Izinsalela zeStegosaurus (Stegosaurus armatus) atholakala uG. Marsh ngonyaka we-1877 enyakatho nedolobha laseMorrison, esifundazweni saseColorado. Leli gama lahlanganiswa nguMashi lisuka kumagama esiGreek athi στέγος (uphahla) no-σαῦρος (pangolin), ngoba isazi se-paleontologist sabheka ukuthi amapuleti abekwe ngemuva kwedayinaso futhi akha uhlobo lophahla lwe-gable. Ekuqaleni, izinhlobo eziningi zama-stegosaurs zachazwa, ezahlanganiswa kamuva zaba ezintathu.
UMarsh wayekholelwa ukuthi i-stegosaurus ihamba kuphela emilenzeni emibili, ngoba okwangaphambili kwakukufushane kakhulu kunemilenze yangemuva. Kodwa-ke, kakade ngo-1891, esewubalile umthambo wedayinaso, washintsha umqondo.
Incazelo
Ama-Stegosaurs ayengabamele abakhulu be-infraorder yabo, eyayifaka nohlobo Kentrosaurus futhi I-Huayangosaurus. Ubude bawo obuphakathi babungamamitha ayi-9S. armatus), ukuphakama - 4 metres. Ingqondo yedayinaso yayingenkulu kunaleyo yenja: ngesilwane esinesisindo esingamathani ayisi-4,5, ingqondo yaso inesisindo esingama-gramu angama-80 kuphela.
"Ingqondo yesibili"
Kungekudala ngemuva kokutholwa, uMartha wabheka ukunwetshwa komgogodla esifundeni se-pelvic, okuthi, uma uhlala nentambo yomgogodla, aqukethe izicubu ezinovalo eziphindwe izikhathi ezingama-20 kunebhokisi le-cranial. Lokhu kwaholela emcabangweni owaziwa kahle wokuthi i-stegosaurus yayinengqondo “yesibili” noma “yeqolo”, eyayingathatha ukukhalipha okuningi, inciphise umthwalo engqondweni. Kukhona futhi umbono wokuthi "ubuchopho besibili" bunganikeza ukusekela ekhanda uma kusongelwa ngabahlaseli. Manje sekukhonjisiwe ukuthi lesi sandiso (futhi esitholakala kuma-sauropods) singaqukatha umzimba we-glycogen otholakala ezinyoni zesimanje. Inhloso yayo ayikaziwa, kucatshangwa ukuthi ihlinzeka uhlelo lwezinzwa nge-glycogen.
Amapuleti
Ngasemuva kwe-stegosaurus kwakukhona amapuleti amathambo ayi-17, ayengekho ukuphuma kunoma imaphi amathambo esigaxa sangaphakathi, kodwa ayatholakala ehlukile. Ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists, ngokwesibonelo, uRobert Becker, zikholelwa ukuthi amapuleti ayeselula futhi angashintsha i-angle yokuthambekela. Amapuleti amakhulu kunawo wonke ayengamasentimitha angama-60x60.Ukuhlala kwawo sekuyindaba yokuphikisana, kuphela manje umphakathi wezesayensi usufinyelele esivumelwaneni sokuthi amapuleti abumba imigqa emibili ngemuva kwesilwane, kanti amapuleti womugqa owodwa awakhula maqondana nezikhala komunye umugqa.
Inhloso yamapuleti ihlala inempikiswano. Kuqala kwathiwa bekuyindlela yokuzivikela ekuhlaselweni okuvela phezulu ngabahlaseli abaphezulu, noma kunjalo amapuleti ayenentekenteke kakhulu futhi ashiya izinhlangothi zingavikelekile. Kamuva, kwavela inguqulo yokuthi amapuleti angena ngemithambo yegazi futhi aba nengxenye ku-thermoregulation, njenge-dimetrodon ne-spinosaurus ngomkhumbi futhi, ngokwesibonelo, izindlebe zezindlovu zanamuhla. Amapuleti angaba ukwesabisa okulula kwabazingeli, ukukhulisa ngaphandle usayizi we-stegosaurus, noma babamba iqhaza ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwabantu ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane: babasiza ukuba baqaphele omunye komunye phakathi kwe-herbivores ehlukahlukene, yayisetshenziswa emidlalweni yokuphelisa.
Umsoco
Ukuba ngamakhaza, ama-stegosaurs nokho ayehluke ngohlobo lokudla kusuka kwezinye izinkukhu, ezazinohlaka lwamazinyo olufanele ukuhlafuna ukudla nemihlathi eyayibavumela ukuba bathuthele ezindizeni ezihlukile. Amazinyo amancane e-stegosaurus ayengashintshiwe ukuze ashayelane omunye nomunye ngenkathi ehlafuna, kanti nemihlathi yayikwazi ukuhamba nje iqonde ngaphesheya.
