Inhlanzi ye-salmon epinki, kanye nezinhlanzi ezibomvu, i-chum salmon, i-coho salmon, i-chinook salmon ne-sima, ingeyomndeni wakwa Salmon. Le ngenye yezinhlanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu nezidumile ezikhona emvelweni. Naphezu kosayizi wayo omncane (omncane kunabo bonke phakathi kwezinhlobo zomndeni wakwaSalmonidae), lesi sihlala emanzini siyinhlanzi ethandwa kakhulu yalo mndeni.
Itholakala kuphi i-rose salmon, okungenye yemikhiqizo eyingqayizivele ethandwa kakhulu ngabasekhaya kanye nabathengi?
Imininingwane ejwayelekile
Abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi i-pink salmon ayishibhile. Kodwa abasebenza ngokudla okunempilo batusa ukuthi ukudla okule nhlanzi ngezikhathi ezithile kufakwe ekudleni kwezingane nabadala (okungenani kanye ngesonto).
I-salmon yasolwandle epinki, engakashabalali, inezakhiwo eziwusizo nenani elikhulu kakhulu, ngoba emanzini amnandi ilahlekelwa ukunambitheka kwayo okuthe xaxa, nangayo umthunzi omuhle wenyama wepinki.
Incazelo emfushane nezimpawu zezinhlanzi
Ngaphambi kokuthi sithole ukuthi i-pink salmon ihlala kuphi (phakathi kolwandle) nokuthi yiziphi izici zendlela yayo yokuphila, sinikeza incazelo emfushane.
Le nhlanzi yomndeni wakwaSalmonidae, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi, inenye ingqola etholakala phakathi komsila ne-Fin ngemuva. Phakathi kwezinye izici, kunenye futhi - inomlomo omhlophe namazinyo amakhulu, futhi inamabala amakhulu amnyama emhlane wakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-salmon epinki ngemuva ungabona i-hump, ngenxa yokuthi igama layo lenzekile.
I-peculiarity itholakala lapho kutholakala khona ama-pink salmon (imininingwane ku-athikili engezansi). Lolu hlobo lwenhlanzi luyathakazelisa futhi ngoba zonke izibungu ezazalwa zingabantu besifazane. Ukwahluka kocansi kubo akwenzeki ngokushesha.
Elinye iqiniso elimangalisayo ukuthi abesilisa abesilisa abasebenza nge-salmon bayakwazi ukusuka ezinhlanzini ezinhle zibe yizidalwa ezimbi ezimbi: amazinyo anezinwele ayakhula emihlathini yawo, kuthi lapho kuvela imvundla enkulu ngemuva. Kusenezimpikiswano phakathi kwe-ichthyologists mayelana nokuthi le “ngubo yokuhlobisa” ihlotshaniswa nobani, etholwa yizo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezivela emndenini wakwaSalmonidae. Abanye bathi lokhu kuheha insikazi, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu “kuvumelana kokugqoka” kuhlobene nendlela yokuphila yasemfuleni. Kuneminye imibono yokubuka, kepha akusekho umbono ngazwi linye.
Ihlala kuphi i-rose salmon?
Indawo ehlala kuyo amanzi oLwandle iPacific. Kutholakala eSakhalin, Kuril, Kamchatka nangasogwini lwaseJapan. Kwesinye isikhathi kungabonakala ogwini loLwandle i-Arctic. Izindawo ezihlala kuzo yiMelika (kuya e-Alaska) nasogwini lwase-Asia oLwandle iPacific. Ulwandle lwase-Okhotsk lunothile ekubambeni.
Izinhlanzi zikhuphuka ziyoshona kule imifula elandelayo: iKolyma, Lena, Sacramento, Indigirka, Colville neMackenzie. Kuyatholakala e-Commander Islands, eziqhingini zaseHokkaido naseHonshu (ingxenye esenyakatho), njll.
Ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi kuhlala kuphi ama-salmon apinki - olwandle noma emfuleni, singasho ukuthi mayelana nendawo yokuhlala le nhlanzi iyashintsha, ihamba ngokuhlobene nokuqhamuka kolwandle iye emfuleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ulwandle, umzimba wenhlanzi omuhle kakhulu unombala omuhle wesiliva, futhi amabala amnyama amaningi asatshalaliswa emsileni ekugcineni. Uma ungena emfuleni, "ingubo" yezinhlanzi iyashintsha: amabala amnyama abekwe emsileni kuphela, amboze ikhanda nomzimba wonke, ahlangane endaweni eyodwa emnyama ngesikhathi sokuhluma.
Ibhayoloji
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zeSalmon, i-pink salmon izinhlanzi ezisezingeni eliphakathi. Ubukhulu obukhulu oburekhodiwe - amasentimitha angama-68, isisindo sifinyelela ku-3 kg. I-rose yesalmon iyavuthwa futhi ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, inhlanzi isilungele ukuzala.
