I-Sphenacodontia -? Kingdom I-Sphenacodonts Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi yoMbuso: Uhlobo Lwezilwane: Ikilasi LamaChordates ... Wikipedia
I-Sphenacodontidae -? Kingdom I-Sphenacodonts Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi yoMbuso: Uhlobo Lwezilwane: Ikilasi LamaChordates ... Wikipedia
Ama-Pelicosaurs -? † I-Pelicosaurus Skeleton ye-Dimetrodon, ummeleli weSigaba sePelicosaurus Sesayensi ... i-Wikipedia
I-Pelicosaurus -? † I-Pelicosaurus I-skeleton ye-Dimethrodon, ummeleli we-pelicosaurs Isayensi ngezigaba zoMbuso: Uhlobo Lwezilwane ... I-Wikipedia
I-Dimetrodon -? † I-Dimetrodon Dimetrodon (ukwakha kabusha) uHulumeni weSayensi ... Wikipedia
I-Secodontosaurus -? † I-Secodontosaurus ... i-Wikipedia
I-Haptodusy -? † I-Haptodus Haptodus garnettensis (eyakhiwe kabusha ... i-Wikipedia
Uhlu lwezinhlobo zesikhathi se-Perm - Lolu uhlu olusemthethweni lwezindatshana ezenzelwe ukuxhumanisa umsebenzi ekuthuthukiseni isihloko. Lesi sexwayiso asi ... Wikipedia
I-Batignat -? † I-Batignat ... i-Wikipedia
I-Secodontosaurus -? Kingdom I-Secodontosaurus Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi yoMbuso: Uhlobo Lwezilwane: I-Chordates Class ... Wikipedia
Uhlobo: Dimetrodon
Izidalwa zasendulo zezinhlobo zeDimetrodon angelensis zazingamamitha amane ubude futhi zazingaba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-200. Izimo ezincanyana zabazingeli, futhi okuwukuphela kommeleli wezinhlobo i-Dimetrodon teutonis, kungenzeka ukuthi anesisindo esingama-25 kilos.
Ngokungafani nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ama-Dimetrodons ayenezinhlobo ezimbili zamazinyo - ama-fangs kanye ne-incisors. Imilenze yezilwane ezihuquzelayo yayingatholakali ngaphansi komzimba, njengakwezilwane ezincelisayo, zazikhula ezinhlangothini zesilwane, njengamaqhude.
Imodeli ye-Dimetrodon.
Isici esikhanya futhi esiphawuleka kunazo zonke seDimetrodon kwakuyi- “sail”. Bekubandakanya ukuphuma kwemvelo emgogodleni wesilwane esasimbozwe esikhunjeni.
Lesi sakhiwo esikhulu esingemuva kwendawo yokugcina izidumbu sisebenzele umthetho we-thermo: sasibutha ngokushesha ukushisa elangeni, futhi emoyeni kungasiza ukupholisa umzimba wesidalwa. Le mpahla yanikeza inyamazane ithuba lokudlula inyamazane yayo ehamba kancane futhi evilaphayo.
Isibili se-Dimetrodon.
“Umkhumbi” onjalo wawungekhona kuDimetrodon kuphela. Kutholakale okwahamba okwezandla eziphakeme e-dinosaur Spinosaurus, e-pelicosaurus Edaphosaurus nase-amphibian Platyhystrix. Zonke lezi zilwane zazisebenzisa ukuphuma kwesikhashana kukholamu yomgogodla lapho kulawulwa ukushisa komzimba.
Ama-Paleontologists enze izilinganiso ezikhethekile. Ngenxa yalokho, kwatholakala ukuthi i-reptile enegazi elibandayo ngosizo “lwasolwandle” ingafudumeza ifudumele ngamazinga angama-32 ngemizuzu engama-80, kuyilapho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa “umkhumbi” kuzofanela ukufudumala okushisa okukhonjisiwe ngemizuzu engama-205.
Amathambo e-Dimetrodon lapho i-ridge-saire emangalisayo ibonakala khona ngokucacile.