Kodwa-ke, ama-stegosaurs ayeyindlela ephumelela kakhulu futhi evamile. Izazi zezimbali ziveza ukuthi zingaginya amatshe agaya ukudla esiswini, njengoba izinyoni eziningi nezingwenya manje sezithola.
Kunemibhalo emibili esezingeni eliphakeme maqondana nokuphakama lapho i-stegosaurus ithole khona ukudla. Kuphakathi kokuhlala emilenzeni emine, wadla wazungeza amaqabunga akhula cishe ngamamitha ayi-1, noma wama ngemilenze yakhe yangasemva wabe esefika ekuphakameni okungafika kumamitha ayi-6.
Ukubukeka
I-Stegosaurus ayifikanga emcabangweni hhayi kuphela nge "mohawk" ethwele ubambo, kepha futhi nangomqondo ongafani - ikhanda lalilahlekile ngokumelene nomzimba omkhulu. Ikhanda elincane elinomgogodla okhombewe lihleli entanyeni ende, futhi imihlathi emifushane emisha yaphela ngomlomo omnyama. Emlonyeni kwakukhona umugqa owodwa wamazinyo asebenza ngokuzikhandla, okuthi, njengoba ayefakwa izisu, aguqukele nakwabanye ababecwile emgodini womlomo.
Ukwakheka kwamazinyo kufakazele ubunjalo bezintandokazi ze-gastronomic - izimila ezahlukahlukene. Amaphambili angaphambili anamandla futhi amafushane ayeneminwe emi-5, ngokungafani nemilenze yangemuva yezinyawo ezintathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitho zomzimba wasemuva zaziphakeme futhi zinamandla, okusho ukuthi ama-stegosaurus ayengavuka futhi aphumule kuwo ngenkathi edla. Umsila ubuhlotshiswe ngemisipha emikhulu emine engu-0.60-0.9 m ukuphakama.
Amasayizi weStegosaurus
I-stegosaurus infraorder, kanye nophahla uqobo lwayo, kufaka phakathi i-centrosaur ne-hesperosaurus, efana neyokuqala ku-morphology ne-physiology, kepha ephansi ngosayizi. I-Stegosaurus endala ikhule yaba ngu-7-9 m ubude futhi ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-4 (kanye namapuleti) ukuphakama okunesisindo esingamathani angaba ngu-3-5.
Lesi silo esinamathe amaningi sasiqukethe ugebhezi omncane omncane, olingana nogebhezi lwenja enkulu, lapho into yobuchopho enesisindo esingu-70 g yabekwa khona (njenge-walnut enkulu).
Kubalulekile! Ubuchopho be-stegosaurus buqashelwa njengobuncane kakhulu kuwo wonke ama-dinosaurs, uma sibheka ukwanda kwesisindo sobuchopho nomzimba. UProfesa C. Marsh, owokuqala ukuthola ukungaboni ngasolinye okuqhakazile, wanquma ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ama-stegosaurs akhanye ngengqondo zawo, azinanise ngamakhono okuphila alula.
Yebo, empeleni, izinqubo zokucabanga ezijulile zale-herbivore zazingenamsebenzi ngokuphelele: abakwa-stegosaurus ababhalanga ama-dissertations, kodwa bahlafuna kuphela, balala, balingisa futhi ngezikhathi ezithile bazivikela ezitheni. Kuliqiniso, ubutha kodwa nokho budinga ubuhlakani obuncane, yize bekulezinga lokukhalipha, futhi izazi zesayensi yokuthwala amehlo zanquma ukwabela lo msebenzi kubuchopho obukhulu bezimpawu.
Ama-Stegosaurs
† Ama-Stegosaurs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
I-infraclass: | I-Archosauromorphs |
Ingqalasizinda: | † Ama-Stegosaurs |
Ubulili: | † Ama-Stegosaurs |
- I-Diracodon Marsh 1881
- I-Hypsirhophus Cope 1878
- I-Hypsirophus Cope 1878
- UHysirophus ubekezelela 1878
- S. armatus marsh, 1877
- S. stenops Marsh, 1887
- S. ungulatus Marsh, 1879
iminyaka eyisigidi | Isikhathi | Era | Aeon |
---|---|---|---|
2,588 | Noma | ||
Ka | F kodwa n e k mayelana s mayelana th | ||
23,03 | Neogene | ||
66,0 | Paleogen | ||
145,5 | I-Chalk | M e s mayelana s mayelana th | |
199,6 | Jura | ||
251 | AmaTestas | ||
299 | I-Perm | P kodwa l e mayelana s mayelana th | |
359,2 | I-Carbon fiber | ||
416 | UDevon | ||
443,7 | ISilur | ||
488,3 | I-Ordovician | ||
542 | IsiCambrian | ||
4570 | I-Precambrian |
Ama-Stegosaurs (Lat. Stegosaurus - "roof-hanger") - uhlobo lwama-dinateurs we-Late Jurassic herbivorous ebekhona eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-155- 145 edlule (i-Kimmeridge tier). Siqukethe izinhlobo ezintathu. Ngenxa spikes emsileni namapuleti amathambo ngemuva, ezinye amadinosaurs ebonakalayo kakhulu.
Ukuqina kwe-Sacral
UMarsh wayithola esifundeni se-pelvic futhi wasikisela ukuthi kulapha lapho izicubu zobuchopho eziphambili ze-stegosaurus zigxiliwe, zaphindwe izikhathi ezingama-20 kunobuchopho. Iningi lama-paleontologists lisekele u-C. Marsh, exhumanisa le ngxenye yentambo yomgogodla (eyasusa umthwalo ekhanda) nokukhombisa i-stegosaurus. Kamuva, kwavela ukuthi ubukhulu bokuqina esifundeni se-sacral babonwa kakhulu kuma-sauropods, kanye nasemikhakheni yezinyoni zanamuhla. Manje sekufakazelwe ukuthi kulesi sigaba sekholomu yomgogodla kunomzimba we-glycogen onikeza uhlelo lwezinzwa nge-glycogen, kepha ayivusi ukusebenza kwengqondo.
Ukutholwa nokutadisha
Ngokokuqala ngqa izinsalela ze-stegosaurus (okokuqala)Stegosaurus armatus) atholakala uG. Marsh ngonyaka we-1877 enyakatho nedolobha laseMorrison, esifundazweni saseColorado. Igama lahlanganiswa yi-Greek March. I-στέγος (ophahleni) kanye ne-σαῦρος (i-lizard), kusukela lapho i-paleontologist ibheka ukuthi amapuleti ayelele ngemuva kwedayinaso futhi akha uhlobo lophahla lwe-gable. Ekuqaleni, izinhlobo eziningi zama-stegosaurs zachazwa, ezahlanganiswa kamuva zaba ezintathu.
UMarsh wayekholelwa ukuthi i-stegosaurus ihamba kuphela emilenzeni emibili, ngoba okwangaphambili kwakukufushane kakhulu kunemilenze yangemuva. Kodwa-ke, kakade ngo-1891, esewutholile umzimba wedayinaso, washintsha umqondo.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ezinye izazi zezinto eziphilayo zikholelwa ukuthi ama-stegosaurs kwakuyizilwane zenhlalo futhi ayehlala emihlambi yezinkomo, kanti abanye (bebhekisa ekuhlakazweni kwezinsalela) bathi ophahleni lwendlu lwalukhona ngokuhlukile. Kuqala, uSolwazi uMarsh wathi isaggosaurus idayinosaji eyindilinga ngenxa yokuthi imilenze yangemuva yesikhala ibinamandla futhi icishe ibe kabili kunangaphambili.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ngemuva kwalokho uMarsh wayishiya le nguqulo, ancika kwesinye isiphetho - ama-stegosaurs, impela, ahamba emilenzeni yawo yangasemva kwesikhashana, okubangele ukuncipha emilenzeni yangaphambili, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yafika kuwo womane.
Ukuhamba emilenzeni emine, ama-stegosaurs, uma kunesidingo, ema emilenzeni yawo engemuva ukukhipha amaqabunga emagatsheni aphezulu. Abanye izazi zebhayoloji bakholelwa ukuthi ama-stegosaurs angenangqondo athuthukisiwe angaziphonsa kunoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo esawela emkhakheni wabo wokubuka.
Kuwo wonke amathuba, ama-ornithosaurs (ama-dryosaurs ne-otnielia) ayezulazula ngemuva kwawo, ayedla izinambuzane ezichotshozwa ngokungafanele ngababambisi. Futhi maqondana namapuleti - angabesabisa abahlaseli (ngokubukeka bekhulisa i-stegosaurus), asetshenziswe emidlalweni yokuphephisa, noma amane akhombe abantu bohlobo lwabo phakathi kwamanye amadayinaso e-herbivorous.
Ingqondo ye-Sacral
Kungekudala ngemuva kokutholwa, uMartha wabheka ukunwetshwa komgogodla esifundeni se-pelvic, okuthi, uma uhlala nentambo yomgogodla, aqukethe izicubu ezinovalo eziphindwe izikhathi ezingama-20 kune-cranium. Lokhu kwaholela emcabangweni owaziwa kahle wokuthi i-stegosaurus yayinengqondo “yesibili” noma “yeqolo”, eyayingathatha ukufakwa kokukhishwa okuningi, inciphise umthwalo engqondweni. Kukhona futhi umbono wokuthi "ubuchopho besibili" bunganikeza ukusekela ekhanda uma kusongelwa ngabahlaseli. Manje sekukhonjisiwe ukuthi lesi sandiso (futhi esitholakala kuma-sauropods) singaqukatha umzimba we-glycogen otholakala ezinyoni zesimanje. Inhloso yayo ayikaziwa, kucatshangwa ukuthi ihlinzeka uhlelo lwezinzwa nge-glycogen.
Thola Umlando
- Ngo-1877, u-Otniel Charles Marsh wethula umhlaba we-paleontology ngummeleli omusha wezilwanyane zasendulo - i-stegosaurus. Amafossil, ekuqaleni ayephambene nezinsalela zamfudu, atholakala eColorado. Usosayensi uchaze leli bhungane ngaphansi kwesandla sikaStegosaurus armatus, izici zezakhi lapho i-paleontologist yaziguqula, ngokusekwe izingcezwana zamathambo namapuleti.
Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, i-paleontologist ikhombisa ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-S. ungulatus, ngokusekelwe ekutholaka umthambo cishe wonke. Kepha ngenxa yezingxenye ezilahlekile, umbono walowo nalowo wawungalungile.
- I-stegosaurus anatomy yavuselelwa ngemuva kokutholwa ngo-2003 kwezinsalela ezigcinwe kahle ze-S. stenops. Amafutha atholwe nguBob Simon, umshayeli we-bulldozer eRed Canyon, eWyoming. Lesi sithambo esiphelele kunazo zonke se-stegosaurus sitholakele (85% yamathambo atholakele): amapuleti ayi-18, izinhlayiya ezi-4 ze-caudal, umgogodla, igebhezi elihlakazekile kepha eligcinwe ngokuphelele, elalinamazinyo angama-32. Isampula yalungiswa ngokulandelayo ngaphansi kwesidlaliso sikaSophie. Isampula le lachazwa kumagazini wesayensi i-PLOS, ngo-Okthoba 2015.
- Ngo-2005, isazi se-paleontologist uSergei Krasnolutsky sathola izinsalela ze-stegosaurus eSiberia. Amathambo akhiqizwayo ezigidi zeminyaka alala phezu kwamalahle esifundeni saseSharypovsky esifundeni saseKrasnoyarsk. Kuthathe ososayensi iminyaka engaphezu kwesishiyagalombili ukubuyisela nokuchaza izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Izinhlobo zama-Stegosaurs
Kwi-paleontology, kunezinhlobo ezintathu ezaziwa kakhulu zama-stegosaurs:
- i-armatus, echazwa izingcezu zethambo ezingavamile zabantu abacishe babe ngama-30.
- ungulatus, kwasekuqaleni kwahlukaniswa njengamatekisi kuma-vertebrae ngamanye namapuleti.
- ama-stenops, anikeze umhlaba izici ezibonakalayo kakhulu zohlobo lwe-Stegosaurus.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izazi ze-paleontologists ziye zachaza abanye abamele uhlobo lohlobo lwanamuhla, abangasaziwa noma abangabazayo. Lokhu kuhlukana kwenzeka ngenxa yezicucu zamathambo ezazingabonakali, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zaphela ukutholakala. Leli qembu liqukethe:
- duplex, S. Afinis, S. seeleyanus kanye ne-S. sulcatus (ebhekwe yi-paleontology yangekhulu le-19 njengohlobo lwe S. armatus),
- i-madagascariensis (echazwe ngesampula yezinyo elilodwa, ngakho abacwaningi abaningi bayenza iphutha nge-ankylosaurus),
- i-longispinus (ngenxa yokuntuleka kokunye okutholakele kokunye okunjalo, ezinye izazi zesayensi yemvelo zithi i-dinosaur yi-genus Alcovasaurus).
Ngokuvamile kuqashelwa
- Stegosaurus armatus - izinhlobo zokuqala ezivulekile, ezaziwa ngemithambo emibili engaphelele, amashuni amabili namathambo ngamanye abantu okungenani abangama-30. Yayinezikhala ezi-4 emsileni namapuleti amancane, ifinyelela kubude bamamitha ayi-9.
- Stegosaurus ungulatus - kuchazwe ngoMashi ngonyaka we-1879 kuma-vertebrae amaningana namapuleti atholakala eWyoming. noma kunjalo, izinsalela ze-stegosaurus ezitholakala ePortugal zitholakala ngalolu hlobo.
- Ama-Stegosaurus stenops - kuchazwe ngoMashi ngonyaka we-1887 emafosili avela esifundazweni saseColorado. Kutholwe ithambo eliphelele lohlobo lokumela kanye nengxenye engama-50. Kwakungaphansi S. armatus, efinyelela kuphela amamitha ayi-7, noma kunjalo, yayinepuleti elikhudlwana.
Isakhiwo samathambo we-stegosaurus
Uma uqhathanisa nomzimba omkhulu, i-stegosaurus yayinogebhezi olude nolucishe lube ngamasentimitha angama-45. Ngokusho komshini owenziwe nguMarsh ngeminyaka yo-1880, kwatholakala ukuthi ubuchopho kulolu hlobo lobuhlanga abudluli ama-g. Imihlathi enomugqa owodwa wamazinyo amancanyana yaphela ngoqhwaku lwangaphansi.
Umehluko osesilinganisweni phakathi kwama-stegosaurs ubhangqwe ngamapulangwe amathambo ngemuva. Ukuthuthuka kwemvelo kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasendulo kuholele ekwakhiweni kwama-osteoderms kuma-stegosaurs. Lawa ama-ossified ngesimo samapuleti, akhiwa kusuka esikalini esibi. Amapuleti afinyelela ku-60 cm ububanzi nobude, atholakala ngaphezu kwengxenye yabesifazane. Amapulangwe amathambo ahlanganiswe ngokuqinile komunye nomunye. Indawo emaphakathi yamapuleti yayiwukuqanjwa kwamathambo, ngaphezulu lapho kwakukhula khona inethiwekhi yemithambo yegazi. Injongo yabo ibingakacaciswa. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi zazenzelwe ukufukuzwa kwezempilo. Abanye bazichaza njengethuluzi lokusabisa izisulu noma imiboniso ngesikhathi sokuluthwa.
Kwikholamu yomgogodla we-stegosaurs yezinhlobo ngazinye, inani elihlukile lama-vertebrae lalikhona, inani elikhulu kunazo zonke lalisesifundeni se-caudal. Ukuqina komgogodla okungajwayelekile bekuqukethwe esifundeni se-sacral. Lesi sici saholela ekuqondisweni kobukhona kwengqondo yesibili, eyanikeza imisebenzi eyengeziwe yobuchopho lapho isongelwa ngabahlaseli. Ama-spikes amabili, akhula esicucwini somsila, afinyelela kumitha owodwa kubantu abadala. Imilenze yangemuva yayineminwe emithathu emifushane, ngaphambili - emihlanu.
Ukunyakaza
IStegosaurs yahamba ngemilenze emine, ikhanda lalingezansi komzimba. Isizathu salesi sikhundla esiphoqelekile kwakuwukubakhona kwemilenze emikhulu yangemuva, eyayinde kakhulu futhi inkulu kuneyangaphambili ngenxa yokwakheka kwamathambo (i-femur yayidlula ubude be-tibia ne-fibula). Umsila wawungaphezulu komugqa oqondile ovundlile.
Izinhlobo ezingabazayo nezingaziwa
- Stegosaurus sulcatus - kuchazwe nguMarsh ngonyaka we-1887 esikhunjeni esingaphelelanga. Ngokubambisana I-Stegosaurus duplex Igama lalezi zinhlobo manje selithathwa njengelifanayo S. armatus.
- Stegosaurus seeleyanus - ekuqaleni wabizwa I-Hypsirophusmhlawumbe uhlobo olufanayo S. armatus
- I-Stegosaurus (I-Diracodon) ama-laticeps -Yaziwa ngezingcezwana zomhlathi ezitholwe nguMarsh ngonyaka we-1881. Nakulokhu S. laticeps U-Becker wachaza ngonyaka we-1986, yize ephawula ukuthi lokho akutholayo bekungaziwa nokuthi kungaqondakali kusuka kuphi I-stenops. Ekuqaleni S. laticeps yabelwa uhlobo I-Diracodon, kwesinye isikhathi zifaka futhi I-stenops. Njengamanje, iningi lososayensi I-Diracodon hhayi ukugqama, abamele bayo babhekwa njengama-stegosaurs.
- Stegosaurus longispinus - Ichazwe nguCharles Gilmore kwisikebhe esisodwa esingaphelele esivela eWyoming. Iphinde ifinyelele kumamitha ayi-7, kepha yayinezikhala ezinde kakhulu. Abanye abacwaningi bahlobana nohlobo I-Alcovasaurus.
- Stegosaurus affinis - kuchazwe nguMarsh ngonyaka we-1881 kokutholwe amathambo we-pelvic. Akukho okunye okutholakele okulandelayo okulandelayo. Cishe umbono ofanayo nowe S. armatus.
- "Stegosaurus" madagascariensis -yaziwa ngamazinyo atholakala ngo-1926 eMadagascar. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi abahlukahlukene bathi yi-Ankylosaurus ngisho nezingwenya.
- "Stegosaurus" marshi -achazwa nguLucas ngo-1901, ngonyaka ka-1902 bebodwa kuhlobo oluhlukile I-Hoplitosaurus.
- "Stegosaurus" priscus - etholakala ngo-1911, manje eseyedwa kuhlobo oluhlukile I-Loricatosaurus.
Okusondele Kakhulu
Izihlobo eziseduzane zama-stegosaurs zazingezinye ezinye izikhulu zama-stegosaurids:
- I-Todjangosaurus. Kutholakala esifundazweni saseChinese eSichuan. Kubhekwa kufana ne-stegosaurus yaseNyakatho Melika, kepha ngomehluko kwesisindo somzimba omkhulu kanye nokuba khona kwezintambo ezintathu zomsila kuphela.
- I-Centrosaur. Amafosili atholakala endaweni yeTanzania yanamuhla. Kunemininingwane ebonakalayo ebonakalayo yangaphandle. Amapuleti avikelekile ayekhula kusuka ekhanda kuya emuva, futhi kusukela phakathi komzimba kuze kufike encenyeni yomsila, izikhala ezibukhali zitholakala ngamabili, izikhala ezimbili zazisehlombe sesilwane.
Ubudlelwane nezihlobo
Babephila impilo yomhlambi. Lokhu kufakazelwa yimidwebo yezinyawo yama-dinosaurs enamathole atholwe nguMathewu Mossbrucker eColorado. Iqembu lahamba endaweni eyodwa, abantu abadala bazungeza abancane.
Izikhala ze-stegosaurus akuyona nje isikhali esivikelayo ekulweni namadayinaso ahlobisayo. Ngosizo lwazo, abesilisa balwela ilungelo lokuba nowesifazane.
Umnotho
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezinhlobo S. ungulatus
I-stegosaurus uhlobo olujwayelekile lomndeni wakwa-stegosaurus engaphansi kwe-stegosaurus. AmaStegosaurids angomunye wemindeni emibili ku-stegosaurus infraorder, okuyilungu leqembu le-thyroid nesihlobo esikude sama-ankylosaurs.
Ngezansi kwe-cladogram ekhombisa isikhundla se-stegosaurus sika-2009.
Ama-Spiky Dinosaurs: Stegosaurus
Ososayensi baphakamise ukuthi isidumbu se-fossil lizard satholakala embozwe ngembobo evikela efanelekile, efana nezilwane eziqinile. Kungakho igama le-pangolin.
Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi amapuleti lawo abekwe emzimbeni wesilwane, njengothayela ophahleni.
Ama-Stegosaurs (lat.Stegosaurus)
Kamuva, kwavela ukuthi i-platinamu engajwayelekile yayitholakala emigqeni emibili eduze komgogodla wedayinaso e-herbivorous ukusuka entanyeni kuye emsileni. Okwamanje akunakwenzeka ukuthola ukuthi amapuleti atholakala kanjani ahlobene kanjani, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi ayengama-17 kuwo.
Izidumbu zeStegosaurus enkulu kakhulu zatholakala nguGofoniil Charles Marsh, uprofesa wezokwelapha ngo-1877, owanikeza izinhlobo zezilwane izilwane. Ukutholwa bekungamamitha ayi-8 ubude namathani asisindo esingu-2. Amapulangwe amathambo ahamba kuwo wonke umgogodla wesikele samathambo, lawo ophakeme kunawo wonke ayengama-76 cm.Izipikili zitholakala kuphela ekugcineni komsila.
Kwakunama-spikes abukhali ekugcineni komsila weStegosaurus.
I-stegosaurus yayihlukile kubo bonke ababekade betholwa ngama-dinosaurs phambilini. Isibonelo, kumaCentrosaurus atholakala eMpumalanga Afrika, amapuleti amathambo egijima emgogodleni aguqulwa aba yiminsila emsileni. IDatsentrur, etholakala eYurophu, yayine-spikes kuphela emuva nomsila wayo.
Yize izazi ze-paleontologists zingafikanga esivumelwaneni sokuthi ipuleti lamathambo emzimbeni weStegosaurus lisebenzela ini, kuyaqondakala ukuthi abakwaStegosaurs nabanye “ama-spiked” odayisi, ngokuba ngama-herbivores, baphoqeleka ukuthi bazivikele ezitheni.
Ama-Stegosaurs ama-Herbivorous kwesinye isikhathi aba yisisulu sezidudla ezinohlonze.
Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi impendulo yombuzo mayelana nezinhloso zamapuleti nezinsimbi kufanele ifunwe ngendlela yokuphila yezikhulu.
Amapulangwe amathambo abekwe eceleni komgogodla weStegosaurus ayenesakhiwo esikhanyayo futhi esinamabala futhi kwakungelula neze ukusetshenziswa ukuvikela okusebenzayo kwizinyamazane. Kepha imicu ebukhali emsileni wesilwane yayikwazi ukuqondisa isitha sayo ngonembeza. Ihamba nomsila wayo ongaxekile, uStegosaurus wabeka engcupheni enkulu kubaphikisi bayo.
Enye inhloso yepuleti ukubamba iqhaza enqubweni yokushiswa kwezilwane. Ukuphuma kwethambo kungambozwa esikhunjeni futhi kusize i-dinosaur ukulawula ukushisa komzimba.
IStegosaurus yayinomlomo omubi.
Ikhanda lakwaStegosaurus, elifana nelamanye ama-giants we-herbivorous, lalilincane. Igebhezi lalesi silwane lagcina ngokuthiwa "umlomo", owawugcwele ngamazinyo amancane enzelwe ukuhlafuna amahlumela athambile ezitshalo notshani. Ngaphandle kwentamo ende, abakwaStegosaurs kwakumelwe bame ngemilenze yabo yasemuva ukuze bangene emaqabungeni athambile.
Isici esibonakalayo sabadli be- "spiky" sasingengqondo encane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, iStegosaurus enobude bomzimba obungamamitha ayi-9 nokuphakama okungama-4 m, yayingumnikazi wobuchopho njengenja encane.
Isikhumba seStegosaurus.
Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-dinosaurs e-herbivorous abekhona isikhathi eside ekudalekeni koMhlaba, leli nani lobuchopho lalanele, ngoba lalivikelwe yimithambo yazo. USolwazi Gofoniil Marsh, owayengowokuqala ukuphenya lo mkhuba weStegosaurus, wamangala ukuthi: "Ubukhulu obuncane kakhulu bekhanda nobuchopho kukhombisa ukuthi i-reptile kwakuyisilwane esiwubuphukuphuku futhi esisheshayo ..." Kusukela lapho, bekungumqondo wama-dinosaurs lawo ahlobene nobuwula obukhulu.
Kodwa-ke, izazi ze-paleontologists zithole enye indawo yesikhungo sezinzwa. Kwakutholakala emgogodleni okhalweni lwesilwane. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuqina okunjalo i.e. “Ubuchopho besibili” busebenza ukulawula emuva kwesidina nesisila. Njengamanje, ama-vertebrates anemisila emide anokuqina okubalulekile endaweni efanayo. Umsila weStegosaurus wawumude kunomzimba wonke wesilwane futhi wenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu - wawuvikela ezitheni. Ukushaywa komsila okunembile, “isikhungo sokulawula” esakhiwe kahle ekuqaleni komsila bekuyimfuneko nje.
Ngaphakathi kwe-fuse oblique ye-vertebrae ye-pelvic, ivolumu yobuchopho idlula ivolumu yobuchopho ngezikhathi eziyi-10-100.
Endaweni ethile eMiragaya eduze kwedolobha laseLourinho ePortugal, u-Octavio Mateus, osebenza eNyuvesi eNtsha yaseLisbon, uthole izingxenye zamathambo esilwane esingelomndeni wakwaStegosaurus. Usosayensi uthole amathambo ebunjana, ingxenye yomgogodla kanye nogebhezi. Isazi se-paleontologist saqamba uhlobo olutholakele iMiragaia longicollum, okusho ukuthi "kukhulunywa eside kusuka eMiragaya." Isici esivelele samathambo akhe sasiyintamo ende, sikhulu kakhulu kunabo bonke abameleli bale nhlobo. Isilwane esitholakele sehluke kuwo wonke ama-dinosaurs "spiked" ngenani lama-vertebrae wesibeletho. Ama-stegosaurs ayaziwa ngaphambilini ayene-12-13, kuthi iMiragaia longicollum ibe ne-17. Lesi sici senza isibonakaliso esatholakala satholakala njengeDiplodocus namanye ama-sauropods.
Ama-stegosaurus ezinhlobo zeMiragaia longicollum ayenentamo ende.
NgokukaM Mateus, zonke izici zezinhlobo ezisanda kutholakala iMiragaia longicollum, zikhuluma ngokuhlukahluka kwemvelo kwama-stegosaurs. Ngokusho kokutholakele, kwahlanganiswa incazelo yesayensi yalowo omele i-stegosaurus. Le ncazelo iphikisana nomqondo wama-stegosaurs njengezilwane ezidla uhlaza oluphansi ngenxa yama-paws awo amafushane ngaphambili nentambo emfushane.
I-Miragai assimen yayinentamo engu-1.5-1.8 metres, okuyi-30% yobude bomzimba wesilwane. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinhlobo zohlobo lweHuayangosaurus, ezazihlala eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-170 ezedlule, zazine-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho eyi-9 kuphela. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi intamo ende yezinhlobo ingavela ngesikhathi sokuguqukela kulolu hlobo oluhlukile lokudla nokuheha umlingani.
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Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
Uma sikhuluma ngendawo yokusatshalaliswa kwama-stegosaurs njengohlobo (esikhundleni sokuthola imininingwane ebanzi yegama elifanayo), khona-ke imboze izwe lonke laseNyakatho Melika. Iningi lamathala atholakele ezifundazweni ezinjengokuthi:
Izinsalela zesilwane esabalele zahlakazeka endaweni enkulu lapho kune-USA yanamuhla, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene nazo zitholakala e-Afrika nase-Eforasia. Ngalezo zinsuku, iNyakatho Melika yayiyipharadesi langempela lama-dinosaurs: emahlathini ashisayo asezindaweni ezishisayo, emafutheni otshani, ezitshalweni ze-ginkgo nakuma-cypress (kakhulu njengezihlahla zesundu zesimanje).
Ukudla kweStegosaurus
Ama-Roofers kwakuyi-dinosaurs ejwayelekile e-herbivorous, kodwa azizwe ephansi kunamanye amadayinas anjengezinkukhu, ayenemisipha ehamba ezindizeni ezihlukile, nelungiselelo lamazinyo aklanyelwe ukuhlafuna izitshalo. Imihlathi ye-stegosaurus yathutha yaqonda ngasikhathi sinye, futhi amazinyo amancanyana awazange ahunyushwe ikakhulukazi ukuhlafuna.
Ukudla kwama-stegosaurs kufakiwe:
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! I-stegosaurus yayinezindlela ezi-2 zokuthola ukudla: kungaba ukudla ukudla okukhula kancane (ezingeni lekhanda) ishiya / ihlumela, noma ime ngezinyawo zayo zasemuva, ifinyelele phezulu (ekuphakameni okungafika kumamitha ayi-6).
Ukusika amahlamvu, i-stegosaurus isebenzisa ubuhlakani bayo obunamandla obunamandla, ngoba yayingabhlafuna futhi igwinye imifino, iyithumele futhi esiswini, lapho ama-gastrolites engena kuwo.
Ukuzalela inzalo
Kucace bha ukuthi akekho umuntu obuke imidlalo yokuqhathanisa yama-stegosaurs - izazi zebhayoloji ziphakamise kuphela ukuthi ophahleni bangaqhubeka kanjani nohlobo lwabo. Isimo sezulu esifudumele, ngokusho kososayensi, sikuthandele ukwenziwa kabusha konyaka, okuvame ukuthi kuhambisane nokwenziwa kwezidalwa zanamuhla. Abesilisa, belwela ukutholakala nowesifazane, baluhlanza ngobunono ubudlelwano, bafika ezimpini ezinegazi, lapho bobabili abafaka izicelo bethole imihuzuko enkulu.
Owinile uzuze ilungelo lokushada. Owesifazane ovundile, ngemuva kwesikhashana, wabeka amaqanda akhe emgodini owembiwe ngaphambili, wawamboza ngesihlabathi futhi washiya. Ilanga elishisayo lafudumeza ubumbano, futhi ekugcineni amabutho amancanyana aboshelwa okhanyisweni, athola ukuphakama nesisindo ngokushesha ukuze ahlanganyele nomhlambi wabazali. Abantu abadala babegada izingane, bezimboza ngosongo lwangaphandle enkabeni yomhlambi.
Izitha zemvelo
AmaStegosaurs, ikakhulukazi asemasha futhi ebuthaka, ayezingelwa ngama-dinosaurs anjalo omzimba, okwakudingeka alwe nawo ngamabili amabili ezinhlaka zomsila.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Inhloso yokuzivikela yomgogodla iqinisekiswa amaqiniso ama-2: cishe ama-10% ama-stegosaurs atholakele alimala umsila ongathandeki, futhi izimbobo ezihambelana nobubanzi bezikhala ze-stegosaurus zabonwa emathanjeni / emahlombe asezingeni amaningi we-allosaurus.
Njengoba kusolwa izazi zomuntu ngamunye, amapuleti akhe angemuva nawo asize ekuvikeleni izinyamazane ngabasiki bengwe.
Kuliqiniso, laba bokugcina babengaqinile ikakhulukazi beshiya izinhlangothi zabo zivulekile, kodwa abanozwela abanobuhlakani, bebona izihlangu ezihlaselayo, bangena kubo ngaphandle kokungabaza. Ngenkathi izinyamazane zizama ukuwagqekeza amapuleti, umphathi wenkambiso wathatha isikhundla sokuzivikela, wahlukaniswa imilenze wahlukaniswa nomsila wayo othambile.
Kuzoba nokuthakazelisa:
Uma isiponji simgwaze umzimba noma i-vertebra, isitha esilimele saphindisela emuva, futhi i-stegosaurus yaqhubeka nendlela yayo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi amapuleti ahlatshwe imithambo yegazi, ngesikhathi sengozi, aphenduke abomvu futhi aba njengamalangabi. Izitha, ngokwesaba umlilo wehlathi, zabaleka. Abanye abacwaningi banesiqiniseko sokuthi amapuleti we-stegosaurus amathambo ayesebenza ngokuningi, ngoba ahlanganisa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene.