, kuyilapho iso lamasele esihlahleni lisemaceleni omzimba.
Lokhu kuwuphawu lomndeni wabo. Imidlwane iqondile. Esikhathini sasemini, basesimweni sokuchofoza okuncane, futhi ebusuku, abafundi banda kakhulu, baba cishe bezungeza.
Umzimba wexoxo uyisicaba futhi ubanzi, njengoba injalo nekhanda. Izingalo zinde, mncane. Emilenzeni kukhona izinkomishi zokudla, ngosizo lapho amasele elenga kalula kumahlamvu. Amaxoxo asobala futhi anezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu zokufiphalisisa nokushisa.
Imidwebo yokuqala yalawa ma-amphibians yatholakala emuva ngekhulu le-19. Ukuhlukaniswa kweCentrolenidae kuguquka njalo: manje kulo mndeni wama-amphibian kunemindeni emibili esezansi nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-10 zamaxoxo angilazi. Kutholwe futhi kuchazwe okokuqala nguMarcos Espada, isazi sezilwane saseSpain. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abantu abathakazelisa kakhulu.
Isibonelo, iHyalinobatrachium (ingulube encane yengilazi) ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-32 zabantu abanesisu esisobala ngokuphelele nesomhlophe. Ukubonakala kwabo kuvumela ukubuka okuhle cishe kwazo zonke izitho zangaphakathi - isisu, isibindi, amathumbu, inhliziyo yomuntu. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ingxenye yokugaya imbozwe ngefilimu elula. Isibindi sazo sisebusweni, futhi kumaxoxo bolunye uhlobo siba namaqabunga amathathu.
Kwi-genus Centrolene (gecko), ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-27, abantu abane-skeleton yombala ohlaza okotshani. Ehlombe kukhona ukuphuma okuthile ngesimo segwegwe, abesilisa abalisebenzisa ngempumelelo lapho behlanganisa, belwela insimu. Kuzo zonke izihlobo ezilandelwayo zibhekwa njengezinkulu ngobukhulu.
Kwabamele amaxoxo Cochranella, skeleton nayo iluhlaza ngombala nefilimu emhlophe ku-peritoneum, emboza ingxenye yezitho zangaphakathi. Isibindi eselayishiwe, izingwegwe zamahlombe azikho. Bathola igama labo ukuhlonipha udokotela wezilwane uDoris Cochran, oqale wachaza lolu hlobo lwamaxoxo engilazi.
Phakathi kwabo, ukubukwa okuthakazelisa kakhulu frig ingilazi frog (Cochanella Euknemos). Igama livela olimini lwesiGrikhi lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ngemilenze enhle." Isici esiyingqayizivele kukhona uthango olunamanzi ngaphambili, izilenge zezandla nezandla.
Ukwakheka komzimba
Ukwakheka kwengulule yengilazi Ilungele imvelo yakhe yokuphila nendlela yakhe yokuphila. Ulwelwesi lwayo luqukethe izindlala eziningi ezihlala zivikela umunyu. Ihlala inomswakama amagobolondo futhi igcine umswakama ezindaweni zayo zomhlaba.
Uvikela nesilwane emgungundlovu we-pathogenic. Isikhumba siba nengxenye ekushintshisaneni ngegesi. Njengoba amanzi engena emzimbeni wawo esikhunjeni, indawo esemqoka iyindawo ezinomswakama nezinomswakama. Lapha, esikhunjeni, kubuhlungu izinhlungu nama-receptors okushisa.
Enye yezinto ezithokozisayo ngesakhiwo somzimba wexoxo yile ndawo eseduze yamakhala namehlo engxenyeni engenhla yekhanda. I-amphibian ikwazi ukuntanta emanzini, ibambe ikhanda nomzimba ngaphezu kobuso bayo, iphefumule futhi ibone indawo ezungezile.
Umbala wesele ingilazi uncike kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala. Ezinye izinhlobo zingashintsha umbala wesikhumba ngokuya ngezimo zemvelo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, anamaseli akhethekile.
Izandla ezingemuva zalesi siphibian zinde ngosayizi omncane kunangaphambili. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abaphambili baguqulwa kabusha ukuze baxhaswe futhi bafike, futhi ngosizo lwangemuva bahamba kahle emanzini nasogwini.
Amaxoxo avela kulo mndeni awanazo izimbambo, kanti umgogodla uhlukaniswe izigaba ezi-4: isibeletho, isibambiso, i-caudal kanye nesiqu. Isigaxa sogwada obonakalayo sinamathiselwe emgogodleni nge-vertebra eyodwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, isele likwazi ukuhambisa ikhanda. Izingalo zixhunywe emgogodleni yangaphambili nangebhande elingemuva lamalungu. Ifaka amabala ehlombe, i-sternum, namathambo e-pelvic.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa lwamaxoxo luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunenhlanzi. Siqukethe intambo yomgogodla nobuchopho. I-cerebellum incane kunalokho, ngoba laba bantu base-amphibians baphila impilo yokuhlala phansi futhi ukunyakaza kwabo kuyanelisa.
Uhlelo lokugaya lunezici ezithile. Besebenzisa ulimi olude olunamathele emgodleni womlomo, isele libamba izinambuzane futhi lizibambe ngamazinyo atholakala kuphela emhlathini ongenhla. Ngemuva kwalokho ukudla kungena i-esophagus, isisu, ukucubungula okwalandela, bese kudlulela emathunjini.
Inhliziyo yalaba bantu abaphila ngamakamelo amathathu inamakamelo amathathu, iqukethe i-atria ne-ventricle ezimbili, lapho kuhlangana khona igazi ne-venous igazi. Kunemibuthano emibili yokujikeleza kwegazi. Isistimu yokuphefumula yamaxoxo imelelwa emakhaleni, emaphashini, kepha isikhumba se-amphibian siyabandakanyeka nenqubo yokuphefumula.
Inqubo yokuphefumula imi ngalendlela elandelayo: imicondo yexoxo iyavuleka, ngasikhathi sinye phansi kwe-oropharynx yayo nomoya ungena kuyo. Lapho emakhaleni embozwe, phansi kuphakama kancane nomoya ungene emaphashini. Ngesikhathi sokuphumula kwe-peritoneum, ukuphuma kwamakhala kwenziwa.
Isistimu ye-excretory imelelwa yizinso, lapho igazi lihlunga khona. Izinto ezizuzisayo zidonswa kubuhlalu bezinso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umchamo udlulela kuma-ureters bese ungena ebhusha.
Amaxoxo engilazi, njengawo wonke ama-amphibians, anometabolism ehamba kancane. Ukushisa komzimba wexoxo ngqo kuncike ekushiseni okukhona. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, baba ngabangenisi lutho, bafuna izindawo ezingazodwa, ezifudumele, bese bezilala.
Izitho zemizwa zizwela kakhulu, ngoba amasele ayakwazi ukuhlala emhlabeni nasemanzini. Ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi ama-amphibians akwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile zokuphila. Izitho ezisemgqeni wekhanda azisiza ukuba zizulazule kalula esikhaleni. Ngokubukeka kubukeka njengemicu emibili.