Ama-pink salmon, elalela imvelo yomfula wawo wendabuko (noma ukuza), athambekele ekujuleni kwesiteshi semifula emikhulu kanye nemikhawulo ephansi yezindatshana zawo. Ifinyelela izindunduma ezindaweni ezingenasilika futhi inegobolondo eliphansi, inhlanzi ibekela amaqanda ayo. Izindawo ezihle kakhulu kuzo ngamadwala angenamanzi.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-rose salmon, ngenxa yobuthakathaka bokuthi imvelo yayo ibuyele emfuleni wayo ongowokuzalwa (lapho yazalelwa khona), ingasebenzisa elinye igumbi lemvelo lokusaphaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye imifula izigodi zezifufula kwesinye isikhathi ziba nzima ngenxa yokufakwa kwesivunguvungu, futhi kungakapheli iminyaka eyi-1-2 inhlanzi ayikwazi ukuya lapho.
Ukuzala
Kusukela ngo-Agasti kuze kube cishe maphakathi no-Okthoba, isikhathi sokuzala sama-pink salmon sihlala isikhathi eside. Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, izibungu zamaqanda ziyavela (ubukhulu kuze kube ngu-6 mm). Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yabo iya olwandle phansi komfula. Amahlaya, hhayi ukubhukuda aze afike ekujuleni kwamanzi olwandle, kudla abantu abancane abangama-crustace emanzini angajulile cishe inyanga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kokudla emanzini angajulile wezindawo ezigudla ulwandle nangamabhisikidi, ngo-Okthoba-Novemba, usalimoni omncane ophuzi ubhukuda olwandle oluvulekile.
Sitholakala kuphi i-pink salmon eRussia?
E-Russia, i-pink salmon itholakala emanzini asogwini olwandle ezimbili: iPacific kanye ne-Arctic. Ijuluka emanzini emifula elandelayo:
- I-Cupid
- Indigirka
- Kolyma
- Yana
- Lena.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-pink salmon ithanda ukubanda, futhi izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kwama- + 25,8 degrees liyayibulala. Amazinga okushisa amahle kakhulu asebangeni lika-5.5-14.5 °.
Incazelo yezinhlanzi
I-pink salmon ingeyeqembu le-salmon yasePacific. Indawo yokuhlala kwalezi zinhlanzi ithatha yonke ingxenye esenyakatho yoLwandlekazi lwePacific: ukusuka eCalifornia nase-Alaska kuya eKamchatka, iziQhingi zaseKuril, iSakhalin neziqhingi ezisenyakatho zeziqhingi zaseJapan. Ngokuhamba kweBering Strait zingena olwandle lwe-Arctic Ocean: iChukchi, i-East Siberian neBeaufort.
Zonke ama-salmon ePacific izinhlanzi ezifudukayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuzalwa nokukhula kwabo kwenzeka emifuleni futhi lapho kufakwa khona amanzi, lapho izingane zikhula, izingane ziyehlela ezansi nemifula ziye olwandle, kuthi abantu abadala, ngemuva kochungechunge lwezinguquko eziguqukayo zokuziphatha, babe yimpilo yasemanzini yangempela. Izinhlanzi zingabekezelela kuphela ushintsho olunzulu lolu kanye, ngakho-ke i-salmon yasePacific nayo ivela kanye empilweni, idlula amakhulu amakhilomitha ukuya ezindaweni ezinqamula imifula, lapho ifela khona. Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-salmon yasePacific ezimweni zemvelo sincane - iminyaka emi-3-4.
Esigabeni sempilo yasolwandle, izinhlanzi zisebenza ngenkuthalo futhi zikhule, zibhukuda ungqimba lwamanzi afinyelela ku-10 m ekujuleni kolwandle oluvulekile, endaweni yokuhlangana kwamanzi ngokugudlwa olwandle. Abazakhi imihlambi emikhulu nezikole. Ngokushisa kwamanzi, entwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo, izinhlanzi ziyahamba ziye ogwini futhi ziseduze nemilambo yomfula. Abantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili baya emifuleni, bese kuthi abaseminyaka banokuphola babuyela olwandle oluvulekile.
I-salmon yasePacific ivela emifuleni efanayo lapho yazalelwa khona, ngenkathi imizimba yayo iba nezinguquko ezingaphenduki. Umbala wokuphehla uyavela, umzimba wenhlanzi uyaqina, imihlathi iyagoba, namazinyo anamandla agobekile emuva akhula phezu kwawo. Isikhumba esincanyana esinezikali ezincane sithathelwa indawo yisikhumba esihlala isikhathi eside ngenxa yesikali sokungena.
Izinguquko zenzeka nabantu bobabili ubulili, kepha emadodeni ziyabizwa kakhulu. Ukuhamba uqonde phezulu, izinhlanzi azondli, zilahlekelwa amandla agcinwe ezitolo zamafutha nasemisipha. Izitho zokugaya izitho zomzimba.
Endaweni ezivundayo, ziyakwazi ukukhukhumeza, ukufaka umquba nokungcwaba amaqanda emhlabathini, emva kwalokho zife. Inyama ka-salmon eya ku-spawn futhi ihlume cishe ilahlekelwe ngokuphelele ukunambitheka kwayo kanye nezimpawu zokudla okunempilo. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-2, i-hatch hatch evela emaqanda futhi ihlala ngaphansi kwengqimba yenhlabathi kuze kube yilapho i-gallbladder ibuyiselwe emuva, bese iphuma ingena emanzini futhi imvamisa idonswa yilokho okwenzeka olwandle ehlobo elilandelayo. Emifuleni nasemachibini amancanyana agelezayo, intsha ingahlala iminyaka eyi-1-3.
Izinhlobo zezilwandle ze-pink salmon zibukeka zijwayelekile impela: zinombala ocashile oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngemuva, izinhlangothi zesiliva nesisu esimhlophe. Emhlane kungenzeka kube nezindawo ezimnyama zibe mnyama.
Isakhiwo esijwayelekile somzimba siyaphawuleka kwezinhlanzi ezijwayelekile zasolwandle. I-caudal fin yenziwe ngo-V, imbozwe ngamabala amancane amnyama. Umlomo mncane, futhi awekho amazinyo emihlathini. Inhlawulo ye-adipose ngaphandle kwemisebe ibonakala kahle emuva. I-Orange ventral fin enomngcele omhlophe.
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka okusabisayo, ukubukeka kwezinhlanzi kuyaguqulwa. Emuva kuqhamuke i-hump edumile, eyithole kuyo igama. Imihlathi igobile futhi imbozwe ngamazinyo. Umbala uphenduka onsundu. Abesilisa phakathi nalesi sikhathi babukeka bexakile ikakhulukazi.
Isisindo salmon epinki uma siqhathaniswa nezinye i-salmon sincane - ngokwesilinganiso cishe ama-2,5 kg ubude obude obungafika ku-40 cm, abantu abakhudlwana abanqabile. Ngokwejwayelekile, kubhekwa njengesaisonon encane kunazo zonke yezentengiso yasePacific, kepha ngokusho kwe-ichthyologists, idlula ipharamitha efanayo kubo bonke abanye be-salmon ngenxa yobuningi bayo obukhulu. Sekuwunyaka nohhafu ngemuva kokuya olwandle, izinhlanzi, ukudla ngentshiseko, kufinyelela usayizi wazo omkhulu futhi zilungele ukwenziwa kabusha.
Umbala wepulpiti, njengowamanye ama-salmonids, unombala obomvu okhululiwe, ngalesi siginali wona, njengawo wonke ama-saalmon, empeleni, izinhlanzi ezibomvu. Kwezinye izitolo zokudlela nezinhlanzi, i-pink salmon ibizwa ngokuthi i-pink salmon ngombala wenyama. Inhlanzi emhlophe yigama elijwayelekile lesiphundu lezihlobo eziseduze ze-salmon yangempela - i-whitefish, enyama yayo imhlophe ngempela, kwesinye isikhathi inombala opinki. Ezitolo, ama-salmon ajwayele ukuya ngaphansi kwegama elijwayelekile "usalimoni", kumele sikhumbule ukuthi leli igama elihlanganisiwe lawo wonke amalungu omndeni futhi kungcono ukufunda ukuwahlukanisa komunye nomunye.
I-pink salmon ihluke kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo ze-salmon zasePacific ngosayizi omncane, yize kunezici eziningi ezivamile.
- UChum njalo kukhulu; umuntu omdala unesisindo okungenani esingu-6 kg. Isikali se-Chum salmon silula, ngaphandle kwamabala amnyama futhi sikhulu ngokubonakalayo.
- Sima embozwe amabala amancane, futhi amehlo ayo amancane awahlanganisi nanoma iyiphi i-salmon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emlonyeni wale nhlanzi, nolimi lunamazinyo. Izikali zakhe zilala kalula ngemuva kwesikhumba futhi azinamatheli ezandleni zakhe.
- ISalimoni - I-salmon yase-Atlantic, kunzima ukuyiphikisa ngefomu lasolwandle lwesalimoni. Isibonakaliso sokuqala sizophinda sibe ngosayizi - i-salmon ikhudlwana kathathu, nenyama yayo imuncu kakhulu futhi ithenda xaxa. Futhi-ke, intengo yale nhlanzi iphakeme impela.
Omame abangenalwazi ku-ichthyology kwesinye isikhathi badida ama-salmon apinki nge-trout - salmon ephelele yamanzi. Yebo, ngaphandle izinhlanzi ziyefana. Kodwa-ke, i-trout, njengomthetho, inkulu kakhulu, kukhona umucu obomvu ezinhlangothini zayo, futhi umzimba umbozwe ngezindawo eziningi ezimnyama eziningi.
Karelia
Salmon itholakala kuphi kuKarelia? Kunamachibi emvelo angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-60 kanye nemifula ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezingama-30 kulesi sifunda, kanti nezinhlanzi zitholakala cishe kuwo wonke la makhandlela. Ngempela kuyindawo yokudoba neyasendle evumela ukuthi abadobi bajabulele ukuzijabulisa kwabo ngokuningi.
Phakathi kokugcina kwale ndawo kukhona amachibi nemifula eminingana, okuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwezivakashi nabadobi bendawo. Lezi yizifunda ezisenyakatho yeKarelia, lapho kutholakala khona i-pink salmon ne-chum salmon. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi eLadoga - ichibi elikhulu kunazo zonke laseKarelian - kunezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingaba ngamashumi ayisithupha, okuyizinto eziyinhloko okuyizo:
I-pink salmon, ehlala oLwandle Olumhlophe (i-Pacific exlimatised), ivela lapho i-salmon ikhona, ngokwesibonelo, eMfuleni iKeret. Emifuleni egelezela oLwandle Olumhlophe, ama-salmon apinki ne-chum salmon aqala ukuhamba ngomkhumbi (ngokwesibonelo, engena emfuleni iShuya).
Ihlala kuphi?
I-pink salmon yinhlanzi enamanzi abandayo. Izinga lokushisa elilungile lokukhula kwalo okusebenzayo nokukhula okucishe kube ngu-10 ° С (ebangeni ukusuka ku-5 kuye ku-15 ° С). Ugwema amanzi afudumele, ezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho amanzi afudumele ngaphezulu kwe-25 ° C angaze abhukuda.
Izinhlobo zasolwandle zithanda amanzi asolwandle asogwini. Indawo yokuhlala yayo ifaka phakathi nolwandle lwePacific kanye ne-Arctic Oceans, manje isikhulele eNyakatho Atlantic (Olwandle lwaseNorway naseGreenland). Ngokudabukisayo, le nhlanzi ixazululwe emifuleni esifundeni saseMurmansk; kusukela ngonyaka we-1960s, ixazululwe isuka eBarents yaya Olwandle Olumhlophe nolweNorway. Imifula egelezela kulezi zilwandle iye yaba yizindawo ezinhle zokusakazeka. Kwenziwe isivivinyo esifanayo eCanada, kwavela ama-salmon ePacific endaweni yesiqhingi saseNewfoundland.
Izindawo zemvelo ezisakazwayo zemvelo zisatshalaliswa zisuka emifuleni yesifundazwe saseCalifornia (e-USA) ziye eMfuleni iMackenzie (eCanada) eNyakatho Melika futhi zisuka eLena ziya e-Anadyr nase-Amur e-Asia. Le salmon ingena emifuleni ethile yaseKorea naseJapan.
Izinhlobo zemifula yesalimoni iyinhlanzi efanayo yolwandle ebhekana nochungechunge lwama-metamorphoses, izizathu zakhona ezingacaci ngokuphelele. Ziqala ngaphambi nje kokuqhuma, lapho izinhlanzi ezazihlala olwandle zingena ezigangeni. Njengoba uqhubekela phezulu ungena ezindaweni ezinamaphiko, izinhlanzi ziyashintsha ngaphandle kokuqashelwa. I-pulp futhi ilahlekelwa umbala wayo, ukunambitheka kanye nezimpawu zokudla okunempilo. EGreat Lakes of the United States, sekuwukuphela kwesibalo sabantu abasebenza ngokwabo emhlabeni wonke salmon rose, okuyisibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke okulotshwe eLwandle i-Upper.
Cishe zonke izinhlobo ze-salmon ezipinki, ezethulwe emashalofini ezitolo ezikhethekile neminyango yezinhlanzi, zabanjwa eMpumalanga Ekude. I-salmon ekude yaseMpumalanga ibanjwa eduze naseKuril Islands, eKamchatka naseSakhalin, ngasogwini olusuka eBering Strait kuya ePeter the Great Bay. Ukudoba kuyaphela lapho kuqala ukuqhuma, lapho ukudoba kunqatshelwe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi ukunqanyulwa okuphelele kokuhlinzekwa kwe-salmon epinki. Ezifundeni ezihlukene, ukhafula ngezikhathi ezihlukile.
Izinhlanzi oLwandle lwaseJapan zingezokuqala ukuphuma (maphakathi noJuni), bese kuba khona amaSakhalin, ama-Amur namaKuril aqala ukubhebhetheka (isigamu sesibili sikaJuni), bese kuthi ukuphela kwesifunda saseKamchatka nase-Okhotsk (ekuqaleni kukaJulayi) kuza kuqala, izinhlanzi zoLwandle lwaseBering ziqhume (Julayi). Ukusakazeka kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-1-1,5 kuya ngokugeleza okugcwele komfula kanye nesimo sezulu. Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu zohla, kusekude.
Izinhlanzi ezibanjwe ukuqhuma, akulona igama lelo - amanzi amhlophe noma i-river salmon. Ibanjwa emilonyeni yemifula lapho ama-metamorphose aseqalile engakahambi kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, hhayi ukubukeka kuphela, kepha nenyama yenhlanzi iyashintsha. Ulahlekelwa umbala obomvu we-salmon, ukunambitheka kwakhe kuya ngokuya kugcwala.
Ehlobo, i-salmon epinki enjalo ivame ukuthengiswa. Ungayidla, kepha lindela ukunambitheka okufanayo ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zasolwandle azifanele. Ukuze ubone ngokugcwele izinzuzo zokudla okunempilo nokunambitheka kwezinhlanzi, kungcono ukuyithenga yonke efanayo ngesikhathi sasebusika-sentwasahlobo.
Iqiniso elihehayo
I-Ichthyologists yaphawula isici esingajwayelekile nesinelukuluku lesalmon ebomvu: le nhlanzi ivame ukuvakashela imifula yePrimorye ukuze ihlume eminyakeni eyinqaba, kanye nemifula yeKamchatka ne-Amur - ngayo.
Ososayensi banemibono ehlukahlukene ngalolu daba, kepha kuze kube manje akukho ukubumbana kulolu daba.
Okuqukethwe kwekhalori nokwakhiwa
Inyama yama-salmonid, ikakhulukazi lawo abanjwe olwandle ngaphambi kokuqala kokufuduka kokuqala kwawo, acebile ngezakhi zomzimba kanye nokulandela umkhondo. Impela, konke lokhu akubuthelanga umuntu obambe izinhlanzi, kuyindawo yokugcina yomzabalazo oluzayo ohambisana nenkambo yokuphikisana nemifula, lapho inhlanzi ibuye idlubhe nokudlwengula nokugibela, kwesinye isikhathi igxuma iphume emanzini ifinyelele kumitha elingaphezu kwemitha. Izinguquko ezenzeka kancane kancane ekwakhiweni komzimba zibuye zidinge izindleko ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ngoba ngenxa yazo izinhlanzi ziyeka ukudla nhlobo. Akusikho nje ukuthi izinhlanzi ezivela olwandle ziba yisisulu esibalulekile sokubuthana kwamabhere ngamaqembu amakhulu emifuleni yaseKamchatka nase-Alaska ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka, esivame ukwenzeka kulezi zifiso. Ukudla i-salmon ngentshiseko, amabhere alungiselela i-hibernation.
Inyama ye-salmon epinki ibaluleke kakhulu kusuka endaweni yokubuka enempilo.Kubonakala ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni (aze afike ku-60%), amafutha, ama-asidi omega-3 anamafutha amaningi, amavithamini A (retinol), isethi ephelele yamavithamini we-B, uvithamini D, i-Vitamin K (phylloquinone), izinto zamaminerali, nezinto zomkhondo. Umkhiqizo ungahlukaniswa njengokudla. I-100 g ayiqukethe ama-kilocalories angaphezu kwama-140, ama-6-7 g wamafutha nangaphezulu kwe-20 g yamaprotheni.
Naphezu kokuqukethwe kwekhalori okuphansi, i-pink salmon inika umphumela wokugcwaliseka okusheshayo we-satellite, ovimbela ukugcwala ngokweqile, lokhu kwenza umkhiqizo omuhle kakhulu kubantu abasebenzayo abahlola impilo nokubukeka kwabo. Inenyama yale nhlanzi ne-cholesterol, kepha akufanele wesabe lokhu. Ifomu elitholakala ekudleni kwasolwandle nasezinhlanzini aliyona ingozi kubantu, kepha, kunalokho, liyadingeka ekuhlanganiseni kwe-testosterone, ngakho-ke i-pink salmon iboniswa abathandi bemidlalo yamandla.
Ekuphetheni
Isici esiyinhlokomo salolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi singasho ukuthi alunazo izinkomba ezithile. Abakhiwa ngenxa yezizathu eziningi:
- Abantu bezindawo ezahlukahlukene abahlukanisiwe komunye nomunye - bathelelana maqondana nokufika okubuthaka okubuthaka kulolu hlobo lweSalmonids.
- Kuzo zonke izikhathi zomjikelezo wokuphila kwayo, i-pink salmon inokumelana okuhle nethonya lezinto eziningi zemvelo.
- Ukwahlukaniswa kokubhalwa phansi kokutholwa kwezinto ezintsha kanye nokubukeka kuvinjelwa ukufana kwezimo zokuphila ngesikhathi sokuhanjiswa kwezinhlobo.
Izizukulwane zezinhlanzi ezipinki ze-salmon zihlukaniswe ngofuzo komunye nomunye (azihlanganisi ngesikhathi sokuzala), ngenxa yokuthi zikhula ngokushesha (zilungele ukuzala ngemuva kokufika eminyakeni engaba ngu-1.5-2) futhi, ngeshwa, ziyafa ngemuva kokuqalwa kokuqala.
I-Salmon noma i-North Noble Salmon
Indawo ehlala le nhlanzi enkulu, enhle iyisikebhe soLwandle Olumhlophe. Inyama ye-Salmon inambitheka ngokungavamile, ithenda, ibala elimnandi elibomvu. Ubukhulu bezinhlanzi buyi-1.5 m ubude, isisindo esingu-40 kg. Inyama yayo iyabiza kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa namanye ama-salmon. Umzimba wesalimoni umbozwe ngezikali ezincane zesiliva, azikho amabala emugqeni ongezansi ongaphansi.
Endleleni eya emhlabathini ovunayo, uyeka ukudla, wehlise isisindo kakhulu. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, umzimba wesalmon umnyama, kuvela amabala obomvu osawolintshi ekhanda nasezinhlangothini. Engxenyeni engenhla yomhlathi wesilisa, kukhula igwegwe eliyingqayizivele, elingena ekuphumeni komhlathi ophansi.
I-Whitefish
Le nhlanzi edla inyama itholakala oLwandle lweCaspian, idla izinhlanzi ezincane nezinye izilwane zasemanzini - i-herring, o-gogo, izinambuzane, ama-crustaceans. Indawo yezindawo ezinamanzi izinhlanzi ezimhlophe, ezibaluleke kakhulu ekunambithekeni, ingumfula iVolga neziteshi zawo.
Ubude babantu abadala budlula imitha eyi-1, bangaba nesisindo kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-14 kg. Isisindo esiphakathi kwabantu besifazane singaphezu kwama-8 kg, okuyi-2 kg ngaphezulu kwesisindo sabesilisa. Le nhlanzi iba ngumuntu ovuthiwe ngocansi eneminyaka yobudala engama-6-7. Inyama emhlophe iphansi kakhulu kilojoule.
Nelma
Le yinhlanzi yaseSiberia, isihlobo esiseduze senhlanzi emhlophe. Indawo ehlala kuyo imifula ye-Ob, i-Irtysh kanye neziteshi zayo. Isisindo se-nelma sisuka ku-3 kuye ku-12 kg, noma kunjalo, abanye abantu bayakwazi ukukhula babe ngama-30 kg. Umzimba umbozwe ngezikali ezinkulu zesiliva, kepha amaqanda awo mancane ngosayizi.
Inhlanzi yinhlanzi ekhula kancane, ifinyelela ekuvuthweni kungaphambi kweminyaka eyi-8, futhi abanye abantu bathola ikhono lokuzalela ngeminyaka eyi-18. Lawa magama ancike endaweni yokuhlala. Azikho izinguquko ezikhethekile ngesikhathi sokukhwelana nge-nelma. Unesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele segebhezi, umlomo omkhulu.
Omul
Izinhlobo ezimbili ze-om ziyaziwa - i-Arctic neBaikal, ezifudukayo kanye namanzi amasha. Isisindo esijwayelekile sale nhlanzi esimnandi singama-800 amagremu, kepha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu isisindo se-om singafinyelela ku-kg eyodwa nohhafu, futhi ubude baso bungafinyelela ku-50 cm.
Isikhathi sokuphila siyiminyaka eyi-11. Izinhlobo ezingezinhle zihlala ziye eminyakeni eyi-18. Umzimba ophakeme we-om, ombozwe izikali ezincanyana futhi ezinobukhulu, ubukeka ulungile futhi muhle. Inyama ye-Omul imhlophe, ithenda, ukunambitheka kwayo kuncike emvelweni, ukukhohlakala kangakanani, i-tastier i-omul. Njengamanye ama-salmonids, inemali encane ye-adipose.
Coho salmon
Le nhlanzi imele usalimoni waseMpumalanga Ekude, inyama yayo inamafutha amancane kunamanye - yi-6% kuphela. Phambilini bekubizwa ngokuthi inhlanzi emhlophe. I-salmon yesiliva (igama lesibili le-coho salmon) iqhuma kamuva kunezinye izinhlanzi; isikhathi sayo ngu-Septhemba-Mashi. Ingaba khona ngaphansi kwengqimba yeqhwa.
Izinsikazi nezinsikazi ze-coho salmon ziba yi-raspberry emnyama ngesikhathi sokuzalela. I-Coo salmon ithatha ukuthomba eminyakeni engu-2-3 yokuphila. Inhlanzi yi-thermophilic enkulu kunazo zonke yesalmon yasePacific. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani labo lehlile kakhulu. Ubungako obujwayelekile be-coho salmon yi-7-8 kg, ubude buyi-80 cm, abanye abantu bafinyelela ku-14 kg.
I-pink salmon
EMpumalanga Ekude, ama-salmon apinki amane nje awalingani. Okuqukethwe kwamafutha enyama yayo kungama-7.5%. Le yinhlanzi encane kunazo zonke phakathi kwe-salmon eseMpumalanga Ekude, kuyaqabukela isisindo sayo idlula uphawu lwe-2 kg. Ubude obujwayelekile besalmon epinki kungamasentimitha angama-70. Izikali ezincane zesiliva zimboza umzimba wenhlanzi.
Umbala we-pink salmon uncike endaweni yokuhlala. Olwandle, inhlanzi inombala wesiliva, umsila wayo uhlotshiswe ngamachashazi amnyama amnyama. Emifuleni esiseduze ne-pink salmon, kuvela amabala amnyama, avele ekhanda nasezinhlangothini. Iduna lakha i-hump ngesikhathi sokuzalela, imihlathi iba yinde futhi igobile.
Chinook salmon
Ukubonakala kwale nhlanzi kukhumbuza kakhulu usalimoni omkhulu, kubukeka njengethoshi. I-Chinook salmon yinhlanzi ebaluleke kunazo zonke, ebaluleke kunazo zonke evela ku-salmon eyiFar East. Ubude obujwayelekile bungamasentimitha angama-90, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle bufika ku-180 cm, kanti isisindo sifinyelela ku-60 kg.
I-Dorsal, i-caudal fin, emuva kwe-Chinook salmon ehlotshiswe ngamabala amancane amnyama. Ukuthomba kule nhlanzi kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka emi-4 nengama-7. Umbala okhanyayo ngesikhathi sokuzala uthola i-brown, burgundy noma i-pink hue. Amazinyo ayakhula, imihlathi yeziduna iyagoba, umzimba uvele ungamatheki, kepha umswakama awukhuli.
I-Chum salmon iqukethe amanoni amaningi kune-salmon epinki. Le nhlanzi enkulu, imvamisa ubude bayo budlula imitha eyodwa. Okubaluleke kakhulu i-orange keta caviar enkulu ekhanyayo. Umzimba wezinhlanzi eziphila emanzini olwandle umbozwe ngesikali sesiliva, awunabala namabala. Emanzini asemfuleni, ayahluka.
Umzimba ushintsha umbala ube nsundu ophuzi. Imivimbo ebomvu ebomvu ibonakala kuso. Ngesikhathi sokuhluma, umzimba we-chum salmon uba mnyama ngokuphelele. Amazinyo aba makhulu, ikakhulukazi abesilisa, inyama ilahlekelwa ngamanqatha ayo, ibukeka i-lethargic, imhlophe. UChum ufinyelela eminyakeni engu-3-5 yokuphila.
I-Sockeye salmon
Umuntu obanjwe emanzini olwandle unombala obomvu ocebile nokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, inyama ye-sockeye iba mhlophe. Inobukhulu obuphakathi, ubude bomzimba kuyaqabukela budlula i-80 cm, isisindo sisukela ku-2 kuye ku-4 kg. Ukuze ihlume, inhlanzi iya emifuleni yeKamchatka, iziqhingi zaseKuril, iye e-Anadyr.
Uyawathanda amanzi apholile. Uma izinga lokushisa olwandle lingaphezulu kwamadigri amabili u-Celsius, isalmon ye-sockeye ngokuqinisekile izothola indawo epholile. Umbala wokudotshwa kwale nhlanzi uyahlaba umxhwele ngopende wayo omibalabala. Ngemuva, izinhlangothi zithola i-hue ebomvu ekhanyayo. Ikhanda liphenduka liluhlaza, izinhlayiya ziyaqaqamba, kube sengathi zigcwele igazi.
Greyling
Ukushesha nokumpunga okumpunga kuyamangalisa ngobuhle bayo ngisho naphakathi kwezinhlanzi ze-salmon. Umzimba wakhe ophelele, olinganayo, oqinile uyimpondo ende, embozwe ngezikali obukhulu bombala wesiliva. Imithunzi yesikali yehlukile - aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma luhlaza okotshani. Isidumbu sempunga simbozwe ngokusakazeka okukhulu kwamachashazi amnyama.
Unekhanda elincane, amehlo amakhulu e-convex, umlomo ophakathi nendawo oqondiswe phansi, okuvumela ukuhlanza phansi izibungu ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Amazinyo ezinhlobo zaseYurophu ezingwempunga ezisebusaneni bawo. Ngasemuva kunombala ogqamile - obomvu onsomi, omiswe ngomngcele onemibala, onamabala abomvu kuzimele. Ubukeka njengesibhengezo. Kukhona ne-fat fat encane - uphawu lwezinhlanzi ze-salmon.
UChar
Izici ezingokomzimba nezangaphandle zezinhlobo ezingama-30 zeshadi zihlukahlukene, kepha kunokunye okufana phakathi kwazo. Umzimba wokujaha wonke izinkalo ukhumbuza kakhulu ufudu. Le nhlanzi inenhloko enkulu, enamehlo amakhulu. Umlomo we-loach ubukeka umkhulu futhi unenkani, umhlathi ophansi mude.
Umzimba kulo lonke ubude uhlotshiswe ngenani elincane lobumnyama, isibalo esikhulu sezindawo zokukhanya (pink, ezimhlophe). Umbala we-char uncike ekwakhekeni kwamanzi. Ezilwandle kukhona abantu abanesisu esikhanyayo, i-olive green eluhlaza emuva, izinhlangothi zesiliva. Ichibi, umfula char ulikhanya kakhudlwana - umbala walo uthola izithunzi ezikhanyayo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, olu-ultramarine, ngosizo okulula ukufihla kulo emanzini asobala.
Incazelo ejwayelekile nezimpawu ze-pink salmon
I-pink salmon yi-anadrom yomndeni we-salmon. Ukuphila ikakhulukazi emanzini abandayo (uzizwa ekhululekile kakhulu ku-+10 ° C, ukufa kwenzeka ngokushisa kwe-+25 ° C). Ungolunye lwezinhlobonhlobo ezijwayelekile kakhulu zesalimoni. Ihlala ogwini lwase-Asia naseMelika oLwandlekazi iPacific. Ezweni lakithi, lokhu ikakhulukazi kungasogwini lolwandle i-Arctic, kuvame ukukhawulelwa iBering Strait ngakolunye uhlangothi noPeter the Great Bay ngakolunye uhlangothi, kodwa futhi kungaya ngaseningizimu. Kukhona ithuba lokuhlangana ngasogwini lweNhlonhlo yeKamchatka, esifundeni saseSakhalin Island nasempumalanga kuze kufike eziqhingini zaseJapan. I-Spawning ifika emifuleni isuka e-Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug iye esifundeni saseMurmansk idlulele nakwimifula yeNorway neSweden. Imvamisa itholakala e-Amguem, nasemifuleni efana neKolyma, Indigirka, Yana neLena, kwesinye isikhathi ingena e-Amur.
Ama-salmon apinki abesilisa nabesifazane: ukufana nokuhluka
Ukwazi ukuthi owesilisa we-pink salmon uhluke kanjani kowesifazane akulimazi, ngoba insikazi inika i-caviar. Ngezansi isithombe sowesilisa nowesifazane futhi kuboniswe ukuthi bahluke kanjani. Kafushane nje isalmoni epinki:
- owesilisa omncane (hhayi njalo)
- inyama inamafutha amancane (ungathola ukuthi uzama nini),
- akubonakali njengowesilisa,
- ikhanda elilingana nesalimoni wepinki lincane kunelowesilisa,
- ukubukwa "kunobungani" ngokwengeziwe (kuchazwe ukuthi bangakwenza kanjani).
Futhi manje incazelo isalmoni epinki nomehluko wayo kowesifazane:
- owesilisa mkhulu kunowesifazane, kepha kukhona okuhlukile - akumele uhambe kuphela ngalesi sisekelo,
- inyama yowesilisa inamafutha amaningi,
- bagqame ngokubonakala kwabo okuqhamukayo (ezilwaneni eziningi, abesilisa baqhakazile kunabesifazane),
- "ubuso bokuphamba" - bheka isithombe uqonde
- imihlathi ephakeme, amazinyo abonakala kakhulu kunawowesifazane,
- hump.
I-pink salmon ivame ukubizwa isalmoni epinki. Inhlanzi iyabonakala phakathi kwezihlobo zayo - inezikali ezincane kakhulu. Isici salolu hlobo lushintsho olunamandla kumbala wesikali lapho inhlanzi ifinyelela ekukhulelweni. Ngakho-ke, uma ngemuva kokuzalwa inombala omhlophe-wesiliva onamabala amancane emsileni, khona-ke lapho indlela esuka olwandle iye emfuleni umzimba iba-nsundu, isembozo sifakwe amabala, umbala wamakhanda nekhanda ufinyelela cishe kumnyama.
Ukubukeka kubuye kushintshe kakhulu - emadodeni, ngemuva kokuqala kokuthomba, kuvela i-hump (yingakho igama elithi i-pink salmon). Bobabili abesilisa nabesilisa banemihlathi emide, amazinyo amakhulu nesicoco ngaphezulu komlomo ophansi. Ngemuva kokuhluma, inhlanzi iba mhlophe ngombala onsundu ngesisu esimhlophe (kwesinye isikhathi iblue). Njengawo wonke ama-salmonids, kukhona okunye okuhle phakathi komhlane nomsila we-pink salmon. Enye into ehlukile yale nhlanzi ngumlomo omkhulu omhlophe nokuntuleka kwamazinyo olimini.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-salmon ezipinki
Ama-salmon apinki awanakho ukwahlukana kwemvelo kube ngama-subspecies, kepha kunomehluko we-morphological and biochemical emkhatsini wemihlambi ehlukaniswe ngokwendawo, okuphakamisa ukuba khona kwamaqembu azivelisayo ngaphakathi kwale hlobo. Kukhona futhi umehluko we-genomic kubantu abazalwe ngisho nangeminyaka eyinqaba. Lokhu kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yomjikelezo wempilo yeminyaka emibili.
Ubude, isisindo nezinye izici ze-pink salmon
I-pink salmon - inhlanzi incane impela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ufinyelela kungabi ngamasentimitha ayisithupha, futhi engenasisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu amabili nesigamu. Abesilisa bavame ukuba bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi eminyakeni lapho ukwanda kwenani labantu kwenzeka, izinhlanzi zivame ukuba zincane kunale minyaka lapho inani lezinhlanzi liyancipha. Uhlala emanzini olwandle isikhathi esingangonyaka nesigamu, yize kwesinye isikhathi ungahlangana nezingane ezineminyaka emibili. Inhlanzi ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi unyaka nesigamu ngemuva kokuzalwa isilungele ukuphonsa amaqanda.
I-pink salmon spawning
Ama-salmon apinki aqhuma kanye, ekugcineni kokusakazeka, uyafa, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi indlela esuka endaweni yokuhlala kuya emanzini aluhlaza inzima kakhulu, futhi imvelo ayinikezi amandla asendleleni ebuyayo. Lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi lunamandla akhule kahle okubuyela emuva emfuleni waso ongowomdabu ukuze luphaphalaze, yize linga "zulazula" lingene ezindaweni ezivulekile "zomfokazi". Ihluma ngo-Agasti, futhi ifika emifuleni entsha ngoJulayi. I-Caviar ibekwe enhlabathini ngenani elanele lamatshe amatshe kanye nesihlabathi. Ifaka amaqanda "ezidlekeni" ezithile: ngosizo lomsila, yenza umgodi omncane phansi bese iphonsa amaqanda lapho. Izidleke ezinjalo zivame ukwenziwa ngowesifazane, kuthi abesilisa ngalesi sikhathi bavame ukuhlela "izimpi" zelungelo lokufaka umquba, kuthi ngemuva kokuqokwa, owesilisa ozuzayo aqokelele amaqanda ngobisi, kuthi lapho eseqeda inqubo, amaqanda avundisiwe angcwatshwe.
Ukukhishwa kwa “izibungu” kwenzeka ngoNovemba, cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha bahlala “esidlekeni” sabo, ngoMeyi bangawushiya babhukuda bawele olwandle. I-pink salmon ngosayizi wayo omncane iyanda kakhulu - ifaka amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezimbili nesigamu. I-caviar epinki epinki usayizi ophakathi, ubukhulu bufika kusentimitha. Ngemuva kokusatshalaliswa, kufa kwenzeka: abantu ababuthaka kakhulu bafa khona lapho endaweni “yesidleke”, bathwalwa abanye emfudlaneni, futhi bafa besondele emlonyeni. Inhlanzi efile iqoqeka phansi namabhange amadamu okugcina amanzi (le nto ibizwa ngabakhileyo e-Far East ngokuthi i-snenka), eheha inani elikhulu lamaqhude, amagwababa nezikibha ezahlukahlukene.