Ngo-Ephreli 1993, ukuqhuma kwenzeka eSiberian Chemical Plant, ngenxa yalokho okonakele kakhulu kwezinto ze-plutonium ne-uranium. Iningi le-plutonium nezinye izinto zamakhemikhali nezomsakazo zingene emkhathini. Izindawo eziseduzane zithinteke ngokungcoliswa wumsakazo: amahlathi anobuhlakani, umhlaba wezolimo, izindawo zezimboni ezingomakhelwane. Balinganiselwa ku-2 000 abantu abadaluliwe, ngokuyinhloko ababambiqhaza ukucisha umlilo nokucima imiphumela.

Imboni yamakhemikhali ibanga ingozi enkulu emvelweni, empilweni nasekuphileni kwabantu. Izimo eziphuthumayo eziyingozi kakhulu ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali nasezikhungweni, kanye nemiphumela yazo. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngenxa yephutha lomuntu. Lokhu kungaba ukungabukeli izinyathelo zokuphepha, ukwephulwa kwenqubo yezobuchwepheshe, imishini engenaphutha kanye / noma impilo yayo yenkonzo edlulile, amaphutha ekwakheni noma ekufakweni, ukunganaki kwabasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imbangela ingaba yizigameko zemvelo nezinhlekelele zemvelo, kepha noma kunjalo ingxenye enkulu yezingozi yenzeka ngenxa yamaphutha abantu.

Amacala ajwayelekile ayizingozi ngesikhathi sokuhamba, ukungathathi hlangothi, ukucubungula kanye nokulahla amakhemikhali ayingozi nemfucumfucu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukucubungula kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwamakhemikhali akuyona inqubo elula edinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, ngakho-ke, ukuphuma okungagunyaziwe emkhathini, ukukhishwa emanzini amdaka, kanye nokulahlwa kokugcwaliswa komhlaba okuvamile kushibhile kakhulu kumabhizinisi, futhi kufanele kube njalo. Ukulimala kwemvelo ngenxa yokwephulwa okunjalo kuyinto enkulu kakhulu. Umoya we-Atmospheric uba nobuthi, ukufa kwezinhlanzi okuningi kwenzeka emizimbeni yamanzi, inhlabathi ilahlekelwe yizinto zayo eziyisisekelo. Izinkinga zalolu hlobo azitholakali embonini yamakhemikhali kuphela.

Ngo-Ephreli 27, 2011 esakhiweni saseKhimprom esisedolobheni laseNovocheboksarsk kwaba nengozi ngokukhishwa kukagesi we-electrochemical esitolo se-electrolysis nokwalandelwa ukungena ezindaweni zokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu aba-5 banobuthi.

NgoSepthemba 29, 1957, edolobheni elivaliwe laseChelyabinsk-40 ebhizinisini lamakhemikhali laseMayak, ukuqhuma kwamathangi kwenzeka ngamamitha angama-cubic omdaka omise kakhulu, amandla lawo afinyelela kumashumi amathani e-TNT alinganayo. Cishe izigidi ezi-2 zamaranti zezakhi zomsakazo eziphonswe endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha amabili. Abantu abangama-270,000 bebesendaweni engcolisiwe ezifundeni zaseSverdlovsk, Tyumen naseChelyabinsk.

Ngo-Ephreli 26, 1986 endaweni ye-SSR yase-Ukraine, imboni yamandla enuzi eyaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni, enkulu kunazo zonke esikalini samandla enuzi (ngokwesilinganiso somonakalo odalekile, kanye nenani labantu ababulawa nabalimala ngenxa yengozi nemiphumela yayo), kwenzeke - ingozi yeChernobyl (inhlekelele). Abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa bahlanganyele ezindlekweni zokusiza ezinhlekeleleni. Ngenxa yokuqhuma engxenyeni yamandla yesi-4 yesikhungo samandla enuzi, inani elikhulu lezinto ezinemisebe lehlela imvelo: isotopes of uranium, plutonium, strontium-90, cesium-137, iodine-131. Ngokungezelela okwephuzile kwengozi, inani elikhulu labantu abasendaweni yokungcola bahlupheka, kepha akekho onemininingwane efanele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi eYurophu izinkulungwane zezimo zokulimala ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa, kanye nezifo ze-oncological ze-gland yegilo.