Umbono wesele ingilazi likuvumela ukuba ubone izinto zihamba kahle, futhi aziboni kahle izinto zokuma. Umuzwa wokuhogela, omelelwa ngamakhala, uvumela isele ukuba lizulazule kahle ngephunga.
Izitho zokuzwa zinezindlebe ezingaphakathi naphakathi. Ephakathi kuyithambo elithile, ngakolunye uhlangothi kunokukhipha kuyi-oropharynx, kanti elinye liqondiswe eduze kwekhanda.Kukhona ne-eardrum, exhunywe endlebeni engaphakathi kusetshenziswa isiqu. Kungaye lapho imisindo idluliselwa endlebeni engaphakathi.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Isikhathi sokuphila - Iminyaka eyi-5 (18) (inkunzi efinyelela eminyakeni eyi-16 ubudala, isinqe esifinyelela eminyakeni engama-36).
Habitat - ukubhukuda, amahlathi anomswakama, izimfunda, emanzini.
Ukuziphatha - endaweni eyomile bayacasha, ngamafu - bayazingela.
Yidla - izinambuzane (izimbungulu), izicabucabu, ama-gastropods asemhlabeni, inhlanzi gazinga.
Umsebenzi ngesikhathi esifudumele sosuku (unyaka).
Indlela yokuphila
Amaxoxo engilazi ikakhulukazi ebusuku, futhi phakathi nosuku phumula eduze kwechibi otshanini obumanzi. Badla izinambuzane ntambama, emhlabeni. Lapho, emhlabeni, amasele akhetha umlingani, umngane womshado alale ngamahlamvu notshani.
Kodwa-ke, inzalo yabo - ama-tadpoles, akhula emanzini kuphela futhi ngemuva kokuphenduka i-frog abuyele emhlabeni ukuthuthuka okwengeziwe. Okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ukuziphatha kwabesilisa, okuthi, ngemuva kokuba owesimame ebeke amaqanda, aqhubeke asondelene nenzalo futhi amvikele ezinambuzaneni. Kepha okwenziwa ngumuntu wesifazane ngemuva kokwenza ukubumbeka akwaziwa.
Isakhiwo sangaphandle
Ixoxo lihlala emachibini noma ogwini lwalo. Ikhanda lakhe eliyisicaba, elibanzi liguquka kahle libe ngumzimba omfishane nomsila oncishisiwe. I-mucus ekhishwa yizindlala zesikhumba ayigcini nje ngokuqinisekisa ukubamba iqhaza kwesikhumba ekushintshisaneni ngegesi, kodwa futhi kuyayivikela kuma-microorganisms.
Ithambo liqukethe umgogodla, ugebhezi kanye nomthambo wezinyawo.
Uhlelo lokugaya
Uhlelo lokugaya luqala ngethambo elikhulu le-oropharyngeal, hhayi phansi kwalo ulimi oluxhunyaniswe ekugcineni kwalo. Lapho ebamba inyamazane, ulimi luphonswa ngaphandle komlomo, futhi isisulu sinamathele kuyo. Emgodini we-oropharyngeal, kuvela imisinga ye-salivary gland. Imfihlo yabo iswilisa umsipha nokudla, kusiza ukugwinya kwezinyamazane. Emhlathini ongenhla kunamazinyo amancane okukhanya asebenza kuphela ukubamba inyamazane. Ukudla okuhlanganiswe namathe kungena esophagus bese kungena esiswini. Amaseli weglandular wezindonga zesisu enza i-enzyme pepsin, esebenza endaweni ene-asidi (i-hydrochloric acid nayo ikhishwa esiswini).
Ukudla okugayiwe okuyingxenye kuhamba ngaphakathi e-duodenum, lapho umgobho wesibindi ugeleza khona. Ukukhuphuka kwe-pancreas kuthululelwa kwi-duct ye-bile. I-duodenum idlula buthule ingene emathunjini amancane, lapho kudonswa izakhamzimba. Izinsalela zokudla ezingaphanjwanga zingena kwi-rectum enkulu futhi zidlulwa ngokusebenzisa i-cloaca.
Uhlelo lokuphefumula
Isele liphefumula ukukhanya nangesikhumba. Ezindongeni zamaphaphu abunjwe njengamasaka kukhona inethiwekhi ehlangene yemithambo yegazi. Lapho isele livula emakhaleni alo bese lehlisa phansi kwendawo yomgwaqo, umoya ungena ekugcineni.
Ngemuva kwaloko emakhaleni kuvalwa ngama-valve, phansi komgodi we-oropharyngeal kuphakama, nomoya udlule ungene emaphashini. Ukuphefumula kwenzeka ngenxa yesenzo sezicubu zesisu nokuwa kwezindonga ze-pulmonary.
Habitat
Ama-Amphibians azizwa esesimweni esihle ezintabeni zemifula esheshayo, phakathi kwemifudlana, emahlathini athambile asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezintabeni. Kuhlala ingilazi emagqumeni ezihlahla nezihlahlana, amatshe amanzi nodoti onotshani. Kula maxoxo, into esemqoka ukuthi kunomswakama eduze.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza
Inhliziyo yama-amphibians amadala yigumbi ezintathu - i-atria emibili ne-ventricle eyodwa. Isigaxa esidonsa ngendolondo ene-longitudinal spiral valve ngaphakathi sisuka ku-ventricle, esabalalisa igazi elingaphandle kanye nelegazi elihlanganisiwe emithanjeni ehlukene. Igazi le-venous elivela ezithweni zangaphakathi negazi elivela esikhunjeni lingena kwi-atrium efanele. igazi elixubekile lihlangana lapha. Igazi le-arterial kusuka emaphashini lingena kwi-atrium yangakwesobunxele. Zombili izinkontileka ze-atria ngasikhathi sinye negazi elivela kubo lingena kwi-ventricle. Ngenxa ye-valve eyi-longitudinal ku-arterial cone, igazi le-venous lingena emaphashini nasikhumba, kuxutshaniswe - kuzo zonke izitho zomzimba ngaphandle kwekhanda, i-arterial - ebuchosheni nakwezinye izitho zekhanda.
Ama-Amphibians anemijikelezo emibili yokujikeleza kwegazi, kepha awanqanyulwa ngokuphelele ngenxa ye-ventricle eyodwa. Emjikelezweni omkhulu, igazi elivela ku-ventricle ligobhoza liye kuzo zonke izitho, futhi kusuka kubo libuyela emithanjeni liye e-atrium yangakwesokudla. Emjikelezweni omncane, igazi ligobhoza lisuka ku-ventricle liye emaphashini nasekhunjeni, futhi lisuka kubo, licetshiswe umoya-mpilo, libuyele e-atrium yangakwesobunxele.
