I-Anhinga ijwayelekile ezindaweni ezilinganayo zomhlaba, ezishisayo nezisemhlabeni. Zihlala emizimbeni yamanzi emisha noma emisha: amanzi amachibi, imifula, amachibi, izixhaphozi, izigcawu zamanzi namachilo. Izinyoni ezifika ku-100 ziqoqana emihlambini, kepha ngesikhathi sokuzalela, zinamathela ngokusobala esizeni sazo ngasinye. Iningi lihlala phansi, futhi kuphela iziphetho zabantu ezisekupheleni kwebanga ezifudukayo. Izinhlobo zodoti waseNdiya (Anhinga melanogaster) zisengcupheni. Izizathu ezinkulu zokwehla kwenani labantu ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala zemvelo neminye imisebenzi yezomnotho yabantu.
Umsoco
I-Anhinga idla ikakhulu inhlanzi. Uqhwaku lwayo olude, olubukhali lusetshenziselwa ukubhoboza izinhlanzi ezinjengehabhu. Inhlanganisela ekhethekile phakathi kwe-vertebrae yesishiyagalombili neyesishiyagalolunye ibavumela ukuba bakhiphe ngokushesha intamo yabo, esiza lapho ukuzingela izinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoka zidla ama-amphibians (amasele, ama-newts), ezihuquzelayo (izinyoka, izimfudu) nama-invertebrates (izinambuzane, ama-shrimp kanye nama-mollusks). Ngosizo lwama-paws abo bayakwazi ukuhamba buthule ngaphansi kwamanzi babuke isisulu esivela lapho silala khona. Ngemuva kokuba isisulu sibanjiwe, phuma ngokushesha, uphonsa inyamazane ugwinye empukane.
Ukuzala
I-Darter monogamous, okungukuthi, ihlala ngababili ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, isigaxa sabo somphimbo omncane siguqula umbala waso usiba opinki noma ophuzi size sibe mnyama, isikhumba emakhanda abo siba mnyama (ngaphambi kwalapho, siphuzi noma siphuzi).
Ukuwela kungaba isikhathi sonyaka noma unyaka wonke, kuya ngendawo yendawo yokuhlala. Izidleke, ezihlanganisa amahlumela awo, zakhiwa ezihlahleni noma emhlangeni, zivame eduze namanzi. IClutch iqukethe amaqanda ayi-2-6 (imvamisa amane) ngombala oluhlaza okotshani. Isikhathi sokufakwelwa yizinsuku ezingama-25-30. Amakati avela ngokungenakuphikiswa, ngaphandle kwamaplage futhi engenamandla. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane banakekela izizukulwane ezizayo. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni emibili. Lezi zinyoni ziphila iminyaka engaba ngu-9.
Umnotho
Umndeni wenyoka usondelene nangokwokuzalwa kanye neminye imvelo eduze kweminye imindeni ye-pelican oda. Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezine zezinyoka ziyaziwa:
- Anhinga (A. anhinga)
- I-Indian Darter (A. melanogaster)
- I-African Darter (A. rufa)
- I-Australia Darter (A. novaehollandiae)
Izinhlobo ezingapheli zaseMauritius (A. nana) nase-Australia (A. parva) ziyaziwa kuphela ngezinsalela zamathambo ezitholakele. Anhinga owaziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kweMiocene. Phambilini, ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zokuqala zezinyoni zabonwa eMelika.
Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu
Inyoni enkulu enesisindo se-cormorant enkulu. Ubude bomzimba 85-97 cm, amaphiko ama-cm 11,128 cm, isisindo esingu-1,058-1,815 g (del Hoyo et al., 1992). Uqhwaku lude, lukhombe, ubude balo bungama-71-87 mm. Umsila uphawuleka isikhathi eside kunowama-cormorants. Kwabesilisa abadala be-subspecies ehlukene, umbala wekhanda nentamo kuyehluka kusuka kokumnyama okotshokholethi kuya kokhilimu obomvu onsundu ngemivimbo emhlophe emide emaceleni entamo; kwabesifazane, amaplanethi ekhanda nentamo kulula. Amapulangwe asele amnyama ngemivimbo yesiliva-grey kuhembe. Izimpaphe zakwamanye amazwe zidluliswa ngesimo sezikhumba zezingulube. Abancane ku-plumage baphathwa yizikhanyisi ezilula, ezi-fawn, ezimnyama zithathelwa indawo ngombala onsundu.