Izici eziyinhloko zokungcoliswa kwemvelo ngumkhakha wamafutha ukungalingani kwezindawo ezingcolisiwe, ukungcoliswa kwengqimba ephezulu yomhlaba namanzi aphansi komhlaba, kanye nokuba khona kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali. Lesi sici sibonakaliswa ngokuxhamazela okuvela ngezikhathi ezithile noma ngezikhathi noma zemikhiqizo kawoyela neyamafutha. Indima ebalulekile yezemvelo idlalwa yi-ingress yemikhiqizo kaphethiloli emanzini aphansi komhlaba, ebangela ukusabalala kokungcola okuvela emthonjeni.

Izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu zemvelo zomkhakha wamafutha, ngandlela thile, zihambisana nezingozi ekukhiqizweni, ekuqhubeni nasekuhanjisweni kwamafutha nokutholakala kwawo. Isibonelo “esicacile” ukuqhuma kwepulatifomu kawoyela i-Deepwater Horizon okwenzeka eGulf of Mexico ngo-Ephreli 20, 2010. Ukuchitheka kawoyela ngemuva kwengozi kubhekwe njengokukhulu kunakho konke emlandweni wase-US. Ngokusho kwedatha yokuqala, umthamo wokuvuza wansuku zonke wawungaba imigqomo eyi-1000, cishe inyanga kamuva isibalo sasiyimigqomo engama-5000 ngosuku. Isikhathi sokuchitheka kawoyela sasiyizinsuku eziyi-152. Indawo yesigaxa kawoyela yayingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-75,000; ngoMeyi 2010 ibonakala ngokucacile ezithombeni kusuka emkhathini. Amaqiniso okuthola izilwane ezifile, izinyoni, izimfudu zasolwandle, imikhomo, amahlengethwa ayaziwa. Inani lokufa kwezilwane elachithwa ezinkulungwaneni. Le mboni ibangela ukulimala okukhulu kwemvelo ye-Arctic.

Izinkinga embonini yamalahle ziyinani elikhulu lamanzi angahlafunwanga, ukubhujiswa kwemvelo yendawo, izinguquko embusweni we-hydrological, ukungcoliswa komhlaba namanzi aphansi komhlaba, ukukhipha i-methane emkhathini, ukubhujiswa komhlaba ongokwemvelo, ukumila komhlaba nokwemboza inhlabathi. Isici sezimboni zezimayini namalahle ukuthi ngemuva kokuvalwa kwebhizinisi, izinkinga zemvelo azishabalali, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunenye iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu.

Izimboni zokulungisa izinkuni, ukukhanya nokudla zibonakaliswa ngokwakhiwa kwenqwaba yemfucuza engcolisa imvelo. Inkinga enkulu embonini yamahlathi ihlala ihlakazwa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi - abahlinzeki bemvelo komoya-mpilo, ikakhulukazi ukubhujiswa kwezihlahla ezingandile ngokuhlangana nabasebenzi abashibhile, kwenza lo mkhakha uzuze inzuzo enkulu. Ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, isimo sendalo esimisiwe esijwayele ukuhlupheka, imifino nokwakheka kwezilwane kuyashintsha.

Umkhakha kanye nemvelo: kuyini ukuphuthuma kwenkinga?

Ngokokuqala ngqa, izinkinga zemvelo zaqala ukuxoxwa emhlabeni jikelele ngawo-1960s nangama-70s. Inkinga yemvelo yaqala ukukhula, njengoba kufakazelwa ukwehla kwezinga lokuzithiba komkhathi, elingasakwazi ukubekezelela imfucuza yomsebenzi wezimboni zabantu.

Namuhla, kuphuthuma kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka okuphezulu okungenzeka kwemvelo kusuka ezikhungweni zezimboni ezisebenzisa inani elikhulu lezinto zemvelo futhi okuyimithombo enamandla yokungcola.

Izimbangela zomthelela wezemvelo

Mayelana nomthelela wezemvelo, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kunenye yemithelela enamandla kakhulu. Isizathu esiyinhloko ubuchwepheshe obuphelelwe yisikhathi ekukhiqizeni kanye nasekuqoqweni okwedlulele kokukhiqiza endaweni eyodwa noma ebhizinisini linye. Amabhizinisi amaningi amakhulu awunalo uhlelo lokuvikela imvelo noma alula.

Imfucuza eminingi yezimboni ibuyiselwa emvelweni njengemfucuza. Emikhiqizweni eqediwe, i-1-2% yezinto zokusetshenziswa esetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi, okusele kuphonswa endaweni ephilayo, kungcolisa izingxenye zayo.

Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcola

Ngokuya ngohlobo lomthelela wemboni kumvelo, izakhiwo zokukhiqiza zezimboni zihlukaniswe:

• uphethiloli namandla,
• metallological
• ihlathi lamakhemikhali
• isakhiwo

Ukungcoliswa okukhulu komoya esibhakabhakeni yi-gaseous sulfure dioxide. [Qaphela]

I-Sulphur dioxide gesi iyinhlanganisela yesibabule ne-oxygen. [/ Qaphela]

Uqedile umsebenzi esihlokweni esifanayo

Lolu hlobo lokungcola luyabhubhisa. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, i-sulfuric acid iqoqana esibhakabhakeni, kamuva umphumela wemvula ye-acid. Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcola yimikhiqizo yezimoto esebenzisa amalahle aqukethe isibabule, uwoyela negesi ekusebenzeni kwawo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho imvelo ithinteka kakhulu ngenxa yezinsimbi ezingekho emthethweni futhi ezingathatheli mandla, umthelela wemboni yamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yokuphela kwamagesi, ukugcwala kwezinto eziyingozi kuyanda minyaka yonke.

Ngokwezibalo, isabelo sezinto eziyingozi e-United States singama-60% wevolumu yazo zonke izinto eziyingozi.

Ukukhula komkhiqizo kubi impela. Minyaka yonke, ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kulethela isintu lonke ubuchwepheshe obusha obusheshisa amandla ezimboni. Ngeshwa, izindlela zokuvikela azanele ukwehlisa izinga lokuphumela elingcolile.

Ukuvimbela Izinhlekelele Kwemvelo

Inhlekelele enkulu yemvelo yenzeka ngenxa yobudedengu babantu, noma ngenxa yokuncipha kwemishini. Izimali ezingasindiswa ezingozini ezivinjelwe ngasikhathi sinye zingaqondiswa ekwakheni kabusha igesi namandla. Lokhu kuzonciphisa kakhulu amandla omnotho kwezomnotho.

Ukulawulwa kwemvelo okungekho emthethweni kubangela ukulimala okungalingani emvelweni. Ukuze kwehlukaniswe izindlela ezibalulekile zokuvimbela ukungcoliswa, kubalulekile, okokuqala, ukuxhuma imiphumela yomsebenzi wezomnotho nokusebenza kwemvelo kwemikhiqizo, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqizwa kwayo.

Ukusuka ekukhiqizeni, lo mcimbi udinga izindleko ezinkulu, okumele zibekwe ekukhiqizweni okuhleliwe. Inkampani idinga ukuhlukanisa izindleko kwizakhi ezintathu:

• izindleko zokukhiqiza
• izindleko zemvelo
• izindleko zokukhiqiza umkhiqizo ziye kukhwalithi yezemvelo noma ungene esikhundleni somkhiqizo ube munye onemvelo kakhudlwana.

E-Russia, imboni enkulu ukukhiqizwa kawoyela negesi. Ngaphandle kokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwevolumu kulesi sikhathi samanje kuvame ukwehla, amandla kaphethiloli namandla kungumthombo omkhulu wokungcola kwezimboni. Izinkinga zemvelo ziqala kakade esigabeni sokukhishwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe nokuhamba.

Unyaka nonyaka, kuba nezingozi ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-20 ezihambisana nokuchitheka kwe-oyili okungena emizimbeni yamanzi futhi kuhambisana nokufa kwezimbali nezilwane. Ngaphezu kwale ngozi, kukhona ukulahleka okukhulu komnotho.

Ukuze uvimbele ukusakazeka kwenhlekelele yemvelo ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuthutha kawoyela kuyindlela enobungqabavu kakhulu yokusabalalisa ngemibhobho.

Lolu hlobo lokuhamba aluhlanganisi uhlelo lwamapayipi kuphela, kepha futhi neziteshi zokupompa, ama-compressors nokunye okuningi.

Naphezu kobungani bemvelo nokuthembekile kwalolu hlelo akusebenzi ngaphandle kwezingozi. Kusukela cishe u-40% wohlelo lokuhambisa amapayipi selugugile nempilo yenkonzo seyiphelelwe isikhathi. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, kuvela amaphutha emapayipini, kuvela ukuqina kwensimbi.

Ngakho-ke enye yezingozi ezimbi kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva ukuqhuma kwepayipi. Ngenxa yale ngozi, cishe amathani ayi-1000 kawoyela atholakala eMfuleni iBelaya. Ngokwezibalo, imvelo yaseRussia minyaka yonke inezigameko zokuchitheka kawoyela ezingama-700. Lezi zingozi ziholela ezinqubweni ezingenakulungiswa emvelweni.

Ukukhiqiza uwoyela nemishini yokushayela isebenza ezimweni ezinzima. Ukulayisha ngokweqile, i-static, amandla ashukumisayo, ukucindezela okukhulu kuholela ekugqokeni kwemishini.

Ukugxila okubalulekile kufanele kukhokhwe emishini yokusebenzisa amadala engasasebenzi. Kusebenzisa amaphampu we-multphase kwandisa ukuphepha kwemvelo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyenzeka ukuthi usebenzise igesi ephumayo ngendlela enomnotho futhi nenemvelo ngokwengeziwe. Kuze kube manje, igesi ishiswa emthonjeni, yize embonini yamakhemikhali le gesi iyindwangu eluhlaza ebomvu.

Ngokusho kososayensi, phakathi neminyaka eminingana, umthwalo wezemvelo ukhule ngenxa yento ka-2-3. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile kuyakhula, okusetshenziswa ngokungenacala ekwakhiweni kwezimboni nakwezolimo.

Inkinga yamanzi ahlanzekile iba yimbi kakhulu kulesi sikhathi samanje sokuthuthuka komuntu okuvame ukuthi izinga lokutholakala kwamanzi libeke izinga lezimboni nokukhula emadolobheni.

Ngaphandle kokubikezela okudumazayo, amazwe amazwe asathuthuka aqala ukunaka kakhulu ukuhlanza nokuqapha ukuphepha kwemvelo. Imikhiqizo emisha ayitholi ukuvunyelwa ngaphandle kokufaka nokuqala izindawo zokwelapha.

Kwezemvelo, kudingidwa udaba olubucayi bokulawulwa kombuso.

Imithombo yokungcoliswa kwezimboni

Imboni yezokumbiwa phansi ifaka iqoqo lezinyathelo zezimboni zokuhlola, ukukhishwa kwamaminerali emathunjini omhlaba nokusebenza kwawo okuyisisekelo (ukucebisa).

Namuhla, izimayini ziya ngokuya ziba nzima. Lokhu kungenxa yobunzulu obukhulu, izimo ezinzima zezimayini nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwezinto ezibalulekile edwaleni.

Izinga lesimanje lezimboni yezokumbiwa aliboniswa kuphela ngobukhulu bokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezemvelo, kodwa futhi nenani lokungcola kwezimboni, kanye nomthelela emvelweni.

Izici zomthelela wamabhizinisi wezokumbiwa emvelweni:

1. Isikali. Endaweni yezimayini, amasimi asuswa ekujikelezweni kwezolimo, amahlathi agawulwa, ubuqiniso bomhlaba kanye namathumbu amanzi kuyaphulwa, futhi kwakhiwa izindawo ezintsha zomhlaba.
2. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukusebenzela indawo enkulu yezimboni kudinga izinsiza zamandla ezinzima. Imvamisa, igesi yemvelo isetshenziswa njengamafutha, futhi okuvame kakhulu, uwoyela kaphethiloli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla afudumele asetshenziswa ngesimo somusi namanzi ashisayo. Ukushisa kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhlangana ngqo kwamafutha. Isabelo esikhulu samandla kagesi aqediwe namandla kagesi.
3. Ukungcola. Ukusebenza kwe-Ore kuhambisana nokuqongelelwa okukhulu kwedwala, okwabelwe ukugcinwa nokulahlwa. Ukukhishwa kwe-granite nosawoti kuhambisana nokwakhiwa kwama-deposits amakhulu - izinqwaba. Ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwezinto ezikhishwe, ukudubula kwezinto zemvelo nezokwenziwa, ukuqhuma kanye nokusebenza kwemishini, imfucuza idedelwa emoyeni - kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela ku-2% wesisindo sonke. Imvamisa lawa amagesi anobuthi nothuli.