Uhlelo lokuxolisa
Uhlelo lwe-excretory lumelwe izinso ezimbili ezisezinhlangothini ze-sacral vertebra. Ezinso izinso kukhona ama-glomeruli lapho imikhiqizo yokuwohloka eyingozi nezinye izinto ezibalulekile zihluzwa ngaphandle kwegazi. Ngesikhathi sokugeleza komgudu wezinso, amakhompiyutha abalulekile ayabanjwa futhi, umchamo ungena kuma-ureters amabili ku-cloaca bese usuka lapho ungene ebangeni lesinye. Ngemuva kokugcwalisa isinye, izicubu zesivumelwano saso sodonga, umchamo uyakhishwa ku-cloaca bese uphonswa ngaphandle.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa
Ingqondo ineminyango efanayo neyezinhlanzi. Ijwabu likhuliswa ngokwengeziwe, lihlukaniswe ngama-hemispheres amabili.
I-cerebellum incane, echazwa yindlela yokuphila yokuhlala nokufana kokunyakaza.
Phambi kwamehlo ama-amphibians amadala, izinkophe zamaselula (ezingenhla nezangaphansi) ne-membrane eshwabanisayo iyakhiwa, zivikela i-cornea ekumeni ngaphandle nasekungcolisweni.
Izitho zomzimba
Izitho zemizwa zilukhuni kakhulu kunezezinhlanzi; zinikeza izeluleko kubantu abasemanzini nasemhlabeni. Ama-amphibians amadala ahlala emanzini ayakhiwa izitho zomugqa we-lateral, bahlakazeka ebusweni besikhumba, ikakhulukazi abaningi ekhanda. Engqungqutheleni yesikhumba kukhona amazinga okushisa, ubuhlungu kanye nama-tactile receptors. Isitho sezinto zokuzenzela amelelwa amashekeli okubhanqanisa okubhanqiwe okuvuleka kwangaphandle ngamakhalenda angaphandle, futhi angena emgodini wethambo ngamakhala angaphakathi. Ingxenye yezindonga zamashekeli okugcoba aboshwe nge-epithelium yolodo. Izitho zokuzenzela zisebenza emoyeni kuphela, emanzini, emakhaleni angaphandle avaliwe. Izitho zokuhogela kuma-amphibians kanye nama-chordates aphezulu ziyingxenye yomgudu wokuphefumula.
I-Cornea amehlo i-convex, ilensi inesimo selensi ye-biconvex. Kukhona izinti nezigaxa ku-retina. Ama-amphibians amaningi athuthukise umbono wombala.
In izitho zokuzwa ngaphezu kwendlebe engaphakathi, indlebe ephakathi iyakhiwa. Kuqukethe izinto zokusebenza ezikhulisa ukunyakaza kwemisindo. Ukuvulwa kwangaphandle kwendlebe ephakathi kuqiniswe yi-eardrum elastic. Emgodini kukhona i-ossicle enomsindo. Umgodi wendlebe ophakathi nendawo uxhunywe umsele omncane ocansini womlomo.
Ukuzala
Amaqanda nokuhlolwa kwama-amphibians nezinhlanzi kuyafana. Umanyolo wangaphandle wenzeka emanzini. Ama-Gonads abhangqiwe. Ama-oviducts abhangqiwe awela ku-cloaca, ama-vas aphula izimbungulu zingene ezindunwini. Amaxoxo azala entwasahlobo ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila.
Owesilisa uqonde ngemuva kowesifazane, eshaya imilenze yakhe yangaphambili. Ubukhulu beminwe yangaphakathi kusiza ukubopha ama-paws ukuze ungaphuthelwa insikazi izinsuku eziningana. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi ifaka amaqanda angaba ngu-3 000, bese iduna libaphuzisa ubisi ngokushesha. Ngenxa yalokhu, cishe wonke amaqanda ayahlanganiswa, futhi akukho noyedwa kuma-amphibians okufanele awaphonsele ezigidini, njengoba kunjalo kaningi ngenhlanzi, ngakho-ke amaqanda angaba makhulu, okusho ukuthi kunezindawo eziningi ezengeziwe zokugcina.
Amaqanda embozwe ulwelwesi lwama-mucous, oluvuvuka kakhulu emanzini. Amagobolondo, njengamalensi, aqoqa imisebe yelanga futhi ashise amaqanda abe ngama-degree amaningi, asheshise ukukhula kwawo.
Intuthuko
Umanyolo we-caviar uvuthwa phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-7-16. Ingxenye engehla, emnyama yeqanda ijika ibe ikhanda nomsila we-umbungu, nokukhanya okuphansi kube yisisu. Ine-yolk sac enezakhi zomzimba, ezincishiswa kancane kancane. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-8-16, isibungu - i-tadpole sishiya igobolondo leqanda.
ITadpole ihluke kakhulu ngesakhiwo kwizilwane ezindala. Kubukeka njengenhlanzi hhayi kuphela ngaphandle, kepha futhi nesakhiwo sangaphakathi. I-fein yomsila isetshenziselwa ukunyakaza, futhi amagalari angaphandle asetshenziselwa ukuphefumula. Njengoba isisongele izingwebu zomlomo ezungeze umlomo, ama-tadpole akhipha ukudla kwezitshalo. Ulayini oseceleni akusiza ukuthi uzulazule.
Ngokushesha, ama-gill angaphandle ayanyamalala, esikhundleni sawo kubekwa ama-gill slits ngama-petals, ambozwe yisibaya sesikhumba. Kulesi sigaba, i-tadpole inenhliziyo enamagumbi amabili nomjikelezo owodwa wokujikeleza kwegazi. I-oksijini ingena emithanjeni yegazi isuka emaphethelweni ngokusebenzisa imithambo emithathu engaphandle yemithambo ye gill, nangemithambo ye-cutaneous evela endaweni enkulu yomsila. Umkhiqizo oyinhloko wokuzihlukanisa njengakwezinhlanzi yi-ammonia.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwesakhiwo sezibungu namaxoxo abantu abadala
Sayina | I-Larva (i-tadpole) | Isilwane esidala |
Isimo somzimba | Imise okwenhlanzi, imisebe yemilenze, umsila onolwelwesi lokubhukuda | Umzimba ufinyeziwe, kukhiqizwe izimbambo ezimbili zemilenze, kungekho msila |
Indlela yokunyakaza | Ukubhukuda komsila | Ugxuma, ubhukuda kanye nezingalo zesilenge |
Ukuphefumula | I-Gill (gill kuqala ngaphandle, bese ingaphakathi) | I-Pulmonary nesikhumba |
Uhlelo lokujikeleza | Inhliziyo enamagumbi amabili, umbuthano owodwa wokujikeleza kwegazi | Inhliziyo enamagumbi amathathu, imijikelezo emibili yokujikeleza kwegazi |
Izitho zomzimba | Izitho zomugqa we-lateral zakhiwa, ngaphambi kwamehlo akukho mehlo | Azikho izitho zomugqa ezilandelanayo, izinkophe ezakhiwe emehlweni |
Imihlathi nokudla | Zidla ikakhulu ngokudla kwezitshalo (i-algae, njll.), Emihlathini zenze amapuleti amnyama akhipha izicubu zezitshalo ezithambile kanye nama-unicellular namanye ama-invertebrates amancane akhiwe kuwo. | Azikho amapuleti amabi emihlathini, ngolimi olunamathele lubamba izinambuzane, imollusks, izibungu kanye nefry fish. |
Indlela yokuphila | Amanzi | Amanzi asemanzini, ahlala emanzini |
Ngemuva kwamaviki ambalwa, i-metamorphosis iyaqala - ukuguqulwa kwesibungu semanzini kube yixoxo elingene nokuphila emhlabeni. Izinsimbi zigcwele, umugqa we-lateral uyanyamalala, umsila uyancishiswa kancane kancane. Kuvela imithambo, kusukela lapho kuphuma khona amathumbu, amaphaphu ayakhiwa, ukusuka esine (emuva) i-artery yomgodi wesibeletho - umjikelezo we-pulmonary wokujikeleza kwegazi. nokunye, ngokuya ngezigaba eziphambili zokuvela kwama-amphibians. Imizimba emidala 'ayiweli phansi' futhi ayinyamalala ngeze. Bahlanganiswa baba ngamangqamuzana futhi bathathwe ngegazi lapho bangasetshenziselwa khona "ukwakhiwa" kwezitho ezintsha. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, i-tadpole iphenduka ixoxo.