Vele, i-thermoregulation akuyona ukuphela kwendawo "yesikebhe". Ukukhula okunjalo kungasebenzela abesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalela ukuheha izintokazi, ngoba abesilisa babebaningi kakhulu futhi begqamile kunabamele abobulili obuhlukile. “I-Sail” ingasebenza ukucasha ngokuphumelelayo phakathi kwezitshalo, ilandelele inyamazane, kanye nokuhamba ngomkhumbi wangempela uma izidalwa ezihubhayo zidinga ukuwela ichibi.
Lokhu kukhula okumangalisayo emgogodleni wezilwane ezihuquzelayo kwakhula impilo yonke. Izidumbu zabantu abasebasha bakwaDimetrodon zatholakala, lapho izinqubo zesipinashi zazingaphakeme. Okunokwenzeka, ukuthi izidalwa ezincane ezihuquzelayo kwakumelwe zicashe emathangeni otshani osebeni lwemifula namachibi. Futhi amaDimetrodons amadala angaphila ezindaweni ezibucayi nasehlathini.
Ababili uDimetrodon baphonsela inselelo ubuhlakani.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zondliwa kunoma yiziphi izidalwa eziphilayo ezingabamba. Esikhathini sokuqala se-Permian, isilinganiso sabazingeli kanye ne-herbivores sasifana. Abaphenyi baphakamisile ukuthi ama-Dimethrodons ngezikhathi ezithile angadla izinhlanzi. Lo mqondo uqinisekisiwe ngokwesayensi. Iqembu lochwepheshe eliholwa nguR. Becker ngonyaka ka-2008 lathola izimpawu zokhonkolo zokuthi isidalwa esine-"seyili" sidla ama-xenacanthides, oshaka bamanzi amasha. Kungenzeka ukuthi oshaka bangaba yizisulu zezilwane ezihlaselayo ezidliwayo ngesikhathi somiswa kwichibi.
Ukuzingela oshaka Dimetrodon.
UDimethrodon wayehlala endaweni eseNyakatho Melika, lapho kwatholakala khona izinsalela zamathambo. Abaphenyi abakwazi ukusho isizathu sangempela sokunyamalala kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo “ngomkhumbi”. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuvela kwezilwane ezithuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni wethu kungadala ukuqothulwa kwamaDimetrodons, angenakukwazi ukumelana nawo umncintiswano.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
I-Wikipedia
Ctenospondyl (Ctenospondylus) - ukwakheka kwezinqubo ezi-spinous zihlala phakathi kwe-sphenacodone ne-dimethrodone. Ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2, izinhlobo ezimbili ezivela ePermian Texas yokuqala. Ama-sphenacodonts asele aziwa kakhulu kusuka ezinsaleleni zemihlathi:Bathygnathus) - - kusukela kumvume yokuqala yasePolar Canada, neosaur (I-Neosaurus) - - kusukela kumvume yokuqala yaseFrance, i-macromerion (IMacromerion) - kusuka kuLate Carboniferous weCzech Republic. I-Steppesaurus (I-Steppesaurus) kusuka "maphakathi" Permian waseTexas kuchazwa izinsalela ezihlukaniswe kakhulu futhi kungenzeka ukuthi zingolunye lolunhlobo lwe-dimetrodon.
I-Sphenacodonts iyathakazelisa njengoba okhokho be-therapsid. Azikho izinhlobo ezithile eziphakathi nendawo ezitholakele phakathi kwazo, kepha zonke izici ze-anatomical zibonisa ubukhona bezindlela ezinjalo. Mhlawumbe babehlala ezindaweni lapho ukungcwatshwa kwezinsalela zezinsalela kwakusacishe kwenzeke khona, kanti cishe wonke ama-pelicosaurs ayehlala indawo enomswakama esishisayo nemifula yezidumbu zamanzi.
Ukuguqulwa kwamaletha: Sfenakodontyi
Emuva ngaphambili kuyafundwa: ytnodokanefs
I-Sphenacodonts iqukethe izinhlamvu eziyi-12
Ukuhlaziywa kwezingxenye zenkulumo
Okulandelayo, ake sihlaziye izici zokuphakanyiswa kwengxenye ngayinye yenkulumo yolimi lwaseRussia ngezibonelo. Ngokusho kwezilimi zolimi lwaseRussia, kunamaqembu amathathu ezingxenye eziyi-10 zenkulumo, ngokusho kwezici ezijwayelekile:
1. Izingxenye zokukhuluma ezizimele:
- amabizo (bona amabizo wemvelo)
- tento:
- Inhlanganyelo
- Inhlanganyelo,
- iziphawulo
- izinombolo
- izabizwana
- izandiso
Izingxenye zenkulumo:
3. Ukuvikelwa.
Akukho ukwahlukaniswa (ngokuya ngohlelo lwe-morphological) lolimi lwaseRussia oluwela:
- amagama yebo no no uma enza njengemisho ezimele.
- isingeniso amagama: ngakho-ke, ngendlela, ingqikithi, njengomusho ohlukile, kanye nenombolo yamagama athile.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-morphological
- Ifomu lokuqala esimweni sokuphakanyiswa, okukodwa (ngaphandle kwamabizo asetshenziswe kuphela kunobuningi: isikhafu, njll.),
- okwakho noma okujwayelekile,
- vusa noma ungabonakali
- ubulili (m, f, cf.),
- inombolo (iyunithi, ipl.),
- ukwenqaba
- icala
- Indima eyenzekile emshweni.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-morphological yebizo
"Ingane iphuza ubisi."
Kid (uphendula umbuzo wokuthi ubani?) - isibizo,
- ifomu lokuqala - ingane,
- izinhlamvu ezingapheli ze-morphological: i-animated, evamile, ukhonkolo, i-masculine, ukwenqatshwa koku-1,
- izici zokuziphatha ezingahambelani: icala lokuqokwa, okukodwa,
- lapho kudluliswa umusho, kusebenza njengesihloko.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-morphological kwegama elithi “ubisi” (kuphendula umbuzo kabani? Ini?).
- ifomu lokuqala ubisi,
- njalo morphological isimilo segama: ukungaculi, ukungabonakali, okubonakalayo, ibizo elivamile, ukwenqaba kwesi-2,
- izinhlamvu eziguqukayo zokuziphatha: ezisolwayo, ezesinye,
- ukunikezwa kuyisengezo esiqondile.
Nasi esinye isibonelo sendlela yokwenza uhlaziyo lwe-morphological lesibizo esuselwa emthonjeni wokubhala:
"Amantombazane amabili agijimele kuLuzhin futhi amsiza phezulu. Waqala wangqongqoza ingubo yakhe ngentende. (Isibonelo kusuka:" Ezokuvikela zikaLuzhin, "uVladimir Nabokov)."
Ladies (ubani?) - isibizo,
- ifomu lokuqala yintokazi,
- izinhlamvu ezingapheli ze-morphological: ibizo elijwayelekile, i-animation, ukhonkolo, ubufazi, ngiyenqaba,
- fickle morphological isimilo sebizo: okukodwa, okuphathekayo,
- Iqhaza lendabuko: ingxenye yengxoxo.
Luzhin (kubani?) - isibizo,
- ifomu lokuqala - uLuzhin,
- iqiniso morphological isimilo segama: igama elifanele, i-animate, ukhonkolo, umduna, ukuncipha okuxubile,
- izici ezingahambelani morphological zesibizo: esisodwa, icala lokuhlala,
- Indima ye-syntactic: ukwengeza.
Palm (ini?) - isibizo,
- ifomu lokuqala yintende,
- Izici zokuziphatha ezingapheli: isifazane, ukungabonakali, ibizo elijwayelekile, ukhonkolo, ngiyenqaba,
- ukungahambisani morpho. izimpawu: okukodwa,
- Indima ye-syntactic kumongo: umphelelisi.
Uthuli (ini?) Luyigama,
- isimo sokuqala ngothuli,
- abalingiswa abaphambili be-morphological: amabizo ajwayelekile, okokusebenza, okungowesifazane, okukodwa, okuphilayo akuchazwa, i-III declension (ibizo elinokuphela okungu-zero),
- fickle morphological amagama umlingiswa: ukusola,
- Indima ye-syntactic: ukwengeza.
(c) Imbobo (Kungani?) - isibizo,
- Ifomu lokuqala lijazi,
- njalo kunembile morphological isimilo segama: ukungabonakali, ibizo elijwayelekile, ukhonkolo, ukungacoceki, ukungaqondakali,
- Izimpawu ze-morphological azifani: inani ngokuqukethwe alikwazi ukubonwa
- indima ye-syntactic njengelungu lomusho: ukwengeza.
Ukuhlaziywa kwes morphological kwesiphawulo
Igama isiphawulo liyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhuluma. Uphendula imibuzo Yiphi? Yiphi? Yiphi? Ziphi? futhi ibeka izici noma izimfanelo zesifundo. Ithebula lezimpawu ze-morphological zegama lesiphawulo:
- ifomu lokuqala esimweni sokuphakanyiswa, singles, masculine,
- izici ezingapheli ze-morphological zeziphawulo:
- ukukhipha, ngokusho kwenani:
- - Ikhwalithi ephezulu (efudumele, ithule),
- - isihlobo (izolo, siyafunda),
- - thwala (hare, umama),
- izinga lokuqhathanisa (lokufanelekile, okuyinto le mfanelo ihlala ikhona),
- ifomu eligcwele / elifushane (lekhwalithi ephezulu, okuthi le mfanelo ihlala njalo),
- izici ezingahambelani morphological zesiphawulo:
- iziphawulo ezisezingeni eliphakeme ziyahlukahluka ngezinga lokuqhathanisa (ngamazinga wokuqhathanisa ifomu elilula, kokuhle - okuyinkimbinkimbi): enhle-inhle-enhle kakhulu,
- ifomu eligcwele noma elifushane (iziphawulo ezisezingeni eliphakeme kuphela),
- isici sohlobo (okukodwa kuphela),
- inombolo (iyahambisana nebizo)
- icala (kuyahambisana nesabizwana)
- Indima eyenzekile emshweni: isiphawulo yincazelo noma ingxenye yesakhi esiyingqayizivele sendawo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwes morphological kwesiphawulo
Kwenyuka inyanga yonke phezu komuzi.
Okugcwele (ini?) Yisiphawulo,
- Ifomu lokuqala ligcwele,
- izici zokuziphatha ezingapheli zegama lesiphawulo: ukufaneleka, ifomu eligcwele,
- Isimilo esingahambelani nesimilo: ngokwezinga eliqondile (zero) lokuqhathanisa, ubulili besifazane (kuyahambisana nesibalo), icala lokuqokwa,
- lokuhlanza - lilunga lelincane lemusho, lidlala indzima yencazelo.
Nayi indima yonke yokubhala kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-morphological kwegama lesiphawulo, ngezibonelo:
Intombazane le yayiyinhle: imfushane, imfishane, amehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, njengamasafire amabili amangalisayo, yabheka emphefumulweni wakho.
Umuhle (ini?) Yisiphawulo,
- ifomu lokuqala lihle (ngalencazelo),
- izinkambiso ze-morphological ezingapheli: ikhwalithi ephezulu, iDemo,
- izimpawu ezingahambelani: isilinganiso esihle sokuqhathanisa, esisodwa, isifazane,
- Indima eyakhiwe: ingxenye yesiphikiso.
Umthungi (ini?) - igama lesiphawulo,
- Ifomu lokuqala limfushane,
- izici ezingapheli morphological: ikhwalithi, kuqedile,
- Isimo segama esingahambisani nalokhu: isilinganiso esigcwele, esihle sokuqhathanisa, sobunye, besifazane, icala lokuqanjwa,
- Indima eyenzekile emshweni: ingxenye yesiphingo.
Mncane (ini?) Yisiphawulo,
- Ifomu lokuqala lincane,
- izici ezingapheli ze-morphological: ikhwalithi, kuqedile,
- isimilo esingahambelani morphological sesiphawulo: isilinganiso esihle sokuqhathanisa, sobunye, besifazane, esokuphakanyiswa,
- Indima eyakhiwe: ingxenye yesiphikiso.
Luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (ini?) Yisiphawulo,
- ifomu lokuqala liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka,
- Ithebula lezinto ezihleliwe morphological zegama lesiphawulo: ikhwalithi,
- Izici zokuziphatha ezingahambelani: isilinganiselo esigcwele sokuqhathanisa, ubuningi, icala lokuqokwa,
- Indima ye-syntactic: incazelo.
Kuyamangaza (ini?) - igama yisiphawulo,
- ifomu lokuqala liyamangaza
- izici ezingapheli morphological: isihlobo, sibonisa,
- Izici ezingahambelani morphological: ubuningi, i-genitive,
- Indima eyenzekile emshweni: ingxenye yesimo.
Izici zokuziphatha zesenzo
Ngokuya nge-morphology yolimi lwaseRussia, isenzo siyingxenye ezimele yokukhuluma. Kungasho isenzo (ukuhamba), impahla (iluphu), isimo sengqondo (esilinganayo), isimo (thokozela), uphawu (umhlophe), bonisa ukuphuma) kwesihloko. Izenzo ziphendula umbuzo wokuthi ngenzeni? wenzeni? kwenzenjani wenzeni noma uzokwenzenjani? Amaqembu ahlukahlukene wezindlela zamagama zomlomo abonakala ngezimpawu ezixakile zokuziphatha kanye nezimpawu zohlelo lolimi.
Izinhlobo zezenzo zokuziphatha:
- Uhlobo lokuqala lwesenzo alunathemba. Ibizwa nangokuthi uhlobo olungapheli noma olungaguquki lwesenzo. Azikho izici ezingahambelani morphological,
- amafomu ahlanganisiwe (womuntu nomuntu ongeyena),
- amafomu angahlanganisiwe: ukubamba iqhaza kanye nokubamba iqhaza.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-morphological yesenzo
- Ifomu lokuqala alinambethe,
- izici ezingapheli zesimilo:
- transitivity:
- transitive (isetshenziswe ngamabizo okusola ngaphandle kwesizathu),
- okuqondayo (akusetshenziswanga ngesibizo ecaleni lokumangalela ngaphandle kwesizathu),
- ukutholakala:
- iyabuya (yebo, yebo),
- -ngaphenduki (cha, -s),
- buka:
- ongaphelele (wenzeni?)
- uphelele (yini okufanele uyenze?)
- ukuhlangana:
- I-conjugation (yenza, yenza, yenza, yenza, yenza, yenza / yenza),
- II conjugation (ikhulu, ikhulu, ikhulu, ikhulu, ikhulu / nge),
- tento temobbery (bafuna, run),
- Izimpawu ze-morphological ezingazinzile:
- ukuthambekela:
- inkomba: wenzeni? wenzeni kwenzenjani uzokwenzenjani?,
- imibandela: wayezokwenzenjani? uzokwenzenjani?,
- kubalulekile: kwenze!,
- inkathi (ngokwesimo sokubonisa: esedlule / samanje / esizayo),
- umuntu (isikhathi samanje / sesikhathi esizayo, esikhombisa futhi esibalulekile: Umuntu 1: Mina / thina, umuntu ongu-2: wena / wena, umuntu oyi-3: yena / bona),
- ubulili (esikhathini esidlule, kwesisodwa, okubonakalayo futhi kunemibandela)
- inombolo
- Indima eyenzekile emshweni. Esinamandla angaba yiliphi ilunga lomusho:
- bikezela: Yiba yiholide namuhla,
- isihloko: Ukufunda kuhlale kusebenza,
- ukwengeza: Zonke izivakashi zimcelile ukuthi adanse,
- Incazelo: Wayenesifiso esingenakuvinjwa sokudla,
- Isimo: Ngaphuma ngahamba.