I-Beetroot weevil, Ingulube, uCleonus punctiventris, iBeet izimpande ze-Bevil
Ushukela beet weevil
Coleoptera (mabhungane) - Coleoptera
I-beetroot weevil ejwayelekile - monophagy, inkathazo eziyingozi beet. Izinyosi zidla amaqabunga, izibungu - izimpande zezitshalo. Ukuzala kabusha izilimi ezimbili. Ukuthuthuka kuqediwe. Beetles overwinter. Isizukulwane esisodwa siyakhula ngonyaka.
Chofoza esithombeni ukwandisa
Ububanzi 1 - 1.1
Ububanzi - 6
ngesikhathi sokutshala okujwayelekile - 2-4
ibhungane 1 m 2
I-Morphology
I-Imago. Beetle 8-10 mm ubude. I-Elytra icishe imbozwe ngokuphelele ngezikali ezinethwele ngokujulile. Izinhlangothi ze-pronotum zimbozwe kakhulu ngezikali ezimfishane, eziyindilinga, eziphakeme eduze kwamakhona, zigqagqana. Throat nge-keel ezondile kanye nama-grooves. U-Elytra uhlanganyele ngaseceleni, uzungezwe i -exex. Umbala ungwevu, ngemuva maphakathi ne-elytra kunebala elimnyama, isiqongo seningi elinamabala amaningi amnyama.
Izici ze-morphological ze-beet weevil ezijwayelekile zihluka kakhulu. Ngokusekelwa kulokhu, sekutholwe amafomu amaningi we-intraspecific. Bugcine phakathi izindawo ezithile.
I-dimorphism yezocansi. abantu kwabobulili zingafani isakhiwo womndeni weevils umthondo.
owesilisa usayizi mncane kunowesifazane. Ingxenye yesithathu ye-tarsi ibunjwe kabili, inkulu. Izimpondo zakhiwe ngeklabishi. Ezingxenyeni ezimbili zokuqala zengxenye yesisu kukhona i-hole hole. Izinyawo denser denser than females.
owesifazane likhulu kunowesilisa. Paws phansi phansi.
iqanda okusaqanda, ophuzi okhanyayo. Ubude - 1.2-1.3 mm, nobubanzi - 1-1.1 mm.
ULerva inyama emhlophe, emhlophe, i-arcuate egobile, engenamlenze, enekhanda eliphuzi noma elinsundu. Umzimba uqukethe izingxenye eziyishumi nambili, ezinhlangothini zazo kukhona izimbambo eziyishumi nambili zemiklamo. Ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka, incibilika amahlandla amane futhi idlule iminyaka emihlanu.
Esikhathini sokuqala kumbozwe ngemikhakha, ubude bomzimba emgqeni oqondile buyi-1.5 mm, ububanzi bekhanda lekhanda buyi-0.5 mm.
Eminyakeni yesibili, ubude bomzimba buyi-3.5 mm, ububanzi bekhompiyutha yekhanda buyi-1 mm.
Kwesithathu, 5 no 1.5 mm, ngokulandelana, elesine, 7.5 no 2 mm, ngesihlanu, ubude bomzimba bungu-12,5 mm, kanti ububanzi bekhompiyutha yekhanda buyi-2,5 mm.
Izibalo zobudala bokugcina ezinenwele ezingatheni ezinqabile, ezingenakubonwa kalula kwezinye izingxenye.
Idoli. Ubude - 10-15 mm, ububanzi - 6 mm. Ukuma komzimba oblong-ovate, ingxenye kahle echaziwe Ngokuzayo Beetle umzimba. Izingxenye zesisu kusuka phezulu zinezintambo zemigqa eguqukayo, kanti eyokugcina iyathuthukiswa.
Phenology Development (ezinsukwini)
Intuthuko
I-Imago. Abadala lokulala ubusika bonke sveklyanischah enhlabathini, a ka 45 cm ukujula. Kwenqwaba ka esichitha ubusika silele izilwane amanga ungqimba 15-30 cm.
Entwasahlobo, lapho inhlabathi ifudumala ekujuleni kobusika kwe-7-10 C, amabhungane aqale ukubonakala. Ngokwandisa ezingeni lokushisa elifanele ukuze + 25 ° C imago umsebenzi ifinyelela esiphezulu. Amabhungane ahamba ngokushesha, aqhakaze izithombo zamabhungane kashukela nezindawo zembewu.
Ngemuva kokuphuma enhlabathini, amabhungane aqhuma kuphela, kamuva aqale ukundiza.
Indiza yamabhungane yenzeka lapho kunomswakama omncane (kuze kufike ku-50%), umoya olinganiselayo (kufika ku-3 m / s) nasendaweni sezulu esishisayo. Ihlobo lisebenza ngokwengeziwe lapho izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kwenhlabathi lenyuka laya ku-+30 ° C nangaphezulu.
Indiza yamabhungane ibonwa ngesikhathi esishisa kakhulu sosuku, imvamisa ukusuka emahoreni ayi-11 kuye kwayi-16, endaweni ephakeme kuze kube ngamamitha angama-4. Uma kuthathwa isikhathi sinye, kunqotshwa ibanga elingama-200 kuye kuma-500. .
Izinyosi zidla imfoloko, zidla isiqu. Lapho kuvela amapheshana, nawo ayawadla. Ukulimala kubukeka njengamabhothi emaphethelweni eshidi.
Isikhathi sokuhlanganisa. Ngemva kwenkathi lokuchibiyela yokudla mabhungane baba ubulili sivuthwe futhi amaqanda alala ungqimba ebusweni inhlabathi at a 0.2-0.3 mm kuya ku-1 cm ezimanzi inhlabathi zikanokusho futhi yomile ukujula -. Wenkinga. Ukuzala kwezinsikazi kusuka ku-20-30 kuya ema-200- 300 amaqanda. Fundzisisa ebeka khona efudumele, libalele kodwa hhayi kushisa kakhulu nge imvula ngokulinganisela. Umsebenzi Wamatshe uyaqhubeka uJuni, futhi kancane ebonwe Julayi. Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, kufa kwemvelo kwamabhungane kwenzeka.
I-Phenology
I-Phenology yokuthuthukiswa kwe-weevil beet. Ihambelana nezifunda zaseningizimu yeRussian Federation, Moldova, Ukraine, njll. Ngokuya:
Iqanda. ukuthuthukiswa embryonic usuphothuliwe ezinsukwini 5-12.
ULerva. Ukuvela kwesibungu sokuqala kubonwa engxenyeni yesibili kaMeyi. izibungu Young ephathekayo, hambisa okusheshayo kwalokho okwenzeka ngaphansi kwenhlabathi kanye sidla izimpande quinoa, beetroot, iMari nabanye. Eenqhemeni isencane tibheke ezonini impande kumuntu ka 10-15 cm ukujula. With ukukhula nokuthuthuka izibungu ekujuleni inhlabathi 15-30 cm. ukomiswa kongqimba olusebenzayo kuya ngokuya kujula - kuze kufike ku-50 cm.
Esikhathini ukuthuthuka komqondo kudliwa kuphela izimpande ezincane lateral ke gnaws emigodini impande main. Ezitshalweni ezisencane nezinamathele, izibungu zingagona impande ngokuphelele. Eminyakeni yeminyaka yokuzalanisa okuningi, kukhona amashumi amaningi ama-beetle kwisitshalo esisodwa se-beet, kanye nezibungu ezingaphezu kwe-100 empandeni yama-testes.
Ukuthuthukiswa izibungu kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-45-90. Izibungu zabadala, iminyaka yesihlanu zivela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni-ekuqaleni kukaJulayi.
Idoli. Lapho usuqedile ukondla, izibungu zihlela indawo emile enhlabathini, ebukeka njengezimbali ezivulekile futhi inodonga olubushelelezi oluhlanganisiwe. Isigaba sangaphambi kwengane sithatha izinsuku ezingama-5-6, bese kuvela ipungwini. Isigaba sobungane sithatha izinsuku ezi-10 kuye kwezingama-30. I-Pupae ivela emhlabathini ngokuvamile kusukela ekuqaleni kuya maphakathi noJulayi.
I-Imago. Esizukulwaneni esisha of mabhungane lephuma kusukela iziphungumangathi ngasekupheleni July kuya phakathi no-August. Ngenxa yesikhathi eside sokubeka amaqanda nangezinye izizathu eziningi, izigaba zokuqala zingakhuli ngasikhathi sinye, kanti ukuqanduselwa kwamabhungane kungelula ngaphambi kokuqala kokupholisa kwekwindla nobusika.
Ngo sezulu esifudumele, abanye mabhungane ongafinyelela ebusweni inhlabathi, kodwa kubanda futhi iye phansi. Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi mabhungane ayifiki kwamanzi futhi izinsalela ebusika e-hatching phansi.
Vala ukubukwa
Izici Zokuthuthuka. Umjikelezo ophelele wokukhula kwe-weevil kusuka eqandeni ukuya ekuphumeni kwe-pupa ye-imagoes young kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-65 kuye kwezingama-148, isilinganiso esingu-85.
Ukusuka ku-5 kuya ku-15% wabantu, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu, akafinyeleli ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi entwasahlobo, kepha uhlala ezingxenyeni ezijulile esimweni sokudayiswa ubusika besibili nobuncane.
Izinhlobo zezomvelo eziseduze
Morphology (ukubukeka) abantu abadala eduze uhlobo echazwe Bothynoderes nubeculosus. Kuhluka ngokuthi ingaphezulu limbozwe esikalini, kwesinye isikhathi licishe lilingane ngombala. Disc ka pronotum futhi izinhlangothi embozwe izinwele obukhulu. I-keel ye-rostrum imbozwe ngezikali eziwugqinsi ezimpunga. Amaphuzu anemifantu lateral e phakathi elytra musa uhlangane, igebe prishovny ku elytra kancane aphakeme.
Ngaphezu kwalolu hlobo lwezinhlosi, i-weeva yasempumalanga ivame ukutholakala Bothynoderes foveicollisfuthi kufane kwi-morphology kumuntu okhulile we-beet weevil I-Bothynoderes punctiventris.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwezwe
Indawo yokuhlala kwesikhonyane esivamile ihlanganisa indawo ukusuka eCentral Europe kuye eLake Baikal. Ngaphakathi kwendawo, kukhona izingosi ezine ezihlukene: I-Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris punctiventris It enwetshiwe ku-Ukraine, iMoldova, eKursk, Sifundazwe, Voronezh futhi Rostov izifunda, Krasnodar Territory.
I-Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris nubeculosus (amazwana aseningizimu) asabalele ezingxenyeni eziphansi zeAzerbaijan, e-Armenia nase-Eastern Ciscaucasia.
I-Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris farinosus (isifundazwe eseningizimu nasempumalanga) sitholakala empumalanga ezindaweni eziphansi zeVolga, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kweKazakhstan, ngokwengxenye eKyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, naseNyakatho Ntshonalanga China.
I-Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris carinifer isatshalaliswa eCentral Asia, emaphethelweni aphansi weSyr Darya ne-Amu Darya, futhi itholakala ezindaweni ezinolonchak nezisolonetzic kanye ne-chernozems emnyama.
Harmfulness
I-beet ejwayelekile ilimaza kakhulu ama-plantings kanye nama-testes ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-beet. IBhungane lilimaza izithombo, lishiya “isiphunzi”. Ngokuvamile yingozi esikhathini Kabusha of amahlumela kufike ku yesibili - umbhangqwana wesine amahlamvu. Ngaphezu kwe-haze, amabhungane adla ezinhlotsheni ezivela emndenini we-amaranth, purslane nabanye. umonakalo Kubhekiwe ukuba se-okhi * ne-maple izithombo ehlathini kuyo.
Izibungu zilimaza izimpande zezitshalo. Ngomonakalo omkhulu, izitshalo ezincane ziyafa, kuncipha kwezilimo. Izitshalo ze-beet ezithuthukisiwe ziphenduka ziphuzi, ziphele, zife lapho kungekho umswakama. Ukuhlolwa okwonakalisiwe komile ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Izindawo eziyingozi zalolu hlobo zitholakala ngaphakathi kwe-Ukraine nasezindaweni eziseduze neMoldova naseRussia. Kule ndawo, ukulawula izinambuzane kufanele kwenziwe ngokuhlelekile. Ebangeni lonke, kuyalimaza kwezinye izindawo.
Umkhawulo wobunzima bezomnotho i-beetroot weevil ejwayelekile ezitshalweni ze-beetroot inqunywa kusuka kuzithombo kuya ekuvaleni kwamaqabunga emigqeni futhi isethelwe ekuhlwanyeleni ngokunembile lapho kutholwa ibhungane elingu-0,3,5,5 nge-1 m 2, ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela okujwayelekile - 2-5 ibhungane ngalinye 1 m 2.
Isimo se-taxonomic
Lesitshalo oluthatha indawo omkhulu - cishe lonke Palearctic (bheka ngezansi -. "Ukusakaza ezemvelo"). Lokhu kungakho kungani ukwahluka ngokwedlulele kutholakala khona - phela, izimo zokuphila kuleyo nsimu zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Akumangazi ukuthi ngesikhathi kusuka amakhophi 1829 kuya 1905 we Weevil izikhathi 15 kuchazwa ngokuthi zinhlobo ezahlukene. Okuningi abacwaningi baqaphe kubhekwe lezo zinhlobo zenyathi ngaphakathi zenye Asproparthenis punctiventris. Ikakhulu, uF.K. Lukyanovich waphawula ukuthi abacwaningi, njengoba bebenezinhlobo ezihlukile noma izimbungulu eziningana, bamukela kalula izinhlamvu eziguqukayo (ukwakheka komzimba, ukwakheka nombala wesikali, njll.) Njengomehluko obonakalayo obalulekile. Lapho uchungechunge olukhulu lwezinambuzane zezifunda ezihlukene zezwe lufundwa, kubonakala ngokucacile ukuthi kukhona izinguquko ezingabonakali phakathi kwalokhu mehluko, kanti izinhlobo ezihlukile zinomehluko ocacile phakathi kwazo. Lukyanovich ehlukanisiwe subspecies ezine (punctiventris punctiventris Amagciwane Engeke Esaba., punctiventris nubeculosus Gyll., punctiventris farinosus Fahr., punctiventris carinifer Fahr.), futhi wakugcizelela ukuthi lokhu wayekwenza “ngombandela”. Yonke imisebenzi eqinile yesimanje ibheka okubhalwe ngaphambili okuhlongozwayo njengezimpawu zokuhlobana zohlobo olulodwa lwe-polymorphic Asproparthenis punctiventris. Munye kuphela subspecies ezinjalo (Asproparthenis guyoti IHartmann, 1909) ibonwa njengohlobo oluzimele.
Izithonjana
Amagama alandelayo afakiwe kwi-synonymy yezinhlobo:
- betavorus Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes)
- menetriesi Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes)
- peregrinus Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes)
- umfaniswano Chev Chevat, 1873 (Bothynoderes)
- austriacus Reitter, 1905 (Bothynoderes)
- ukubekwa amabala ku-Reitter, ngo-1905 (i-Bothynoderes)
- guyoti Hartmann, 1909 (Bothynoderes)
- remaudierei Hoffman, 1961 (Bothynoderes)
Ukubukeka
Ibhungane lingamamitha angama-14,5,5 ubude, umzimba ungwevu, uboshwe ngamabhandeshi amnyama abanzi phakathi kwe-elytra nangamabala amnyama kubo, ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ishubhu elimhlophe ngaphezulu kwe-elytra ngayinye. Pronotum esishwabene, wakhe okhalweni ngobuningi embozwe esifushane, izikali round, okuyinto kuyendlulela nomunye, eduze ekhoneni pronotum side izikali ungalilahli ukugqagqana. Elytra parallel-side laphetha phezu wamboza ogxile 3- noma 4-Lobed dissected ngokujulile izikali ezimhlophe, lona wamuva olukhudlwana. Isisu ngimpunga, kumachashaza amnyama amnyama amnyama (yingakho igama lesiLatini elithi "punctiventris" - elinezimfashini).
Amabhungane abonakala nge-dimorphism yezocansi. Kwabesilisa kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane:
- osayizi abancane bomzimba
- banesikhala esikhulu se-tarsus esikhudlwana se-3 nesikhala esikhulu se-antennae
- phezu ezimbili izingxenye lokuqala esiswini kusuka phansi banayo isifaca longitudinal,
- i-paws embozwe izinwele kakhulu.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amabhungane abantu abadala ahlukahluka ngokubukeka, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi ochwepheshe bavame ukubheka umehluko ngamunye njengezinhlobo ezizimele.
Egg okusaqanda, ukuphaphatheka obuphelele aphuzi ka 1.2-1.3 mm, 1-1.1 mm ububanzi.
I-larva imhlophe, inekhanda eliphuzi noma elinombala onsundu, inomzimba, i-arched, egobile, engenantambo. Red esifubeni ipuleti, ne izinwele ezimbili emaphethelweni emuva. Umzimba uqukethe izingxenye eziyi-12, ezinhlangothini zazo kukhona ukuvuleka komoya okuyi-9. Ingxenye yokugcina yomzimba incane, iyindilinga. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, incibilika kane, ngemuva kokuncibilika ngakunye iba nkulu. Ubude bayo (emgqeni oqondile) yile: eminyakeni engu-I - 1.5 mm, eneminyaka engu-II - 3.5, III - 5.0, IV - 7.5, V - 12.5 mm. Eminyakeni yokugcina, izibungu zimbozwa kuphela ngezinwele ezingandile, ezacile, ezingenakubonwa ezingxenyeni ngazinye.
I-Pupa 10-15 mm ubude ne-6 mm ububanzi. I-ovoid ephakeme, enezingxenye ezibonakalayo zomzimba webhungane elizayo. Izingxenye zesisu zinemigqa eguqukayo yomgogodla ohlangothini lwe-dorsal, futhi ingxenye yokugcina inendawo onsundu.
Indlela yokuphila
I-biology ye-beet weevil ejwayelekile ifundwe ngemininingwane eminingi, kangcono kunenqwaba yamabhungane.
Lolu hlobo lutholakala emaqeleni asezintombazaneni, emazweni ezolimo, emasimini kasawoti, emigodini naseziphethweni, emabhandeni amahlathi, emimangweni eluhlaza emigwaqweni, ezindaweni zokulahla udoti, emadlelweni aluhlaza, nakwezinye izinto ezinjalo.
Mass zizalela
Ukuqubuka kokuzala kabusha kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezimo ezivumayo ngezinambuzane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani ibhungane ngokucijile encishisiwe lapho lezi zici ezingezinhle ngaye. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1933, ezonini main beet Ukraine lokushisa entwasahlobo-ihlobo wahlala ngezansi evamile futhi kwezulu idlula isilinganiso. Ngakho-ke, ekwindla, inani lamabhungane amadala emhlabathini laliyi-3-13% nje kuphela kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula. Lokhu kufakazele iqiniso lokuthi amaqanda, izibungu ne-pupae bafa kakhulu phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka. Entwasahlobo yonyaka olandelayo, kwakubonwa imichilo emincane kuphela emasimini.
Ukuqanjwa kabusha kwe-weevil e-Ukraine kwenzeka eminyakeni elandelayo: 1851-1818, 1868-1869, 1875-1877, 1880-1881, 1891-1893, 1896-1897, 1904-1906, 1911-1912, 1920-1922, 1928-1930, 1936-1940, 1947-1949, 1952-1957, 1963-1964, 1973-1976, 1986-1988, 1995-2002. Ukuqhathanisa lezi ngedatha solar umjikelezo umsebenzi, ochwepheshe baye baphetha ngokuthi iningi (82%) nokuqubuka zaba phakathi okushintshako emsebenzini solar, noma ngonyaka olandelayo (18%).
Inani le-weevil eminyakeni yokukhula kwalo ngokushesha lifinyelele kumanani amangalisayo. Ukwenza isibonelo, ngo-1904, kwaqoqwa amakhilogremu angama-76 (amathani angaphezu kuka-1,2) egameni likaCount A. A. Bobrinsky Grushkovka endaweni engaba ngamahektare ayi-160. Ngonyaka olandelayo ngo-ukonga Kurmanskoy eduze Talnoe ukuze Cherkasy esifundeni emasimini beetroot (40 ha) eqoqwe cishe 290 amabhakede mabhungane. Kulokhu, izisebenzi zomhlangano ezingama-36,595 zabandakanyeka.
Ukuguquguquka kwempilo
Lolu hlobo lunikeza isizukulwane esisodwa ngonyaka. Amabhungane asebenzayo avela entwasahlobo lapho inhlabathi ifudumala ifinyelela ku + 7 ... 10 ° C. Ezinye zazo zihlala emhlabathini zisesimweni sokudukelwa iminyaka engu-1-2. Lapho amazinga okushisa enhlabathi efika +25 ° C, izinambuzane zisakazeka emoyeni noma emhlabathini. Izindiza ezisebenza ikakhulukazi zenzeka ekushiseni kwenhlabathi kwe +30 ° C. Zindiza ngesikhathi esisafudumele solar, zinomoya obuthakathaka (3 m / s) nomswakama ophansi (kufika kuma-50%), ikakhulukazi kusuka emahoreni ayi-11 kuye kwayi-16. Ukuphakama kwendiza akwedluli ku-4 m, uhla lendiza - kufika ku-500 m). Ingxenye ethile (efinyelela ku-16%) yamabhungane aqhamuke ebusika ibonakala hhayi emasimini ebhungane, kodwa kwamanye ama-agrocenoses - izitshalo zamabele, i-clover, njll.
Izitshalo zokudla kwezinyosi ezindala ze-beetleves nezibungu zazo ziningi zeLebedovye (umndeni wakwa-Amaranth). Lezi izitshalo ezivela ku-genera Quinoa, Mar, Beetroot, Spinach, njll.Ezikhathini zasendulo, impilo yamabhungane yayihlotshaniswa nezitshalo zasendle, futhi uma endaweni ethile izitshalo zamabheki zazivela, i-weevil yayiguqukela kuwo isuke ukhula olunenhlamvu. Kwesinye isikhathi amabhungane adla ezitshalweni ezivela kweminye imindeni. Amabhungane badla amaqabunga ukusuka emaceleni, kusale notch.
Emasimini anezithombo, amabhungane ama-beet asika amaqabunga e-cotyledonous noma awabhubhise ngisho nangaphansi kwenqwaba yenhlabathi. Gnaw amaqabunga neziqongo zezitshalo ezisencane, kanye neziqu zezihlumela, zishiya "amahlumela". umonakalo Iningi babangela izitshalo abasha, ngaphambi kumiswa 2-4 ngazimbili amaqabunga. Ezinkulisa, amabhungane kwesinye isikhathi alimaza izithombo ze-oki ne-maple.
Ngemuva kwenkathi yokudla kwentwasahlobo, amabhungane ayaganwa (ngokuvamile eshumini lesithathu lika-Ephreli - Meyi), bese izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda azo (cishe kuze kube maphakathi noJuni). Ukuze wenze lokhu, insikazi Ukuvubukula imbobo encane eduze isitshalo ukudla. Ukuzala kuya ngesimo sezulu, ubudala besifazane nezinye izinto futhi kusuka emaqanda angama-20-30 kuye kwangama-200 ukuya kuma-200, futhi nangaphezulu ezimweni zelebhu. Ukufakwa kweqanda kuyaqhubeka kuze kube ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, ngemuva kwalokho amabhungane afe.
Ukuthuthukiswa umbungu ihlala izinsuku 5-12. Imvamisa engxenyeni yesibili kaMeyi ungathola izibungu zokuqala. Zihamba ngokushesha enhlabathini evulekile, zithole izimpande ezincane eziseceleni bese zizibhoboza. Njengoba bekhula, basuke wangcwatshwa emhlabathini kumuntu ka 30 cm ukujula (nalapho phansi kakhulu ome, kuze kube yingxenye imitha). Izibungu ezindala zidla ezimpandeni eziyinhloko, zilume ezitshalweni zezimpande. Inani lezibungu ezungeze isithombo esisodwa sebhitishi lifinyelela amashumi amaningana ngisho nangaphezulu kwekhulu.
I isibungu eba ngezinsuku 65 futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi elachithwa kane. Ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, izibungu zilungiselela ukugcotshwa: bakha igumbi elingena mpo oluvundile olunodonga obukhulu obukhulu. Ngemuva kwesigaba esifushane (izinsuku ezingama-5-6) se-pre-pupa, ipupa ngokwayo iyakha. Igama elithi khona izinsuku ayi-10-30, kuye ngokuthi izimo sezulu, isimo somhlabathi, nokunye okunjalo. Izimbungulu zokuqala zesizukulwane esisha zivela ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi - ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Inqubo yokuphuma kwamabhungane ifinyelela kwisimo sezulu esibandayo sokuqala. Eziningi zalezi izinambuzane overwinter in the ezihlaba inhlabathi. Abanye beza ebusweni besimo sezulu esishisayo ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti - Septhemba, bese bengcwatshwa futhi. Ngenxa yalokho, umjikelezo ophelele wokuthuthuka kusuka eqandeni uye kumuntu omdala-wesizukulwane esisha uthatha isilinganiso sezinsuku ezingama-85 (65-148).
Izitha zemvelo
On ngamandla beetroot Weevil kuthinta izilwane, izimbangi kanye nezinto ezidla lezi eziningi kanye nezinambuzane. Phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye kukhona amabhungane: amabhungane asemhlabathini, umakhenikha, ukudla okufile, kanye nemikhaza, izintuthwane nezinye izinambuzane. Le mikhuhlane ibuye idle kuma-shrews, hedgehogs, futhi ikakhulukazi izinyoni: i-starring ejwayelekile, i-jackdaw, i-magpie, i-grey crow, i-jay, i -ullull, lark, izigwaca, nezinye - ngokujwayelekile, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-40 zezinyoni ezixazululiwe. Ngenxa mass kabusha weevils akha isabelo esikhulu ekudleni kwabo. Isibonelo, esiswini senyoni eyodwa, ama-thrush ne-hoopoe athola izimbungulu eziyi-10 - 20, izigaxa zomzimba - 62, izingwegwe - 133.
Okubaluleke kakhulu izifo zokukhunta zamabhungane, ama-causative agents awo angamhlophe, aluhlaza okotshani obomvu nobomvu. Ikakhulukazi lokufa eziphakeme Weevil kuzo kukhona ehlobo cool yezimvula. Amaqanda weevil abulala amagciwane I-Caenocrepis kusukela oda Hymenoptera, izibungu - kukhona izinhlobo eziningana worm-nematodes, mabhungane omdala - fly yisinanakazana - Rondania .
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo nempilo yomuntu
Endle, weevils, njenganoma iyiphi uhlobo izidalwa eziphilayo, liyisici esidingekayo sezinto eziphilayo. Ixhumeke ngandlela thile nezinqwaba zezitshalo ezidla kuzo futhi ezifihla phakathi kwazo. Lolu hlobo lunobudlelwano obuthile nabancintisana nabo, izilwane ezidla ezinye, kanye nama-parasites. Pest, waba kuphela uma yena okuphakathi komuntu-agrocenoses - yokulima matasa beet. Akukona ukuvela nje ukuthi le nhlobo ichazwa njengeyintsha kwesayensi ngudokotela waseJalimane u-E.F. IJalimane ngokunembile lapho amabhungana kashukela ekhula kakhulu eJalimane.
Umonakalo enkulu kumuntu okubangela isinambuzane eminyakeni nge ezomile, spring hot. Kulimaza izilimo zikashukela, itafula kanye nama-fodder beets okuqala nokutshala ("kokutshala") kweminyaka yokulima. Ukulimala kwalo kungenxa yokuthi:
- ngenxa mass ukukhiqizwa kabusha uwela beet subcultured,
- izitshalo ezonakele zakha isisindo esincane sezitshalo zezimpande,
- kuma-beetets ushukela ngenxa yomonakalo wamaqabunga nezitshalo ezimpande ekugcineni, okuqukethwe ushukela kuyancipha,
- beet ngonyaka wesi-2 ifomu ekuphileni imbewu ezimbalwa, futhi kukhona asezingeni eliphansi.
Kuyacaca ukuthi konke lokhu kuholela ezindlekweni ezibalulekile zomnotho zokulwa nezinambuzane nemiphumela yemisebenzi yayo futhi kunyuse nezindleko zemikhiqizo yezolimo.
Ukuvikelwa Kwezinambuzane
Izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukulahleka kusuka kumsebenzi Weevil wasebenzisa izindlela ezine eziyisisekelo emzabalazweni: mechanical, amakhemikhali, agrotechnical, begazi. Mechanic iqukethe iqoqo lesandla lezinambuzane, ukumba amasimu ngezinhlanzi zokudoba nokubeka izicupho zeglue nokunye okunjalo. Ngokusobala, ukusebenza kwezenzo ezinjalo kuphansi, futhi izindleko zomnotho ziyacatshangelwa. Njengoba ebhala Isazi sezinambuzane AA Silant'ev:
"... Ukuzijwayeza kukhombisa ukuthi ngokuhlaselwa ngesiphithiphithi esijabulisayo, ngesimo sezulu esihle, phakathi nesikhathi sokubonakala kwayo ngobuningi, abasebenzi babeka eduze komsele futhi bahlome ngemishanelo yokuhlwitha imithambo ye-weevil ewela ezindongeni,awunaso isikhathi sokubhekana nazo - abaningi babo asakwazi ukuphuma emhosheni " |
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zemvelo ngokumelene nenkathazo kubhekwana nakho ekusebenzeni ubunzima obukhulu nezindleko ezinkulu. Kwezinye izindawo kwenziwa imizamo yokuthola ukubhujiswa kwamabhungane ngokukhulula izinkukhu (izinkukhu, ama-turkeys) emasimini, kodwa-ke, azange zikwazi ukunikeza umphumela oyifunayo. umphumela Maximum usebenzisa kuphela iqoqo izinyathelo ingafinyelelwa ukuvikelwa beet. Ikakhulu, yilezi:
- ukubhujiswa kokhula emasimini (hhayi i-beet kuphela) kanye nawo,
- kwezitshalo,
- enikeza ukwelashwa kwezimbewu ngama-insecticides noma ukwethulwa kwawo enhlabathini,
- ukukhulula inhlabathi lapho amaqanda elele futhi kuvela izibungu,
- ukususwa komhlaba beetroot izinsalela ngemva kokuvuna imbewu yabo phezu lihlala,
- ukulima okujulile ngemuva kokuvuna izithombo zezimpande,
- ukuqaliswa kwazo zonke izindlela ze-agrotechnical zokuhluma kwezinhlobo zembewu, ukukhula okukhulu nokukhula kwezitshalo,
- obkapyvanie ukutomula anemifantu emasimini akhelene labo lapho inkathazo kuka 0.5 amakhophi / m² - ukwehlukanisa ziyafa izitshalo itheleleke mabhungane ku anemifantu.
I-beet weevil ejwayelekile kungenzeka ukuthi yayiyinto yokuqala yokwenza ezolimo emhlabeni lapho kwakusetshenziswa izindlela zokubhubhisa ngezinto eziphilayo. Umbono wokusebenza kwabo ungowesazi sebhayoloji u-Ilya Mechnikov, futhi umfundi wakhe u-Isaac the Dyer wakufikisa.
Isibungu
I-larva emhlophe e-meaty yesimo esidwetshiwe eqoshwe eqandeni iqukethe izingxenye eziyishumi nambili futhi ibonakala ngokungatholakali ngokuphelele kwemilenze. Izibungu ziphefumula ngemicibisholo ekhethekile, lapho inani lamabhangqa ayisishiyagalolunye atholakala ngasemaphethelweni omzimba.
Phakathi ngendlela, isibungu egcina izigaba ezine molting, izuza ameva ukuhambisa futhi sikhule ngosayizi.
I-larva esesigabeni sokugcina sokukhula kwayo ithola isisindo esanele sokuyiguqula ibe yi-chrysalis engamamitha ayi-15 ubude esembozweni esinyantisayo. Sekuvele ngesimo sesiphandla, izinhla zebhungane lesikhathi esizayo ziyabonakala.
Adult ibhungane
Ubhungane awukhuphi usayizi we-pupa; futhi akuvamile ukuba ngamasentimitha angaphezu kwesigidi nesenti.
I-beet weevil ejwayelekile ibonakala kalula ngombala wayo okhazimulayo ongwevu wokukhanya okumpunga onamabala amaningi amnyama, phakathi kwawo kukhona amabala amakhulu aqhamukayo aqonda emuva. Futhi isici kwalesi silwane ibhungane kuyinto i-rostrum ende, ikunikeza ukufana okuthile kwe-anteatre.
Abesifazane bahlukile kwabesilisa ngobukhulu obukhulu, ama-paws angenamakhaza aqinile kanye nesakhiwo esihlukile sobulili.
Izici ukuthuthukiswa
Izinsikazi ezisencane, ngemuva kokuthola isisindo esidingekayo nokukhwelana, zibeka amaqanda wazo engxenyeni engenhla yomhlabathi, kuyaqabukela zijule kakhulu kunesentimitha elilodwa noma elilodwa, ngokuzikhethela kokujula ngqo kuya ngomswakama wenhlabathi (enhlabathini emanzi, izimbungulu zanele amamamilimitha amahlanu). Inombolo amaqanda elilodwa lensikazi imisiwe zingahluka kusuka amabili namakhulu amabili. Ngemuva kokwenza, amabhungane ayafa.
Ukuthuthukiswa kombungu akuvamile kuthathe isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto, futhi izibungu ezivela amahora okuqala zihola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo kakhulu futhi zihamba ngokushesha ngaphansi komhlaba zifuna izimpande zezitshalo ezidliwayo. Njengoba uthole izibungu omdala kungaba zigweda inhlabathi isigamu imitha, ukufinyelela impande mass eyinhloko simila. Izibungu eziningana ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zingagaya ngokuphelele impande ephakathi yesitshalo esikhulu.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-45-90 zokondla, amabhungane wezibungu, kuthi ngemuva kwenyanga amabhungane agcwele agcwele ku-pupae. Ngenxa phakathi nenkathi ende yeminyaka nokuvuthwa of isizukulwane esisha mabhungane ivele phezu eduze Agasti, futhi ezinye zazo akuwenzanga indawo umfece walo kuze komnyaka.
Empumalanga
Ubhungane lincane kakhulu, lukhula lube ngamasentimitha, ingemuva limbozwe izikali ezimhlophe neziphuzi. Ngokungafani imigomo evamile futhi izikali musa yakha kwemigqa eqinile futhi esilufifi amnyama izindawo kukhona ekuqaleni we elytra.
Ebusika, lezi zinambuzane zichitha ngaphansi kwezinsalela zokukhula kwemali noma ezimpandeni zezitshalo ezingama-perennial, zifinyelela phezulu noma ungqimba olungaphezulu lomhlabathi lufudumeza kuze kube ngamahlanu degrees. Lapho zifika ngaphezulu, amabhungane asakazeka ngaphezu kwendawo yonke ngokunwebekayo nangosizo lwamaphiko.
weevils Oriental kungukuthi kakhulu ngikhetha mayelana akhetha ukukudla, zikhetha isiko namahlamvu amnandi. Zithanda njengama-beet, nommbila, ngisho namagilebhisi.
Grey
Beetle uyakhula xaxa kancane ngaphandle isentimitha. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zamabhungane, akubonakali kangako. Ingaphezulu le-elytra limbozwe izinwele ezimpunga ezimpunga ezifakwa ngaphakathi kwezikali zesiliva ezincane. Ingxenye engezansi ibhungane futhi empunga, kodwa umthunzi ukuxegiselwa. Ku-weevil grey, amaphiko athuthukisiwe, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, futhi imvamisile ukuthi amafushane kunesisu.
Ama-Grey weevil ikakhulukazi athanda ubusika emhlabathini, akhuphuke aze afike ku-20 cm amasentimitha, avele ebusweni kuphela ngemuva kokuthi umoya ufudumele kuze kufike ku-10 degrees Celsius ebusuku. Njengoba izinga lokushisa lehla futhi bathambekele zigweda phansi. Ngemuva kokushiya indawo ebusika, amabhungane akhasa esitshalweni esiseduze esidliwayo bese ehlala kuso.
Ama-Grey weevil akhetha ukudla emaphethelweni athambile amaqabunga ezitshalo.
Ekudleni weevils grey 130 zezitshalo, kodwa uthando enkulu banayo i-ushukela isithombo sebhitrudi, ubhekilanga, futhi izibungu uncamela imidumba futhi Chenopodiaceae zilwane.
Umonakalo weevil kwezolimo
Abazithandi i-beet weevil ezijwayelekile ngenxa yomonakalo ezitshalweni zabo ezinhlobonhlobo zama-beet, ngoba amabhungane amadala adla lesi sitshalo esincane esimweni se-hemp. Ngokuvamile, abantu abadala Weevil kungaba zize zichithe abasha zokutshala oki lezihlahla kanye lindens.
Amabhungane athathelwa indawo izibungu, alimaze izimpande zezitshalo ezakhiwe kahle. Umphumela uba lula ukubikezela: izitshalo zomile futhi ekugcineni zife. Sikhishwe iqiniso lokuthi enhlabathini enobuthi ungabhekana bebathathu ezine abadala ngamunye imitha square, esikalini ngemva kwenhlekelele akuyona Kunzima ukucabanga.
Kunemithi ehlukahlukene yendlebe endlini. Isebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu izifutho, kanti eziphephe kakhulu zingamateyipi anamathela. Incazelo yalezi nezinye izinto ingatholakala lapha.
Ungasusa imikhaza yegundane ngokubiza insiza yokulawula izinambuzane. Kungani lezi zinambuzane ziyingozi, funda ilinki ye-https: //stopvreditel.ru/parazity/perenoschiki/krysinyje-kleshi.html.
Umonakalo obangelwa beetroot weevils
Lezi zinambuzane zithathwa njengezinambuzane ngoba zilimaza ukutshala. Ngokwengxenye enkulu bahlasela izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-beet. Abadala ukudla lesi sitshalo ngokuphelele, emshiyela isiphunzi.
Ama-weevil adla amaqabunga amnandi nezimpande ze-beet nezinye izitshalo zezitshalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imidumba ye-beetroot yabantu abadala ingashabalalisa ngisho nokutshala okuncane kwama-lindens nama-oki. Uma abadala ilimaze izitshalo ngokwabo, izibungu zabo abhubhise uhlelo impande kakade eyakheke kahle. Ngenxa yokuvezwa okunjalo, isitshalo siyafa.
Abantu abangafika kuma-3-4 ama-weevil ama-beet angaphila esilinganisweni esisodwa samitha endaweni eyonakalisiwe, ngakho-ke akunangqondo ukucabanga ngobungozi obungabangelwa yilezi zinambuzane.
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