Izici zefrasi nengilazi
Ezigungwini ezingenakusebenza eziseningizimu neMexico, enyakatho yeParaguay, eArgentina, lapho abantu bengakwazi ukufinyelela khona, akujulile ingulule ingilazi (Centrolenidae) uzizwa ekhululekile. Amabhange emifula nemifudlana egeleza phakathi kwamahlathi omswakama ayindawo ayithandayo yezindawo zayo zokuhlala. Isidalwa uqobo, kungathi sisuka engilazini, singena esikhunjeni kukhona ngaphakathi, amaqanda.
Ama-amphibians amaningi anesisu "seglasi", kepha atholakala enesikhumba esikhanyayo emilenzeni noma emilenzeni ngokugcwele. Kwesinye isikhathi izimbambo zihlotshiswe ngokufana nefreyidi. Encane, ayikho enkulu kuno-3 cm ubude, iluhlaza okhanyayo, ngombala ngombala onamachashazi anemibala ehlukahlukene, anamehlo angajwayelekile, incazelo futhiisithombe sexoxo lengilazi.
Esithombeni kugcwele ingilazi
Ngokungafani ne-amphibian yezinkuni, amehlo akhe awabheki ezinhlangothini, kepha phambili, ngakho-ke amehlo akhe aqondiswe engela lika-45 °, elenza ukuthi akwazi ukulandelela ngokunembile imfuyo emincane. Kukhona i-cartilage ethize esithendeni.
Ama-Ecuadorian subspecies ama-amphibians (Centrolene) anezingxenye ezinkulu ezingafika ku-7 cm. Anepuleti lesisu elimhlophe elibonakalayo, amathambo aluhlaza. I-humerus iqukethe inkunzimalanga yomsuka. Inhloso okuhloswe ngayo i-spike iyithuluzi lapho kuklanywa indawo noma abobulili obuhlukile.
Umlingisi wefrasi weglasi nendlela yokuphila
Kwakuse-Ecuador ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 lapho kutholakala amasampula okuqala, futhi kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 ama-amphibians anjalo ahlukaniswa kabili ngohlobo lwe-2. Kugcine kukhethwe izinhlobo ezi-3 i-mesh ingilazi yexoxo (Hyalinobatrachium) kubonakaliswa ukuba khona kwethambo elimhlophe, ukungabi khona kwephedi elikhanyayo, okuthi kwezinye "izihlobo" kufiqa ukubukwa kwenhliziyo, amathumbu, isibindi.
Lezi zitho zangaphakathi zibonakala kahle. Ingxenye enkulu yempilo yawo wonke amasele yenzeka emhlabeni. Abanye abantu bakhetha ukuhlala ezihlahleni, bekhetha indawo enezintaba. Kepha ukuzala kungenzeka kuphela ngasemithanjeni yamanzi.
Ukuhola indlela yokuphila yobusuku, phakathi nosuku lapho bephumule kudoti omanzi. Ama-Amphibians Hyalinobatrachium akhetha ukuzingela ntambama. Amaqiniso we-Glog Frog athakazelisayo yizici zokuziphatha phakathi kobulili obuhlukile, ukwabiwa kwezindima lapho kubekwa amaqanda.
Abesilisa bavikela amahora abo okuphila ambalwa, bese bachitha isikhathi. "Obaba abakwaMesh" bavikela ukubumbana kusuka ekuphepheni emzimbeni noma ezinambuzaneni isikhathi eside (usuku lonke). Kunombono wokuthi ngokuzayo banakekela ukukhula okuncane. Abesifazane bazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ngemuva kokusabalala banyamalala ngendlela engaziwa.
Ukudla Ngengilazi
Phakathi kwamagama ama-amphibians atholakele Frog ingilazi yaseVenezuela wanikezwa yena ngasisekelo sezwe. Njengawo wonke ama-amphibians "asobala", akunasisekelo, uthanda ukudla kuma-arthropods amancane, izimpukane, omiyane.
Ebona umuntu ongaba isisulu, kuvula umlomo wakhe, kumkhombisa kusuka kude ngamasentimitha ambalwa. Isimo sezulu esishisayo sikuvumela ukuba uthole ukudla hhayi kusihlwa kuphela, kepha futhi naphakathi nosuku. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokuphila ezingezona ezemvelo, izimpukane zikaDrosophila zilungele ukudla.
Thenga ingilazi frog Kunzima kakhulu, yize kunezikhungo zesayensi zokutadisha kwalezi zilwane ezingajwayelekile, kukhona abambalwa abathanda i-amphibian abaqukethe. Izidingo zokuzalela izithunjwa ziyinkimbinkimbi, uzodinga amakhemikhali aphezulu akhethekile anemvelo enokulinganisela.
Izitha
Kunabathandi abaningi ukujabulela amaxoxo, ikakhulukazi amancane. Lezi yizinkimbankosi, imisipha, izimpisi, izimpungushe, izinyoka, amahlosi, amankonyane, izinyoka, njll.
Ngisho namaqanda ala ma-amphibians ambozwe ngamagobolondo afana ne-jelly awadli kakhulu, kepha abazingeli nabo bakithi - ama-planar, izinambuzane, izibungu zezinye izilwanyana zasemanzini, njll.
Ukugcina isele lotshani ekhaya, udinga i-30- litre litre. Ekushiseni kwegumbi, ukufudumeza okwengeziwe nokukhanyisa akudingekile. I-terrarium ayinakubekwa endaweni enelanga, kungcono ukuyitholela indawo epholile (lolu hlobo alubekezeleli amazinga okushisa angaphezu kwama-25 ° C).
Njengoba lolu hlobo lufuna kakhulu umswakama, akufanele ukhohlwe ukufafaza amanzi ngaphezu komhlaba ngosuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ichibi elikhulu, kepha elingashisi, kufanele lifakwe ku-terrarium.
Kungcono ukubeka ithala ngaphansi kwekona lehlathi.
Zondla isilwanyana ngezimpukane, imfene, izimpophoma zegazi, iminyuzi yepayipi, njll.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila kwesele ingilazi asikafundwa ngokugcwele, kepha kuyaziwa ukuthi ezimweni zemvelo impilo yabo imfushane kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yesimo esingemukeleki semvelo: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungalawulwa, ukuthunyelwa njalo emithanjeni yamanzi yokungcola okuhlukahlukene kwemboni. Kucatshangwa ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila kwesele ingilazi endaweni yemvelo singaba seminyakeni engu-5-15.
- Emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-60 zamaxoxo engilazi.
- Phambilini, amasele engilazi ayeyingxenye yomndeni wasesihlahleni.
- Ngemuva kokulala, insikazi iyanyamalala futhi ayinandaba nenzalo.
- Inqubo yokuzalela kumaxoxo ibizwa nge-amplexus.
- Ummeleli omkhulu wexoxo ingilazi yiCentrolene Gekkoideum. Abantu abafinyelela ku-75 mm.
- Ukuqanjwa kwamadoda kuyabonakala ngemisindo ehlukahlukene - ikhwela, i-squeak noma ama-trill.
- Impilo kanye nentuthuko yamadadpoles ayifundwanga.
- Amaxoxo engilazi asikwa imaski ngosizo lwe-bile usawoti, atholakala emathanjeni futhi asetshenziswa njengodayi abathile.
- Amaxoxo alo mndeni anombono we-binocular, isb. bangabona kahle ngokulinganayo ngamehlo amabili ngasikhathi sinye.
- Izwe elingokomlando lamaxoxo asobala yiNtshonalanga Melika.
Isigaxa sengilazi siyisidalwa esiyingqayizivele, esibuthaka esidalwe yindalo, sinezici eziningi zendlela yokugaya ukudla, ukuzala kabusha nendlela yokuphila ngokuvamile.
I-Lake Frog: Ukuchazwa
Unomzimba ophakeme ngomsipha okhombe kancane. Umbala waphezulu ungahluka.Imvamisa aluhlaza, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala amasele angwevu futhi ansundu. Umzimba wonke umbozwe izindawo ezinkulu ezimnyama zesimo esingajwayelekile.
Kwabameleli abaningi balezi zinhlobo, iqembu elikhanyayo elibonakala ngokucacile elinama-inclusions amancane lidlula umgogodla nekhanda.
Ngezansi komzimba umbala ophuzi noma onsundu. Imvamisa kuba khona cishe amabala amnyama. Amehlo ayigolide. Emvelweni yemvelo kuhlala iminyaka eyi-10. Isele echibini likhula libe ngu-17 cm ubude. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abesilisa bancane kakhulu kunabesifazane, kodwa banama -online. Esikhathini sasemini, ngezikhathi ezithile singena emanzini ukukhulisa umswakama wesikhumba; ebusuku, lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lehla, isele alinakuba sengozini yokuwomisa ngaphandle komzimba.
Habitat
Ama-Amphibians akhetha izindawo zemvelo ezinjengamahlathi ahlanganisiwe futhi aqobayo, ama-steppes, engxenyeni eseningizimu angatholakala ogwadule, enyakatho ahlala kwezinye izindawo ze-taiga. Ngakho-ke, indawo ehlala kuyo i-Central and Southern Europe, i-Asia, Kazakhstan, iRussia, iCaucasus, i-Iran, neNyakatho ne-Afrika.
Isele echibini lihlala ezindlini zamanzi ezintsha (ngaphezu kwama-20 cm ukujula). Amachibi okuhlala, izihlambi zemifudlana nemifula, amachibi. Ungayibona emikhawulweni yedolobha eceleni kwamakhonkolo ekhonkolo ezindawo zokugcina, ezitokisini zemifino yemifino kanye nomhlanga. Ukuba khona komuntu oseduze kuyazola.
Ngisho nezimo ezedlulele kakhulu zingakwazi ukuguqula ichibi lechibi. Indawo yokuhlala yalaba bantu yalezi zinhlobo ingashiyana kakhulu, bayakwazi ukuphila ezindaweni ezingcoliswe imfucuza, kepha kulokhu kuba khona ukungalingani ekuthuthukisweni.
Ibuye ihlale kalula futhi ngokushesha igcwele amadamu okufakelwa kanye namachibi. Lapho amadamu omile, ingafudukela endaweni entsha, inqobe kuze kufike ku-12 km.
Ukuziphatha
Ixoxo echibini luhlobo lwe-thermophilic. Isebenza ubusuku nemini emazingeni okushisa ukusuka ku-+8 kuya ku- +40 ° C. Emahoreni ashisayo ikakhulukazi, ucasha emthunzini wezitshalo.
Isilwane sichitha usuku lonke osebeni nasemanzini. Emhlabeni, ihamba elangeni, ngenkathi imile. Kodwa-ke, ukuba nokuzwa nokubona okuhle kakhulu, ngengozi encane igxumela emanzini. Lapha ixoxo lithola indawo ephephile nokucasha, imvamisile ukugoqa isilika. Emanzini, kungaba yinde. Futhi kuphela ngemuva kokuqiniseka ukuthi ayikho ingozi, ubuyela endaweni yakhe yangaphambili.
Ngenxa yokubhukuda okuhle, uvikela izondo ezisheshayo, yize engesabi negagasi.
Indlela yokuphila yesele echibini iyakuvumela ukuhlala ubusika echibini elifanayo. Kwesinye isikhathi uyahamba ayofuna izindawo ezijulile noma imithombo. Lapho amanzi engaholi unyaka wonke, isele lihlala lisebenza njalo. Ubusika buhlala izinsuku ezingaba ngu-230, sonke lesi sikhathi sisesitayeleni noma phansi. Ikhuphukela maphakathi noMeyi, lapho amanzi efudumala ngokwanele. Endabeni yesithwathwa, kufa inqwaba yamaxoxo.
Endaweni enhle, inani lama-amphibians limangalisa ngokumangazayo. Imvamisa, amasele ogwini ahlala emihlambini emikhulu, kanti ingaphezulu ledamu limane ligcwele izimbambo eziningi ezivelayo.
Ukudla
Ngabe sidlani ichibi? Konke kuncike eminyakeni yobudala, indawo yokuhlala, ubulili kanye nenkathi yesikhathi. Zondla womhlaba namanzi.
Ukuzingela okungezansi kwenzeka ngamamitha ambalwa ukusuka ogwini. Le amphibian ingumhlaseli wangempela. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuhlaba umxhwele, inyamazane yayo engaba khona ingaba yisibungu esincane nenyoka, igundane, inkukhu ngisho nesele elincane.
Ama-tritons, inhlanzi encane, kanye namadadiphu awo aba ukudla kwasemini emanzini. Ama-invertebrates - ama-crustaceans, izinambuzane, ama-mollusks, izindunduma kanye nezibungu kufakiwe ekudleni okuyinhloko.
Isele echibini lingabamba inyamazane yalo ngisho nakulwazi. Imvamisa lezi yizimvemvane, izimpukane, izimpungushe. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, usebenzisa ulimi lwayo ngenkuthalo, eyiphonsa ngamasentimitha ambalwa phambili. I-Stick mucus isiza ukugcina inyamazane ihamba. Uma isisulu sisekude kakhulu, khona-ke i-amphibian ingena kuyo ngokucophelela. Ixoxo libuye lazi kahle ukuthi ligxuma kanjani, lifike endaweni efanele.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-tadpoles i-algae encane.
Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba amaxoxo echibi afuye?
Owesifazane ufinyelela esikhathini sokuthomba ngeminyaka emithathu. Ngokungafani namanye ama-amphibians, ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isele lilinda kuze kufike lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi likhuphuka lifika ku +18 ° C. Lokhu kuvame ukuphela kukaMeyi noma uJuni. Uzalela amaqanda endaweni yokugcina amanzi ahlala kuyo; akenzi ukufuduka okukhethekile ngale njongo.
Kusukela ekubukeni kwexoxo lokuqala emva kokuqala kobusika ukuya ekuqaleni kokuqhuma, kuthatha isonto elilodwa kuye enyangeni.
Ukuze zizalwe, ahlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu. Abesilisa kule nkathi bangamazwi amaningi futhi baneselula kakhulu. Lapho izingwevu ziguqeka, i-resonators igcwala emakhoneni emilomo yazo. Futhi, ngesikhathi sokuzalela emadodeni, ezinyaweni zokuqala emnweni wokuqala, kuvela izimpawu - ukuzalanisa amabele.
“Izingoma” zabo zidonsela ukunaka kwabesifazane. Ngaphambi kokubeka amaqanda, ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, ukukhulelwa kungaphandle. Lokhu kwenzeka cishe kuwo wonke ama-amphibians, futhi ixoxo lesichibi lihlukile.
Ukuchazwa kwale nqubo kuhamba kanjena: owesilisa ubamba insikazi ngendlela yokuthi imilenze yayo yangaphambili ibe sesifubeni. Ngakho-ke, isidoda namaqanda kuphonswa ngasikhathi sinye emanzini, okufaka isandla ekuchumeni kwamaqanda amaningi. Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi eyodwa noma ezimbili zingakwazi 'ukwanga' umuntu oyedwa wesifazane.
Isikhathi sokuzala yinyanga eyodwa. Owesifazane oyedwa angazalela amaqanda angama-6,000.
Ichibi Frog Tadpoles
Izinsuku ezingama-3 kuya ku-15 ngemuva kokukhulelwa, kuvela ama-tadpoles. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa, asakazeka echibini lonke. Emini basebenza kakhulu, ebusuku bacasha ngaphansi. Ezinyangeni ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-2, bafinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha ayi-9. Nokho, ngemuva kwe-metamorphosis, amasele angama-1.5-2,5 cm kuphela.
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi elithandeka kakhulu kubo yi + 20-28 ° C, ku + 5-6 ° C, ukuthuthukiswa kwentuthuko, futhi ku + 1-2 ° C bayafa. Akuwona wonke ama-tadpoles azoguquka abe yixoxo lechibi lakudala. Iningi lazo lizoba ukudla kwezinhlanzi ezidla izinyoni nezinyoni ezahlukahlukene.
Isiqu: incazelo, isakhiwo, isimilo Ngabe ibukeka kanjani ixoxo?
Ukuxhumana okuhlala njalo nemvelo yasemanzini kubeka izici ezimbalwa zesimo ku-biology yamaxoxo. I-tadpole yaphefumula ngama-gills, kanti ixoxo elidala liphefumula ngomlomo, ngamaphaphu nangesikhumba. Iqoqo elikhulu kangako lezitho zokuphefumula libonisa kuphela ama-amphibians. Ngenkathi isele lisemanzini, liphefumula esikhunjeni, futhi lapho lisemhlabeni - ngomlomo namaphaphu. Uhlelo lwe-Universal nolokujikeleza. Izingxenye ezimbili zenhliziyo zisebenza emanzini, negazi elixubekile ligobhoza emzimbeni, njengasezinhlanzini. Emhlabeni, i-atrium yesobunxele ixhunyiwe emsebenzini, futhi igazi elihlanzekile le-oksijini elingena ngaphakathi lingena ebuchosheni. Ngakho-ke, ngokuzithoba ngakunye kwesixoxo, uhlelo lokuphefumula luyashintsha ngokushesha.
Uma kukhulunywa ngobusika, isele licwila liqonde ezansi. Ngenkathi isele lisemhlabathini, ukubamba kulula. Futhi zama ukumzingela eduze kwamanzi. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uzophumelela. Wonke amathambo esele acutshwe ngendlela emangalisayo ukuze agxume. Izimbambo zangemuva zinde, zakhiwa izingwegwe eziyishumi ezibunjiweyo. Izindondo eziyishumi ezenziwa ngasikhathi sinye izicubu ezinamandla kakhulu. Futhi ibhande lezandulelo liyisisetshenziswa “esicabangelwe” esinamandla kakhulu se- “fit soft”.
Yize isikhathi esiningi utshani namaxoxo ama-moor echitha emhlabeni, kubukeka sengathi ayaqhubeka nokuphila endaweni enomswakama. Isikhumba sawo singenalutho futhi simboziwe nge-mucus, futhi ngenxa yalokho umsebenzi wexoxo awunqunywa kwezinye izilwane - ngesikhathi sosuku, kepha ngokuyinhloko ngumswakama kanye nokushisa komoya. Isele lingahamba lizingele noma yinini. Futhi uma kaningi lokhu kwenzeka ebusuku, kungenxa yokuthi ebusuku kuvame ukuthambisa ngokwengeziwe. Ntambama, noma yisiphi isimo sezulu uthanda imvula efudumele yamakhowe.
Amehlo wexoxo
Umuzwa ongajwayelekile, i-miniaturization kanye nokwethenjelwa kokuqanjwa kwezitho zokuqalwa kwe-frog ziya ngokuya ziqala ukuheha onjiniyela. Sele bakhile "iso le-elekhtronikhi" - insiza esekelwe kunqubo yeso leseku.
Njengoba wazi, ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yeso yi-retina, equkethe ungqimba lwama-photoreceptors, izingqimba eziningana zamangqamuzana aguquguqukayo kanye nesendlalelo esisodwa samaseli e-ganglion. Ama-Photoreceptors - izinduku nezigaxa - zikhanya ukukhanya, zikuguqule ku-biocurrents, khuphula futhi udlulisele kumaseli we-bipolar. I-Bipolar icubungula imininingwane etholakele bese idlulisela ku-ganglia. Amagatsha we-opic nerve, lapho i-biocurrents isiya ebuchosheni, isivele isuka ku-ganglia. Kepha kwavela ukuthi amaqembu ahlukahlukene e-ganglia akhethekile. Abanye babo babona kuphela umehluko, abanye - umphetho oshukumisayo, abanye - onqenqemeni olugobile, okwesine - ukukhanya okuhlukile.
Uhlobo ngalunye lokucasulwa ludluliselwa ngefayibha yalo ye-optic nerve fiber ukuya engxenyeni ethile yobuchopho. Engqondweni, imininingwane etholakele icutshungulwe, isilwane sibona isifundo sonke.
Ahlala kuphi amaxoxo?
Amaxoxo ahlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo, angahlangana kuwo wonke amazwekazi omhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Njengoba amaxoxo angakuthandi ngempela ukubanda, awatholakali kaningi ezindaweni ezibandayo ze-Arctic (yize kunezinhlobo eziningana ezihlala lapho). Kepha izinhlobo eziningi zamasele zibekezelela ngokuphelele isimo sezulu esipholile. Njengoba silobe ngenhla, kumaxoxo asebusika acwila ngaphansi kwezindawo ezigcina amanzi, okungukuthi, adlulela emanzini, ukuze kuthi lapho kuqala intwasahlobo abuyele phezulu.
Futhi, izinhlobo eziningi zamasele zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika, e-Asia naseNingizimu Melika.
Mangakhi amaxoxo?
Isikhathi sokuphila kwamaxoxo sincike ezinhlotsheni zawo. Ngokwesilinganiso, baphila iminyaka eyi-10-20. Vele, ezimweni zemvelo, amasele anezitha eziningi, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile awaphili kuze kube ukuguga. Kepha uma kungekho okubasabisayo, ngokwesibonelo, amaxoxo echibi ahlala iminyaka engaphezulu kwengama-20 ngokuthula, afinyelela eminyakeni engama-20, futhi lapho kwake kwaba khona ngisho icala lapho itafula elilodwa lihlala iminyaka engama-32, ngamazinga we-frog kwaphenduka isibindi eside.
Adlani amaxoxo?
Umlando omude wokuqalwa kwesele uye wathuthukisa ikhwalithi ebaluleke njengokuthi umuntu angathobeki futhi angabi semthethweni ekudleni. Akukhona ukudla okwenele - isele lizofa yindlala kosuku nesonto.
Okuningi - kudla yonke into ngokulandelana, konke okusendaweni enikeziwe ngesikhathi esinikeziwe. Imenyu yehlukahlukene. Amakhabethe nezimvemvane, izinyosi kanye nemichilo, izintuthwane, izimbungulu, imayflies, izibungu ezahlukahlukene kanye neminenke, izicabucabu kanye nesimungumungwane, ama-worgs kanye nezinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunambitheka kuyafana cishe kuwo wonke amasele, ngaphandle kwamaxoxo echibi.
Abasobala ngokusobala banokuthambekela okunolaka - udla izinhlanzi grey ngisho namadadiphu abo. Kunezimo lapho la maxoxo edla amachwane.
Kepha zingakhi izinambuzane eziyingozi ezingabhubhisa ngempela? Isazi se-herpetologist B. A. Krasavtsev sibala ukuthi endaweni yamamitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-24 yemeday kanye nensimu kukhona isilinganiso samaxoxo angama-720 otshani. Uma isele elilodwa lidla cishe izinambuzane eziyisikhombisa ngosuku, khona-ke ngesikhathi sokuvuka (izinyanga eziyisithupha: ukusuka kwengxenye ka-Ephreli kuya kwengxenye ka-Okthoba), liqothula amakhophi ayi-7 X 180 = 1,260. Ukuphindaphindeka kule nombolo ngenani lamaxoxo esiqeshini, sithola inani elihlaba umxhwele: 907 200. Cishe izinambuzane eziyisigidi!
Ukusetshenziswa kwamaxoxo
Kepha lapho ubuhle bexoxo likhulu impela, kunjalo, kwi-biology nakwezokwelapha. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ochwepheshe bokuzivocavoca bomzimba basebenzisa amaxoxo ekuhlolweni okuningi futhi bawathanda kwezinye izilwane. Isele lahlonishwa ngaleli udumo ngenxa yokukhuthazela okuhle nobungqabavu balo, elalitholwa isikhathi eside emzabalazweni wokuba khona.
"Uthando" olunje ngabacwaningi luyabiza kumaxoxo. Babanjwa ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane. Ngezidingo zakhe zezomnotho, umuntu ususa izindawo ezintsha ezinkulu zemvelo. Futhi uma amahlathi, amadlelo kanye nemifula kusavikelekile, khona-ke izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi nezindikimba zamanzi zesikhashana - izindawo eziyinhloko zamaxoxo - zithathwa njengezindawo ezingenamsebenzi. Zikwaziwa kuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncipha okuqhubekayo kwenani lamaxoxo kunomthelela wobungako bomzimba wabo: bakhula kancane. Ixoxo likwazi ukuzala ngonyaka wesithathu kuphela, futhi ngalesi sikhathi lifinyelela osayizi abanele ukwenza ucwaningo. Ngakho-ke, noma ikuphi ukucekelwa phansi komuntu okuhlobene nemvelo (ukugeleza kwamanzi okungatholwanga amanzi, izikhukhula zomhlaba, ukuthathwa kwenhlabathi) kuthinta amaxoxo kubuhlungu kakhulu. Zisetshenziselwa ukulwa nezinto eziningi zemvelo, kepha azikwazi ukumelana nokuqamba komuntu.
Izinzuzo zesele ngaphambi kwesayensi yemvelo, umuthi nezokulima akunakuphikwa. Shono-ke ukuthi kwamanye amazwe isikhumbuzo sesivele sakhiwe ukumhlonipha.
Isikhumbuzo ngesithwathwa eParis.
Ngakho-ke masibe nethemba lokuthi izikhumbuzo zethu zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo kwixoxo ziyobe ziyimfanelo yokuncoma kwakhe, hhayi ukuxolisa ngokubhujiswa komunye ummeleli wezwe lesilwane ongakwazanga ukumela umncintiswano ngejubane lempucuko.
Amaqiniso we-Frog athakazelisayo
- Ixoxo le-goliath elihlala eCameroon likhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Isisindo sayo sifinyelela amakhilogremu amathathu nohhafu, futhi ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-32. Igalikhi evela eSeychelles ithathwa njengesiwula esincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Izilwane zabantu abadala azidluli amasentimitha ayi-1,8 - 1.9.
- Ukukhala kweselesele, elitholakala empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, kuzwakala kude ngamakhilomitha ambalwa futhi kufana nokubhonga kwenkunzi.
- Amaxoxo endiza ahlala eziqhingini zase-Indonesia. Izilonda eziphakathi kweminwe zisebenza njenge-parachute. Esiqwini sendiza esindiza esiqhingini saseBorneo, indawo yolwelwesi ifinyelela amasentimitha ayi-19.
- Ubuthi bamaxoxo anobuthi buqine njenge-curare. Abazingeli baseNingizimu Melika bayayisebenzisela ukuzingela izingulube nezinyamazane, bopha imicibisholo enobuthi.
- Ixoxo elinezintambo ezintathu (iBrazil, iPeru, iGuiana) ekuqaleni linakekela izingane zalo. Lapho isigaxa soma, izithungwana zinamathela emzimbeni womzali, futhi azithwale aziyise endaweni entsha.
- Ubhejane wesilisa ohlala eChile uginya amaqanda akhulayo awathwale esikhwameni sezwi lakhe.
- I-pipa yowesifazane (iBrazil, iGuiana), isebenzisa i-rectum evikela (ovipositor), ibeka amaqanda angama-40 kuye kwangama-114 emhlane wakhe. Ngemuva kwaloko, kwakhiwa amangqamuzana anamabhulukwe azungeze amaqanda. Konke ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuguqulwa (izinsuku ezingama-82) kwenzeka kulawa maseli, okuvela kuwo amasele asevele ukuphuma kuwo.
