Amahhashi abhekwa njengezilwane ezinomzimba, okuthi ngenxa yalesi sici kwesinye isikhathi zinamahloni, zingalawuleki futhi zingalindeleki.
Vele, lo mbono akuyona ngaphandle kwesizathu, kodwa bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi amahhashi anokuqonda okungaphezu kokuvamile, ingqondo eyisimanga nokwenama okusheshayo.
UClever Hans, odume emhlabeni wonke ngekhono lakhe "lokukhuluma"
Lokhu kufakazelwe eminyakeni eyikhulu eyedlule ngumnikazi wamahhashi waseJalimane futhi owayengugwebu wesikhashana u-Karl Krall.
Udumo lwakhe njengothisha omkhulu wamahhashi lwaqala ngokuthi athenge i-Orlov trotter egama linguHans. Leli hhashi belivele laziwa, ngoba nomnikazi walo wangaphambilini wakwazi ukuhambahamba cishe lonke elaseGerman, athola idumela ngokuthi "usosayensi wamahhashi" nesidlaliso "Smart Hans". Ihhashi lakhombisa amakhono asobala asobala.
Kunoma yikuphi, wayekwazi ukubala emqondweni wakhe, ngoba lapho ebuzwa izinkinga zezibalo ngendlela eyingqayizivele, wayekwazi ukudonsa impendulo efanele ebhodini.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuba le ndaba ihlulwe ngokuphelele futhi uWilhelm von Osten, owayenehhashi ngaleso sikhathi, akakwazanga ukumelana nokuhlaselwa, walidlulisela kuK. Krall. Ngaphezu kwaleli hhashi, uKarl wabuye wazitholela amahhashi amabili ase-Arabia - uMuhammad noTsarif kanye nepony elibizwa ngoHansik. Wayengagcini emahhashini: ngaphandle kwabo, wayenethole lendlovu njengo-Ihhashi elingaboni ngokuphelele, ogama lakhe lalinguBerto. Lokhu kwakudingeka ukuze uKarl Krall akwazi ukuthola okwanele okwakubalwa kwezindlela zokufakazela ukuthi izindlela zakhe zokufundisa zazingasebenzi kuphela ehhashini elilodwa elinekhono.
UHans nothisha wakhe, uKrall.
Lowo owathola umklomelo weNobel, umbhali uM. Meterlink, wabhala kakhulu ngokuhlolwa kukaKraal, emnikeza isahluko sonke encwadini yakhe ethi “Guest Guest”. Lapho uKarl Kraal eke wacela uMeterlink ukuthi amvakashele, ukuze azibonele ngawakhe amandla amakhono wezilwane ezifuywayo.
Kanye nomnikazi wangaphambilini weClever Hans, uKarl wasekela ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe ngokuthepha izinselo ebhodini lezimpendulo ezinkingeni zezibalo. Kodwa-ke, uKarl wayenganqunyelwe ezinkingeni ze-arithmetic. Uma ezifundweni zezibalo inani lemivimbo yezinselo elihambelana nenombolo eyodwa noma enye, khona-ke ezifundweni zokubhala nokufunda, incwadi eyodwa noma enye futhi iyahambelana nenani elithile lemivimbo. Kuyiqiniso, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi uKarl akazange asebenzise izinhlamvu ezivamile “zomuntu” ekuqeqesheni: ngenxa yale njongo waqamba izinhlamvu ezikhethekile zamahhashi.
Le ndlela kungenzeka ibonakale iyinkimbinkimbi, kepha uKarl wayekwazi akwenzayo futhi amahhashi ayekuqonda ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu. Futhi ukuze izilaleli ziqonde ukuthi ihhashi "liziqongqotha" ngani, zethulwe ngohlelo lokuchaza lolu alfabhethi.
Ukuziqeqesha mayelana nendlela kaKarl Krall kwaziwa kabanzi.
Kodwa-ke, sizobuyela kuM. Meterlinka. Okokuqala, bamethula nehhashi elibizwa ngokuthi uMuhammad. UKarl wasikisela ukuthi ihhashi "libhale" igama likaMeterlink, njengoba beliliphimisile kaninginingi. Leli hhashi lathinteka kancane wabe esenza izinkomba ezimbalwa ngakwesokunxele sakhe wayeshiya izinxele, okwathi ngezinhlamvu ezasungulwa nguKrall kwavumelana nencwadi ethi "M". Ngemuva kwalokhu, ihhashi lashintshana ngokushaya izinhlamvu u-ADRLINSH, ngaleyo ndlela kukhombisa ukuthi igama lomlobi libukeka kanjani emifanekisweni yamahhashi.
Amandla wezibalo aboniswa ngephimbo likaGansik lamafutha angenhla. Lapho uMeterlink ephakamisa ukuthi uHansik ahlukanise amakhulu amane namashumi amane nanye abe yisikhombisa, uHansik akazange anqikaze isikhashana ukukhipha ama-hits amathathu ngenselo yakhe eyakwesokudla kanye nama-hits ayisithupha ngakwesokunxele sakhe, okuhambelana nenombolo engamashumi ayisithupha nantathu. Lapho amakhubalo egqugquzelwa, uHansik “waguqula” lo mfanekiso, waguqula engu-63 waba ngu-36, emva kwalokho waphinda wenza ubuqili. Ehlangene nezinombolo, nakanjani wazizwa anelisekile. Futhi ukuze kungabikho mbono wobumbano, uMeterlink ngokwakhe wambuza izinombolo.
Ngemuva kwesikhashana, uKarl watholwa enecala lokuxoshwa.
Kwaphawuleka ikakhulukazi ukuthi uKarl Krall akazange awathinte amahhashi ngesikhathi sokubukisa, akazange abanikeze zimpawu futhi akazange akhulume amagama. Ngamanye amazwi, akukho lutho olwalukhombisa ukusikisela. Kuyiqiniso, uKarl wabona kusengaphambili ukugxeka kwabaphikisi, ngakho-ke futhi waqeqesha uBerto, ihhashi elingaboni ngokuphelele. UKarl wamfundisa izibalo esebenzisa ukukhanya okukhanyayo eceleni kwakhe.
Izindlela zikaKrall zokufundisa zazinokuziphatha okuhle kakhulu. Lokhu akunakubizwa ngokuthi ukuqeqeshwa. Ubekhuluma ngamahhashi ngesineke kakhulu, enaka ngokukhethekile ihhashi elingaboni.
Impumelelo enkulu yalokhu ukuthi amahhashi ayekwazi ukukhuluma nenkosi yawo. Isibonelo, ngaphambi kwesifundo esisodwa, uTsarif uthinta amagama alandelayo ebhodini: "Umakoti u-Albert washaya uHansik." Kwesinye isifundo, wenqabile ukuphendula, njengoba wayekade eshaye "umlenze uphuthuma." Kepha indlovu Kama kayinikelanga ekuqeqesheni. Kodwa-ke, uKarl akazange akuchaze lokhu ngokungabi namandla okuqonda endlovu, kodwa ngobudala bakhe.
Impela, imiphumela yemisebenzi kaKrall, isheshe yatholakala izimisele ukudalula lo “mthakathi” owayenesibindi sokufakazela ukuthi amahhashi athuthukise ubuhlakani. Okwakushiseka kakhulu yisazi sezengqondo u-O. Pfungst, owayesevele ekwazi ukukhafulela u-von Osten. Ngokusho kwezimangalo ezedlule, umnikazi weSmart Hans wamnikeza izimpawu ezingazi ukuthi iyiphi impendulo eyiyo.
Ngendlela yeKrall, bayaqhubeka nokufundisa namuhla.
Kepha uKarl Krall wayeyinadi elinzima futhi wavuma noma iyiphi impikiswano. UPfungst wayevunyelwe ukuzijwayeza namahhashi futhi wayevunyelwe ukubuza imibuzo yamahhashi, awahlukanise nomnikazi ngosizo lwesikrini, i-hood kanye ne-shor. Kepha umphumela wahlala ungabizwa igama: amahhashi aphendula ngendlela efanele. Banikeze izimpendulo eziyiphutha uma bekungekho umniniyo kaningi ukwedlula phambi kwakhe.
Ngakho-ke, ubufakazi bokuthi ubuhlakani kumahhashi abunakuphikiswa, okungagcinanga ngokubhubhisa udumo lukaKarl Krall, kodwa babuye bakwandisa. Kunoma yikuphi, izikhanyiso zesayensi zaseJalimane ezinjengo-E. Haeckel, G. Ziegler noV.F. Oswald nesazi sezinto eziphilayo saseRussia uN. Koltsov baphawula ukubaluleka okuvelele kwesayensi komsebenzi kaKrall. Futhi uG. Ziegler akazange aqeqeshe ngisho nenja yakhe kabi njengoKrall wamahhashi akhe.
Kungabonakala sengathi impumelelo isitholile. Kepha kwakukhona abantu abangakwazanga ukuthethelela amahhashi ukuba khona kobuhlakani, kanye nomnikazi - isibindi somcabango.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ososayensi abaholayo baqinisekise ukubonakala kokuhlolwa kukaKarl Krall, iqembu labaqondisi abaziwa kakhulu bama-circus, abagibeli bamahhashi, abaqeqeshi, odokotela bezilwane, nabanye ngokuvamile abahlobene nesayensi, beholwa uPfungst oshiwo ngenhla, ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuphikisa imiphumela yomsebenzi kaKrall, yaba " IMonaco Prosta. " Le "dokhumenti" ithi umsebenzi kaKrall awulimazi i-zoopsychology, echaza zonke izenzo zezilwane kuphela ngokukhalipha nemvelo. Kuyiqiniso, isonto lahlanganyela kulolu daba, nolwacasulwa “ukuhlambalaza” kukaKrall, owagxila ezinyangeni ezifanayo nezithi “umfanekiso nokufana kaNkulunkulu” nezinkomo ezingenampilo, ezazingenalungelo emphefumulweni ngenxa yokuthi obaba besonto banqume kanjalo.
Lapho lo mbhikisho uthunyelwa eziphathimandleni, isithunzi sikaKarl sehla. Wamukelwa njenge-charlatan ngesisekelo sokusayinwa kwe-1000 yabantu abangaziwa futhi naphezu kokuncenga kososayensi abavelele.
Futhi ngokushesha iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yaqala. Amahhashi abelwa izidingo zabakhweli bamahhashi. Futhi yize ngemuva kwempi uKarl Kral wafuna ngentshiseko amahhashi akhe, akazange aphumelele. Bonke bafe ekuhlatshweni okungenanjongo okulandelayo okuqale ngokuthi "ukuba nomphefumlo" "ngomfanekiso nokufana uNkulunkulu."
Mhlawumbe akufanele ubheke abafowethu engqondweni kweminye imithala, kodwa kungcono ukubheka nxazonke?
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Igama elithi “cha” nelithi “cha” akuzona izinhlayiya ezingasho lutho
Ukudweba nguNatalia Bush
Imbongi yezingane u-Olga Vysotskaya unenkondlo ethi "Funny Grammar":
Akunjalo futhi noma - sinezinhlayiya.
Sidinga ukuphinda futhi.
Futhi ungabi livila
FUTHI noma ihora hhayi lahlekelwa!
Eqinisweni, iqiniso, kunezinhlayiya eziningi kakhulu. Bakhonza ukuveza izithunzi zezincazelo zamagama, amabinzana nemisho, futhi kungaba khona izithunzi eziningi zokukhuluma.
- NGINGU hhayi sekwephuzile.
— Ngabe wena hhayi sekwephuze?
- NGINGU ngisho hhayi sekwephuzile.
— Ngabe kunjalo hhayi sekwephuzile?
- Hhayi sekwephuzile!
— Akunjalo awuphuthi!
- NGINGU hhayi sekwephuzile nginga, uma bebengeke Imvula iyeza.
Yizinhlayiya kuphela eziguqukayo ("hhayi", "ngaphandle kokuthi", "yebo", "empeleni", "nhlobo" nokunye), kepha kutholakala inkhulumomphendvulwano yangempela! Izinhlayiya zibizwa nge- “semantic” ngoba ziveza ama-semantic nuances, imizwa nezimo zengqondo zesipika. Kepha sizokhuluma okufanayo kakhulu ekuqaleni kwezinhlayiya zokuqala "noma" nokuthi "noma".
Kungani ulimi lwaseRussia lwaludinga izinhlayiya ezimbili ezingezinhle ngasikhathi sinye? Bafana nje namawele. Kodwa amawele ngokusobala afanayo angaba nomlingisi ohluke ngokuphelele.
Ngenhlayiyana “hhayi”, yonke into ilula - uphika igama elimi ngemuva kwakhe:
hhayi iqhude, kepha inkukhu,
hhayi emhlophe kodwa imnyama
hhayi ukukhothama, kodwa ukugoqa,
hhayi ophahleni, kodwa kupha inkukhu.
Kepha wenzani unhlayiyana “ni”? Ubuye nomsebenzi omningi:
Ake sibheke ukucaphuna okuthile kwendatshana kaVissarion Grigorievich Belinsky: “Yini noma kukhulunywa, kepha lolimi luyafundisa hhayi noma yini enye efana kwesokudla ukusetshenziswa kolimi, i.e. ngokufanele khuluma, funda futhi ubhale ngolunye noma olunye ulimi. Isihloko nenhloso yakhe - kwesokudla, futhi noma yini enye anendaba nayo. "
"Hhayi" kuzona zombili lezi zigameko, njengoba bekulindelekile, kugcizelela ukuphika: kokuhlanganiswa "akunandaba ukuthi bathini", nakwenye inhlanganisela "ngeze". Ngendlela, esimweni sesibili, u- "no" akayona inhlayiya, kepha ingxenye yesabizwana esingesihle esithi "lutho", esesimweni sokwengeza sinesingeniso. Nakhu ukwenqatshana okungaziwa: "lutho", "lutho", "lutho", "lutho", "lutho", "lutho". Kepha inkulumo ethi "akukho okunye ukwedlula indlela" ingaba ngokungabaza. Kungani kungekho "hhayi" futhi hhayi "noma"?
Ukwakhiwa "akekho omunye (okunye) ngaphandle" no "akukho okunye (okunye) ngaphandle", lapho isabizwana sokwesiboniso sokuthi "ubani" nokuthi "yini" singama ezimeni eziqondile ngaphandle kwezandiso nangokwaziswa ("akekho omunye umuntu, njengo "," lutho kodwa "," akekho omunye umuntu "," akukho okunye ", njll.), kulula ukudidanisa nokwakha okubandakanya isabizwana esithi" akekho "nokuthi" lutho "(Nazo futhi, zingama ezimeni ezihlukile, zombili ngaphandle kwezethulo nangezethulo). Ungakugwema kanjani lokhu? Masizame ukuqhathanisa ngababili bemisho:
"Bekuyi akekho omunyenjengomngani wami wakudala. " - “Akekho omunye ngaphandle mngani wami, bengingakwazi lokho, "
"It lutho kodwa iphutha elilula. " - “Lutho kodwa injabulo, bekungeke kumenze iphutha, "
"Uhlangane ngaphandle komunye nendlovukazi. " - "Ngaphandle komunye Ndlovukazi, ayivumi ukuhlangana, "
"Wavuma lutho kodwa "ehhovisi likamongameli." - “Lutho kodwa njengoMengameli, ngeke avume. ”
Izincazelo zale misho ziyefana kakhulu, kepha futhi kunomehluko omkhulu: umusho wokuqala kulayini ngamunye uthi okuthile, ukhomba umuntu othize, umusho wesibili awunawo umbono, ubeka bonke ngaphandle komuntu oyedwa, ngalokho uqinisa isitatimende.
Kulezi zibonelo, umthetho olula ungakhishwa: uma umusho ngenhlangano "njengoba", Bese sibhala inhlayiyana"hhayi"Uma kusetshenziswa inyunyana (noma kuveziwe)"Ngaphandle kwalokho"- udinga isabizwana"akekho"noma"lutho". “Uphawu” olulodwa futhi: uma ibinzana elithi “akekho omunye"Lingashintshwa igama"impela", Bese udinga ukubhala izinhlayiya"hhayi". Ake sibheke izibonelo zethu futhi:
"Bekuyi (akekho omunye) impela umngani wami wakudala "," Lokhu impela iphutha "," Wahlangana impela nendlovukazi, "" Wavuma impela Ehhovisi likaMongameli ”- konke kunengqondo futhi kuyaqondakala lapha. Izincazelo azishintshile.
Futhi uma sizama ukwenza okunye esikhundleni sezakhiwo ezinezinhlayiya "noma»?
«Ngqo umngani wami ubengakwazi lokhu, ""Nangempela lokhu bekungeke kumenze iphutha, ""Ngqo akavumi ukuhlangana nendlovukazi ","Ngqo angeke avume ukuba ngumongameli ”... Njengoba ubona, kulezi ziphakamiso incazelo ibuyiselwa emuva. Noma ungangeza nje "ncamashi", njengoba uBelinsky enza emabinzaneni akhe: ". lolimi impela iyafundisa akukho okunyenjengokusetshenziswa okuyikho kolimi. "
Isilinganiso Samanje: