Isifunda sezulu esilinganayo. Endaweni yekhwetha, kusukela oLwandle iPacific kuya eMpumalanga kuya olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, kunendawo ebanzi yesimo sezulu esishisayo, emanzi futhi efudumele. Njengoba uqhubekela enyakatho naseningizimu yekhwetha, imvula iyancipha. Izwekazi leli lithathwa njengelizwekazi elixakile eMhlabeni. Imvula eningi iwela enyakatho yezwe, engxenyeni esenyakatho nentshonalanga yeBrazil e-Amazon, kanye nasogwini olusenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Ukunambitheka kwezulu kukhuphuka ngemisinga efudumele yasogwini olusempumalanga yezwekazi, kanye nezici zokukhululeka. Empumalanga yeNingizimu Melika, kutholakala amathafa, kudlula izinqwaba zomoya ezimanzi ezivela olwandle, ezingena zingene phakathi ezweni kuya ezinhlelweni zezintaba zase-Andes. Izintaba zibambezela ukuhanjiswa kwemvula, okuthi kube yimvula enamandla ye-equatorial, inani lezulu lingaphezu kuka-3000 mm ngonyaka. Izinga lokushisa lomoya lonyaka lihlala njalo lingaphezulu kuka + 20 ° C - + 25 ° C, ngakho-ke kuhlale kushisa lapha.
Uqedile umsebenzi esihlokweni esifanayo
Ibhande lesimo sezulu le-Subequatorial. Ngaphezulu nangaphansi kwebhande le-equatorial eNingizimu Melika ibhande le-subequatorial. Indawo yesimo sezulu itholakala ngasikhathi sinye emikhakheni emibili yoMhlaba - iNyakatho neNyakatho. Emngceleni ne-equatorial Climatic zone, ngenxa yokude kwaso nolwandle, inani elikhulu lezulu liwela (kufika ku-2000 mm ngonyaka). Futhi kule ndawo, amahlathi okushintshana anomswakama ayakhula. Ekujuleni kwezwekazi, isimo sezulu sezulu sivela ezwenikazi, esinamandla amancane (ukusuka ku-500 kuye ku-1000 mm ngonyaka). Esimweni sezulu sezulu izwekazi kuqala i-savannah.
Ama-Savannahs ngebhande le-subequatorial abonakala ngokushisa okuphezulu ezinyangeni ezithile. Isimo sezulu esivumelana ne-subequatorial sihlukanisa unyaka zibe izinkathi ezomile nezinethayo. Ukude nekhwetha, imvula encane. Ama-Savannah ambozwe ngotshani obuluhlaza. Lolu hlobo lwesimo sezulu lutholakala ngaphandle kwendawo enemvula eshisayo, esifundeni somfula i-Orinoco, eziqongweni zaseBrazil nasezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga ne-Ecuador. Izinga lokushisa lisukela ku-18 ° C liye ku- + 24 ° C ebusika futhi lisuka ku- + 20 ° C liye ku- + 25 ° C ehlobo. Ama-Savannah ambozwe ngotshani obuluhlaza.
Umdwebo 1. Ama-Savannahs aseNingizimu Melika. Author24 - Ukushintshaniswa online kwemisebenzi yezitshudeni
Indawo yesimo sezulu eshisayo. ENingizimu Melika, ibhande lasezindaweni ezishisayo litholakala eningizimu ye-subequatorial futhi linomehluko omkhulu ezimeni zezulu kusuka ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Australia nase-Afrika. Ngaphansi kwethonya lemisinga efudumele, le ndawo inomswakama impela futhi lokhu kubeka phambili intuthuko yezingwadule, yize amasosha omoya omile asendaweni yonke lapha. Ugwadule lwe-Atacama kuphela olusentshonalanga. Ehlobo, izinga lokushisa ezindaweni ezishisayo lingakhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-25 ° C, kanti ebusika lisuka ku-8 ° C liye ku-20 ° C.
Ibhande lendawo eshisayo lihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu:
Insimu yomkhakha osentshonalanga mkhulu impela, welula ogwini, kuthi ohlangothini olusempumalanga luboshwe yi-Andes.
Kulapha lapho kutholakala khona ugwadule olungenamanzi kakhulu i-Atacama, oluvele ngenxa yokuqubuka kwesimo sezulu esomile kulo mkhakha. Izintaba ze-Andes zihlukanisa ugwadule ezinsukeni zomoya ezimanzi.
Isigaba somkhakha wezwekazi sithatha ingxenye ephakathi futhi siseduze nasempumalanga yeSouth America. Njengoba isigaba sezwekazi sitholakala ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-Andes, inani lezulu lapha lifinyelela ku-1000 mm ngonyaka, okungaphezulu kakhulu komkhakha wasentshonalanga. Lokhu kusungulwa yizinsiza zomoya ezinomswakama ezivela oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic, ama-Andes awavimbi indlela.
Ensimini yomkhakha osempumalanga kukhona amahlathi ahlukahlukene anomswakama. Inani lemvula lifinyelela ngaphezu kuka-1000 mm ngonyaka. Ukwakhiwa kwamahlathi ahlala kulinyazwa isikhathi sesomiso.
Isizinda sezulu esishisayo. ENingizimu Melika, indawo engaphansi kwendawo engaphansi komhlaba itholakala ngaphansi kwethropiki futhi indawo yayo incane. Kugeleza imisinga ebandayo lapha, ethinta isimo sezulu futhi eningizimu iba ngomile. Lapha umoya womile impela, inani lezulu lingama-250-500 mm kuphela ngonyaka. Iningi lale ndawo lihlala izitebhisi, ekujuleni kogwadule nezwekazi kuyavela. Kodwa-ke, entshonalanga, imisinga ebandayo ayisondeli ogwini, ngakho-ke kunetha kakhulu imvula lapha, futhi namahlathi ahlala ekhula njalo. Ebusika, amazinga okushisa asukela ku-+ 8 ° C kuya ku- + 24 ° C, futhi ehlobo angawehla afike ku-0 ° C.
Indawo yesimo sezulu ethambile. Ibhande lihlala engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwekazi. Lezi ikakhulukazi izagwadesi, ezakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya obandayo waseFalkland, Western, Peruvia. Kunemvula encane kakhulu yemvula (ngaphansi kwama-250 mm ngonyaka). Entshonalanga, ithonya lemimoya yemimoya ebandayo incane, ngenxa yalokho, imvula eyengeziwe iwela lapha. Emhlabeni we-Southern Hemisphere, indawo enomsindo icishe ibe ingekho. Ngenxa yethonya le-Antarctic, izinga lokushisa lomoya kule ndawo lihlala liphansi. Ebusika likhuphukela ku- + 20 ° C, ehlobo lehla ngaphansi kuka-0 ° C.
Izici ezithinta isimo sezulu saseNingizimu Melika
Isimo sezulu sezwekazi sithintwa yizinto ezintathu eziphambili.
Isici sokuqala, esibaluleke kakhulu yizindawo zomoya eziphakeme ezisendaweni engezansi kwe-Atlantic kanye ne-South Pacific Oceans, lapho ukujikeleza komoya kuncike khona. Ukucindezela okukhulu eSouth Atlantic naseNingizimu Pacific kuthatha isimo sama-anticyclones amakhulu (izikhungo zengcindezi yomoya ephezulu ezungeza imimoya). Ingxenye esempumalanga yesithabamlilo saseNingizimu Pacific ithinta isimo sezulu iningi lasogwini olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, sidale ukuhla kwamazinga okushisa komoya, okuholela emvuleni encane.
Isici sesibili ukuba khona kwemifudlana yolwandle ebandayo ngasohlangothini olusentshonalanga yezwekazi, lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya nokukhamba kuncike khona. Ogwini lwe-Atlantic, kunamasondo afudumele.
Isici sesithathu yizintaba ze-Andes, ezisebenza njengesithiyo ekungeneni kwezixhumo zomoya omanzi zingena engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwekazi.
Ibhande le-Subequatorial
Ibhande le-subequatorial lisendaweni engenhla nangaphansi kwendawo yezikhwebi, etholakala eningizimu nasenyakatho hemispheres yoMhlaba. Lapho izwekazi lijula, kulapho isimo sezulu siba khona njalo. Emngceleni ngebhande le-equatorial, kwezulu kwehla kuya ku-2000 mm ngonyaka, futhi namahlathi ashintshisayo anomswakama ayakhula. Ezimweni zezulu zezwekazi, ukwehla okuncane nokuncane: 500-1000 mm ngonyaka. Kule ndawo kuqala i-savannah. Isizini yemvula ingena ngoJuni-Agasti enyakatho yezwe, kanti eningizimu - ngoDisemba -Febhuwari. Isizini ebandayo iqala ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka, kuya ngebanga elikude nekhwetha.