Inyoni yokubhukuda igcina uqhwaku lwayo luphakama ngokungaphezulu, umzimba uvame ukufakwa ngokuphelele emanzini. Ipayipi elimanzi le-anhinga loma ngokusabalalisa amaphiko alo nomsila. Ngesikhathi sokuthatha ikhefu, amaphiko abanzi kanye nefomu elide lomsila elivulekile, ngokungathi kunjalo, i-semicircle evamile. Ngokungafani nama-cormorants, i-darter iyakwazi ukukhuphuka.
I-Subspecies taxonomy
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-4 ezingaphansi kwemininingwane yemibala (i-del Hoyo et al., 1992): A. m. melanogaster Pennant, 1769 (1), usatshalaliswa usuka entshonalanga neNdiya uye cishe. Sulawesi, A. m. rufa (Daudin, 1802) (2), ehlala ezingaseningizimu yeSahara Afrika kanye ne-Middle East, u-A. m. vulsini Bangs, 1918 (3), abahlala eMadagascar, nase A. m. i-novae-hollandiae (Gould, 1847) (4), evamile e-Australia naseNew Guinea. Imvamisa, iningi lalokhu okubhalwe phansi kunikezwa isimo sezinhlobo, okuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu: A. melanogaster, A. rufa (kanye no-A. m. Vulsini) no-A. novaehollandiae.
Kwakungenakwenzeka ukusungula okubhalwe phansi komuntu ngamunye okufinyeleleke endaweni ye-Uzbekistan; okuiseduze kakhulu nephuzu lokuthola yimingcele yobubanzi bezinsizakusebenza zase-Asia A. m. melanogaster.
Ukubhebhetheka
I-Sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, India, Southeast. I-Asia, kufaka phakathi iPhilippines ne-Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia. Isidleke sabantu bodwa sikhona eTigris ne-Euphrate ephansi (eCramp, 1977, King, Dickinson, 1995). Ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo i-anhinga kuholela ekuhlaleni phansi.
Umdwebo 25. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-Black-beled Darter:
a - indawo yokuhlala, b - ukundizela endaweni yaseNyakatho ye-Eshiya.
Ukuphela kwendiza yokubuka kwensimu yangaphambili. I-USSR yabhaliswa ngo-Ephreli 6-7, 2006. Kwabhekwa umuntu oyedwa ononyaka ononyaka owodwa ngezinsuku ezimbili engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yohlelo lwamachibi i-Aydar endaweni lapho kuhlangana khona ama-40 ° 55.632 ′ N no-65 ° 57.672 ′ E (Isifunda saseNavoi, Republic of Uzbekistan) (Mitropolsky et al., 2006).
Incazelo yeDarter
I-Anhinga, nayo enamanye amagama: inyoka yenyoka, inyoka yenyoka, i-anhinga, yiyo kuphela eyimele ama-Copepods angenazo izinhlobo zasolwandle. Le nyoni ifana nezihlobo zayo eziseduzane emndenini (ama-cormorant nabanye), kodwa futhi inokwehluka okuningana kwezimpawu zangaphandle nezokuziphatha.
Ukubukeka
Ama-Anchings ayizinyoni zamasayizi aphakathi namakhulu. Isisindo singama-1.5 kg. Umzimba wezinyoka, ongaba ngu-90 cm ubude, ungachazwa ngokuthi ubude, intamo yinde, incanyana, ibomvu ngombala, ikhanda empeleni alivezi: liyisicaba ngesimo futhi libukeka njengokunwebeka kwentamo. Kunesikhwama esincane sentamo. Uqhwaku olude lubukhali impela, luqondile, olunye lufana nesigaqa, esinye - ama-tweezers, umphetho unamabhentshana amancane aqondiswe ngasekupheleni. Imilenze iminyene futhi imfushane, ihlelwe emuva emuva, izinzwane ezi-4 ezinde zixhunywe ngama-membranes okubhukuda.
Izimpiko ezinde ziphela ngezimpaphe ezimfishane. I-Span - imitha engaphezu kwe-1. Izimpaphe ezincane zinombala ocwebezelayo futhi obonakalayo. Umsila mude, cishe ngamasentimitha angama-25, uqukethe izimpaphe ezingaphezulu kweshumi nambili - eziguqukayo futhi ezinwetshwayo kuze kube sekupheleni. I-plumage inomthunzi omnyama, kepha emaphikweni ifakwa ngenxa yemigqa emhlophe. Ngokwezakhiwo zayo, kumanzi, okuvumela lezi zinyoni ukuba zibe ngaphansi kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokubhukuda kunokuba zihlale kuso.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Ngokuyisisekelo, abamele lo mndeni baphila impilo yokuhlala phansi futhi bakhetha osebeni lwemifula, amachibi nezigoda ezizungezwe izihlahla. Balala ubusuku emagatsheni abo, ekuseni bayahamba bayozingela. Njengokuhleleka kwama-Copepods, izinyoka zingabhukudi abahle kakhulu, zenzelwe ukubamba ukudla emanzini. Bantshontsha buthule, babhukude, okunikeza ithuba lokusondela kumitha kulowo ohlaselayo (njengenhlanzi), bese bekhipha intamo yabo inenhlanzi ngesivinini sombani, bagwaze umzimba wayo ngomlomo wayo ocijile futhi baphumele ngaphandle, bephonsa inyamazane yabo phezulu, bembula qina futhi uyibambe endizeni ukuze uyigwinye.
Ukuqondisa okunjalo kungenzeka ngenxa yensiza eguquguqulwe ngokuqondile ye-vertebrae yesishiyagalombili neyesishiyagalolunye yentamo.. Amapayipi amade awavumeli izinyoka emanzini isikhathi esithe xaxa sokuzingela, lapho-ke aphoqelelwa ukuba aphumele ezweni, athwale elinye lamagatsha eduze kwesihlahla esikhulayo futhi, asakaze amaphiko awo, izimpaphe ezomile ngaphansi kwelanga nomoya. Ukuqina phakathi kwabantu ngezindawo ezinhle kakhulu kungenzeka. I-Wet plumage ivimbela enye indiza ekufuneni ukudla, kanti ukuhlala isikhathi eside ngokweqile emanzini kupolisa kakhulu umzimba wenyoka yenyoka.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lapho ubhukuda, intamo yezinyoni igoba ngendlela efanayo nomzimba wenyoka yokubhukuda, evumela ukuthi inikezwe igama elihambisanayo. I-darter ihamba emanzini ngokushesha okukhulu futhi buthule, ngomzuzu bangakwazi ukumboza ibanga elingamamitha angama-50, babaleke ingozi. Kodwa-ke, akazisizi ngamaphiko, uzibeka nje kancane emzimbeni, kodwa usebenza ngezidladla zakhe futhi uhambisa umsila wakhe.
Lapho ihamba, inyoka inyoka kancane futhi igeleze, kodwa ihamba ngokushesha okukhulu, emhlabathini nangamagatsha, ilinganise amaphiko ayo kancane. Iyandiza indiza, ingandiza ibheke phezulu ngendlela ebambekayo, ibheke esihlahleni ngemuva kokundiza okuningi. Ngomswakama ogcwele, zonke izimpaphe ezindizayo ziyaphuma, ngakho-ke kule nkathi inyoni ilahlekelwa ngokuphelele amandla okundiza.
Zigcinwa emihlambini emincane, kuze kufinyelele kubantu abayishumi, kuhlala endaweni encane yedamu. Leyo nkampani iya eholidini futhi ubusuku bonke. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela inzalo ezindaweni zokuzalela kuphela lapho imihlambi yamanani amakhulu ingaqoqana, kepha ngemingcele ngayinye yendawo yazo yokuzalanisa ibonwa. Akuvamile ukuba kuhlale eduze komuntu, inyoni eyethukile iziphatha ngokuzethemba. Noma yinini, ulungele ukucasha engozini ngaphansi kwamanzi. Endabeni yokuvikela isidleke, ingabandakanyeka ekulweni nezinye izinyoni futhi iyisitha esiyingozi - umlomo wayo obukhali ungabhoboza ikhanda lomqhudelani ngokushaya okukodwa, uqinisekise ukuthi umphumela olandelayo ubulala. Uhla lwemisindo lincane: i-squaring, i-piing, chofoza, i-hissing.
Izinhlobo zezinyoka
Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezi-4 zezinyoka zilondoloziwe:
- I-Australia Darter,
- I-Anhinga,
- I-African Darter,
- Indidane yaseNdiya.
Izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-extinct ziyaziwa futhi ezingakhonjwa ngezinsalela ezitholakala ngenkathi kukhiwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-anhinges ayizidalwa ezindala kakhulu, okhokho bazo ababehlala emhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 ezedlule. Ukutholwa okudala kunazo zonke esiqhingini saseSumatra kuqale eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-30 edlule.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
Izintandokazi zinikezwa esimweni sezulu esiphansi sezinyoka nesishisayo. I-Anhinga ihlala izidumbu zamanzi ezinamanzi amasha noma amile Brarkish noma Amanzi ageleza aphansi eNyakatho (eseningizimu ye-USA, neMexico), eCentral (Panama) naseNingizimu Melika (Colombia, Ecuador, phezulu e-Argentina), esiqhingini saseCuba.
Indiya - ukusuka eNhlonhlweni YamaHindustan kuya esiqhingini saseSulawesi. I-Australia - New Guinea ne-Australia. E-Afrika - ihlathi eliswakeme eningizimu yehlane laseSahara nezinye izidumbu zamanzi. Iqembu elihlukile lihlala emifuleni ephansi yemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe, ehlukaniswe nezihlobo zazo ngamakhilomitha amaningi.
I-Darter Diet
Ukudla kususelwa ezinhlanzini, futhi kudliwa ama-amphibians (amasele, ama-newts), amanye ama-vertebrates amancane, i-crayfish, iminenke, izinyoka ezincane, amafudu amancane, ama-shrimps, nezinambuzane ezinkulu. Ubukhazikhazi obuhle bale nyoni buyabonakala. Umlutha wezinhlobo ezithile - kolunye noma olunye uhlobo lwezinhlanzi - awubonwa.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Kwezinhlobo ezi-4 ezikhona ezivikelwe kakhulu, kukhona eyodwa - umdanso waseNdiya. Inani labantu bakhona lehlile kakhulu ngenxa yesenzo somuntu: ngenxa yokuncipha kwendawo yokuhlala nezinye izindlela zokuxhuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izingxenye ze-Asia, kudliwa izinyoni kanye namaqanda.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isibalo sezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zenyoka asikhuthazi ukukhathazeka okwamanje ngenxa yalokho okungavikelwe.
Usongo olungaba khona kulo mndeni lwenziwa ukuphuma kwezulu okulimazayo okuwela emizimbeni yamanzi - izindawo abahlala kuzo nezinto ezenziwa ngabantu okuhloswe ngazo ukucekelwa phansi kwalezi zindawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izindawo, izinyoka zithathwa njengezimbangi kulabo abadobi futhi azikhonondi ngazo.
Kuzoba nokuthakazelisa:
Inani lentengiso lalezi zinyoni lincane, kepha lisenenani elilodwa eliwusizo kubantu: njengamanye ama-Copepods, udali unikeza udoti obaluleke kakhulu - i-guano, okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen okukuyo kuyiphindwe izikhathi ezingama-33 kunasemgundweni ojwayelekile. Amanye amazwe, njengePeru, asebenzisa ngempumelelo ama-deposits amakhulu alo mkhiqizo obalulekile emisebenzini yawo yezomnotho ukuthola umanyolo wezitshalo ezibalulekile kwezimboni, nokungenisa kwamanye amazwe.
Habitat
Kusatshalaliswa indian anhinga emazweni aseningizimu yeSahara e-Afrika, eMadagascar, eNdiya, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kubandakanya nePhilippines ne-Indonesia, New Guinea ne-Australia. Kunenqwaba yezidleke endaweni engenhla kweTigris ne-Ewufrathe. Ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo i-anhinga kuholela ekuhlaleni phansi. Ihlala izidumbu zamanzi ahlanzekile endaweni eshisayo neyindawo engaphansi enezimila ezinamahlahla eceleni kwezichibi: amachibi, amachibi, amadamu, iziqobelo, imifula ehamba kancane, izihlambi. Idada lidinga izindawo zokuphumula nokomisa amapayipi - izikebhe ezinamathela ngaphandle kwamanzi, iziqu zezihlahla, iziqu, njll. Ngaphandle kohlobo lokuqashelwa olungafani nalokhu, lezi zinyoni zingahlala eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala kwabantu ezindaweni zokuzula.