Kunconywe ukufunda nezixhumanisi eziwusizo
- I-Maslova I.V. Umthelela wesimo sezulu ezicini ezithile zempilo ye-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo (rus.): Ukuqokelelwa / uComp. A.O. Kokorin. - eMoscow: WWF Russia, 2006. - P. 111. - ISBN 5895640370. - IBakhodi: 26.23B58.
- Ananyeva N. B., Borkin L. Ya., Darevsky I.S., Orlov N. L. Isichazamazwi sezilimi ezimbili samagama ezilwane. Ama-Amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. IsiLatin, isiRussia, isiNgisi, isiJalimane, nesiFulentshi. / ihlelwe yi-Acad.
- UFerrell, uVance. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwendawo. I-Evolution Encyclopedia, uMqulu 3. Amaqiniso we-Evolution (Mashi 4, 2012). UDahl, uChris, uNovotny, uVojtech, uMoavec, uJiri, uRichards, uStephen J. Beta ukwahlukahlukana kwamaxoxo emahlathini aseNew Guinea, Amazonia naseYurophu: umehluko wemiphakathi eshisayo nenomswakama (isiNgisi) // Ijenali yeBiogeography (isiNgisi) IsiRussia : iphephabhuku. - 2009. - Umq. 36, cha. 5. - P. 896? 904. - I-DoI: 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2008.02042.x.
- UShabanov D. A., Litvinchuk S. N. Amaxoxo aluhlaza: impilo ngaphandle kwemithetho noma indlela ekhethekile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo? (Russian) // Imvelo: Ijenali. - Isayensi, 2010. - Cha. 3. - P. 29-36.
- Kartashev N.N., Sokolov V.E., Shilov I.A. Indawo yokusebenzela kwi-zoo yezilwane eziseduze kwezilwane.
Amaxoxo: Incazelo
Umndeni wamasele uhlukaniswa yiqiniso lokuthi awunayo intamo ebizwayo, ngakho-ke kubukeka sengathi ikhanda uqobo linye ngomzimba obanzi. Lezi zilwane nazo zintula umsila, okhonjiswa egameni le-oda futhi umehluko wazo. Amaxoxo amane anombono oyingqayizivele, ngenkathi ekwazi ukulawula indawo yokuhlala ngaphakathi kwama-degree angu-360.
Ukubukeka
Amaxoxo anomakhanda amakhulu, acwebile, anamehlo agobekayo emaphethelweni awo.Lezi zilwane, uma ziqhathaniswa nabanye abamele i-oda, zinamabili ama-2 amajwabu amehlo - aphansi nangaphezulu. Ngaphansi kwejwabu leso elingaphansi kunombala ocwazimulayo, obizwa nangokuthi "ikhulu lesithathu". Ngemuva kweso kune-okuthiwa i-eardrum, equkethe indawo embozwe yisikhumba esincanyana. Ngaphezulu komlomo omkhulu ngokuqhathanisa, amathumbu amabili angabonakala ehlome ngamalvu akhethekile. Umlomo wesele uhlome ngamazinyo amancane.
Imilenze yangaphambili yesele ihlome ngeminwe emifushane kakhulu, uma iqhathaniswa nemilenze yangemuva, ethuthukiswa kangcono kakhulu futhi iphetha ngeminwe emihlanu, phakathi lapho kubekwa khona ulwelwesi olukhethekile lwesikhumba, oluvumela ixoxo ukuba lizizwe likhulu entweni yamanzi. Iminwe yamasele ayinazimpofana, nayo ebhekwa njengomehluko obonakalayo womndeni. Ngemuva komzimba kukhona okubizwa ngokuthi yi-cesspool, okubonisa ukuphela kwendawo yokudla okusetshenzisw Isidumbu sika-frog simbozwe ngesikhumba enqunu, simbozwe ungqimba lwe-mucus ekhethekile, egcotshwa inani elikhulu lezinsini ezingaphansi kwesihlahla.
Umzuzu othokozisayo! Isele laseYurophu alikhuli ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-10, kuyilapho ihlathi lase-goliath lase-Afrika libhekwa njengommeleli omkhulu womndeni, likhula lifike kuhafu wemitha ubude futhi lithola amakhilogremu ambalwa.
Njengomthetho, usayizi wamasele kuncike ezinhlotsheni zawo, yize ngokuyisisekelo ubukhulu bawo busebangeni lisuka ku-0.8 laya ku-32 amasentimitha. Umbala wamaxoxo uhluke kakhulu, ovame ukwahluka ngombala wemotley womzimba wabo. Imvamisa, umbala womzimba walezi zilwane uhlotshaniswa nezimo zokuhlala zemvelo, ezibavumela ukuba bangafi kalula phakathi kwezimila ezahlukahlukene, phakathi kwamakhambi, njll.
Imvamisa, umbala okhanyayo wesilwane uwubufakazi bokuthi unobuthi, kuyilapho izinto ezinobuthi zikhiqizwa yizinduna ezikhethekile ezisesikhumbeni sesilwane. Lezi zinto zingaba yingozi kakhulu hhayi ezilwaneni kuphela, kodwa nasezintwini. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukulingisa imibala “yokulwa” yamaxoxo anobuthi ukuze zivikeleke ezitheni zemvelo.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
Amaxoxo angabhekwa ngokuphepha njengomndeni ohlukile, ngoba ahamba kalula emhlabathini, enza ukugxuma okukhulu, akhuphuke kalula izihlahla, abambe izimbobo ezingaphansi komhlaba, futhi futhi abhukude, agijime, ahambe, kufaka phakathi ipulani kusuka endaweni ephakeme, kuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ukugqama kwamaxoxo futhi ukuthi ayakwazi ukudonsa umoya-mpilo esikhunjeni. Lokhu kuvumela isilwane ukuzizwa simnandi, emanzini nasemhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobonhlobo ezithunyelwa emizimbeni yamanzi kuphela ngezikhathi zokuzalela.
Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Izilwane zikhombisa umsebenzi wazo ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo. Ezinye izinhlobo zithande ukuzingela ebumnyameni kuphela, kanti ezinye zibonisa imisebenzi yazo amahora angama-24.
Okuthakazelayo kungabhekwa njengeqiniso lokuthi amaphaphu amaxoxo asetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza imisindo efana nokugwaza. Ukuba khona kwamabhamuza omsindo nama-resonators kuvumela isilwane ukukhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokuzalela, ngoba izilwane kufanele zihehe ubulili obuhlukile.
Amaxoxo amadala, ngezikhathi ezithile, alahla isikhumba sawo futhi asidle khona lapho, ngemuva kwalokho asethubeni lokulinda kuze kube yilapho isikhumba esisha sinayo yonke imisebenzi edingekayo. Cishe bonke abamele lo mndeni bakhetha ukuhola impilo yokuhlala, ngenkathi bekwazi ukufuduka amabanga amafushane ngesikhathi sokuzala. Amaxoxo ahlala ezindaweni ezifudumele ayaqina ebusika.