Ama -aguar ayikati amakhulu futhi kuphela okuyi-genus panther ehlala eMelika. Ukuphakama lapho izilwanyana zifinyelela ku-75 cm.I ubude bomzimba buyi-150-180 cm, futhi ubude bomsila buyi-70-90 cm.I-Jaguars inesisindo esiphakathi kwama-68-136 kg. Lezi yizilwane ezinamandla, ezinemihlathi emikhulu eyisikwere nezihlathi ezinkulu. Banomzimba osindayo nezitho zemisipha. Imizimba yabo yadalelwa amandla, hhayi ijubane, yize bekwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esihle futhi bahlasele ngokushesha izisulu ezingalindele. Umbala wejazi uqhamuka ophuzi ophuzi ube nsundu obomvu, onamabala amnyama entanyeni, emzimbeni nasezandleni. Isisu simhlophe nge-tint grey. Ama-jaguars amnyama noma imicibisholo kuvamile impela futhi kungumphumela we-allele eyodwa evelele. Lezi zigwegwe zinezinwele ezimnyama ezinamabala amnyama, okuvame ukungabonakali kahle ngemuva kwesizinda esimnyama. Ama-Melanests avame kakhulu emahlathini.

Ama-jaguars amakhulu kunawo wonke aqoshwa ePanatal Nature Reserve eBrazil, lapho isilinganiso sabesilisa silinganiselwa ku-100 kg kuthi abesifazane kube ngu-76 kg. Ama-jaguars amancane kakhulu atholakala eHonduras, lapho abesilisa benesisindo esingu-57 kg ngokwesilinganiso kanti nabesifazane banesisindo esingu-42 kg. Ngokuvamile, ama-jaguars atholakala emahlathini aminyene osayizi omncane kunalawo ahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile, mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yobukhulu obukhulu babantu abangatheni ezindaweni ezivulekile. Abesilisa bavame ukuba bakhulu kuno-10-20% kunezinsikazi. Ifomula yamazinyo I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/2, ne-M 1/1.

Habitat

Ama -aguar akhetha amahlathi aminyene, awezindawo ezishisayo nezinomswakama eziwanikeza indawo yokukhosela eyanele, yize etholakala nasezindaweni zamahlathi, imibhede yomhlanga, amahlathi asogwini, izixhaphozi nezimbobo. Ama -aguar angokubhukuda okuhle kakhulu futhi ajwayele ukuhlala eduze namanzi, njengemifula, amadamu, amachibi nezibhuku. Akuvamile ukutholakala ezindaweni eziyomile. Ukuhlala kwe-jaguar kwaqoshwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-3800 eCosta Rica, kodwa bona, njengomthetho, abatholakali emahlathini asezintabeni futhi abahlali ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2700 e-Andes. Enyakatho neMexico nasentshonalanga eseningizimu ye-United States, ama-jaguars atholakala emahlathini e-oki, emahlathini ase-mesquite, nasehlathini elisogwini.

Izimpungushe ziphishekela inyamazane yazo emhlabeni, zincamela ukubekelwa obukhulu bokufihla. Bangakwazi ukugibela izihlahla ukuze bazivikele noma ngenkathi bezingela. Ukuze kugcinwe inani labantu abaphilile, izilwane zidinga: ukutholakala kwamanzi, izimila ezinde futhi inani elanele lezinyamazane.

Ububanzi bendawo yokuhlala

Ama-jaguars anokusatshalaliswa okukhulu, ahlala eningizimu ye-Arizona naseNew Mexico, eningizimu ebheke engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Argentina nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeBrazil. Kodwa-ke, inani labantu lehlisiwe kakhulu noma labhujiswa kwezinye izifunda, kubandakanya i-El Salvador, United States kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zaseMexico.

Ama-Jaguars okwamanje ahlanganisa indawo ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-8.75 km2 noma ama-46% endawo yokuhlala yawo yomlando. Ama-jaguar amakhulu kakhulu ajwayelekile echibini lase-Amazon, kufaka phakathi iSerrado, iPantanal, iChaco. Uhla lwendawo yokuhlala lufika enyakatho nasempumalanga yogu lweCaribbean lwaseVenezuela naseGuana. Ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu ikakhulukazi kwenzeka enyakatho yeMexico, e-United States, enyakatho yeBrazil naseningizimu ye-Argentina. Izibalo zabhujiswa ogwadule lwaseMonte eArgentina nasePampa steppe eningizimu-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Ngokuvamile izingulube azihlali emagqumeni anjengePune.

Ama -aguar anoluhla lwawo lokuhlala, oluhlala ku-25 kuye ku-38 km2 kwabesifazane futhi cishe lubuye luphindwe kabili kwabesilisa. Owesilisa osekhulile ubhekisa amabanga ezinsikazi ezi-2-3. Abesilisa, njengomthetho, badlulela ngale kwabesifazane. Ngokusho kolunye ucwaningo, ibanga elijwayelekile lokuhamba kwabesilisa lilinganiselwa ku-3,3 km, nakwabesifazane - 1.8 km. Avikela izindawo ahlala kuzo kwamanye amadoda amadala.

Ukuzala kabusha nokujikeleza kwempilo

Ama-jaguars ajwayelana kakhulu ngokuxhumana ngamagama. Abesifazane ngesikhathi se-estrus ekuseni nasebusuku kakhulu babika ukulungela kwabo ukukhula. Abesilisa baphendula kulezi zinselelo ngamaphimbo abo bese beya esifundeni sowesifazane ukuyolingisa, okuholela ekuncintisaneni phakathi kwabesilisa ngokuzalwa nowesifazane othile. Akuyona into evamile ukuthi owesimame aphathane nabesilisa abaningi, yize owesilisa ovelele engaxosha umphikisi ongenamandla. Abesifazane abakubekezeleli ukuba khona kwabesilisa ngemuva kokuzalela, futhi ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuzalwa kwamawundlu.

Umjikelezo we-estrus uvame ukuphindwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-37, futhi ubude bawo buvela ezinsukwini eziyisithupha kuya kwezingu-17. Izifundo zibonakaliswa yilezi zici ezilandelayo: i-Lordosis (ukugoba okujulile komgogodla), i-flemen (ukunyakaza kwezindebe), ukuphakamisa izwi, ukuleqa ngezinyawo nokwanda okumamaki. Abesilisa bakhombisa ukwanda kwamazinga e-androgen unyaka wonke, kepha amazinga e-hormone aphakeme ayancipha ngesikhathi sokugcwala kwamanzi kwezinye izindawo. Ama-jaguars angakhiqiza inzalo unyaka nonyaka, kodwa njengomthetho, ukukhula komkhiqizo kusuka ngoDisemba kuya kuMashi. Amawundlu amaningi azalwa ngenkathi yezimvula lapho inyamazane iningi. Ngokwesilinganiso, insikazi izala amawundlu ama-2 (inani liyahlukahluka ukusuka ku-1 liye ku-4). Ukukhulelwa kuyizinsuku ezingama-91-111. Ukuzala kabusha kowesifazane kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-12- 24, kuthi emadodeni kube nezinyanga ezingama-24 kuya kwezingu-23.

Izinkomo zizalwa zinamehlo avale futhi zincike ngokuphelele kunina. Amehlo abo avuleka cishe amasonto amabili. Anikezwa ubisi lwebele aze afinyelele ezinyangeni ezingama-5-6 ubudala. Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukuzingela ngonina. Abancane bathembele kunina cishe iminyaka emibili. Uyabavikela kubahlaseli, afundise ukuzingela futhi afake onke amakhono adingekayo.

Ama-jaguars endle aphile iminyaka eyi-11 ukuya kwengu-12. Izifo, izingozi, ukuhlangana nezinye izilwane zasendle noma ukuzingela imithombo iyona mithombo eyinhloko yokufa kwabantu. Ekudingisweni, izingulube zingafinyelela eminyakeni engama-20 ubudala.

Ukuziphatha

Ama -aguar akhuthele kakhulu kusihlwa nasekuntweleni kwawo, yize ekwazi ukusebenza nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku. Njengomthetho, bayaphumula phakathi nosuku. Ama-Jaguars ngesikhathi sokuphumula kwawo athula emjondolo ojulile, ngaphansi kotshani obukhulu, emihumeni noma ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu. Babuye baphumule eduzane nemifula yemifula, futhi ngenkathi yezimvula bayaphoqeleka ukuba bahlale ezihlahleni. Ama-jaguars ancike kakhulu emanzini, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi eyomile, lapho kunesidingo sokubalekela emanzini. Lezi yizilwane ezihlala zodwa ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa.

Ukuxhumana nokubona

Ama-jaguars axhumana ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa amagama. Ukhuphuka ngethoni noma ngamandla futhi kwehluka, kuya ngomuntu ngamunye owenza umsindo, kungaba owesilisa, owesifazana noma lowesifazane ngesikhathi se-estrus. Ama-vocalizations owesilisa anamandla amakhulu kunabesifazane. Ngesikhathi se-estrus, izinsikazi zikhala kakhulu ebusuku nasekuntweleni kokusa. Impendulo yowesilisa kukholi yowesifazane iyaziqhenya futhi iyinto emnandi kakhulu. Abazingeli kwesinye isikhathi balingisa imisindo yowesifazane ukuheha owesilisa. Ama-Jaguars amaka amalungelo endawo ngosizo lwama-vocaringations, emaka izihlahla kanye nakumaqabunga ezitshalweni.

Umsoco

Ama -aguar ayizilwane ezincelisayo eziqinile. Banokudla okunothile; izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-85 kubikwe ukuthi zingukudla kwe-jaguar. Izilwane ezinkulu ezinjenge-peccaria, i-tapirs kanye ne-deer, zithathwa njengezintandokazi. Ziphinde zizingele ama-caimans, izimfudu, izinyoka, izingwaru, ama-capybaras, izinhlanzi, izinyoni nezinye izilwane. Ama-jaguars ngokuvamile ahlasela inyamazane esuka endaweni eseceleni. Ziluma ngqo entanyeni, bese zibhinca umuntu ohlukunyeziwe noma zisheshe zimbulale ngokumgwaza ngemuva kwesigebhezi ngamangange. Imihlathi yawo enamandla namachashaza akuvumela ukuthi ubulale izidalwa ezinemibala eminyene futhi zikulume ngegobolondo lesifufula. Ngemuva kwalokho, izingulube zidonsela inyamazane yazo endaweni eseceleni futhi zikujabulele ukudla.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: Animal Jaguar

Ukuvela kwengwe, eqinisweni, akunakuphikwa. Isiqu sakhe, umusa nejazi lakhe elihle kungamane kube nomona. Leli yodwa kuphela ikati le-genus panther elihlala eMelika, ubukhulu nokubonakala kwayo kuyamangalisa impela. Emabeleni, i-jaguar ingafinyelela ku-80 cm cm. Umzimba wayo onemisipha ungasukela ku-120 kuya ku-180 cm ubude, ungabali umsila, kwesinye isikhathi onobude obungafika ku-90 cm. Ubuningi bama-jaguars ahluka kusuka kuma-68 kuya kwangama-136 kg.

Abesifazane bancane kakhulu kunabesilisa. Icala elihehayo liyaziwa ukuthi kwaqoshwa isisindo sangempela ku-umbuso wamakati - i-jaguar eyayinesisindo esingama-158 kg! Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izilwane ezidla ezinye ezihlala ezindaweni ezivulekile zinobukhulu obukhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nalezi ezihlala endaweni enezinkuni. Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu kuyathinteka ngobuningi bokudla, okukhona kakhulu ezindaweni ezisekuthathelwa kuyo inyamazane, ngoba yonke imfuyo yezilwane ezingathembekile idla lapho.

Ikhanda le-jaguar likhulu futhi linamandla ngamazinyo anamandla, anemihlathi. Umzimba wejaguar uyaxega futhi unciphile. Izindlebe zincanyana, ziyindilinga. Amehlo athambile impela, adla inyama, ukubukeka kunamandla futhi kukhukhumele. Imilenze yesilo iqinile futhi imidlwane, izicubu zayo zikhule kahle, ukubamba kwazo namandla zibonakala ngokushesha. Iimbaleki ezivela kuma-jaguars nazo zihamba phambili, lezi zidla zodwa zingafinyelela ijubane elingafika ku-100 km ngehora, futhi zihlasela umbani ngokushesha okukhulu kangangokuba isisulu asisenaso nesikhathi sokululama.

Isikhumba esihle senjabulo siyathandeka, sibonga imibala wawo omangalisayo. Uboya besinyamfushane bufushane, kepha bukhulu kakhulu futhi bumnandi ekuthintweni.

Isithunzi somzimba ejwayelekile singaba:

• i-beige
• isinkwa esifushane
• zibomvu
• nsundu.

Umzimba wonke umbozwe yonke indawo amnyama, lapho abantu abehlukene bengaba mincane futhi bakhulu, babe nombala oqinile noma we-rosette. Kwezinye izibonakaliso, iphethini ivezwa ngendlela yezindandatho. Ubuso bonke be-jaguar buhlakazekile ngamachashazi amnyama amnyama avele ngokucacile ngemuva kwesizinda esilula ngokuvamile. Izindlebe zesilwane zimnyama ngombala nendawo ekhanyayo phakathi. Ngaphansi komzimba wejaguar ngmpunga ekhanyayo, ecishe imhlophe.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-jaguars amnyama futhi, awahambeki kangako, lokhu kungenxa yobukhona bohlobo lwe-panther esinyaminyeni. Izimo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-melanists. Zinezindawo ijazi loboya, kepha azibonakali nhlobo emuva lamalahle ajwayelekile. Imvamisa, amathole anjalo azalwa kubantu abahlala ehlathini. E-Odosa zoo kwakukhona icala elimangazayo lapho umndeni wama-jaguars esihlanzini unamawundlu wombala ojwayelekile, futhi lo mbala umnyama ngokuphelele. Lezi Metamorphoses zemvelo!

Okudingayo

Ukudla kweJaguar
I-jaguar ingumbala ojwayelekile ongukudla kwayo okuqukethe izinhlobo zezilwane ezingama-87. Phakathi kokudla kwakhe akuthandayo kukhona i-capybara ne-cayman. Ama-jaguars futhi azingela izinyamazane, izilwanyana zasendle, ama-tapir, izinyoka (kufaka phakathi ama-anacondas), ama-waterfowl nezinhlanzi. Isisulu saso singaba inkawu, impungushe, i-iguana, i-phenum, i-otter, amagundane, ama-nosuha, izimfudu zamanzi amasha kanye ne-armadillos. Emaphethelweni, ama-jaguars abheka amaqanda wezimbungulu zasolwandle noma ahlasele izinsikazi ngenkathi ebekwa. Ama -aguar angazingela nezilwane ezifuywayo, ngokwesibonelo, izinkomo.

Lapho kuhlala khona

Indawo yokuhlala kwamajaguars iqala eMelika Ephakathi futhi iyaqhubeka eMexico nasenyakatho ye-Argentina. Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke babonwa eBrazil. Kepha endaweni yase-El Salvador nase-Uruguay, laba bantu abahlaseli baqothulwa ngokuphelele. Ngokuvamile, uhla lwamanje lwama-jaguars selungaphansi kwalokho okwenziwe okwesithathu.

Lapho kuhlala khona izingwe

Izindawo eziyinhloko zokuphila kwabo amahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo kanye notshani, kanye namahlathi asezintabeni, ezindaweni eziphakeme aze afike ku-2000 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, olwandle.

Izici nendawo yokuhlala yejaguar

IJaguar - Isilwane esihle nesinomusa, omele umndeni wekati. Ubhekwa njengomdlwenguli omkhulu wabakhileyo ezwenikazi laseMelika, osezingeni lesithathu emhlabeni.

Ubude bomzimba wakhe buvame ngaphezu kwamamitha elilodwa nesigamu. Futhi ikakhulukazi abesilisa abakhulu bafinyelela isisindo esifinyelela ku-158 kg. Abesifazane bancanyana kakhulu, futhi isisindo somuntu ngamunye sisuka ku-70 kuye ku-110 kg.

I-jaguar inomsila omude: ukusuka kwengxenye yemitha nokuningi. Ukuphakama kwesilwane lapho kubuna kufinyelela kuma-cm angama-80. Isilwane lesi ngeso le-genus panther. Njengoba kubonakala ku isithombe sesilwane, ihlombe libukeka njengengwe, kepha likhulu kakhulu.

Umbala nawo uyafana nesihlobo sawo esihlaselayo, kepha ukwakheka kwesigebhezi kufana nehlosi. Inobuhle obukhulu futhi obufushane nezindlebe eziyindilinga. Umbala wehlukene: kusuka kumathoni abomvu akhanya esihlabathini, engxenyeni engezansi namasokisi amhlophe, amabala amnyama asabalale emzimbeni wonke.

Kutholakala emvelweni futhi igagu elimnyama – isilwane okungabhekwa njengommeleli wohlobo oluthile, kepha kungumphumela wokubonakaliswa kwe-melanism.

IJaguar ingummeleli ocacile wezilwane zomhlaba oMusha futhi ihlala eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. Ngenxa yokuzingela okunolaka, izilwane zacishe zabhujiswa ngokuphelele e-Uruguay nase-El Salvador.

Eningizimu ye-United States, indawo yokuhlala yayo yehla ngesithathu ngesizathu esifanayo. IJaguar - isakhamuzi sasehlathini elinomswakama olunomswakama, ingahlala ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi nasezindaweni ezigcwele izihlahla ze-xerophytic.

Itholakala endaweni enezintaba enezinkuni, kepha endaweni ephakeme engamakhilomitha angaphezu kwamabili, nasogwini lolwandle. Ososayensi banokuhluka okuyisishiyagalolunye izinhlobo ze-jaguar. Isilwane idinga ukuvikelwa futhi kukholakala ukuthi enye yezindawo ezingaphansi kwayo iqothulwe ngokuphelele.

Kulesi sithombe, izimfene ezimnyama nezinamabala

Okuhle

Ama-jaguars angamarhamaru kanye nezinhlobo eziyisihluthulelo emvelweni ehlala kuwo. Izikhumba nezikhumba zazo kuthengiselwa inzuzo, naphezu kokuvinjelwa kokuzingela okusungulwe emazweni amaningi. Ukuhambisana nemithetho evikela ama-jaguars sekuthuthukile eminyakeni yamuva. Ama -aguar nawo angumthombo obalulekile wemali kuqoqsho lwemiphakathi yasendaweni, lapho kunethuba lokuyibuka.

Okungalungile

Ama-jaguars kwesinye isikhathi adla izinkomo nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zasemapulazini, okuholela ekuxosheni abelusi. Amanye amazwe anjengeBrazil, iCosta Rica, iGuatemala, iMexico nePeru, awazange akuvimbele ukuzingela kwama-jaguars “anenkinga” ebulala imfuyo kaningi. IBolivia ivumela ukuzingela indondo yama-jaguars. AmaJaguars awahlaseli abantu ngaphandle kokucasulwa.

Ukulandela okulandelayo

Kuvele izinhlobo ezintathu ezibalulekile zamajaguar:

1. Panthera onca onca - IVenezuela, yize i-Amazon nayo ivulekile.
2. Panthera onca hernandesii - (IJaguar yaseMexico): ENyakatho neMessica. IJaguar yaseMexico ifaka i-4 kulokhu okulandelayo
- I-Panthera onca centralis (I-Central American Jaguar): kusuka e-El Salvador kuya eColombia.
- Panthera onca. arizonensis (I-Arizona Jaguar): Ukusuka eSouthern Arizona kuya eSonora, eMexico.
- Panthera onca. veraecrucis: Ukusuka eCentral Texas kuya eSoutheast Mexico.
- Panthera onca igolidemani: kusuka eYucatan kuya eBelize naseGuatemala.
3. Panthera onca palustris (okuyi-subspecies enkulu kunazo zonke, ifinyelela isisindo esingama-135 kg): Isifunda sasePantanal saseMato Grosso neMutu Grosso do Sul, eBrazil ngasemfuleni iParaguay nasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Argentina.

Izici ze-Predator nendawo yokuhlala

Ungahlangana nama-jaguars endaweni yasenyakatho neNingizimu Melika. Okukhulu kunakho konke bathanda isimo sezulu esishisayo esinomswakama, yingakho izilwane zithanda ihlathi, izinkangala kanye nezindawo ezinezihlahla ezi-xerophytic. Kodwa-ke, zingatholakala futhi ogwini lolwandle, nasezintabeni, kepha hhayi eziphakeme ngaphezu kwama-2 km.

UJaguar uphuza amanzi

Njengamanje, bahlanganisa indawo ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-8.75 km² noma ama-46% endawo abahlala kuyo yomlando. Okuvame kakhulu esigodini saseAmazon, kufaka phakathi iSerrado, Pantanal, Chaco.

Umehluko ovela kuLeopard

Ngenxa yombala ofanayo, ijezi livame ukudidaniswa nengwe. Kepha uma ubheka ngokucophelela, ziyafana ngombala kuphela. Ikhanda lejaguar likhudlwana futhi libanzi, futhi imilenze yalo inamandla amakhulu kunaleyo yengwe.

IJaguar Ingwe

Izici zangaphandle zejaguar

Ngokubukeka kwayo, i-jaguar ngokuyinhloko iyikati. Ngakho-ke, inomzimba nomsila omude, okujwayelekile kubo bonke abamele umndeni wekati. Ngenxa yobude bomsila (imvamisa hhayi ngaphansi kwamasentimitha angama-50), umphikisi unezici ezinhle kakhulu ze-aerodynamic ngesikhathi sokujaha.

Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha ayi-110-185. Abesifazane bancane kakhulu kunabesilisa. Ngokuya ngendawo nendawo nobuningi bokudla, isisindo somuntu wejaguar osukhulile singasukela kumakhilogremu angama-36 kuye kwangama-113, isisindo somuntu omnyama singamakhilogremu angama-70. I-jaguar inama-fangs abukhali kakhulu - njengomthetho, ubude bama fangs bufika kumasentimitha ayi-5. Kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi inani leminwe ezinyaweni, isimilo sawo wonke amakati, liyi-5 ngaphambili ne-4 emuva.

Isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke salolu hlobo, esisisindo salo siqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni, sasinesisindo esingu-153 kg.

Ukuphakama kwejaguar lapho ibuna kuvame kube ngamasentimitha angama-63-76. Lezi zingabameleli abakhulu nabanemisipha yomndeni wekati, abanombala wesikhumba okhangayo kakhulu kubazingeli. Ngakho-ke, umbala ungahluka kakhulu: kusuka kumathoni abomvu akhanyayo kuya kumbala wesihlabathi. Umbala uncike endaweni yokuhlala komphangi. Kulokhu, kunezindawo ezimnyama esikhunjeni sonke. Isisu esingezansi nezinsika zezinyawo zamajezi zimhlophe.

Izimpawu ezejwayelekile zama-jaguars yilezi:

• izindlebe ezincane eziyindilinga
• emfishane ama-paws
• umzimba omude
• umsila omude oqinile osiza isilo ukuzingela.

Isikhumba esibomvu esikhanyayo esinamabala amnyama - umbala ojwayelekile wama-jaguars

Endle, kuyatholakala nama-jaguars amnyama endle. Ahlukaniswa ngokuhlukaniswa okuhlukile, ngoba imibala emnyama akuyona into eyisici, kodwa umphumela we-melanism.

Okumnyama akuvamile kuma-jaguars, kepha lokhu kungumphumela we-melanism, hhayi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo.

Ungasizingela kanjani isisulu

Imvamisa bahlasela izisulu zabo besuka emagatsheni ezihlahla, yize isikhathi esiningi bekhetha ukuzingela emhlabathini. Ngesikhathi sokufunda, bathole ukuthi bangalingisa imisindo yezinye izilwane. Isibonelo, icala lezinkawu zokuzingela. Esondela emhlambini wezinkawu, wenza umsindo ofana nenkawu. Ngakho-ke, umhlaseli wasibambela inkawu futhi wazitholela ukudla kwasemini.

By the way, le nyama - ndawo inambitha cishe izinhlobo ezingama-90 zezilwane, isuka enhlanzini iye kwi-capybara. Lezi zokugcina ziyisitya esithandwayo. Labo bantu be-jaguar abahlala ogwini, izimfudu baba yisitsha esithandayo.

UJaguar wabamba inyoka

Ngokwemvelo, imihlathi enamandla anamazinyo abukhali, ngakho-ke udinga ukushaywa okukodwa nje okucacile ngamazinyo akhe asentanyeni ukuklebhula isitha size afe. Umhlaseli uhlasela ikakhulukazi evela ohlangothini noma emuva, ewisa phansi isisulu. Uma ukushaywa okunjalo kungabulalanga, khona-ke kusobala ukuthi kuzodala ukulimala okuningi kwinyamazane. Awucabange nje, ukuhlasela inkomo, ngokugxuma okukodwa nje, ihlathi lingahle liphule umgogodla wenkomo.

Yilwa nengwenya

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-jaguar ayidli idle inyamazane yayo kuze kube sekupheleni. Vele, badla izinduku ezincane ngaso leso sikhathi, kepha azikho izidakamizwa ezinkulu. Lapho umdlalo ugcwele ngokwanele, ushiya cishe ikota yehora ekudleni futhi ulale. Ekuseni, ukuvuka, ingulube iphinda idle inyamazane futhi isivele ishiya ingxenye yokudla ingunaphakade.

Uhlamvu lwe-Predator

Ama-jaguars angabadli bodwa. Babuthana ngamaqembu kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Ngasikhathi sinye, izilwane ezidla ezinye azivamile ukulwela ukunakwa kowesifazane, ngoba kulezi zilwane kungowesifazane okhetha umlingani.

Ngokwemvelo yazo, ama-jaguar “angamakhambi asekhaya,” okungukuthi, awazulazuli ezindaweni ngezindawo efuna okungcono kakhulu. Imvamisa, umhlaseli ngamunye unendawo yakhe yokuphila nokuzingela - kwabesifazane cishe amakhilomitha angama-25 skwele, kwabesilisa kuze kube yi-50. Ngokwendawo, iziza zinomumo onxantathu. Ngasikhathi sinye, kubalulekile ukuthi "umnikazi" avumele ezinye izibankwakazi enkundleni yezokuzingela ngaphandle kwezinkinga, kepha azibekezeli abanye abamele abahamba ngamatshe.

Kunobufakazi bemibhalo yobudlova benyathi: umhlaseli obonwe ubulala izilwane ezinkulu ezangena ngephutha esifundeni salo - ipumas kanye nososayensi abamnyama bhere. Kunoma yisiphi isimo esibi ngokweqile, i-jaguar izohlasela.

Amacala wokuhlaselwa kwabazingeli kubantu ayivelakancane. I-Cannibalism ayinakuthakazelisa ngokweqile kwe-jaguar, okuyenza ivelele ohlwini lwamakati we-cannibal (ngokwesibonelo, ama-panthers ayakujabulela ukuzingela abantu).

Amachaphaza amakhulu nemihlathi enamandla iyisikhali esiyingozi sekati.

Umhlaseli uya ngokuzingela kusihlwa noma ebusuku. Ntambama, lesi silwane siphumula emthunzini wezihlahla noma emhumeni.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi i-jaguar ingumzingeli omkhulu futhi oyingozi, okufanele uvikeleke. Baphinde babonwa ngokuhlaselwa kwabantu, kepha bangadlali ngomlilo, bayingozi kakhulu. Ilukuluku lama-jaguars lingamenza afune umuntu isikhathi esithile, kepha uma umuntu engakhombisi ulaka, isilwane ngeke sihlasele.

Emvelweni, kunzima kakhulu ukubona i-jaguar, ngoba iphila impilo yobusuku. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, uvame ukuzwa, ngoba ukhula njengebhubesi, futhi abahlanze njengekati elijwayelekile. Kuqala ukuzingela kusihlwa noma ekuseni kakhulu, kepha ikakhulukazi ebusuku, ngoba isilwane sibona kangcono kakhulu kunasemini. UJaguar akakaze azingele ntambama.

Ukusatshalaliswa

Uhla lwe-jaguar luqala ngehlathi laseCentral America luze lufinyelele nasezigungwini nase-selva zaseMato Grosso eBrazil, kanye nenyakatho yeArgentina. Ama-jaguar amakhulu kakhulu atholakala esifundazweni saseBrazil iMato Grosso. Izilwane zacekelwa phansi ngokuphelele e-El Salvador nase-Uruguay.

Ijaguar ikakhulukazi ihlala emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi ayitholakali ezindaweni ezigcwele izihlahla ze-xerophytic. Ama -aguar atholakala emahlathini asezintabeni endaweni ephakeme kuze kube 2 km, nasogwini lolwandle, lapho ikati elikhulu lithola futhi ligaya amaqanda amahobhe.

Phambilini, i-jaguar yayihlala eningizimu ye-United States yamanje. Manje indawo yokuhlala kwejaguar ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yoqobo.

Indlela yokuphila

Ama-jaguar angahlala aphapheme imini nobusuku. Isikhathi esisebenzayo sosuku, lezi zilwane, njengomthetho, zichitha ekuzingeleni nasekuhambeni endaweni yazo. Izilwane zihola indlela yokuphila elahlekile, idlula amashumi amakhilomitha ngosuku. Izinsuku eziningana, isilo sizingela kwenye ingxenye yendawo, bese sidlulela kwenye indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, masonto onke udlula ngokuphelele emingceleni yesiza sakhe.

IJaguar - inyamazane, ngakho-ke uchitha isikhathi esiningi ekuzingeleni. Lesi silwane sithanda ukuzingela esibhacweni, ngoba sibukeka singabonakali otshanini obude noma emahlathini. Inzuzo yaso eyinhloko ukushesha, ngakho-ke lesi silwane asisondeli kulowo osisulu, kodwa silinakekele endaweni yokuqhela ekude, engabekwa ngisho nasesihlahleni.

Uma i-jaguar ihlasela isisulu, khona-ke ayinakusindiswa. Isisulu siqinile kangangokuba ngokugxuma okukodwa ngeke sikwazi nje ukudiliza isilo esikhulu, kodwa futhi nokuphula nomgogodla waso. Amachaphaza e-jaguar abukhali futhi anamandla, akwazi ukuluma ngogebhezi. Kodwa-ke, ohlukunyeziwe unethuba lokusinda uma ebona umhlaseli obalekayo futhi abaleke. Naphezu kwesivinini sabo esihle kakhulu, ama-jaguars akaqabukeli ukubalekela inyamazane, kodwa ngentshiseko agxume echibini uma isisulu sizama ukubaleka ngokubhukuda. Izidladla zingabadobi abahle kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi zibamba nezinhlanzi emachibini. Isisulu esikhulu samakati asendle ama-capybaras nabanye abamele ama-artiodactyls.

Isisulu asideleli futhi namagundane amancane. Isilo esinamabala asilimazi abantu, kepha sivame ukuhlasela imfuyo

Uhlobo lwamadakati asendle azolile, ngakho-ke awahlaseli ezinye izinyamazane, ngaphandle kokuthi acasulwe. Kepha isilwane esithukuthele singabhekana ngisho nesitha esikhulu esinamandla. Kunamacala ahlala njalo lapho i-jaguar ilwa no-cayman futhi iphumelela ukunqoba. Ekuphishekeleni lesi silwane, azilingani. Uma ebamba umuntu, uyakwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-90 km / h.

Naphezu kwendlela yokuphila eyedwa, ngesikhathi sokuzala izilwane zihlangana ngababili. Ngokungafani nabamele abaningi bezilwane, abesilisa abahleleli ukulwa phakathi kwabo. Owesifazane ngokwakhe ukhetha umlingani, athuthele esifundeni sakhe futhi ahlale lapho, kuso sonke isikhathi sokuzala.

Ukuzala kabusha nokujikeleza kwempilo

Ama-jaguars ajwayelana kakhulu ngokuxhumana ngamagama. Abesifazane ngesikhathi se-estrus ekuseni nasebusuku kakhulu babika ukulungela kwabo ukukhula. Abesilisa baphendula kulezi zinselelo ngamaphimbo abo bese beya esifundeni sowesifazane ukuyolingisa, okuholela ekuncintisaneni phakathi kwabesilisa ngokuzalwa nowesifazane othile. Akuyona into evamile ukuthi owesimame aphathane nabesilisa abaningi, yize owesilisa ovelele engaxosha umphikisi ongenamandla. Abesifazane abakubekezeleli ukuba khona kwabesilisa ngemuva kokuzalela, futhi ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuzalwa kwamawundlu.

Umjikelezo we-estrus uvame ukuphindwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-37, futhi ubude bawo buvela ezinsukwini eziyisithupha kuya kwezingu-17. Izifundo zibonakaliswa yilezi zici ezilandelayo: i-Lordosis (ukugoba okujulile komgogodla), i-flemen (ukunyakaza kwezindebe), ukuphakamisa izwi, ukuleqa ngezinyawo nokwanda okumamaki. Abesilisa bakhombisa ukwanda kwamazinga e-androgen unyaka wonke, kepha amazinga e-hormone aphakeme ayancipha ngesikhathi sokugcwala kwamanzi kwezinye izindawo. Ama-jaguars angakhiqiza inzalo unyaka nonyaka, kodwa njengomthetho, ukukhula komkhiqizo kusuka ngoDisemba kuya kuMashi. Amawundlu amaningi azalwa ngenkathi yezimvula lapho inyamazane iningi. Ngokwesilinganiso, insikazi izala amawundlu ama-2 (inani liyahlukahluka ukusuka ku-1 liye ku-4). Ukukhulelwa kuyizinsuku ezingama-91-111. Ukuzala kabusha kowesifazane kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-12- 24, kuthi emadodeni kube nezinyanga ezingama-24 kuya kwezingu-23.

Izinkomo zizalwa zinamehlo avale futhi zincike ngokuphelele kunina. Amehlo abo avuleka cishe amasonto amabili. Anikezwa ubisi lwebele aze afinyelele ezinyangeni ezingama-5-6 ubudala. Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukuzingela ngonina. Abancane bathembele kunina cishe iminyaka emibili. Uyabavikela kubahlaseli, afundise ukuzingela futhi afake onke amakhono adingekayo.

Ama-jaguars endle aphile iminyaka eyi-11 ukuya kwengu-12. Izifo, izingozi, ukuhlangana nezinye izilwane zasendle noma ukuzingela imithombo iyona mithombo eyinhloko yokufa kwabantu. Ekudingisweni, izingulube zingafinyelela eminyakeni engama-20 ubudala.

Izitha zemvelo

Isitha esibaluleke kakhulu nesiyingozi sejaguar yindoda emzingelayo ngenxa yoboya bayo obuhle. Ngokwemvelo, le nkosi yehlathi ayinazo izimbangi kanye nezinsongo: endaweni yayo, iyindawo ephakeme kunazo zonke kulayini bokudla.

Okwensimu ingalwa nama-cougars amakhulu, imvamisa ukubabusa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi uthola ukulimala okungathi sína.

Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, amajezi kwesinye isikhathi ahlangana nabaphikisi abangathi sína nabayingozi - ama-caimans, yize ekhipha ngisho nezilo eziyimitha ezi-2 entweni yabo yendabuko. Ngokuzingela izinyathi ezinkulu, ngezikhathi ezithile ngokwazo zingaba isisulu se-anaconda noma i-boa constitoror.

Izinsongo

Abantu bayingozi enkulu emahlathini. Bayizisulu zokuzingela ngenxa yesikhumba, ama-paws namazinyo. Ngenxa yokugcina kwayo imfihlo, izingulube zivame ukuphatha ukuze zingatholakali kubantu futhi zizingele ngempumelelo.

Ama-jaguars angabazingeli futhi axhumana nabantu abaningi bezinye izilwane. Ama-parasites angaphakathi afaka ama-trematode, ama-tapeworms, ama-helminths kanye nama-whipworms. Ama-parasites angaphandle afaka imikhaza nezibungu zejezi lempukane.

Ama-jaguars angamarhamaru kanye nezinhlobo eziyisihluthulelo emvelweni ehlala kuwo. Izikhumba nezikhumba zazo kuthengiselwa inzuzo, naphezu kokuvinjelwa kokuzingela okusungulwe emazweni amaningi. Ukuhambisana nemithetho evikela ama-jaguars sekuthuthukile eminyakeni yamuva. Ama -aguar nawo angumthombo obalulekile wemali kuqoqsho lwemiphakathi yasendaweni, lapho kunethuba lokuyibuka.

Ama-jaguars kwesinye isikhathi adla izinkomo nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zasemapulazini, okuholela ekuxosheni abelusi. Amanye amazwe anjengeBrazil, iCosta Rica, iGuatemala, iMexico nePeru, awazange akuvimbele ukuzingela kwama-jaguars “anenkinga” ebulala imfuyo kaningi. IBolivia ivumela ukuzingela indondo yama-jaguars. AmaJaguars awahlaseli abantu ngaphandle kokucasulwa.

Ama -aguar, ngokusho kwe-IUCN, asondele endaweni engasengozini. Iningi labantu lihlala lizinzile, kepha amanani abo ayaqhubeka ngokuncipha ngenxa yokuzingela kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo. Ama-jaguars abhekiswe ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokufuya izinkomo, yize kuvikelwe umthetho.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

I-Jaguar yisilwane esidla inyama yohlobo lwe-panther nakumaxhaphozi amakati amakhulu. Ungukuphela kommeleli wohlobo lwe-panther owahlala, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. Ukuvela kwe-jaguar kufana kakhulu nengwe, kepha eyokuqala inkulu kakhulu.

Ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zasendaweni, lesi sidlakela sibizwa nangamagama ahlukile. Isibonelo, abakwaSpanics bambiza ihlosi, yize beyizihlobo ezikude kakhulu. Igama elithi "jaguar" ngolimi lwabantu baseNdiya abangamaQuechua lisho "igazi." Kujwayelekile impela ngamagama ahlukahlukene nemishwana ehlukahlukene. Kucatshangwa ukuthi leli gama limelela izisulu eziqondile. LamaNdiya ayengabantu abanesibindi nabanesibindi ngokuqhathaniswa nama-cougars namajezi. Kukhona igama elifanayo elizwakalayo olimini lwabantu baseNdiya besizwe samaGuarani, lihunyushwa ngokuthi "isilwane esibulala ngokuxhuma okukodwa."

Ividiyo: Jaguar

Uma sikhuluma ngemvelaphi yalolu hlobo lwe-feline, okungukuthi, imininingwane ethile esekelwe ezindleleni ze-paleontology, zibonisa ukuthi ukhokho wokugcina walo mndeni, naye uyisihlobo esiseduze sengwebu ebhemayo, wayehlala ebangeni kusuka ezigidini eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi ezedlule.

Ama-Paleontologists akholelwa ukuthi ukubonakala kwezinhlobo ngokwako kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-3.8 edlule.

Imibono nge-akhawunti yezihlobo ezisondele kakhulu zejaguar ayihlangani phakathi kososayensi abahlukahlukene; izifundo ze-DNA zezilwane zisaqhubeka. Noma kunjalo, izici ezibalulekile ze-morphological zibonisa ukuthi ingwe isondele kakhulu ku-jaguar ebudlelwaneni obuhlobene. Izinsalela ezitholakele zebhubesi laseBarbary elinyamalale kanye nengwe yaseYurophu, okwakungolohlobo lwe-pantus, zibonisa ukuthi lezi zilwane zazinezimpawu zobhubesi kanye nejezi.

Okunye ukuhlaziya kwamangqamuzana okwenziwa ososayensi kwembula ukuthi ukubukeka kwesimanje kwama-jaguars kwavela kakhulu emuva kwemininingwane yokumbiwa, kwenzeka kusuka eminyakeni engama-510 kuya kwengama-280 edlule. Ekusungulweni kwejaguar yanamuhla ehlala ezinsukwini zethu, kusenokuningi okungaqondakali futhi okungaqondakali, ngakho-ke, ukucwaninga kososayensi akuyeki nanamuhla.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Animal Jaguar

Ngokwemvelo, ama-jaguar angomakhelwane abavikela indawo yabo ngokucophelela kunoma yikuphi ukungena. Ubunikazi bomhlaba wezilwane ezidla izimboni banzi kakhulu, bangahlala endaweni yamamitha-skwele angama-25 kuye kwangama-100. km Kwabesilisa, kukhulu kakhulu futhi kungadlula indawo ukutholwa kwabesifazane abaningi ngasikhathi sinye. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abesilisa bavame ukuba nobunxantathu obunobukhulu, kanye nezimpungushe ezivame kube njalo ezinsukwini ezi-2 noma ezi-3 zishintsha i-angle yokuzingela kwazo. Njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-10, endaweni ethile, owesilisa uhlola imingcele yendawo yakhe, edlula kuyo ukuze kungabikho amanye amakati (usawoti, ocelot) ongena endaweni yakhe yangasese.

I-jaguar ikhombisa i-vivacity nomsebenzi kusihlwa futhi ngaphambi nje kokusa, okuholela ekuzingeleni okungapheli ngalesi sikhathi. Inyathi izizwa imnandi emhlabeni nasemanzini. Uma ekuzingeleni komhlaba akathandi ukubamba inyamazane yakhe elahlekile, khona-ke emanzini usekulungele ukukwenza ngenjabulo, ngoba ubhukuda umane kahle. Ixoxo elinobuthi nalo lihle, izimbangi zalo eziyingozi kakhulu zitholakala emqheleni wezihlahla.

Esikhathini sasemini, izilwane ezidla ezinye zithanda ukuphumula ngemuva kokuzingela kakhulu. Imvamisa balala ezindaweni ezipholile ezinomthunzi, lapho uthango olunamandla nolungabekezeleleki lungathatha khona imigede emihumeni luzinze ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu. Imvamisa, zonke lezi zindawo ozithandayo zitholakala eduze kwamanzi. Lapho kuqala isikhathi semvula, izingulube kufanele ziqhubekele phezulu - emagatsheni ezihlahla.

Emkhondweni wejaguar kunezinhlobo eziningi zemisindo akhuluma ngayo nabantu bezwe lakubo. Izilwane ngomsindo zisheshe zihlukanise ukuthi ubani ozenza (owesilisa noma ngowesifazane) futhi ngasiphi isizathu. Lapho ukuzingela, imisindo izwakala ibubula futhi i-larynx, ngenkathi yokukhwelana, amaduna abubula njenge-beluga. Izinsikazi zibuye zibabize ngokugqamile ngesikhathi se-estrus, imvamisa ebusuku noma kusihlwa.

Uma sikhuluma ngokuxhumana kwe-jaguar nomuntu, owokuqala ngeke neze ahlasele abantu, ngaphandle kokuthi umuntu anikeze umcimbi onjalo. Ukushayisana kuvame ukwenzeka lapho ihlathi lizivikela ngenkathi lilwela impilo yalo. Inyama yomuntu ayikho kumenyu yezilwane, ngakho ihlosi lincamela ukungadideki ngamabhomu.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Jaguar Cub

Isizini ethile yokuphala kumajezi ayibonwa. Ngesikhathi se-estrus, insikazi ikunikeza imininingwane yokulungela ukuzilala ngosizo lwemisindo ethile kanye namathegi. Bajwayela ukuya ocansini beneminyaka emithathu. Amakati abuye aphendule ocingweni lwamantombazane Kuyajabulisa ukuthi akukho ukulwa phakathi kwamakati ngekati lentokazi yenhliziyo, ngoba ukukhetha kungokwakhe ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi sokuphola, insikazi iya endaweni yomkhwenyana wayo, khona-ke iyahlukana bese iqhubeka nempilo yayo eyedwa.

Ubude bokukhulelwa bucishe bube yizinsuku eziyikhulu. Lapho ukuzala kusondele, umama okhulelwe ubandakanyeka ekuhleleni umhosha, ongatholakala ethafeni eliminyene, endaweni evulekile enkulu, emgedeni.Imvamisa, kudoti kukhona izingane ezimbili kuya kwezine. Iphethini emawundlu ayikhunjuzwa njengakwabadala. Ijazi loboya bezingane elinendawo enamabala amnyama alawula. Ekuzalweni, kittens ziyimpumputhe ngokuphelele futhi azisizi ngalutho. Kungakapheli amasonto amabili kuphela lapho babona khona ngokucacile.

Umama onakekelayo akavumeli izingane ukuba ziphume endaweni yokukhosela inyanga nengxenye ngemuva kokuzalwa. Umama uphatha izingane ngobisi kuze kube yilapho enezinyanga eziyisithupha, bese eqala ukuzijwayela ekuzingeleni. Abancane bahlala ensimini kanina kuze kube yiminyaka emibili, bese bezimela ngokuphelele, bahlinzeka isikhala sabo. Kuyadabukisa ukubona ukuthi ngephutha labantu, amahlosi amaningi asemancane awaphili iminyaka yokuthomba kwawo. Lezi zidlova zihlala endle, imvamisa kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10 - 12, ekudingisweni zingaphila ikota yekhulu.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Isithombe: Isilwane seJaguar

Kulezi zinsuku, ungabuka izibalo ezidabukisayo, eziphakamisa ukuthi inani lama-jaguars lincipha njalo. Ezindaweni eziningi lapho bebehlangana khona, izinyamazane zanyamalala ngokuphelele. Kuyishwa ukuthi ngisho nenkosi yehlathi uqobo ngeke ikwazi ukubuyisa amandla abantu abhubhisayo ahlangabezana nezilwane eziningi.

Ukuvikelwa kwezigwegwe

Photo: Jaguar Red Book

Emuva ngo-1973, ososayensi baqaphela ukuthi ama-jaguars asongelwa ngokuqothuka, bese kuba yilowo owazingelayo futhi wangena kwi-International Red Book. Abantu baqala ukwenza inkulumo-ze, inhloso yayo okwaba ukwenqatshwa kwesintu ezingutsheni zoboya. Ngemuva kwalokho isikhashana kwafunwa izikhumba ze-jaguar. Yize ukuzingela akuzange kusebenze njengakuqala, kodwa kusaqhubeka, noma kungemthetho. Emazweni anjengeBolivia, Mexico, neBrazil, ukuzingela okulinganiselwe kusavunyelwe.

Ngaphezu kokudubula ngokungemthetho, izijabulazi zibhekana nenye ingozi - ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi ashisayo, okuholela ekufeni kwezilwane eziningi ekudleni komhlaseli. Abesifazane kwabesifazane bazalwa bengaphansi, ngoba ukondla umama wabo minyaka yonke kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe.

Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, abantu badale amapaki amakhulu ezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika ukuvikela izimbiza. Umhlangano wezizwe uvimbe ukuthengiswa kwalezi zilwane. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zinyathelo, inani lezibankwakazi liyaqhubeka ukuncipha, okuyinto eyethusa futhi idabukisa kakhulu.

Abantu abaningi bomdabu baseMelika benza umuntu we-jaguar ngesibindi, isibindi esimangalisayo, amandla nobukhosi. Imidwebo eyenziwe ngamatshe yalesi silwane esihle kakhulu ukuhlobisa ama-altare abo. Abaholi bomdabu baseMelika babegqoka isikhumba sejaguar njengophawu lwamandla. Kulesi simangalo esimangalisayo imiqondo emibili ebonakala ingahambisani ihlanganisiwe, njengamandla amakhulu nobuhle obungenakuthelekiswa. Mhlawumbe ihlombe futhi empeleni unesiphiwo se-hypnosis, ngoba ukusibuka, akunakwenzeka ukuba uhlukane!

Ijubane leJaguar ngenkathi lizingela

Ngenkathi zigijima, zingaba nesivinini esikhulu; i-jaguar ingaxosha inyamazane hhayi emhlabeni kuphela kodwa nasemanzini. Kuyavela ukuthi akuwona wonke amakati asaba amanzi. Ijaguar ibhukuda kahle kakhulu, ngakho-ke uma unquma ukuphunyula kuyo emanzini, lapho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi akusizi. Ngasikhathi sinye, bangashesha ukuthola isivinini esifinyelela ku-90 km ngehora, kodwa futhi basheshe bakhathale.

Egxumeni

Ama -aguar asendaweni, njengabo bonke abanye abazingeli. Umuntu oyedwa angahlala kumakhilomitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-100 endawo. Insikazi enamawundlu kuhlala kumakhilomitha angama-30, kuthi owesilisa afike ku-100 km yensimu. Ubukhulu bendawo buya endaweni yesilinganiso nenani lokukhiqizwa okungenzeka. Uma udweba imingcele yendawo okuhlalwa kuyo, lapho-ke imvamisa ifana nonxantathu. Iyazingela endaweni yayo, zonke izinsuku ezingama-4-5 ziguqula indawo yokuzingela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvama okuthile, izinsuku ezi-5 noma eziyi-15, i-jaguar izungeza izindawo zayo zomngcele futhi ibahlole. Isheduli enjalo yokunyakaza yenza isilwane sihlale sihamba. Ukungena enkundleni yezinyamazane ngumuntu ovela emndenini wekati kuzoholela ekuhlaseleni kwengulube. Ama-cougars abangela ukungathandi okukhethekile kula makati. Kepha, ngeshwa, baxhumana nezinye izihlobo endaweni yabo ngokuthula.

Ijaguar emnyama

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezitha. Okumnyama kungenye yezilwane ezithakazelisa kakhulu emndenini; kuvame ukudidaniswa nge-panther. Isisulu esimnyama sinombala omnyama, lapho kukhona khona amabala amnyama kancane - lokhu kuwukubonakaliswa nje komzimba. Ngokuya ngempilo nemikhuba, azifani nezinye i-panthera onca.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Kusikhathi sokukhwelana kuphela, ama-jaguars aphula indlela yawo yokuphila evamile enesizungu futhi aduka abe ngamaqembu amancane. Owesifazane ulungele ukuzitholela unyaka wesithathu, nowesilisa iminyaka emi-4 yempilo yakhe. Akunasikhathi esithile sokukhwelana. I-estrus yabesifazane iphindwa njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-37, ngakho-ke ama-jaguars angazala unyaka wonke.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

1. Ama-jagars angahlangana nezingonyama, kepha kulokhu kuzalwa inzalo futhi ayikwazi ukuqhubeka nhlobo.
2. azikho ezimbili ezinephethini elifanayo esikhumbeni. Bobabili umuntu unezigxivizo zeminwe kanye namajagu ngombala - ngamunye uhlukile.
3. Lapho esekhethe owesilisa, owesifazana unamathela eceleni kwayo aze akhulelwe. Ngokushesha nje lapho kuvela ukwesekwa, insikazi ishiya owesilisa.
4. Ngokumangazayo, umzabalazo phakathi kwabesilisa kwabesifazane uvame kakhulu. Owesifazane ngokwakhe ukhetha owesilisa omuhle kakhulu futhi uza esigabeni sakhe.

Ukuzingela

Jaguar ekuzingeleni
IJaguar ingumhlaseli wobusuku. Uzingela ngenkuthalo ngemuva kokushona kwelanga nangaphambi kokusa. Indlela eyinhloko yokuzingela kwakhe ukuqamekela ezihlahleni noma phakathi kotshani obude. Imvamisa isilwane siyihlela osebeni lwechibi. Ihlasela isisulu, i-jaguar igxumela kuyo isuka ngemuva noma ohlangothini, ibambe intamo yayo, izama ukuyicofa phansi, okuvame ukuholela ekufeni ngokushesha. Uma ohlukumezekile ethola inyamazane futhi abaleke, imvubu ayivimbi ukuyilandela. I-jaguar enkulu ingahlukaniswa izidlo ezimbili, kepha akusekho; ayondli ku-carrion.

IJaguar iyazingela

Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, izingulube zenza imisindo ephansi engatheni, zikhala ngokuzwakala ebusuku nangesikhathi sokuzala.

Impilo yezinyoni ekudingisweni

I-jaguar iyayithanda kakhulu inkululeko nokuzimela, ngakho-ke kunzima ukujwayela ukudingiselwa. Lezi zilwane azivamile ukubonwa e-zoo noma ekuzalweni kwasekhaya.

Kumele kuqondwe ukuthi i-jaguar ingumhlaseli wemvelo. Esencane, ikati lingadlala nomnikazi walo futhi lijabulele, noma selikhulile, lihlasele umuntu.

Izilwane azikubekezeleli ukulinganiselwa kwenkululeko yazo, ngakho-ke ziyivelakancane kakhulu ezilwaneni zasekhaya

Ekuthunjweni, izingulube ziphila iminyaka engama-25. Ukwenza isilwane sihle ngangokunokwenzeka, kuzodingeka simenzele yonke imibandela:

• indawo ebanzi
• izihlahla noma ukhuni zokukhuphuka nezindawo zokugcoba,
• ukuba khona kwezinto zomdlalo kundiza,
• ukondliwa okufanele (kuze kufike kumakhilogremu ayi-3,5 enyama ebomvu engenamafutha namalitha ayi-0.5 amanzi ngosuku),
• ukulinganisela kwevithamini (izilwane ezincane zinikezwa amavithamini A no-D3, amakati amadala anikezwa ukulungiselela okunzima kwe-Vitamin, imvubelo kanye nesidlo sethambo).

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ekudingisweni ama-jaguars awadingi ukuzingela, ngakho-ke amandla ngokweqile azodinga ukukhutshwa ngemidlalo. Indlela yokuphila kuphela esebenzayo kanye nokudla inyama esezingeni eliphezulu okungayandisa impilo yomdlwenguli futhi kuvikele ukuvela kwezifo ezahlukahlukene.

Yini i-jaguar?

Igama lesayensi lejaguar nguPanthera onca. Ngempela, lesi sidlakudla se-feline singesomunye wabamele i-genus panther. Kubalulekile ukuthi phakathi kwamakati amakhulu, i-jaguar ingeyesithathu ngosayizi.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi okhokho bokuqala bama-jaguars baphila eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-6- 10 edlule. IPanthera onca uqobo inomlando weminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-3.8. Izinsalela zakudala kakhulu zalaba abahlaseli zivela ku-Pliocene (isb., Eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezimbili edlule). Ijaguar ifana kakhulu nezingwe (noma ngabe kukhona okhokho oyedwa ojwayelekile - ingwe enukayo). Kodwa-ke, lezi izinhlobo ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele zezilwane.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-jaguars akhulu kakhulu kunezingwe, ngaphezu kwalokho, anezindawo ezihlukile.

Umbala wesikhumba omuhle wenza ama-jaguars abe ilitshe elihle kakhulu kubazingeli. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje, inani labantu lincane kakhulu: izilwane zicishe ziqothulwe. Isibonelo, e-Argentina kuphela, kunabantu abacishe babe ngama-200, eMexico - abangabi ngaphezu kwekhulu. Okusho ukuthi, isibalo esiphelele samajezi endle namuhla asidluli inkulungwane yamakati.

Isikhumba esihle esinezici sabonwa njengophawu obalulekile, ngakho-ke abantu bekhulu le-XX babuza impilo yesibalo sonke

IJaguar ibhalwe ku-Red Book yamazwe omhlaba, cishe kuwo wonke amazwe ayizinhlobo zezilwane zasendle ezivikelwe. Ukudutshulwa kwama-jaguars ngamanani amancane kuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni eMexico, Bolivia naseBrazil kuphela.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngejaguar:

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngejaguar

• Ama -aguar akavamile ukuhlasela abantu, futhi ngeke bakwenze lokho ngaphandle kokuthi bacasulwe. Lezi zidlova azinalo ulaka, kepha kunalokho ziyafuna ukwazi, zivame ukujaha abantu ehlathini, ngaphandle kwezinhloso ezinobutha.
• Ama-aborigine baseMelika jaguar, njengomunye wabahlaseli abanamandla kakhulu kuleli zwekazi, bahlonishwa kakhulu futhi bayaziswa. Phakathi kwama-Olmecs, umhlaseli wayeyiqhawe elikhulu lehlelo futhi wayehlala endaweni ephakathi nendawo kunkulunkulu. AbaseMay baphinde bakhuleke emijahweni, futhi abaholi babegqoka izikhumba nezigqoko zabo zisesimweni semakhanda abo njengophawu lwegunya eliphakeme.
• Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zoMdabu zaseMelika, izingwe ziyakwazi ukulingisa ukukhala kwanoma yiziphi izinyoni nezilwane ukuze zizikhohlise. Abazingeli baseBrazil bathi ama-jaguars anekhono lokuzazisa izisulu zabo.
• Igama "Jaguar" yinkampani yezimoto, eyaziwa ngokukhiqiza izimoto zemidlalo ezisekupheleni.

I-Jaguar anatomy

Ama-jaguars anomzimba omisipha futhi onamandla. Banekhanda elikhulu, imilenze emifushane, izinwele ezimfushane ezimfushane ngombala othile (kusuka kokubomvu okukhanyayo kuya kombala wesihlabathi). Esikhunjeni sesilwane kukhona amabala amnyama anamajamo ahlukahlukene, kanti isisu nomphimbo zimhlophe. Ijaguar ifana ngombala nengwe, kepha ihlathi likhulu kakhulu ngosayizi. Ubude bomzimba wejaguar bufika ku-185 cm (ngaphandle komsila). Ubude bomsila wejaguars busuka ku-50 baye kuma-75 cm. Isisindo sowesilisa cishe singama-90-120 kg, kanti izinsikazi zisuka ku-60 ziye ku-80 kg. Ingquza enkulu enkulu yabanjwa inesisindo esingu-158 kg.

Isakhiwo sePanther

Lesi silwane sine-torso ende kakhulu enendawo ephansi. Ubude bomzimba 91 - 180 cm (ngaphandle komsila), umsila ulinganiselwa kuma-75 - 110 cm. Isisindo somzimba seqa kusuka kuma-30 kuye kwangama-100 kg.

Ikhanda lesilwane linobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele, ingxenye yalo yangaphambili iyaphakama. Ekhanda le-panther ungabona izindlebe ezimfishane eziyindilinga.

Umbala wesilwane uvame ukwethulwa ohlelweni lombala olufanayo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuba nemichilo noma amabala wombala omnyama kuso. I-Panther inesakhiwo esikhethekile se-larynx - i-hyoid apparatus, enikeza isilwane ithuba lokubhonga kakhulu.

I-Panther

Ama-panthers, njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, abizwa ngohlobo lonke emndenini wamakati amakhulu. Akuwona ama-jaguars alungele le ncazelo kuphela, kodwa futhi izingwe, amabhubesi namahlosi. Kodwa-ke, izingulube kanye nengwe kuphela ezivame “ukuhlupheka”.

Kukhona inguqulo yokuthi uhlobo lwama-panthers luvela kubamele abangapheli bohlobo lwamanje lwama-cougars, noma kunjalo, impikiswano evuthayo isaqhubeka mayelana nemvelaphi yayo yangempela emphakathini wesayensi yezilwane.

Siza! Uhlobo oluhlonza izinwele ezimnyama kuma-panthers luyabonakala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho abantu ababili bemibala ehlukene bewela, kuvame ukucindezelwa uhlobo olunamandla lombala. Noma kunjalo, ngaphezu kweminyaka yokuvela kwemvelo, ama-panthers amnyama awakashabalali ebusweni bomhlaba.

Phylogeny

Imininingwane esemqoka ekudalekeni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo yatholakala ngokuhlaziya izinsalela zezinsimbi nokucwaninga emkhakheni wama-phylogenetics wamangqamuzana. UJaguar uyilungu kuphela lohlobo Panthera

eMhlabeni omusha. Idatha ye-Molecular-phylogenetic kanye ne-paleontological etholwe kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene iqinisekisa ubudlelwane bomndeni obusondelene phakathi kwejaguar nabanye abamele uhlobo
Panthera
futhi bayakufakazela ukuthi yena, kanye nabanye abameleli bohlobo lwengwebu futhi enephunga elimnandi, wayenokhokho abajwayelekile ababephila emhlabeni phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyisithupha neshumi edlule. Isigaxa semfucumfucu sibonisa ukuthi uhlobo ngokwalo lwavela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-3,8 edlule. Izici eziphambili ze-morphological zibonisa ukuthi i-jaguar ihlobene kakhulu nengwe. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwe-DNA alukaphothulwa, futhi nemibono nge-phylogeny ye-jaguar ehlobene nezinye izinhlobo iyahluka phakathi kwabaphenyi abahlukile. Izinsalela zezinsalela zezinhlobo ezingapheli zohlobo, ezifana ne-European jaguar (
Panthera gombaszoegensis
) nebhubesi laseMelika (
Panthera leo atrox
), hlanganisa izici zezimpawu zobhubesi kanye nejaguar. Ukuhlaziywa nokuqhathaniswa kwe-jaguar mitochondrial DNA kukhombisile ukuthi umsuka wezinhlobo wabhalwa eminyakeni engama-280,000 no-510,000 edlule, kamuva okulindelwe kusukela ezinsaleleni zamandulo.

Isisetshenziswa sokuqonda ngokwamasiko, isayensi nezobuciko

Awekho amakati asendle anobubanzi obubanzi njengengwe. Lesi sidlakudla 'sihambile ngempumelelo indawo enkulu, kufaka phakathi i-Afrika yonke (ngaphandle kweSahara) cishe nayo yonke iNingizimu Asia. Ngasikhathi sinye, uzizwa emkhulu ehlathini nasezintabeni, ebekezelela ukushisa nokubanda ngokulinganayo kahle. Enyakatho, ingwe yafika eTranscaucasia nasePrimorye. Kuyiqiniso, akasekho eCaucasus, kodwa muva nje babone ingwe ekude yaseMpumalanga. NgoJulayi 24, 2019, isilo esiyivelakancane sawela ngesibindi umgwaqo omkhulu esifundeni saseKhasansky ePrimorye, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sashayiswa yimoto.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-jaguar, isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu nengwe, ihlala ngaphesheya kwezwe. Ziyafana kakhulu kangangokuba iso elingenalwazi alisho ngokushesha ukuthi ubani phambi kwakhe oyisakhamuzi soMhlaba Omdala noma oMusha? Noma kunjalo, kungenzeka ukubahlukanisa. Ngamagama alula, ingwe inempilo futhi “incanyana” nge-stock American ethe xaxa futhi eboshwe kakhulu ngokuthi “American.”

Ingwe

Imilenze yejaguar imfushane futhi inamandla ngokwengeziwe, izisekelo zamachashazi makhulu futhi anomumo owengeziwe, futhi ikhanda likhulu futhi likhulu (amaBrazilians ambiza ngo “kanga” - okungukuthi, “ikhanda elikhulu”).

IJaguar

Isikhumba esihle salaba bantu abahlaselayo kwakuyinto efiselekayo kwabesifazane bemfashini kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1930s nangama-70s (ngengubo "yezingubo" uJacqueline Kennedy noGene Lollobrigida bathande ukuqhakaza). Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, abantu babenezizathu ezanele zokubulala izingwe.

Kuyingozi ukwedlula ihlosi nebhubesi

Abazingeli bathi ngamabomu ukuthi ingwe iyingozi ukwedlula ibhubesi noma ihlosi, futhi kunzima kakhulu ukulandelela phansi bese iyidubula. Iqiniso ngukuthi lincane futhi lilula kune- "ozakwabo" (ubude bomzimba wengwe buyi-91-180 m, futhi isisindo sisuka kuma-30 kuye kwangama-90 kg). Ngakho-ke, kunobuhlakani obukhulu futhi abubonakali otshanini, izihlahlana noma amagatsha esihlahla (amabala asesemuva aphuzi ngalezi zimo ayizimfihlakalo ezinhle).Babhala ukuthi lesi sidlakudla singakwazi ukweqa isisulu singazelele kude nebanga lamamitha ayi-2 ngaphambi kokwenza igxuma elibulalayo.

R. Kipling "Ingwe Yathola Njani Isikhala Sayo": “- Yenza ibala njengendlulamithi. - Kungani? "Cabanga nje ukuthi inenzuzo engakanani." Noma ukhetha imivimbo efana ne-zebra? Kokubili i-zebra nendlulamithi zijabule kakhulu ngamaphethini azo amasha. - Um! Kusho ingwe. "Angifuni ukufana ne-zebra." “Beka ingqondo yakho kungekudala,” kugcizelela umTopiya. "Ngeke ngifune ukuyozingela ngaphandle kwakho, kepha kuzodingeka uma ubukeka njengotshani belanga uthango omnyama." “Yebo, ngakho-ke ngikhetha amabala,” kusho ingwe. "Ungazenzi zikhulu kakhulu." Angifuni ukufana nendlulamithi. ”

A. Brem "Impilo Yezilwane": “Ngokubukeka, ingwe ngokungangabazeki ilungile kunawo wonke amakati emhlabeni. Kuwo wonke umndeni wokugcina, ibhubesi, empeleni, lisifaka ngenhlonipho ngobukhulu baso, futhi siyayibona kalula inkosi yezilwane ezikulo, ihlosi lingummeleli owesabekayo womphakathi wekati onolaka, ubuhlunga be-ocelot empeleni, bumibalabala futhi bumibalabala kakhulu kunabo bonke ubuhlalu bokunye, kepha maqondana nokuvumelana kokuqanjwa ", Ubuhle nephethini yoboya, okuhlobene nomusa nobuhle beminyakazo, la makati, njengawo wonke umuntu, aphansi kakhulu kunengwe."

Ingwe ayigcini ngokukhohlisa futhi inenkani, kodwa futhi ithule. Kuliqiniso, angakwazi ukuthuthumela ngokuxakile nangokuphindaphindekayo aze abhongise (ngesikhathi sokuzalelisa), kepha hhayi ekuzingeleni. Zithi ingwe ithule, kube ngathi ngumuntu ohlanganyele, noma ibanjwa noma ilimele.Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukuqaphela okunjengaleya kanye nokwenqaba kwakhe ukubandakanyeka "empini evulekile" kuvumele u-Aristotle ukuthi afake lesi sidlamlilo phezulu kwezilwane ezibi kakhulu - kanye negundane, unogwaja, i-hyena nembongolo.Kodwa-ke, izakhamizi zase-Afrika nase-Asiya, zazijwayela ingwe uqobo, azizange zihlanganyele ukuhlolwa kwesazi sefilosofi sasendulo samaGrikhi.Kubo, ingwe iyisilo esihlonishwayo, uphawu lokubonisa amandla ezempi namandla asebukhosini (eDahomey, amakhosi endawo azibiza ngokuthi "izingane zengwe").

A. Brem "Impilo Yezilwane": “Ngobuqili nangobuhlakani obunjalo benyathi, kuyacaca ukuthi kungani ophumelele kafra wesilwane esiyingozi esebenzisa udumo olunjalo. Igqoke “ikarros” eyenziwe isikhumba sengwe, enomgexo owenziwe ngamazinyo esilo entanyeni nomsila wayo phezu kwebhande, le ndoda enesibindi ibheka phansi izihlobo zayo, ibhande layo lomsila elinesizotha libambeka kabuhlungu. ”

Kodwa-ke, eYurophu, umbono ka-Aristotle awuzange uqalise. Yebo, ingwe ingaba wuphawu lwentukuthelo nokuqola, kepha akunakuba njalo ubugwala. Kungenxa yengwe (ingwe) lapho i- "Beast evuthayo ivela olwandle" iqhathaniswa ne- "Apocalypse" (13: 1-2). Ingwe, impisi nengonyama ezilandela iqhawe le "Divine Comedy" Dante isendleleni eya esihogweni. Futhi ithangi laseJalimane "ingwe" nje ngeke libizwe.

Njengoba sengike ngabhala, ingwe ikwazi ukujwayela izindawo ezihlukile, okwamsiza ukuthi agweme ukuqothulwa ngobuningi obekuhlaselwa ngamabhubesi namahlosi. Kodwa-ke, impahla oyithandayo yalowo owazingelayo ihlathi.Ingwe ikhuphuka kahle futhi igxume izihlahle izihlahla, okuholela ekunambithekeni okumangalisayo kwezinkawu. Uvama ukucasha izinsalela zezinyamazane zakhe ezihlahleni.

Kungashiwo okufanayo ngengwe. Olimini lwamaNdiya aseGuarani, igama elithi "yaguara" linencazelo enhle kakhulu: "Isilo esibulala ngokuxhuma okukodwa." Ngokugxuma, lesi silwanyana esinyakazayo sihamba ngokushesha impela, kepha, njengamakati amaningi amabanga amade, siphelelwa yisikhathi (ingabe abadali bemoto yezemidlalo yeJaguar bayakwazi lokhu?).

A. Milne "Winnie the Pooh and All-All": "- Futhi yini amaJaguars enza? - kubuza uPiglet, ejulile ethemba ukuthi manje ngeke bakwenze lokhu. "Bacasha emagatsheni ezihlahla bese beya lapho bemi khona ngaphansi kwesihlahla," kusho uPhooh. "Ngakho-ke kungcono ukuthi singakhuphukeli kulesi sihlahla, Pooh, uma kungenjalo uzophuthuma alimale." “Azizilimazi,” kusho uPooh, "bayazi ukuthi bagijima kanjani."

Imayini Yamahhashi engenamakhanda: “Ukuwela umuthi bekungelusizo lwalutho: ihlosi ligibela izihlahla njengekati. UMustanger wayekwazi lokho. ... Ngokucashile ngokwemvelo, waphuthuma khona emfuleni futhi wema kuphela lapho amanzi efika kuye okhalweni. Uma uMaurice ebengacabanga, ubeyoqonda ukuthi akusizi ngalutho, ngoba i-jaguar ayigcini nje ngokugibela izihlahla njengekati, kodwa futhi iyantanta njenge-otter. Kuyingozi emanzini njengoba kunjalo nasemhlabeni. ”

Ngempela, i-jaguar ingumbhukudi omuhle kakhulu okwaziyo ukuzingela ngempumelelo ama-caimans. Kodwa-ke, ukudla okuthandwayo kwalesi silwanyana esidla inyama ngababhaki bezingulube baseNingizimu Melika (ukugcizelelwa kwesilabhasi yesibili) namagundane amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni - ama-capybaras afana nengulube yegadi elilodwa nohhafu wamamitha.Emhlabeni omusha, akungabazeki ukuthi i-jaguar ingumhlaseli omkhulu futhi oyingozi kakhulu, lapho amaSpanish angawodwa athi "El Tiger." Vele, amaJaguar namaNdiya ahlonishwa. Phakathi kwezikhumbuzo zesiko lasePeru laseChavin, izithombe zamatshe ezinonkulunkulu abasebenza isigamu sabantu, izingcezu zama-jaguar ziye zalondolozwa.

Ngakwesobunxele kukhona isithombe se-jaguar esivela eMonte Alban (200 BC), ngakwesokudla isithombe somuntu olwa impi yama-Aztec esikhunjeni sejaguar.

Kuliqiniso, ezinganekwaneni zaseNingizimu Melika, i-jaguar idlala indima efanayo ne-wolf kwezinganekwane zaseRussia - ibonakala ngesimo somhlaseli omkhulu kodwa onomqondo olula, oholwa yi-opossum noma inkawu. Ungase futhi ukhumbule inganekwane kaKipling ethi "Kuvelaphi izimpi zempi", lapho uthango kanye nesifufula “kubhudula” khona ingulule? Ngale ndlela, izeluleko zikanina-ama-jaguars - ukukhipha ufudu kusuka egobolondweni - akuyona into enhle kabi - izinyamazane zivame ukusebenzisa le ndlela empilweni yangempela.

Phambilini, indawo okwakuhlala kuyo ama-jaguars yayingagcini emahlathini aseNingizimu Melika futhi yafika ezifundeni ezinjengeTexas, Arizona, New Mexico neCalifornia (eTexas, inoveli ethi The Headless Horseman iyenzeka). Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngawo-1940s, lesi sidlakela asikaze sabonwa e-United States, yize sisenzeka eMexico kwezinye izindawo.

Ngabe iphunga liyiphunga kanjani?

"Nami ngiyayithanda i-panther emnyama, Uma ibheka phambi kwaso uqobo Kulesi sigceme esithile esingaphili, Njenge-sphinx esesabekayo ogwadule oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka." (F. Garcia Lorca)

Ngokushesha lapho ngiba nentshisekelo yemvelaphi yegama elithi “ingwe”, kwavuka isiyaluyalu ekhanda lami. Mhlawumbe ochwepheshe abanolwazi oluningi bazongilungisa - kunama-hypotheses amaningi aphikisanayo engihlangane nawo ngenkathi ngicwaninga lolu daba.

Akudingekile ukuba nolwazi olujulile lwezilimi ukuze ubone igama elithi “leo” egameni lengwe - okungukuthi, Ibhubesi. Kepha ingabe ingxenye yesibili ihunyushwa kanjani - “pardus” - ngokuthe ngqo, “pardus”?Ku-Wikipedia yolimi lwesiNgisi kubhaliwe ukuthi leli gama lasendulo lesiGrikhi lisho ukuthi "indoda panther" futhi lisuselwa empumalanga - Indo-Iranian - izilimi. Manje ubani “umphisi” onjalo?

UPanther Bagheera eSoviet Mf Mowgli.

Kuzobonakala kubafundi abakhuluma isiRussia ukuthi ukuphendula lo mbuzo kulula. Abaningi bazokhumbula iBagheera engalibaleki evela eMowgli lelohora, futhi abafundwe kahle bazochaza ukuthi i-panther akuyona into ehlukile, kepha imvelo nje iyinhlobonhlobo yezingwe ezimnyama. Abantu abamnyama (ababizwa ngokuthi ama-melanists in science) bayatholakala kuma-jaguars, kepha kuze kube manje abatholakali emabhubesini nasezingubeni.

Ngendlela, ku-Kipling Bagheera yasekuqaleni - lokhu akuyona insikazi, kodwa ngowesilisa. I-Disney ekuguqukeni kwefilimu ye- "The Jungle Book" yazivumela inkululeko enkulu, kepha ubulili bayo be-panther bulungile.

Umbala we-pigment melanin ubhekele umbala omnyama ngokweqile - lowo obhekele umbala wezinwele zethu, umbala we-iris yeso, njll. Ukwakheka kwayo okuthuthukisiwe ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebe ye-UV ebonakala esikhunjeni somuntu ngesimo sokushiswa yilanga nemifantu.

Umuntu wokuqala wase-Europe wasenkathi owachaza ingwe emnyama, ngakolunye uhlangothi, "ngokwemvelo", kwakunguMarco Polo. Lesi sihambi sekhulu le-XIII sikwazile ukufika eChina. Kuliqiniso, encazelweni yakhe, uPolo ubiza i- panther ngokuthi “ibhubesi”.

“Ziningi izilwane ezahlukene, azifani nezilwane zakwamanye amazwe. Kukhona amabhubesi amnyama lapha angenawo amamaki. "

Kodwa-ke, bheka ukuthi u-Ovid ubhala ini kumaMetamorphoses:

... uNkulunkulu (okusho uBacchus - SK) kusesenjalo, egcobele umqhele wakhe ngemivini ngeziqu, yena uqobo uqhaqhaqha ngomkhonto, amagilebhisi awenziwe ngamahlamvu aluhlaza. Ama-Tiger - azungeze unkulunkulu: kuzwakala izipoki zama-lynxes, Izilwane zasendle ngokushesha zilele ngesikhumba esinezitho zaso ...

Unkulunkulu wamaRoma wewayini - uDionysus - ugibele ingwe.
Nakhu okushiwo uGoethe Mephistopheles ku “Faust”, ebhekisa kubabazi oyisilonda:

“Mphefumulo wami! Ngobumsulwa bezinyanga eziyisithupha ezinjengobala, njenge-panther, umsebenzi womuntu wesifazane ungachithwa. "

Ngempela, ngisho naku-panther emnyama kakhulu, amabala avela njalo. U-E. G ku- “Izilwane Zasendle waseNdiya” wabhala ukuthi kukhona “nama-under-panther” akhethekile lapho amabala amnyama abonakala khona ngokusobala ngemuva kwesizinda sokhokholethi okhanyayo. Ngaphandle kwesizathu ngesiNgisi i-analogue yesaga sethu esithi "Humpbacked kuphela ithuna izolungisa" kuzwakala sengathi "Ingwe ingaguqula amabala ayo?" ("Ingwe ingaguqula amabala ayo?").

“Incwadi Yomprofethi uJeremiya” (13: 23): “UmTopiya angashintsha isikhumba sakhe nengwe amabala ayo? ngakho ungenza okuhle ngokujwayela ukwenza okubi? ”

Abesifazane abagqoke izingwe. Ngakwesobunxele kukhona umdwebo ngu-C.E. Perugini. Kwesokudla - Umlingisi wase-Italy uMarie-Angela Melato.

R. Kipling "Mowgli": “Kwawa isithunzi esimnyama phakathi kombuthano. KwakuyiBagheera, iphenti emnyama, yonke imnyama ngokuphelele, njengeninki, kodwa inamamaki okubonakala njengawo wonke ama-panther, kukhanya, njengephethini elikhanyayo emoyini. ”

Kodwa-ke, uma umuntu efunda le ncwadi ngokungakhathali, khona-ke kwifilimu yaseSoviet enobuhlakani "Mowgli" wabhala kahle izinhlobo zeBagira lapho ngesikhathi sokukhombisa bembonisa egijima nengwe ebonakalayo.Ama-cube emndenini onjalo angahluka kakhulu - omabala namnyama. Kepha okokugcina kuvame kakhulu, ngoba uhlobo olumnyama luyaphindeka futhi luvame ukucindezelwa uhlobo olubonayo. Ukuthola inzalo emnyama eyikhulu, udinga ama-panther amabili amnyama, kepha "ama-negroes" nawo angazalelwa abazali ababonayo uma kuvela abamnyama kokhokho babo. Ngaphezu kombala, izingwe ezinamagqabha nama-panthers akuhlukile.

Noma kunjalo, isithombe esimangazayo (ikati elimnyama elinamehlo avuthayo) senza i-panther yaba uphawu lwangempela lowesifazane owesabekayo, omuhle, ogugile, okhohlisayo (futhi lapho ekhohlisayo) (iculo elithi "Agatha Christie" nefilimu ekhuluma ngentombazane eyayi-werewolf " amakati "ngoNastasya Kinski).

UNastasya Kinsky ne-alter ego yakhe.

Kuliqiniso, amaNazi akwazile ukubiza leli gama ngethangi lesikwele (kodwa nokho elinamandla). Engubeni yezwe lase-Gabon lase-Afrika, izindlanzana ezimbili ziphethe isihlangu futhi zikhuluma njengomuntu (isicaphuna) "ukuqaphela kanye nesibindi senhloko yombuso waseGabon."

Ngaphansi kwegama elithi Black Panthers, iqembu lesizwe lamaNegro elinobuhlanga laziwa kabanzi.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, eNtshonalanga bangabiza nengwe ejwayelekile ngokuthi "i-panther", bese kuthiwe i-epithet "emnyama" - "i-panther emnyama" - izokwengezwa.

Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu akusicaciseli isitatimende esingenhla esivela ku-Wikipedia sokuthi igama elithi “pardus” lisho ukuthi “owesilisa”. Kulokhu, kuvela okungenangqondo - “ingwe” yaphenduka inzalo ye “bhubesi” kanye ne “ingwe” efanayo!Kodwa-ke, kunezincazelo ezinengqondo ngokwengeziwe. Isibonelo, umcabango wokuthi amagama athi "panther" no "pardus" asuselwa kwelesiSanskrit elithi "pundarikas" (ihlosi), lona, ​​livela kwi-pandarah - "ukukhanya okuphuzi". Futhi esihlokweni esithi "ihlosi" esivela kwisichazamazwi sikaDahl, singathola ibinzana: "igama lesayensi lesilo uPardus".Okusho ukuthi, "ingwe" ezikhathini zasendulo ibonwa njengohlobo lwesiphambano phakathi kwengonyama nehlosi ...

Ngegama lesithathu lengwe - "ingwe" - izinto azidideki kangako. Kukholelwa ukuthi livela egameni elithi “prassum” elimini lwesiHatti (ukhokho okusolwa ukuthi ukhokho wezilimi ze-Abkhaz ne-Adyghe). Ezweni lethu, kwaqala ukuvela ngekhulu le-16 futhi kwakusho ukuthi okokuqala, izingwe zaseCaucasian. Yize beyisebenzisa maqondana nezinye ezinkulu nezinabala - njengengulule noma ingwe yeqhwa (eyokugcina ibizwa ngokuthi “ingwe yeqhwa” ekugcineni).

Kepha emuva igama elithi "panther", umsuka walo ubuye wabanga. Ezikhathini zasendulo, lalihunyushwa kalula nje, ngaphandle kokucabanga ngeSanskrit. Njengokuthi "pan" ngesiGrikhi "yikho konke okwenzeka emhlabeni wonke," futhi "theros" "yisilo." Okusho ukuthi, “i-panther” luhlobo “lwasilwane sonke” - isilwane ngaphezu kwazo zonke izilwane.

Isidore saseSeville: "Umuntu ophethe i-panther ubizwa ngaleli gama ngoba ngumngane wazo zonke izilwane ngaphandle kukadrako, noma ngoba ethanda ukufana naye, futhi lokho akutholayo kubuyela ngokufana."

Ukuhumusha okungajwayelekile kanjalo kuzocaca uma sikhumbula umbono owodwa wasendulo (futhi ongacabangi kangako) walesi silwane. Ngisho nasemhlabeni wasendulo, bekukholelwa ukuthi i-panther (ngaleso sikhathi eyayibizwa ngokuthi "ukuxolelwa") iyakwazi ukukhipha iphunga elinephunga elimnandi, futhi akukho silwane esingamelana nalo. Akumangalisi ukuthi amaGrikhi asendulo abize igama elithi "pardalis" hhayi izingwe kuphela, kodwa futhi nezilwi - “abapristi bothando”, abazigcoba kakhulu ngempepho.

"Umlando Wezilwane" u-Aristotle: "Basho nokuxolelwa, bazi ukuthi iphunga lakhe limnandi ezilwaneni, bayazingela, bacashe: usondele futhi abambe ngisho inyamazane ngale ndlela."

Uma okungenani umbono othile we-pragmatic ubekhona kule ncazelo, khona-ke futhi wanyamalala enkathini yobuKristu. Esethulweni semfundiso yenkolo, umphangi usuvele ufake iphunga nje kanjalo, ngaphandle kokuthola izinzuzo ezingekho emthethweni.

"Udokotela Wokuzivocavoca umzimba" (II-III c.): "Ephusheni, ufaka iphunga. Zonke izilwane zibuthana kuye zizwa iphunga futhi zijabule ngephunga. Zithokozise injabulo, zasakazeka enjabulweni nasekwanelisekeni kwamathanga nasemasimini."

UPanther uheha zonke izilwane, kepha wesabisa udrako, ocashe emgodini. Ukuqanjwa kusuka ku- "Bestiary" (XII century).

Ekuqaleni, leli phunga laliqhathaniswa neZwi likaKristu, elidonsela imiphefumulo yabantu okholweni. Ngokwesiko lasenkantolo, i-Fair Lady yayiqhathaniswa ne-panther elimnandi.

I-Bestiary of Love in Rhymes, imbongi engaziwa yekhulu le-13: Ngimlandela, njengoba izilwane zihamba, ngihamba ne-panther. Ngimhambele sihambe, ngihamba nentokazi. Othandekayo uheha, beckons, nangomoya omnandi Dope. Inombala wazo zonke izithuthuthu, uPanther muhle kakhulu kunezilwane zonke. Izintelezi ngokubukeka okuhle. Njengoba sesishayile, ngokukhala okukhulu, i-Beast imunca izindlebe, Nomoya omnandi ngendlela emangalisayo wehlathi ugcwalisa iziqu, Futhi akunamakha amakha amnandi. Isilo sinephunga elimnandi. Inyoka kuphela emesabayo, isindisiwe, njengokuphishekela, Kulempepho yasezulwini. Kepha wonke umuntu, ngaphandle kwenyoka, ujabule ngokuthola iphunga elimnandi, Futhi-ke ezinye izilwane zihlala zihambisana ne-panther ...

J. Boschius, "Umhlobiso udalwe ngamabala." 1702 g

Kepha kwinoveli eyimfihlakalo kaGustav Meyrink ethi "Ingelosi Yasentshonalanga iWindows", umgibeli onobuqili usevele ehlotshaniswa ne-panther.

"Inkosazana eyinqunu ebukeka kahle kakhulu yemvelo iphume egobolondweni likanina-we-pearl. Umzimba wakhe omangalisayo, omuhle kakhulu we-bronze hue elikhanyayo, ulondoloze ukugqama kwawo okumsulwa, ngisho naseceleni kwetshe lika-Isais, kwakubukeka sengathi kungobungcweti bangempela. Ingubo eyayiphonswe phansi yayinephunga elimnandi, okungenani bekubonakala sengathi leli phunga engijwayelekile le-panther, elikitaza izinzwa zami, esimweni sami esivele sengixakile sivele sazwakala nje. ”

Uma eYurophu ephakathi imibono mayelana nezingwe ibingaqapheleki (phela, ayitholakalanga lapho), khona-ke ngezikhathi zikaMeyrinka bebevele bazi ukuthi kuyingozi kangakanani lokhu kudla kwalo mbhemu.

Kepha ngizonikela nge-athikili ehlukile emithini yamazimu emndenini wekati.

Izimo zokuphila

Imvamisa, indlela yokuphila yodwa ihola i-jaguar. IBlack Panther ithanda ukuzingela ngemuva kokushona kwelanga ngaphambi nje kokusa.

Umuntu oyedwa unendawo engamamitha-skwele angama-25 kuye kwangama-100. km Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo yensimu yabo ekwakhekeni, njengomthetho, imelela ukwakheka kukanxantathu, futhi ubukhulu bawo buxhomeke ekubonakaleni komhlaba, inani lomdlalo elihlalwa lapho kanye nobulili balesi silwane esidliwayo (imvamisa kubantu besifazane lincane kakhulu).

Ensimini yayo endaweni ethile, owesilisa uvame ukuzingela cishe izinsuku ezingama-3-4, emva kwalokho afune inyamazane kwenye indawo yezinto zakhe. Ijaguar ayikubekezeleli ukuba khona kwezinye izilwane zomndeni wekati ekhaya, kodwa kunokuthula ngokuhlobene nezihlobo, yingakho izindawo zalezi zilwane zingahlangana.

Ijaguar emnyama imvamisa ihlala emqamelweni (otshanini obude, esihlahleni), ilindele inyamazane yayo. Lapho embona, uhlasela ngemuva noma eceleni, ambambe ngentamo. Ngokungafani namanye amakati asendle, kwesinye isikhathi uluma ngogebhezi lwephango. Ukubanjwa kwayo okuyinhloko ama-tapirs, ama-capybaras, abapheki, izinyoni, izinyoka, izinkawu, izinduku, njll.

IJaguar (Panthera onca)

Emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo aseMelika Ephakathi nasemaNingizimu Melika, kukhona umugqa omuhle owakhiwe ihlombe. Uboya besilwane bukhulu, umbala uyahlukahluka kusuka kokukhanya okuphuzi kuya kokubomvu komlilo. Isidumbu simbozwe amabala amnyama ngendlela amasongo, maphakathi lawo kukhona ichashaza - nalo elimnyama. Isifuba nesisu sinemivimbo. Amaphayi anamandla, amakhulu, ngocezu olumnyama.
Umdlwane unekhala elibanzi, izindlebe zalo zincane, zikhonjwe emaphethelweni. Amehlo esilo anombala wegolide, ukubukeka kukuxakile futhi kuyabhekisisa. Amazinyo anamandla kangangokuba i-jaguar iphula kalula inyamazane, iluma ngisho negobolondo lesifufula. Amafashoni amade ayabonakala, agobile kancane emaphethelweni. Ubuye aphathe nezikhafu, abulale amanxeba abulalayo ezitheni. Isitho esiyinhloko sokuthinta amadevu. Imvelo yanika isilwane ukuzwa okuhle, futhi umbono ebusuku unamandla kunesikhathi sasemini, ngakho-ke sihamba ngokuqiniseka ehlathini lasebusuku.

Umzimba wejaguar ubude bawo bubalelwa ku-120 kuye ku-185 cm - ngaphandle komsila. Umsila ungafinyelela kuma-75 cm. Isilwane sikhulu, isisindo saso sivame ukusuka kuma-60 kuye kuma-80 kg, kepha kwesinye isikhathi senzeka singu-120.

Ama-jaguar ngendlela yokuphila ahlukile ezihlotsheni zawo zomndeni wekati - ukuzingela yedwa endaweni ethile. Le nsimu yabesifazane ilinganiselwa kumakhilomitha-skwele angama-25, kuthi owesilisa afinyelele kumamitha-skwele ayikhulu. km

Isibungu siqala ukuzingela ngemuva kokushona kwelanga noma ngaphambi kokuba sivele ngaphezulu. Isisulu sikhetha ikakhulukazi ukungathenwa. Ngesikhathi elindile, uhlala emqamelweni isikhathi eside, ecasha ngokuphelele otshanini noma ezihlahleni. Bese kuthi ukugxuma okubukhali - kufinyelele kubude obungafika kumamitha ayi-6, futhi kuphange iziphandla zawo. Imvamisa ihlasela isuka emuva noma kusukela ohlangothini ibambe ngentamo. Uma umgomo ungatholakali futhi ohlukunyeziwe ashiye phansi, akazimisele ngokulandela lokho - uyaqhubeka nokulinda olandelayo noma ahambise isilwanyana esincane, inhlanzi.

Noma ngubani angaba isisulu somhlaseli, kusukela ezinkomeni kuya ezinyokeni nasezintongeni, kufaka phakathi i-tapir ethambile, abapheki, ama-capybaras, ngisho nezimfudu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, isilwane sikhwela ngokuphelele izihlahla, singakhuphuka idwala, futhi sintanta ngokuphelele.

Ama -aguar awanaso isikhathi esithile sokuzala. Ukukhethwa komlingani kuncike ngokuphelele kowesifazane, ukuzalwa kwengane kwenzeka ezinsukwini eziyi-100 emva kokukhulelwa. Ukhetha i-lair ezihlahleni, phakathi kwamatshe noma igobe. Kuzalwa amawundlu amabili kuya kwamane. Emavikini ayisithupha amazinyane amancane ahlala nonina emgodini, bese kufika isikhathi sokuzingela kokuqala. Bazingela kanye nomzali wabo baze bazikhethele indawo efanele futhi baqale indlela yokuphila yokuzimela.

Njalo ngonyaka inani lama-jaguars liyancipha. Ukuze kukhishwe uboya obuyigugu, abazingeli bezinkomo badubula ukudubula kwabo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nakho akufaki iqhaza ekuveleni kabusha. Ukuvikela isilwane ekuqothulweni okuphelele, kwanqunywa ukuba kubekwe iJaguars Red Book.

Ukuzalela inzalo

Ama -aguar awanayo inkathi ethile yokuzalela. Owesifazane elungele ukuzilandela (kusukela aneminyaka emi-3 ubudala) “ubika” lokhu kwabesilisa, aswine izihlahla ngomchamo, futhi akhiphe “amagama” abalingiswa abesilisa abasabela kuwo ngokukhwaza okukhulu, nangokuhlukumezeka.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Abanye abazingeli be-jaguar bababoleka, belingisa ukukhala komuntu wesifazane. Ama-jaguars, imvamisa angashadi, kulokhu kuphela angahlanganiswa abe ngamaqembu.

Kepha abesilisa abalwi bodwa, ukhetho lwenziwa kuphela ngumakoti bese okwesikhashana ethuthela endaweni yakhe ayikhethile.

Ngemuva kokuphola, bayahlukana. Owesifazane uzenzela umhume phakathi kwamathanga, emgodini noma emhumeni ocashile, lapho kuthi emva kwezinsuku eziyi-100 ekhulelwe abelethe ama-2-4 kittens. Ama-jaguars amancane awawona amabala njengabazali bawo; amabala amnyama amnyama agqamile kuboya bawo. Umama akabadedeli emgodini ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyi-1.5 zokuphila kwabo.

Kodwa-ke, zincelisa ubisi lukamama cishe izinyanga ezingama-5-6. Umama uqala ukubathatha ahambe nabo baye ekuzingeleni aze akhule futhi akwazi ukuthatha insimu ezimele, imvamisa cishe iminyaka emi-2. Cishe yingxenye yamawundlu azelwe ayasinda ekukhulelweni. IJaguar inganikeza inzalo ngembewu yokuzalela ngotshani kanye nengwe.

Emuva kokuqukethwe

Amanothi

1. Sokolov V.E.
   Isichazamazwi sezilimi ezimbili samagama ezilwane. Omama IsiLatin, isiRussia, isiNgisi, isiJalimane, nesiFulentshi. / ihlelwe yi-Acad. V. E. Sokolova. - M.R. lang., 1984. - S. 108. - 10,000 amakhophi.
2. UStephen Wroe, uColin McHenry, noJeffrey Thomason (2006). "I-bite kilabhu: amandla okuqhathanisa ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ezinkulu nokuqagela kokuziphatha kokuphamba kwe-fossil taxa" (PDF). Ukuqhubeka kweRoyal Society B
   (I-Royal Society)
   272
   (1563): 619-625. I-DoI: 10.1098 / rspb.2004.2986. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 7, 2006.
3. Ounce 2, Isichazamazwi sesiNgisi sase-Oxford
   , 2nd edition
4. UFernando de Montesinos.
   Imininingwane yasendulo engokomlando neyezepolitiki mayelana noPiru. Incwadi yesibili. www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky) (Julayi 24, 2008). - Ukuhunyushwa nguV. Talah, eKiev, 2006. Kugcinwe kungokomlando ngo-Agasti 21, 2011. Kubuyiswe kabusha ngo-Okthoba 8, 2009.
5. UPedro Cieza de Leon.
   Umlando wasePeru. Ingxenye Yokuqala .. www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky) (Ephreli 28, 2009). Kulondolozwe kusukela kwangempela ngomhla ka-Agasti 21, 2011. Kubuyiswe ngo-Okthoba 8, 2009.
6. Diego Gonzalez Holguin.
   Isichazamazwi soLimi lwesiQuechua (1608) .. www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky). Kulondolozwe kusukela kwangempela ngomhla ka-Agasti 21, 2011. Kubuyiswe ngo-Okthoba 8, 2009.
7. ↑ 123
   UJohnson, W.E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W.J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E. & O’Brien, S.J. (2006). "Imisebe yeLate Miocene yeFelidae yanamuhla: Ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo."
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8. Turner, A. (1987). "I-carnivore entsha yamandulo isasendaweni yaseSterkfontein (Mammalia: Carnivora)." Izimemezelo zomnyuziyamu we-transvaal34
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   UDianne N. Janczewski, uWilliam S. Modi, uJ. Claiborne Stephens, noStephen J. O'Brien (1 Julayi 1996). "Ukuguqulwa kwamangqamuzana eMitochondrial 12S RNA neCytochrome b Sequences kuPantherine Lineage kaFelidae."
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   (4). PMID 7544865. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 7, 2006.
10. I-Yu L & Zhang YP (2005). "Izifundo ze-Phylogenetic zamakati we-pantherine (Felidae) asuselwa kuzakhi zofuzo eziningi, ngesicelo senoveli se-beta-fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores." I-Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution35
    (2): 483-495. I-DoI: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2005.01.01.01. PMID 15804417.
11. UJohnson WE & Obrien SJ (1997). "Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwePhylogenetic kwe-Felidae isebenzisa izinhlobo ze-16S rRNA ne-NADH-5 mitochondrial genes." Ijenali yokuvela kweMolekyuli44
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    (1). I-DoI: 10.1046 / j.1365-294X.2001.01144.x. PMID 11251788. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 7, 2006.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Umngcele osenyakatho wokuhlala kwama-jaguars usezintabeni zaseMexico nasezifundeni eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States. Izilwane zihlala emingceleni esenyakatho ye-Argentina neParaguay, kanye nogu lwaseVenezuela. Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke bama-jaguars bahlala esifundazweni saseBrazil, uMato Grosso. Izidalwa ezinkulu kakhulu zama-jaguars zigxilisiwe esigodini sase-Amazon.

Impilo, i-jaguar idinga izinto eziningi:

• umthombo wamanzi oseduze
• imifino eminyene yokuzifihla ngenkathi uzingela,
• ukukhiqizwa okungenzeka ngamanani anele.

Imvelo ibanikeze izinsizakusebenza ezinjengamahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, emihlanga yasogwini, ezigodini zemifudlana nasezigodini eziseduzane. Ezindaweni ezomile, ama-jaguars cishe awatholakali. Kepha bayakwazi ukukhuphukela ezintabeni, nokho, kungabi ngaphezu kwama-2700 m (abahlali base-Andes). Ama-Jaguars ake ahlangatshezwa eCosta Rica endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-3800, kepha lokhu bekuyinto engayodwa, imvamisa amahlathi asezintabeni awawahehi.

Emuva kokuqukethwe

Okujwayelekile nokwehlukana phakathi kwe-jaguar ne-panther

• Womabili la ma-panther kanye nama-jaguar angawomndeni owodwa - i-feline.
• Bobabili abamele bangabadli.

1. Igama elithi "panther" libanzi kune- "jaguar", lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-jaguar empeleni iluhlobo lwe-panther (uhlobo oluzimele lwefeline).
2. I-panther ingahluka kwe-jaguar ngombala wesikhumba sayo: ku-panther imnyama, kuyijeyidi iba nsundu kakolweni.
3. I-jaguar iyisilwane esisheshayo, ingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-90 km ngehora, ijubane le-panther - i-60 km ngehora.
4. Ama -aguar ahlala ikakhulukazi emazwenikazi aseMelika, ama-panther ikakhulukazi ahlala emazweni ashisayo.