Umhlaba wethu omkhulu unezidalwa eziningi ezihlukile. Ngeshwa, kuze kube namuhla, akuzona zonke izilwane ezisele kulo. Izidalwa eziningi ezimangalisayo, manje ezibonakala ngathi azinakucatshangwa, zaziphila emhlabeni emakhulwini eminyaka edlule. Enye yalezi zidalwa kwakuyinyoni ye-moa, ukuphela kweNew Zealand. Le nyoni eqothulayo yayinkulu ngobukhulu. Ngezansi uzothola incazelo nesithombe senyoni ye-moa, futhi ufunde izinto eziningi ezithokozisayo ngayo.

I-Moa noma i-dinornis uhlobo lokuqothuka kwama-ratites. Lezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo zahlala iziqhingi zaseNew Zealand. Inyoni ye-moa yayinkulu futhi ingenamaphiko. IDinornis yayinama-paws anamandla nentambo ende. Izimpaphe zazo zazinjengezinwele futhi zinombala onsundu ikakhulukazi; zazimboze umzimba wonke ngaphandle kwamakhanda nekhanda.

Ama-moas amakhulu ayemakhulu, afinyelela kumamitha angama-3,5 futhi enesisindo esingama-250 kg, izinsikazi zazinkulu kunezabesilisa. Inyoni ye-moa iyisidleke, idle izithelo ezahlukahlukene, izimpande, amahlumela namaqabunga. Kanye nokudla, ama-dinornis agwinya amatshe amatshe, ayewasiza ekugayeni ukudla okulukhuni kwezitshalo. Sekukonke, isayensi iyazi cishe izinhlobo eziyi-10 ze-moa futhi hhayi zonke zazo zazinkulu kangako, ezinye izinhlobo zazingesayizi kakhokho omkhulu.

IMoa yakhula kancane, ngakho-ke, ifinyelela osayizi abadala kuphela ngeminyaka eyi-10. Njengoba lezi zinyoni zazihlala ngaphandle kwezitha zomhlaba, umjikelezo wazo wokuzala wawude impela, kanti nowesifazane waletha iqanda elilodwa kuphela. Mhlawumbe ukuzala kabusha okuncane kwenzalo kuye kwaba ngesinye sezizathu zokuqothulwa kwe-moa. Owesifazane walifakela iqanda izinyanga ezintathu futhi sonke lesi sikhathi owesilisa wamnika ukudla. Iqanda le-moa lalilikhulu kakhulu, limhlophe nge-tint eluhlaza okotshani, futhi isisindo salo sasingaba kg kg.

Iziqhingi zaseNew Zealand ziyindawo emangalisayo kule planethi enezidalwa ezihlukile. Ngaphambi kokufika komuntu eNew Zealand, kwakungekho nezilwane zomhlaba ezincelisayo. Iziqhingi zaziyipharadesi lenyoni yangempela. Mhlawumbe, okhokho bama-moas amakhulu bangandiza, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo bavela, sebelahlekelwe yileli khono. Ama-moas amakhulu ahlala iziqhingi zaseningizimu nezasenyakatho. Bahlala emakoloni ezansi kwethafa, amahlathi aminyene namahlathi.

Ngekhulu le-13, abomdabu baseMaori bavela eNew Zealand, owaqala ukuzingela okukhulu kwe-moa inyama. Ama-dinornis ayengakulungele ukuhlangana nabantu, ngoba ngaphambi kwalokho eNew Zealand babengenazitha zemvelo. Izizwe zabokufika basePolynesia abangamaMaori baba imbangela yokuqothulwa kwama-moas amakhulu, baqothula lezi ziqhwaga kakade ngeminyaka yo-1500s. Kodwa-ke, kunemibiko engaqinisekisiwe evela kubantu bendawo abasasangana ne-moa ngasekupheleni kwe-18 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19.

Inyoni yaseMoa ingukuphela kweNew Zealand, okungukuthi, lolu hlobo lwezinyoni luhlala kuphela kule ndawo emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, njengenyoni yensangu, ehlala futhi eNew Zealand kuphela. Ngo-1986, kwenziwa uhambo lokuya emihumeni yeMount Owen eNew Zealand. Abaphenyi bavakashela emakhoneni akude kakhulu futhi bathola kule mihume engxenyeni yezinyoni ezinkulu ezihlanyisiwe. Izinsalela zigcinwe kahle ngokumangazayo, kube sengathi isilwane esakuso asifanga kudala. Kamuva kwavela ukuthi iwashi lalingelikhulu le-moa enkulu.

Ucwaningo lwe-moa lwenziwa ngenkuthalo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, futhi inani elikhulu lezinsalela ezitholakele, izimpaphe namagobolondo alezi zinyoni kwenza ukuba zikwazi ukuphinda zivele ukubukeka kwazo nemithambo yazo. Ngale ndlela, ekucwaningeni kwatholakala ukuthi abameli bokuqala be-moa bavela eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili edlule. Ucwaningo ngalezi zinyoni luyaqhubeka nanamuhla. Ososayensi abalahli ithemba lokuthi bazothola isinambuzane esiphilayo eziqwini, futhi izindaba zabafakazi bokuzibonela bendawo bangela lokhu. Noma ngabe kunobufakazi bokuthi ama-moas asaphila, akunakwenzeka ukuthi azoba yilezi zikhulu ezingama-3.5 ukuphakama. Ngokunokwenzeka kuzoba yi-moa encane, kepha noma kunjalo kuyamangalisa.

Uma uthandile le ndatshana, bhalisela ukuvuselelwa kwesayithi ukuthola kuphela izindatshana zakamuva nezijabulisa kakhulu ngezilwane.

ISIQALO SE-MOA

Ngemuva kokwehlukaniswa kweziqhingi zaseNew Zealand nezwe lasendulo laseGondwana, amadlozi ama-dinornis, ogama lawo ase-Australia igama elithi moa, ahlala yedwa kuwo.

Bazivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zokuphila, zavela futhi ngokushesha bazinza ezimotweni ezahlukahlukene. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi okungenani izinhlobo eziyi-12 zalezi zinyoni zazihlala eziqhingini. Omkhulu kunabo bonke babokhokho be-moa ubungako benkonjane futhi bufika kubude obuyi-1 m, kanti obukhulu kakhulu bekungamamitha ukusuka ku-2 kuye ku-3.5 m. Izinyoni zidla ngokudla kwezitshalo, ngoba ngale ndlela kuphela ezazikwazi ukusinda endaweni encane.

Inani eliphelele lazo zonke izinhlobo zalezi zinyoni eziqhingini zaseNew Zealand cishe lifinyelela cishe ezinkulungwaneni eziyikhulu. AmaMoas bebelokhu bembalwa ngenani. Aborigine bathi izinyoni zazinemibala egqamile, kanti ezinye zazinekhanda emakhanda.

Ukusikisela

Njengoba ekuqaleni i-moa yayingenazitha zemvelo, umjikelezo wokuzala kwayo wawude kakhulu. Lokhu kamuva kwaholela ekuqothulweni kwalezi zinyoni ezinkulu.

Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, i-moa yesifazane ibeka iqanda elilodwa nje, kwezinye izikhathi ingazalela amaqanda amabili - lokhu kuqinisekiswa ukutholwa. Abaphenyi bathola amaqoqo amakhulu amaqanda emathuneni abazingeli baseMaori. Kwamanye amaqanda, imibungu iyagcinwa.

Amaqanda ama-Moa ngokuvamile anegobolondo elinombala ukhilimu, kepha kwesinye isikhathi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, luhlaza okotshani noma onsundu. Iqanda elikhulu elifakelwe insikazi izinyanga ezintathu, owesilisa ngaso sonke lesi sikhathi wamlethela ukudla. Iphuphu ebeliqandwe eqandeni laliphethwe ngabazali balo.

Izitha

Ngaphambi kokufika kwamaPolynesia okuqala eziqhingini zaseNew Zealand, i-moa yayingenazitha nhlobo. AbasePolynesia babheka le nyoni njengesitha esiyingozi, ngoba yayinokugqekezwa okuqinile okungadala ukulimala okungathi sína. Aborigine babezingela ama-moas wenyama, ama-egghells asetshenziswa njengezitsha, futhi benza izikhali nokuhlobisa kusuka emathanjeni ale nyoni. AmaPolynesia aletha amakati nezinja eziqhingini, okwaba yisishayo kuzo zonke izinyoni ezidla phansi emhlabathini. UDinornis wasongelwa ngokuqothulwa lapho amaMaori eqala ukugawula amahlathi ngaphansi komhlaba olimekayo. Futhi yize eminye imithombo iveza ukuthi i-moa yayihlala lapha ngekhulu le-19, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zimidondoshiya zasendulo zaqothuka eminyakeni engama-400-500 edlule.

I-DINORNIS KANYE NAMANYE AMAZWI AQINILE

Njengamanye ama-ratites, i-dinornis yayingenayo i-keel, ingaphandle le-sternum, ekhonza ukunamathisela izicubu zepistori ezikhule ngokuqinile ezinyangeni ezindizayo. Akukaziwa ukuthi ngabe wonke ama-ratites anokhokho abajwayelekile.

Izinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu zesimanje ziyinciniba ne-emu. Njengoba lezi zinyoni zinamaphiko okucwaninga, kungabhekwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukhokho wazo wakwazi ukundiza. Esikhathini samathambo e-dinornis, asekhona kuze kube namuhla, i-keel ayikho ngokuphelele, okukhombisa ukuthi akakaze andize noma angakwenza lokhu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuvela kwama-ratite anamuhla.

Indoda eseduze kwe-dinornis enkulu ibonakala iyidumba, ngoba ifinyelela kancane ehlombe lakhe.

- Izindawo lapho kutholakala khona izinsalela ze-moa

LAPHO LAPHO LAPHO LAPHO LAPHELA UMOYA

IDinornis, noma i-moa, ihlale emhlabeni iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100. IGiant moas yaqothuka kuphela ngekhulu le-15 - 16, kanti izinhlobo ezincane zazatholakala kuze kube ngekhulu le-19. Kwatholakala izidumbu ezinkulu zamathambo e-dinornis ezindaweni zokubhukuda - izindawo zokuhlala ezingenzeka. Inani elikhulu lamathambo aminyene aphelele wezinyoni zasendulo asinda esiqhingini saseNew Zealand eningizimu eSigodini sasePyramidal enyakatho yeCanterbury. Amanye ama-dinornis agcinwa ezindaweni zokubhukuda futhi agcinwa ndawonye ngesikhumba nezinsiba.

Incazelo

Lezi zinyoni zazingenamaphiko, ngoba akuzange kutholakale izinsalela zamathambo ezimpiko. Ngakho-ke, kuthiwa yiqembu lezinyoni ezindizayo. Kodwa-ke, maqondana nalokhu, kuphakame umbuzo wokuthi bafika kanjani futhi kuphi eNew Zealand. Kunemibono eminingi ngalokhu, kepha i-hypothesis iba khona lapho bazinza khona emazweni amasha ayizigidi ezingama-60 ezedlule, lapho i-New Zealand ixhumene nezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.

Amathambo alezi zilwane ahlelwe kabusha endaweni eqondile ukugcizelela ukukhula okukhulu ngenxa yentamo ende. Kepha ukuhlolisiswa kokuhlangana kwama-vertebral kukhombisa ukuthi cishe izinyoni zazibambe izintamo zazo hhayi zibheke phezulu, kodwa zibheke phansi. Lokhu kukhonjiswa okungenani yiqiniso lokuthi umgogodla wawunamathiselwe ngemuva kwekhanda. Izinyoni ezingenamaphiko zibambe izintambo zazo phezulu uma kunesidingo.

Esiqhingini saseNingizimu, izinyoni zazihlala emahlathini ogwini olusentshonalanga. Futhi nasezihlahleni nasehlathini empumalanga ye-Alps eseNingizimu. Izinsalela zitholakala emihumeni enyakatho nentshonalanga. Kulokhu kuyabonakala ukuthi isiqhingi saseNingizimu sasihlalwa yi-moa kakhulu. Ngokuqondene nesiqhingi saseNyakatho, izinsalela zezinyoni zasendulo zitholakala lapho kaningi. Bahlala ehlathini elomile nasezindaweni ezishisiwe.

Ukuziphatha Nempilo

Lezi zinyoni zihamba ngesivinini esingu-3-5 km / h. Babedla izitshalo zokudla. Amatshe afinyiwe esiswini, ayewavumela ukuba adle ukudla okwakha izitshalo. Lawa matshe ayevame ukubhebhetheka futhi abe ayindilinga amatshe e-quartz futhi afinyelela ku-110 mm ubude. Batholakala phakathi kwezidumbu ezisindile. Isisu esisodwa sasiqukethe aze afike ku-3-4 kg wamatshe.

Lezi zilwane zazibonakaliswa yi-fecundity ephansi nesikhathi eside sokuvuthwa. Lapho kuphela iminyaka eyi-10, amaphuphu afinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala. Bahlala emakoloni, izidleke zenziwa ngamagatsha, zakha amapulatifomu wonke. Amaqanda amaningi atholakala emihumeni. Kucatshangwa ukuthi isikhathi esidlekayo senzeka ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo kanye nehlobo. Amaqanda afinyelela ku-140-220 mm ubude, futhi afinyelela ku-180 mm ububanzi futhi enombala omhlophe.

Ubudlelwano nomuntu

Ngaphambi kokufika kwabantu eNew Zealand, ukhozi kuphela lwe-Haast oluzingela izinyoni ezingenamaphiko. Isizwe samaMaori saqala ukwanda emazweni amasha cishe ngo-1300. Babondliwa ikakhulukazi ngokuzingela, futhi ngenxa yalokho babhubhisa kakhulu izilwane. Abanye ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi i-moa yomuntu ngamunye isindile emakhoneni akude e-New Zealand, kodwa leli phuzu lokubuka alamukelwa ezweni lonke.

Kodwa-ke, amanye amaMāori ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 athi abona izinyoni ezinkulu ezingenamaphiko ogwini lweSouth Island. Imilayezo efanayo ibiphawuleka maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX. Ikakhulu, lolu lwazi lwabikwa yindoda egama linguGeorge Paulie. Ngo-1878, imininingwane yatholwa kowesifazane oneminyaka engama-80 u-Alice Mackenzie emuva ngo-1959. Uqhube wathi lapho eseneminyaka engu-17 ubudala, wabona izinyoni ezi-2 ezinkulu emahlathini asogwini. Ngokubambisana naye kwakungumfowethu osekhulile naye owabona lezi zilwane. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi abangathi sína bayangabaza kakhulu imininingwane enjalo.