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Ibhande leTropiki
Ngaseningizimu ye-subequatorial kukhona ibhande lasezindaweni ezishisayo laseNingizimu Melika. Izimo zezulu lapha zihluke kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Australia nase-Afrika. Kunomthelela obalulekile wemijikelezo efudumele, enomthelela ekunyakazisweni okufanayo kwensimu futhi ivimbele ukubonakala kwezingwadule ezinkulu, entshonalanga kuphela kunehlane lase-Atakama elinesimo sezulu esiyingqayizivele, esihlukaniswe nomoya omswakama. Isifunda sezwekazi sezulu esishisayo sitholakala enkabeni yezwekazi. Lapha, cishe i-1000 mm yezulu liwela minyaka yonke, futhi kukhona ama-savannah. Empumalanga kunamahlathi ahlukahlukene-anomswakama anemvula ephezulu. Izinga lokushisa lasehlobo liphakeme kakhulu kuno-+25 degrees, futhi amazinga okushisa ebusika kusuka ku-+8 kuya ku- +20.
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Incazelo yesimo sezulu
INingizimu Melika iyizwekazi elixakile emhlabeni. Amanzi angaphakathi ezwekazini agcwaliswa njalo ngonyaka ngenani elikhulu lasemkhathini, eliningi kakhulu e-Amazon Delta. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iningi lezwekazi likhona endaweni yebhande elilinganayo.
Izici ezilandelayo zithonya ukwakheka kwesimo sezulu:
- izici zomhlaba
- ukujikeleza komoya
- imisinga yolwandle.
Izwekazi lisendaweni yezindawo eziyisithupha, incazelo emfushane eyethulwa etafuleni nakuma-climatograms.
Ibhande langaphansi kwesifunda
Olunye uguquko lwesimo sezulu saseNingizimu Melika indawo engaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo. Lapha umoya womile futhi amagxathu aqala, futhi ekujuleni kweningizimu yezindawo eziwugwadule nezingwadule. Imvula ejwayelekile ngonyaka ingama-250-500 mm. Entshonalanga, kunetha kakhulu imvula namahlathi ahlala eqabile. NgoJanuwari, izinga lokushisa lifinyelela kuma-degrees angu-23, kuthi ngoJulayi, izinkomba zingaphansi kuka-0.
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Ingxenye eseningizimu yezwekazi ihlanganiswa indawo enesimo sezulu esishisayo. Kulapha lapho kwakhiwa khona ugwadule olukhulu ngenxa yethonya lomoya obandayo. Izinga lokudlula komhlaba alikho ngaphezu kwama-250 mm ngonyaka. Izinga lokushisa kule ndawo lihlala liphansi. NgoJanuwari, izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lifika ku-+20, kuthi ngoJulayi izinga lokushisa lehle ngaphansi kuka-0.
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Isimo sezulu saseNingizimu Melika sikhethekile. Izwekazi lethu lisezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu ezinhlanu, kepha isimo sezulu sihlukile kwizindawo ezifanayo kwamanye amazwekazi. Isibonelo, lapha ugwadule alukho ezindaweni ezishisayo, kepha ngesimo sezulu esipholile.
Ibhande le-Equatorial
Ezimweni zebhande le-equatorial, kwakheka isimo sezulu esifudumele futhi esimanzi kakhulu. Inani lezulu liwela ku-5000 mm unyaka wonke.
Umswakama ophezulu, ofinyelela cishe ku-100%, kungenxa yezinto ezinjalo:
- imisinga yolwandle efudumele
- impumuzo yezwekazi - amathafa asempumalanga avumela uquqaba lomoya olunomswakama ukuba luhambe ngokukhululekile ezweni, lapho lungena khona ngasosebeni lwethaba le-Andes futhi liwele ngendlela yemvula enkulu.
Kuwo wonke unyaka, isimo sezulu esifudumele kakhulu siyenzeka kulesi sifunda, futhi izinga lokushisa lomoya aliphindeli kwehle ngaphansi kuka-20-25C.
Emkhawulweni webhande elilinganayo laseNingizimu Melika, kunenkimbinkimbi yemvelo eyingqayizivele - amahlathi aminyene noma ama-selva njalo. Izitshalo eziningi kakhulu ezitholakala endaweni ehlaba umxhwele “amaphaphu omhlaba”, ngoba akhiqiza inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo.
U-fig. 2. Amahlathi eSelva
Izinga lesilinganiso
Amaphethelo ezwekazi lonke asendaweni ethokomele. Cishe yonke indawo yakhona ihlalwa ogwadule, okungekho lutho kuye. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungalingani kudalwa yithonya elinamandla lamakhaza abandayo, avimba yonke insimu kusuka kumaswidi omoya omanzi.
Izinga lokushisa lomoya esifundeni aliliphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yethonya le-Arctic: ehlobo alidluli i-20C, kanti ebusika lehla laya ku-0C liye ezansi. Inani lezulu lincane impela - lingaphansi kwama-250 mm. ngonyaka.
Indawo yeNingizimu Melika
Izwekazi, eliseningizimu yentshonalanga ye-hemisphere, ligezwa ulwandlekazi lwePacific ne-Atlantic.
Inogu olukhonjwe kancane olunenombolo encane yeziqhingi ezigxile eningizimu yezwe.
Yize iNingizimu Melika ingelona izwekazi elikhulu kunawo wonke, nokho inezindawo zemvelo ezixubile, ezihambisana nefomu elikhuliswe lisuka enyakatho liye eningizimu.
I-geology kanye nokukhululeka kwezwekazi
Izwekazi lethu lisuselwa endaweni yesikhulumi saseNingizimu Melika kanye nebhande lasezintabeni lase-Andean.
Ipulatifomu yasendulo ithatha ingxenye ebalulekile yezwe - izingxenye zalo eziphakathi nezisempumalanga. Ngakho-ke, ENingizimu Melika, impumuzo eyisicaba inqoba ngamathafa angavamile, akhiwa yisisekelo seplatifomu esivele sadlula.
Engxenyeni eseningizimu kunesikhulumi sePatagonian esincane futhi esincane.
Isentshonalanga yezwe ihlangana nomngcele omkhulu we-Andes, indawo ende kunazo zonke yezintaba evele lapho kuhlangana khona ipuleti olwandle nolwandle ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs. Lezi yizintaba ezincane lapho izinqubo ze-tectonic zisaqhubeka ukwenzeka futhi izintaba-mlilo zisebenza.
Izindawo Zokulingana KweNingizimu Melika
Ama-Andes ayihlelo olude kunazo zonke emhlabeni, olusukela eningizimu kuye entshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Ubude bezintaba bungaphezu kuka-9000 km. Futhi ububanzi be-Cordillera ezindaweni budlula i-700 km. Nansi enye yezintaba eziphakeme kunayo yonke - i-Aconcagua, ecishe ibe ngu-7,000 m ukuphakama.
E-Andes, izindawo eziningi eziphakeme kakhulu zigxiliwe, kuhlanganisa izimbali nezilwane ezahlukahlukene. Le ukuphela kwendawo ezwekazini lapho kutholakala khona amaConifer.
Iqiniso! I-gilea yasezintabeni iyindawo lapho isimo sezulu sibanda kakhulu somoya onamandla, futhi izihlahla zalapho zakha amahlumela amangalisayo.
Lapho ukhuphuka izintaba, umhlambi ompofu uzoba:
- 1500 m - indawo yamahlathi anomswakama we-equatorial,
- kusuka ku-2800 m - indawo enomswakama, emelelwa yizidalwa ezicebile, amaConifers, bamboos, hinnas, cocas kanye nezihlahla ezinjengezihlahla,
- kusuka ku-3800 m - kunamahlathi akhula ezintabeni akhula kancane,
- kusuka ku-4500 m - izimfunda ze-alpine.
Ngaphezulu kwama-5000 m kuqala indawo yezingwe ezingapheli. E-Andes, kukhona indawo yokubhuka, iPearl yase-Andes National Park, esisuka ku-2 500 iye ku-6,768 m.
Inani lemvula ezindaweni eziphakeme lehla kakhulu ukusuka phansi kuya phezulu. Ngakho-ke, ekuphakameni okufika ku-1000 m kanye namazinga okushisa kusuka ku-24 kuya ku-26 degrees Celsius, kutholakala umswakama ongama-3000 mm wokuhanjiswa kwezulu. Futhi i-alpine meadows, lapho izinga lokushisa ligcinwa khona kumazinga angama-4-8, inani labo alidluli ku-1000 mm.
Izindawo zemvelo zaseNingizimu Melika nezimpawu zazo
INingizimu Melika ithinta izindawo zezindawo ezinesimo sezulu ezinhlanu ngasikhathi sinye - i-equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, tropical.
Uhlobo lwayo luhlukile, ngenxa yokuba khona kwezilwane ezihlala zodwa. Isifunda ngasinye sihlukile kwesinye, ngakho-ke inchazelo yabo emfushane izonikezwa ematafuleni.
Amahlathi Ama-Moist Equatorial (Selva)
I-Selva ithatha ingxenye enkulu yamathafa aphansi e-Amazonia, noma kunjalo, izindawo ezinkulu azifinyeleleki - imifino ikhula kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ama-ferns, izihlahla zamaHindu ne-ceibu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ehlathini lase-Amazon, zonke izihlahla zixhunywe ngemivini enzima, zakha udonga olungangeneki. Ama-fauna emahlathini esenkabazwe ahluke kakhulu. Ama -aguar, amakhulu ezinhlobo zezimvemvane ezimibalabala, inqwaba yezinhlobo zezinkawu nezinkulungwane zezinambuzane zihlala kuwo wonke amahlathi. Futhi ezinye zezingozi eziyingozi kakhulu izingwenya kanye nama-anacondas, kanye nama-piranhas ase-Amazonia. Umhlaba wezinyoni wase-Amazon ucebile kakhulu emhlabeni. Toucans, parrots, hummingbirds, namahabhu ahlala lapha.
Kubalulekile! ENingizimu Melika, kuhlala izinyoka eziningi ezinobuthi, izibankwa namaxoxo. Futhi i-anaconda ifinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-5 enesisindo esingama-100 kg.
Emahlathini e-equatorial kuyashisa kakhulu futhi kunomswakama, kanti nenhlabathi lapha inombala ophuzi ngokubomvu. Kunezitshalo eziningi ezinhle: ama-orchid, umuthi we-melon, i-euphorbia, isihlahla sikashokoleti.
Amahlathi Hardwood
Akhiwe ezindaweni ezingaphansi kweNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi eChile. Inesimo sezulu esishisayo nehlobo elomile, kepha ebusika isikhathi semvula siqala ngemvula efinyelela ku-600 mm ngonyaka. Izihlahla zamahlathi anesihlakala esinezihlahla zinamaqabunga aminyene, aqine angafihli inhlabathi. Bayakwazi ukugcina umswakama isikhathi eside. Inhlabathi lapha inama-chestnut amaningi.
Ukushintshana kwamahlathi emvula
Lo mkhakha utholakala emaphethelweni emahlathi e-equatorial, futhi uhlala engxenyeni esenyakatho-nasempumalanga yezwekazi kanye nogu loLwandlekazi i-Atlantic engxenyeni ephakathi nendawo.
Subequatorial futhi tropical
Umhlaba oMhlaba ophuzi noMhlaba oBomvu
I-bamboo, Araucaria, Ceiba, Coconut Palm
Kuyafana nendawo yamahlathi anomswakama we-equatorial, kepha kuyahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni ezincane zezinhlobo
Isici sokushintshana kwamahlathi anomswakama wukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwesimo sezulu, kuphakame izihlahla ezinamandla, amahlosi aphansi ehlathi ahlukahlukene kakhulu. Inhlabathi inezakhi ezengeziwe ezingagezwa yimvula ejwayelekile.
Ama-Savannah namahlathi akhanyayo (Llanos)
Zitholakala ezindaweni ezithandekayo nezishisayo zezwekazi, zinengxenye ebalulekile yezwekazi laseBrazil, i-Orinoc Lowlands kanye neGuiana Highlands. ILlanos minyaka yonke igcwala amanzi kakhulu, okungasuki ezweni izinyanga ezi-6,6, yingakho ama-savannas ephenduka amawa.Izihlahla zesundu kanye ne-sedge zitholakala ngamanani amakhulu lapha. Kepha ephahleni laseBrazil kukhona izihlahlana eziphansi, isundu le-wax. Inhlabathi ibomvu kakhulu, kepha umhlaba wezilwane uhlukile. Izinyamazane ezinjengama-cougars nama-jaguar, kanye nezinyamazane ezingamakhambi, kanye nezintshe, ababhaki bahlala lapha.
Ama-Savanna kanye namahlathi
Izingxenye ezimaphakathi nezasenyakatho nezwekazi zinengcebo encane yezitshalo nezilwane kune-Amazonia. Lapha kunama-savannahs ikakhulukazi namahlathi.
Isici salesi sigaba ukwahlukaniswa ku:
llanos - ama-savannas ngotshani obuphakeme obutholakala ezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula i-Orinoco,
Campos Serrados - amahlathi akhanyayo ngotshani, izihlahlana nezihlahla,
campos limpos - ama-savannah anotshani kuphela,
mncane - ama-savannas anezihlahla nezihlahla ezikhula ngokuhlukile.
Owethafa futhi ongaphansi komhlaba
I-Kebracho, i-cashew, i-chaparro, izithombo zokusanhlamvu zikabhontshisi, i-cacti, i-agave, isundu saseMauritius
Abamele inyathi yaseMelika yohlobo oluthile, izimpungushe zaseNingizimu Melika, u-Ostrich Nandu, i-armadillos, izinduku, izinyoka, izibankwa
Uhlobo lomhlabathi obomvu kule ndawo luvundile, ngakho-ke kufakwa ikhofi, ukotini nezihlahla zamabhanana lapha. Amasimu acebile ngobunono asetshenziswa njengamadlelo.
Ama-pampas noma ama-steppes
Bamba Ngokugcwele ILa Plata Lowland. Ama-steppes abonakala ngenhlabathi evundile ebomvana obomvana, lapho utshani bukhula khona ngamanani amakhulu. Imihlambi yezinkomo imvamisa idla emathafeni, futhi abalimi kulezi zindawo bakhula ukolweni. Phakathi kwezakhamizi: izintshe, izingwe, izinyamazane, izinduku eziningi. Izikhumba zotshani nezinhlanga zitholakala ngamanani amakhulu emaqeleni, akhula eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi.
Ugwadule kanye nogwadule
Ugwadule yisifunda esomile kunazo zonke saseNingizimu Melika, esendaweni ethokomele futhi ephansi. Ukunambitheka lapha akukuningi, kwezinye izindawo kungahle kungabikho iminyaka. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akubeki eceleni impilo okukuyo. Ikhekhe, okusanhlamvu okuomile kutholakala ezindaweni. Phakathi kwezilwane, ezivame kakhulu kukhona ama-chinchillas, kanye namabhere amangalisayo kanye nama-condors.
Ugwadule lutholakala ikakhulu eningizimu. Ngasohlangothini lwasentshonalanga - phambi kwe-Andes, lena yi-Atacama, kanti empumalanga - iMonte nehlane lasePatagonian, kuphenduka kube yihlane eliwugwadule.
IPatagonia
Inani elincane lezulu liwela lapha - kufika ku-200-600 mm ngonyaka. Kukhona inhlabathi emsundu ne-brown-brown. Isimo sezulu sinomoya ophansi nesiphansi, kunalokho womile futhi upholile. Umhlaba wezilwane we-semi-desert ehluke ngandlela-thile kunokwehlukahlukana. I-Armadillos, i-nutria kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezincane zihlala lapha.
Izimila zePatagonia zimelelwa izihlahlana ezihlala ziluhlaza kanye nezinhlamvu ezomile, ezisezindaweni ezakha amathangi amakhulu. Kukhona futhi nezidumbu zamanzi e-semi-desert, impilo eseduze nalapho isebenza khona kakhulu.
Isimo esimangazayo saseNingizimu Melika, esaziwa kakhulu nge-Amazonia ehlukahlukene ngamathanga aso asezindaweni ezishisayo, amachibi amakhulu nezimbali ezingama-anacondas, asinalo nhlobo ihlathi elihlangene, elixubile nelinqobayo. I-tundra enehlane lase-Arctic nayo ayikho lapha. I-SA iyizwekazi elihlwabusayo emhlabeni, kepha alikafundwa ngokugcwele. Izindawo eziphakemeyo ze-Andes namathanga angenakufinyeleleka e-Amazon asazifihle izimfihlo eziningi.
I-Flora nezilwane zezwe
Izimbali nezilwane zaseNingizimu Melika zibonakala ngokuhlukahluka kanye nokuba khona kwenani elikhulu isifo (Umthombo). Lokhu kungenxa yesilinganiso sobukhulu bezwekazi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwalo isikhathi eside kwamanye amazwekazi.
Yonke imindeni iyisimo seNingizimu Melika. izitshalo endemic: i-cactus, ihhashi ledonsa amahhashi, i-nasturtium, i-bromilium. Phakathi izilwane ezingapheli izinkawu zaseMelika ezibanzi, izimbotshana, amachashazi, amabutho asebusweni, imihuzuko, izinhlobo ezingamakhulu ayisihlanu zezintuthwane, izintshebe ze-Onda, ama-toucans, izinhlobo eziningi zopholi, ezihuquzelayo, izinhlanzi nezinambuzane ziyaziwa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zemvelo kuvame ukufana nezindawo zezulu kanye nezifunda (bheka umdwebo 1). Izilwandle, isikhundla seningizimu yezwekazi ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi nokuba khona kwebhande lezintaba eziphakeme kunomthelela omkhulu ezizweni.
U-fig. 1. Imephu Yezindawo Zemvelo
Ngaphambi kokuba ujwayelane nezici zezindawo ezithile zemvelo zaseNingizimu Melika, cwaninga kancane ebalazweni.
Iziphi izindawo zemvelo ezisezweni elikhulu? Yikuphi kubo ohlala endaweni enkulu kunazo zonke? Ngabe kuvela kanjani ukubekwa kweningizimu Melika?
USelva
Isici esivelele sezwe elingaphambili ukuthi kube khona kwamahlathi emvula ahlala engeneme angakhula emhlabathini wenhlabathi obomvu. Babize lapha - selva, elihunyushwe kusuka kwisiPutukezi ngokuthi "ihlathi".
I-Selva imanzi kunamahlathi ase-Afrika, acebile ezitshalweni nasezinhlotsheni zezilwane. Izihlahla ezinjenge-selba zikhula lapha, zifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angama-80. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezihlahla zesundu, umuthi we-melon, cocoa, i-hevea, ezifakwe ngemivini. Kunama-orchid amaningi aqhakaza ehlathini. Izihlahla eziningi ze-selva azinikezi izinkuni ezibalulekile kuphela, kodwa futhi nezithelo, ujusi, amagxolo ukuze zisetshenziswe kubuchwepheshe nakwezokwelapha.
Izilwane zakwaSelva zicebile ikakhulukazi. Izilwane eziningi zijwayela impilo ezihlahleni. Lezi yizinkawu ezingama-sloth, izinkawu ezinamathambo. Ngisho namaxoxo nezinyosi zihlala ezihlahleni, kunezinyoka eziningi, kubandakanya inyoka enkulu kunazo zonke Emhlabeni - i-anaconda (bheka i-Fig. 2).
Ungulates - tapings kanye ne-rodent enkulu kunazo zonke eMhlabeni - i-capybara capybara enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angamashumi amahlanu ihlala eduze kwamanzi. Kukhona izinyamazane ezimbalwa, phakathi kwazo ezidume kakhulu yijaguar. Umhlaba wezinyoni nawo ucebile: ama-hummingbird amancane amancane adla umpe wezimbali, upholi, ama-toucans nabanye. Izimvemvane eziningi ezahlukene, izimbungulu nezinye izinambuzane. Esigungwini esingaphansi sehlathi nasemhlabathini kunezintuthwane eziningi, eziningi zazo eziphila ngendlela yokuphila yezilo. Ezinye izintuthwane zifinyelela amasentimitha amathathu ubude.
ILlanos
Izindawo zama-savannahs, amahlathi kanye nezihlahlana zitholakala ikakhulu ezindaweni ezi-subequatorial futhi ngokwengxenye ezindaweni ezishisayo zezulu. Ama-Savannahs angena e-Orinok Lowland, lapho abizwa khona llanos (bheka. 3).
Emathafeni aseningizimu ye-hemisphere, izimila zimpofu. Esikhungweni esishisayo sezwe, lapho somile futhi sishisa izinyanga eziningi, izihlahla ezisontekile nezihlahlana ezihlanjululwe yizihlahla zameva zikhula.
Phakathi kwazo, adume kakhulu yi-kebraccio, amagxolo ayo aqukethe imishanguzo edingekayo yokugqoka isikhumba.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nemisebe yase-Afrika, izidalwa zaseNingizimu Melika zimpofu. Izinyamazane ezincane, izingulube zasendle - abapheki, ama-armadillos anegobolondo lezihlangu ezingama-horny, ama-anteater nezinyoni - iqhude laseNanda lihlala lapha.
Pampa
I-Pampa - izitebhisi ezingaphansi komhlaba zingaphansi kwamathafa aseNingizimu Melika, eduze nomlomo weRio Plata, ikakhulukazi e-Argentina nase-Uruguay (bheka. Fig. 4). Ngasentshonalanga, amapheshana aboshwe yi-Andes, empumalanga luLwandlekazi i-Atlantic.
Esimweni sezulu esomile esinomswakama, kwakhiwa inhlabathi evundile ebomvu obomvana emaphepheni.
Izithombo zezintethe zingotshani, phakathi kwazo izimpaphe zotshani, amabele zasendle nezinye zihamba phambili. Ngokuthola izikhala ezivulekile zekhampasi, izilwane ezigijima ngokushesha zazibalingiswa: I-Pampassian deer, ikati lePampassian, i-llamas.
Ukuguqula isimo semvelo yezwe ngumuntu
Umthelela womuntu emvelweni eseNingizimu Melika waqala ngisho nalapho abantu bomdabu, bezilima, beshisa izindawo zamahlathi ngenxa yalokhu, beqa imisele. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinguquko bezingazimbi kangako uma ziqhathaniswa nalezo ezafika lapho kufika abaseYurophu ezwekazini.
Ukulima, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, amadlelo, ukuvela kwezitshalo ezintsha ezivela kwamanye amazwe, kuholele ezinguquko ezinkulu zezakhiwo zemvelo.
Isibonelo, ingxenye ebalulekile yephepha iyalinywa bese kusetshenziswa amadlelo. Amadlelo agcwele ukhula.
IPampa ilahlekelwe ukubukeka kwayo kwasekuqaleni. Siguqulwa saba yimikhakha engakolweni kakolweni nommbila, amapeni wokudlela. Amahlathi aligugu kakhulu e-araucaria - amaConifera akhula empumalanga yePlateau yaseBrazil acishe abhujiswa. Esizeni sehlathi lamahlathi ashisayo nasolwandle, sekunesikhathi eside kunamasimu ezihlahla zekhofi alethwa lapha evela e-Afrika, namahlathi kakhukhunathi, omvelo yawo ikhula emahlathini ase-Amazon.
Amahlathi ase-Amazon abhujiswa ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu iTransazon Highway (amakhilomitha angama-5000) kwavula indlela eya kwi-selva (bheka ku-Fig. 5).
U-fig. 5. Ukwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu iTransazon
Ngokwesilinganiso samanje sokusetshenziswa, ososayensi babikezela ukuthi maduze nje la mahlathi anganyamalala ngokuphelele. Kepha amahlathi ase-Amazon anikeza umoya-mpilo omningi, abe nenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane.
Umsebenzi wasekhaya
Funda § 26 (iphe. 84 - 85). Phendula imibuzo:
· Yisho ukuphela kweNingizimu Melika. Singasichaza kanjani isibalo sabo esikhulu?
· Iyiphi indawo yemvelo ehlala endaweni enkulu ezweni?
I-Bibliography
OkuyinhlokoNgikhona
1. Ukuma komhlaba. Umhlaba nabantu. Ibanga lesi-7: Incwadi yemfundo ejwayelekile. umfundi / A.P. Kuznetsov, L.E. ISaveliev, V.P. UDronov, uchungechunge lwe "Spheres". - M: Kwezemfundo, 2011.
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1. N.A. Maximov. Ngemuva kwamaphepha encwadi yejografi. - M: Ezemfundo.
Izincwadi zokulungiselela Ukuhlolwa Kwezifundo Zesimo Sezwe kanye noHlelo Lokuhlolwa Lwesizwe Olunobunye
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Izivivinyo ezinezihloko ezilungiselela isitifiketi sokugcina kanye nokuhlolwa. Ukuma komhlaba. - M: Balass, ed. RAO House, 2005. - 160 k.
Izinsiza ze-Intanethi ezinconyiwe
1. I-Russian Geographical Society (Umthombo).
2. imfundo yaseRussia (Umthombo).
3. Incwajana ephathelene nokuma komhlaba (Umthombo).
4. Ukubhekiswa kwezwe (Umthombo).
5. I-Encyclopedia Around the World (Umthombo).
Uma uthola iphutha noma isixhumanisi esiphukile, sicela usazise - yenza umnikelo wakho ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi.