Ihhashi likaPrzewalski
(equus przewalskii)
UMbuso: izilwane (Animalia).
Uhlobo: Chordata (Chordata).
Iklasi: izilwane ezincelisayo (iMammalia).
I-oda: artiodactyls (Perissodactyla).
Umndeni: equine (Equidae).
Uhlobo: Amahhashi (Equus).
Izinhlobo: Ihhashi lePrzewalski (i-Equus przewalskii).

Ihhashi likaPrzewalski wanyamalala ngokuphelele ezilwaneni zasendle. Lesi silwane sagcina ukubonakala endle e-Dzungarian Gobi ngo-1968. Izizathu ezibalulekile zokunyamalala kwehhashi le-Przhevalsky: ukuxotshwa kwabamele le zinhlobo nokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo kwamazwe, ukuncishiswa kwezindawo zamadlelo nokomiswa kwezigodi zokunisela, kanye nokwakhiwa kokuzalelwa kwamahhashi ezinkomo. Amahhashi kaPrzewalski - Amahhashi aphansi futhi anesitoko ahlukile kunamahhashi asekhaya. Zine-mane emfishane, azikho ama-bangs, umsila, imilenze ephansi kanti ukuphela kwe-mane kudwetshwe ngombala onsundu, kucishe kube mnyama, ikhanda labo likhulu kunekhanda lamahhashi asekhaya. Isikhumba esibomvu segolide walezi zilwane sicwebezela kahle elangeni. Iba mhlophe ngokumhlophe esiswini nasekupheleni kwesihlakala. Ubude bomzimba obuphakathi bezilwane bungama-200 cm, ukuphakama kwabuna - 130 cm, nesisindo - 300-350 kg. Abamele lolu hlobo lwenyama bazithuthukisile ngokuphelele zonke izitho zomqondo, futhi bahlala beziqaphe.

Amahhashi e-Przhevalsky ahlala emhlambini wezinkomo, futhi kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinkomo: i-harem ne-bachelor. Ekhanda lokuqala kuhlala kuhlala isalukazi esisodwa. Eduze kwakhe kukhona abesilisa abane kuya kwabayisihlanu abesilisa nabesilisa abambalwa. Onke amalungu omhlambi omncane alalela ngokuthobeka amandla akhe onke. Ngumdondoshiya onquma ukuthi ayodla kuphi nokuthi aphumule kuphi, ekhetha indawo yokunisela. Kepha owesilisa unakekela umhlambi wakhe. Ngesikhathi sokuphumula, umi aqaphe indawo ezungezile ukuze anikeze isisetshenziswa esiyisixwayiso uma kungenzeka kube nobungozi. Owesifazane ungazala i-foal, esefinyelele eminyakeni engaba mithathu kuya kwemine, abesilisa baqala ukubamba iqhaza ekuzaleni ngonyaka wesine noma wesihlanu wokuphila. Izinsana zivele kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili futhi zisesesibelethweni izinyanga eziyi-11.5. I-mare idla i-foal ubisi kuze kube yilapho kuqala ukubila.
Kuyathakazelisa. Ihhashi likaPrzewalski ibizwa kanjalo ngoba ngo-1879 yatholakala nguNikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. Ngemuva kwalokho esuka eCentral Asia, izindawo eziseLake Lob Nor, waletha kuphela isikhumba sesilwane ebesingaziwa.

I-Lit: I-Big Red Book / i-Oksana Skaldina. - M: Eksmo, 20014.-480s

Ihhashi likaPrzewalski - I-Equus przewalskii Poljakov, 1881

Isigaba Sobuhlanga: 0 - uhlobo olusenyamalele emvelweni, omunye wabameleli ababili be-oda le-artiodactyl fauna yaseRussia. Igcinwa kuphela kwizindawo zokugcina izilwane zasekhaya nezindawo ezikhethekile zomhlaba.

Ukubhebhetheka: Kuchaziwe kusuka kusihlabathi saseHanobo - eningizimu yeChibi. Ulyungur, Central Dzungaria. Esikhathini esedlule, izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingxenyeni zaseYurophu zazihlala ezifundeni zamahlathi, ezase-steppe, nezindawo eziwugwadule, zingena engxenyeni encane zingena endaweni yehlathi, empumalanga. ingxenye yamaphethelo asebekiweko ahlukene nama-steppes athile wehlathi laseKazakhstan naseningizimu yeZap. ISiberia empumalanga. eya eBaba nasePredaltai steppes, eSahir Ridge naseChibi. IZaysan, ngaphezu kwalokho, bekukhona indawo yokuhlala eTransbaikalia, exhunywe ngqo nendawo enkulu ngaphandle kweRussia, imboze lonke i-Dzungaria, cishe yonke iMongolia neKashgar, okungenani empumalanga yayo. izingxenye ze- [1,2]. Enye yezindawo ezintathu ezingaphansi kwehhashi likaPrzhevalsky - the steppe tarpan (E. p. Gmelini) - yachithwa ngokuphelele imvelo ngekhulu le-18-19, umuntu wokugcina wasinda ekudingisweni kuze kube ngo-1914 kuya ku-1918, okuyi-subspecies yesibili - ihlathi le-tarpan (E. p. silvaticus) - iqothulwe eCentral Europe ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, izilwane zamahhala zokugcina zabulawa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX. e-Belovezhskaya Pushcha. I-subspecies yesithathu, ihhashi likaPrzhevalsky, lagcina ukubonwa emvelweni kuDzungarian Gobi ngonyaka we-1968, kusukela kulo mzuzu leli fomu libhekwa njengelingasasebenzi endalweni, isizathu esiyinhloko sokuqothulwa ukuxoshwa okuqondile, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezinokuhlakazwa okusebenzayo kumadlelo nasezindaweni zokunisela [1, 3.5]. 11 Amahhashi ama-Przhevalsky aqhamuka eDzungaria athunjwa futhi alethwa ezindaweni zokugcina izilwane zaseYurophu ukuze agcinwe futhi azalwe ngo-1899-1901, awokugcina kula mahhashi awela ngo-1939. Enye inyamazana yasendle yathunjwa ngokwemvelo ngo-1947. Inzalo yalaba basunguli yayingamahhashi angama-50 ngo-1958, lapho kuqala ukubambisana kwamazwe onke ngokuzalanisa ihhashi lePrzhevalsky kuma-zoo nasezindlini zokugcina izingane. Ngo-1956, ama-4 ama-pallion kanye nama-8 mares ayiswa eMelika. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s. isibalo samahhashi asendaweni yezilwane nasezikhungweni ezikhethekile ngokwe-International Stud Book sasicishe sibe yi-1000.

Indawo yokuhlala: Ihhashi lePrzhevalsky luhlobo lweplastikhi yemvelo, ebonakala ngezindawo ezahlukahlukene. Ngaphakathi kobubanzi obukhulu, ihlathi le-tarpan lalihlala imvelo yasehlathini yaseYurophu, i-steppe tarpan - i-step-steppe ne-Vost steppes. I-Europe, ingxenye yase-Europe yaseRussia icishe yaya e-Urals, ama-Przhevalsky amahhashi afanele - ama-cyppes (ngokwengxenye yamahlathi), ogwadule, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zogwadule, izintaba eziphakemeyo namagquma amancane [1,2,6]. Kusukela ngesikhathi ihhashi likaPrzhevalsky latholakala e-Dzungaria, lalivele lanyamalala ngokwemvelo kulo lonke uhla lwezomlando ngaphandle kweDzungaria, singakhuluma kuphela ngendawo yokuhlala encomekayo yalesi sintu - izimpaphe zamagagasi ogwadule ogwadule noma izintaba ezinezintaba ezinotshani ezintabeni ezinamagquma noma ngaphansi kwamagquma. izindawo zokunisela ezitholakalayo nezindawo zokukhosela ezifanele (ama-gorges, izigodi). Ezigodini eziphakathi nendawo, amahhashi azulazula e-China. Imihlambi ye-Hare, eholwa ngumuntu okhulile ongumdwayizi kanye nama-4-5 amaduna amadala anezinyamazane eziningana, kanye nezinkomo ezinama-bachelor, eziqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-stallion amancane, abonakala ngamahhashi. Abesifazane baqala ukuletha izinyane eneminyaka yobudala engama-3-4, abesilisa baqala ukubamba iqhaza ekuzaleni beneminyaka engama-4-5 ubudala. Ukuhlangana kuvame ngoMeyi-Juni. Ukukhulelwa cishe izinyanga eziyi-11.5. Insikazi iletha iqhubu elilodwa, elondla kuze kufike ukubola okulandelayo. Imvamisa, ama-mares aqala ukufinya njalo eminyakeni emi-2, ukuzalwa kwaminyaka yonke kwabantwana kubhekelwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu (isimo esihle sezilwane, isigaba sokukhula seqembu).

Amandla: Ayikho imininingwane eqondile ngenani lamahhashi emvelo kumakhulu eminyaka adlule ngaphakathi eRussia nakuyo yonke ibanga. Imininingwane enenani lamahhashi amaPrzewalski kuma-zoo nasezindlini zomhlaba ihlala ivuselelwa ku-International Stud Book, egcinwa ePrague Zoo. Izici zokukhawulela kokuqhubeka kokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezindlini zokugcina izilwane zasekhaya kanye nokwehla kokuhlukahluka kofuzo, ukwanda kwesibalo sezifo zofuzo, ukuncipha kokuzala, ukusinda kwezilwane ezisencane, ukulahleka kokuzala okujwayelekile kanye neminye imiphumela emibi yokugcina nokuzala ekudingisweni inani elikhulu lezizukulwane zezilwane [11-14] . Isimo esidingekayo sokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ukudala indalo yemvelo yokuzilawula emvelweni. Izici ezinomkhawulo ekukhetheni kwezindawo zokuphinda zikhiqizwe ukuvumelana kwezimo zemvelo (isimo sezulu esijwayelekile, ukwakheka kwezimila, ukuba khona kwezimbobo zokunisela) kwizidingo zemvelo zezinhlobo, amandla okwandisa indawo yokuhlala, ukuba khona kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwezilwane kwangempela, ukuqeda ubungozi bokuhlanganiswa kwamahhashi asekhaya [6.15-17] . Ukulima izintambo zokugcina izintombi ekuhlwanyeleni. izingxenye zobubanzi bezinhlobo, umshini obalulekile wokudlela, futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukuthuthukiswa kokuzalelwa kwamahhashi wezinkomo kubeke umkhawulo ekukhetheni kwezindawo ezilungele ukuvela kabusha, ziwashintshele endaweni yokufika ogwadule nasogwadule. Ngasikhathi sinye, izimo zasogwadule ngokwazo aziyona into ekhawulela; amahhashi avela ku-zoos avumelana kahle nendawo yokuhlala yamahhala ezindaweni zasogwadule futhi azalwe ngempumelelo.

Ezokuphepha: Kubhalwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN-96, Isithasiselo 2 seCITES. Kusatshalaliswe ngempumelelo ekudingisweni. Ngo-1985, iphrojekthi yokwenziwa kabusha kwehhashi likaPrzhevalsky yathuthukiswa futhi yavunywa, ukuhlinzekela ukwakhiwa kwabantu abahlanu abazilawula ngokwabo nenani labantu abangaba ngu-500 umuntu ngamunye [3.19]. Umsebenzi wokuphinda usebenze kabusha waqala eMongolia (ngokubamba iqhaza kweNetherlands kanye ne-AN Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Science), iqembu lokuqala laqalwa ngo-1992. Umsebenzi wokuhlola wokuphumelela wenziwa eChina (wenziwa kusukela ngo-1987, ukukhishwa kokuqala ngo-1990) [21-23]. Kusukela ngo-1985, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo nezinhlelo ezithile zokubuyiselwa kwehhashi likaPrzhevalsky ngaphakathi kwebanga eRussia futhi kwaqala i-CIS. Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukwenza umsebenzi wokuphinda uqanjwe kabusha kwehhashi le-Przhevalsky eDauria, endaweni yokubhukelwa komhlaba wonke ezindaweni zokuhlala ezise-steppe, lapho kunamathuba wokuqhubeka kokuthuthuka kwesibalo esikhulu sabantu abazilawulayo ezindaweni ezisondelene neRussia, iMongolia neChina.

Kuhlanganiswe ngu: NGEMPELA. I-Pereladova, V.E. Flint

Buka futhi ndoda

Izakhamizi zezindawo lapho leli hhashi lalihlala khona zazazi isikhathi eside futhi zazibiza ngokuthi yi- “tachi”. AmaMongol abiza izwe lase-tahi ridge ("i-Yellow Ridge of a Horse Horse"), lapho ihhashi latholakala khona kaningi. Kodwa-ke, lesi silwane saziwa wumhlaba wonke kusukela ngo-1879, lapho sichazwa ngumhambi waseRussia, isazi sokuma komhlaba nesazi semvelo, ekuhlonishwe kwakhe lesi sidalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, ibanga lehhashi lalilinganiselwe kumaDzungaria.

Abantu bendawo kudala bezingela amahhashi asendle: lezi zilwane zingancintisana nezilwane ezifuywayo ukuze zithole amadlelo futhi ngasikhathi sinye zazingumthombo wenyama nezikhumba. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaliswa kwabantu e-Dzungaria ngekhulu le-19. futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka babengekho abaningi, futhi abantu abakwazanga ukulimaza kakhulu inani lamahhashi asendle.

Ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lamahhashi amaPrzewalski kwaqala ngobusika obunzima obukhulu bango-1944 kuya ku-45 emva kwehlobo elomile: amahhashi afa yindlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulobu busika, obabubala emlandweni weMongolia ngaphansi kwegama elithi “Jute of the Year of Monkey,” imindeni eminingi yezakhamizi zasendaweni yalahlekelwa yiyo yonke imfuyo yabo futhi baphoqeleka ukuba bafune ukudla. Inhlekelele yemvelo yacasulwa yizinto zenhlalo: kulezi zindawo isibalo samasosha nabafuduki, behlome ngezikhali zanamuhla futhi bengenayo imfuyo yabo, banda kakhulu.

Ekupheleni kweminyaka. Eminyakeni engama-20 emvelo kwakungekho nehhashi lasendle elilodwa.

Lapho nje kuphela ukuba khona kwehhashi lasendle kwaziwa ngaphandle kwezwe lakubo, ama-zoo amaningi afuna ukuba nalesi silwane eqoqweni lawo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuvakasha okuningana kokuqala kokubambisa amahhashi kaPrzhevalsky kuhlelwe kumthengisi waseRussia uN. Asanov. Ekupheleni kwamakhulu eminyaka angama-20. Izinduna ezingama-55 ezazibanjwe emvelweni zatholwa endaweni yokubekelwa indawo (e-Ukraine), nasezindaweni ezimbalwa zoMbuso zaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Kodwa-ke, kulawa, ayi-11 kamuva abeletha. Ngo-1957, enye i-mare yathunyelwa eMongolia yathunyelwa eMongolia, nayo eyaba yingxenye yokuzalanisa. Ngakho-ke, wonke amahhashi aphilayo amaPrzewalski anemvelaphi yawo ezilwaneni eziyi-12 kuphela.

Indawo yomlando nendawo yokuhlala

Izifundo ze-Paleontological nedatha yomlando zibonisa ukuthi indawo yehhashi lePrzewalski yayingagcini ku-Dzungaria (Central Asia), lapho "yayivulekele" isayensi. Esimweni sensalela, le nhlobo ibilokhu yaziwa kusukela eLate Pleistocene. Ukutholwa kwe-Paleontological kukhombisa ukuthi umngcele osenyakatho wezinhlobo wawuphakathi kuka-50- 55 ° N, entshonalanga lezi zilwane zathunyelwa eVolga, nasempumalanga cishe neLwandle iPacific. Ukusuka eningizimu, ububanzi bawo babukhawulelwe ezintabeni eziphakeme. Ngaphakathi nendawo yokusatshalaliswa, amahhashi ayegcinwe ezindaweni ezomile nasezigodini eziphakemeyo zezintaba (kuze kufike ku-2000 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle).

Engxenyeni ye-Dzhungar Gobi, amahhashi amaPrzhevalsky angaba khona ngenxa yobuningi bemithombo emisha nenosawoti eyizungezwe ama-oases, lapho engatholanga khona amanzi nokudla kuphela, kepha nendawo yokukhosela, kanye nokuba khona kule ndawo yamaphethelo asogwadule kanye nogwadule we-steppe ocebile okusanhlamvu nezinye izitshalo .

Ukubukeka kanye ne-morphology

Ihhashi elijwayelekile lokwakheka obukhulu, nekhanda elisindayo, intamo eminyene, imilenze eqinile nezindlebe ezincane. Ubude bomzimba obungu-220-280 cm, ukuphakama kubuna amasentimitha angama-120-146, isisindo esingu-200-300 kg. Umsila umfishane uma uqhathaniswa nehhashi lasekhaya, kanti ingxenye engenhla yesipikili imbozwe izinwele ezimfushane. I-mane imfushane, imile, ayinama-bangs.

Umbala noma, ulula kumuntu ongezansi komzimba. I-mane nomsila, futhi phakathi komhlane kusukela ku-mane kuya ezimpandeni zomsila kudlula ibhande. Umbala ofanayo wemilenze engezansi kwe-hock. Ukuphela kwesizulu kukhanya. Ehlobo, ijazi lifushane, lifanelekile, futhi umbala uyakhanya. Ijazi lasebusika lide kakhulu, line undercoat ewugqinsi, futhi umbala ulibala kunasehlobo.

Ukudla okunempilo nokudla okuphakelayo

Isisekelo sokondleka kwamahhashi asendle ase-Asia eDzungaria sasiqukethe okusanhlamvu: utshani bentshe, ukolweni, umfantu, umhlanga, umhlanga. Babedla umhlonyane, u-anyanisi wasendle nezihlahlana ezahlukahlukene. Kula shrub, i-saxaul ne-caragana bezikhona ekudleni kwazo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi njengamanje amahhashi ahlala ezinkulisa zakwamanye amazwekazi avumelana ngokuphelele nokudla kwezinhlobo zezitshalo zasendaweni.

Uhola iqembu lamahhashi emadlelweni, njengomthetho, umuntu omdala onamava, nomholi uyavala. Ngesikhathi sokudla, isilwane esisodwa noma ezimbili ziqapha zibuka indawo ezungezile, kanti ezinye ziluma otshanini. Ebusika, lapho iqhwa liwa, izilwane "ziyaxoxa" - ziyiklebhula ngamehlo ayo ngaphambili futhi zikhiphe ukudla.

Ihhashi libhekana nobunzima obukhethekile ebusika, lapho emva kwemvula noma ithanga elinamandla lokushisa komoya lihla kakhulu bese umhlabathi umbozwa yi-ice (jute). Hooves aqala ukuzamazama, amahhashi awakwazi ukudabula eqhweni afike otshanini, bese kuqala indlala.

Ukuziphatha komphakathi

Okuncane kakhulu kwakwaziwa ngendlela yokuphila kwala mahhashi ngokwemvelo ngaphambi kokuba aqothulwe lapho. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, isihambi saseRussia sahlangana nalezi zilwane amahlandla amaningi ku-Dzhungar Gobi. Ubhale ukuthi "ihhashi lasendle lihlala endaweni ewugwadule futhi linisela ebusuku, ngokuqala kosuku libuyele ogwadule, lapho lihlala khona liphumule kuze kushone ilanga." Ucwaningo lwamuva nje lubonisa ukuthi ihhashi lePrzewalski linemijikelezo eminingana yokuphaphama nokuphumula phakathi nosuku.

Amahhashi aphethwe ngamaqembu omuntu oyedwa kwabesilisa nowe-5-11 mares nabancane. Ama-stallion amancane aneminyaka engu-1.5-2,5 ubudala ashiya ikhefu noma axoshwa emaqenjini zabazali futhi akha amaqembu ama-bachelor. Uwedwa, iningi labesilisa elihlala likhona, selivele lingakwazi ukugcina i-harem.

Isakhiwo sendawo se-geobotanical yendawo ishiya ukufakwa okuqinile ekusatshalaliswa kwamahhashi kwendawo. I-Dzungaria, ebisebenza njengendawo yokugcina yamahhashi amaPrzewalski, iyindawo eyisithambeka enomusa yezintaba eziphansi namagquma agawulwa yizigodi eziningi. Phansi kwamagquma kuneziphethu eziningi, okubaluleke kakhulu emahhashini, ngoba isimo sezulu lapha somile futhi siqine kakhulu izwekazi. Kulezi zindawo kukhona ama-solyanka semi-desertert, kanye nezindawo zezimpaphe zotshani, namahlathi e-saxaul, kanye nezicubu ze-tamarisk. Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwama-biotopes kanye nokuba khona kwenani elikhulu lemisele yokunisela, amahhashi angenza ukufuduka okuncane kuphela kwesizini. Ububanzi bokufuduka okunjalo maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule abudluli kumakhilomitha angama-150-200 ngomugqa oqondile.

Amaqembu wamahhashi e-Przewalski ahamba kakhulu futhi ahambahamba njalo, awahlali isikhathi eside endaweni eyodwa, okubangelwa ukusatshalaliswa kwezimila okungalingani.

Ukuzala nokukhulisa inzalo

Njengawo wonke amahhashi, abamele abo basendle bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngeminyaka emi-2, kepha abesilisa baqala ukubamba iqhaza ekuzaleni kungaphambi kweminyaka yehlobo. Esikhathini sokuzalela kuyachazwa: ama-mares eza ekuzingeleni kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Agasti. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-11 - 11,5; kuzalwa iwundlu elilodwa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho ukudla kutholakala kakhulu.Emavikini langu-1-2 ngemuva kwekuzala, insikati ilungele kuphindze inyamane; isilwane lesihle, lesinemandla singaleta intalo minyaka ngeminyaka.

I-foal izalwe ikhule ngokugcwele, umama uqoqa uketshezi lwe-amniotic ngezindebe nangolimi, futhi ingane yoma ngokushesha. Ngemuva kwemizuzu embalwa ezelwe, i-foal izama ukuma ngezinyawo zayo, futhi ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa isivele ikwazi ukulandela umama. Emavikini amabili eminyaka, amankonyane aqala ukusampula utshani, ngemuva kwenyanga ingxenye yokudla kwezitshalo ekudleni kwabo iqala ukwanda ngokushesha, kepha umama uyaqhubeka ebondla ubisi izinyanga ezimbalwa.

Okuhlukahlukene

Kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi okuwukuphela kokumelela kohlobo lwamanje lwamahhashi yi-eucus. Ngokubukeka, ifana ne-zebra - imivimbo efanayo emzimbeni, i-mane emfishane. Kwakheka amagatsha amathathu endawo kuwo - i-steppe tarpan, i-tarpan yehlathi nehhashi le-Przhevalsky. Ezimbili zokuqala zanyamalala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, futhi yizinhlobo zokugcina kuphela ezisasele nanamuhla.

Akekho ongaphendula ngokunembile i-100% ukuthi ngabe le nhlobo iyasendle noma cha. Abanye ochwepheshe bathi lokhu kusendle, abanye, ikakhulukazi i-paleogenetics, bathi lokhu kuyinzalo yamahhashi eBotai, ahamba endle.

Amahhashi eBotay ayizindawo zokuqala ezihlala endaweni yaseBotai, eNyakatho Kazakhstan.

Umlando wokuzala

Owokuqala ukuhlangana nommeleli wale nhlobo wayengumbhali wemvelo oshiwo ngenhla, uNikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. Eqhubeka nohambo oluya e-Asia, afinyelela indawo engafinyeleleki yeDzungaria, esemngceleni weNyakatho neChina neMongolia, wahlangana nomhlambi wamahhashi kuze kube manje engaziwa ngabaseYurophu.

Abantu bendawo bababiza ngokuthi "ama-tahs", ahunyushelwe kwisiRussia, lokhu kusho "ihhashi eliphuzi". Indawo ababehlala kuyo ibanzi, kungatholakala amahhashi endaweni enkulu yama-steppes ukusuka eKazakhstan kuye enyakatho neMongolia. Kusukela kulolu hambo, usosayensi waletha ugebhezi nolusu lwesilwane, olwethulwa kuye ngumthengisi, yena, owathola kubo kumzingeli waseKyrgyz. Kwakungalezi zinto zokwenziwa lapho uPolyakov echaza khona isilwane esingaziwa futhi wasiqamba igama - ihhashi likaPrzhevalsky.

Ngaphezulu kwekhulu leminyaka kusukela ekuqaleni kokuvulwa, ibanga lamahhashi laqala ukushesha - esifundeni esisodwa se-Eastern Altai, kanye nenombolo yaso. Ngani? Iqoqo lezinto ezidlalwe lapha:

• Ukuqothulwa kwezilwane ngama-nomads,
• isomiso esathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu
• ezinye izilwane zaqala ukuzikhipha emadlelweni,
• ikhono eliphansi lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha, ezithinte kabi ukuzalwa kabusha.

Ukube bekungukungenelela komuntu ngokungadingekile, khona-ke mhlawumbe besingeke silibone leli hhashi eliyinqaba liphila, futhi ngabe sijoyine izintokazi zezilwane ezanyamalala njenge tarpan noma i-savannah zebra - quagga.

Uhlelo lokuvuselela kabusha

Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, kwacaca ukuthi ihhashi lasendle ngokwemvelo liyanyamalala. Ngaso leso sikhathi ekudingisweni emhlabeni wonke kwakungekho bantu abangaphezulu kwama-20 abakwazi ukuzala.

Ngo-1959, uPrague wabamba i-1st International Symposium on the Conservation of Przewalski's Horse, lapho kwaqalwa khona isu lokuhlanganisa lokwenza izinto ezisengozini yokuphela. Njengengxenye yecebo, bekuhlongozwe ukuthi kukhethwe ngokucophelela inzalo yabo ukunciphisa inzalo, ukushintshanisa ama-stallion phakathi kwezindawo ezizalanayo nokugcina amahhashi e-Przewalski namaqembu emvelo omphakathi. Lolu hlelo lwezinyathelo luveze imiphumela emihle. Ngokusho kwencwadi yamazwe omhlaba, inani labantu emhlabeni landa laya ku-200 ngonyaka we-1972, laya kubantu abangama-680 ngonyaka ka-1985. Ingqondo ikwazile ukungena kulokho okubizwa nge- “bhodlela”.

Ngo-1985 efanayo, kwanqunywa ukuba kuqale ukuseshwa kwezindawo zokubuyisa amahhashi asendle emvelweni. Kwenziwa umsebenzi omkhulu, kwathi ngo-1992 amahhashi okuqala evela eSoviet Union naseNetherlands afika eMongolia epheshana. Njengamanje, sekudaliwe abantu abathathu eMongolia. Abazukulu bamahhashi wokuqala wamahhala sebevele bakhula. Inani eliphelele lamahhashi aphila mahhala ePrzhevalsky lisondela ku-300. Bona, njengokhokho babo basendle, bayakwazi ukwahlukanisa izitshalo ezidliwayo ezinobuthi, bathola izindawo zokunisela, bavikele ezimpondweni ....

Ingaphandle

Lesi silwane siyabonakala, uma sesibonwe kanye uma singadideki nanoma ngubani. Futhi konke ngoba kunokubonakala kokudala, okungukuthi, kugcinwe izici zehhashi nembongolo.

Ipendiwe ngombala wesihlabathi ongabonakali njenge-tint brown (i-savras), kepha ukumiswa (i-mane nomsila), imilenze ephansi cishe imnyama njalo. Ingxenye yesisu nokuphela kwesihlahla sokukhanya kuyinto elula, ekhaleni “kuyinto mealy”, okungukuthi, endaweni yayo izinwele zipendwe mhlophe, kubonakala sengathi isilwane sifake impumulo yaso kufulawa.

Ehlobo, ijazi lifushane, umbala walo ukhanya kakhulu kunasebusika. Kepha ngenkathi ebandayo iba mikhulu futhi yinde, kwakhiwa ingubo efudumele engaphansi. I-mane iqondile, imfishane futhi ilukhuni, ifana ne-mohawk elungiselelwe noma ibhulashi. Umsila engxenyeni engenhla embozwe izinwele ezimfishane bese uphela ngo “bhulashi”, ocishe ufinyelele emhlabathini. Umsila ufana nezici zomsila wembongolo noma i-kulan. Leli hhashi alinawo ama-bangs. Kubonakala “ibhande” elimnyama ngemuva.

Ekhanda elikhulu, amehlo amancane abanzi. Umzimba ugcwele futhi umunene. Imilenze emifushane, eqinile isiza isilwane ukuba sakhe isivinini esikhulu endaweni ephakeme.

Lawa ngamahhashi asayizi amancane:

• ubude bomzimba abudluli amamitha amabili,
• ukuphakama 135 cm, esiphezulu ngamamitha ayi-1.5,
• isisindo esivamile asidluli kuma-350 kg, kepha abantu abasindayo abanesisindo esingama-400 kg bayatholakala.

Izindlebe zobukhulu obuncane ziyashesha futhi zizwele. Isilwane sizwa isitha sikude kakhulu, sibonga umuzwa waso omuhle wokuhogela nokuzwa okuzwayo. Zisetshenziselwa ukugcina amehlo azo evulekile.

Kuze kube muva nje, umuntu wayezwa isitatimende sokuthi leli hhashi lasendle alilona elinye ngaphandle kokhokho behhashi lasekhaya. Kodwa-ke, onke amachashazi kusayensi yezofuzo “no”. Ngemuva kochungechunge lwezifundo, bathola ukuthi, njengamahhashi asekhaya, kukhona ama-chromosomes angama-64, bese kuthi lowo omele izilwane zasendle abe nama-66, okungukuthi, ngokwekhodi lofuzo, lezi zinhlobo azihlobene.

Isikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane siyiminyaka engama-20-25.

Amahhashi asendle eMoses Zoo

Kuyaziwa ukuthi amahhashi okuqala achazwa kwi-Zoo yaseMoscow athunjwa ku-Dzungarian Gobi. Ngokwembhalo ovela ezinqolobaneni ze-zoo, lokhu kwenzeka ngonyaka we-1917. Kusukela kulowomzuzu, izizukulwane ngezilwane eziningana zithathiwe iqoqo lethu. Sibe ngababambiqhaza abakhuthele kuHlelo Lokufuya Amahhashi Wezwe Lonke, olugcinwe yiPrague Zoo (Czech Republic), lapho ibhukwana lasePrzewalski ligcinelwe amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Abaphathi bohlelo, besebenzisa le ncwadi, babiza ngamabili amahhashi ngokuzalanisa (umkhwenyana kanye nomakoti bangahlala hhayi ezindaweni zokugcina ezahlukene, kepha nakwamanye amazwekazi ahlukene), izinhlelo zokushintshaniswa kwezilwane phakathi kwe-zoos nezindawo zokunakekela izingane emhlabeni wonke ukugwema ukuzalanisa (iziphambano ezihlobene kakhulu izilwane). Ngokusho kwalolu hlelo, owesilisa wethu, obekubonwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule eqenjini labesifazane endaweni yokuchazwa kweHoofed Row eNew Territory ye-zoo, manje usuthuthele edolobhaneni eliseduze nasePrague, lapho kunendawo enkulu yokuzalela amahhashi kaPrzewalski. Lapho, uhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezinhlelweni zokuzalela izinhlobo zezilwane.

Esichazelweni sethu, manje usungabona ama-mares amabili - umama, owazalwa ngo-2003, nendodakazi yakhe, ezalwa entwasahlobo ka-2013. Umbala ocishe ube yunifomu, womzimba oqinile, la mahhashi angokuka-Askanian wokuzalela amahhashi ekudingisweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona enye - umugqa wePrague, ohlukaniswa ngomusa omkhulu wamafomu, umbala olula kakhulu, ocishe ube yisisu esimhlophe nokuphela kwesihlakala. Le migqa ingumphumela wokuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye kokhokho bamahhashi anamuhla ayebanjwe endle, kanye nokuntuleka kokushintshana kwezilwane phakathi kwe-zoos emazweni ahlukene engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20. Le migqa emibili eyinhloko ihlanganisa i-genotype yamahhashi asendle ajwayelekile, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuyigcina.

Indlela yokuphila

Yize cishe zacishe zenzeke emvelweni (okokugcina ukubonwa endaweni yaseMongolia ngo-1969) futhi zihlala ngokuphelele ekudingisweni, amahhashi awalahlile imikhuba yawo nolaka lwasolwandle. Lawa ngabantu abaqinile nabanobunzima, imvamisa baphuma belwa nama-stallion asekhaya.

Isilwane sihlala emhlambini wezinkomo, lapho kukhona izinsikazi ezingama-5- 10 ezinamawundlu, bese kuthi umduna wazo azihambise. Futhi umhlambi ungaba nezinsikazi ezincane "ezizodwa". Abesilisa abalahlekelwe amandla ngaphezu kwezikhulu zabo zibajoyina. Amahhashi amadala angakwazi ukumboza "i-harem" yawo achitha impilo yawo wonke eyedwa.

Umhlambi uhlala ujikeleza kule ndawo, ufuna ukudla namanzi, ngesivinini esikhululekile noma i-trot, kepha ubona ingozi lapho, uya endaweni ephakeme futhi ushesha ufike ku-50 km / h, ugijima amabanga amancanyana. Umhlambi uholwa yi-mare enolwazi, bese kuthi owesilisa we-alpha ayuvale.

Badla ekuseni noma kusihlwa, lapho kuhlwa. Esikhathini sasemini, bakhetha ukuphumula, ukucwilisa endaweni ephakeme, ngoba ngenkathi ama-mares nezimpondo zilele futhi ephumula, i-stallion ihambahamba ihlola indawo ezungezile, futhi kusukela ekuphakameni ukubuka kuvuleka kahle futhi isitha siyabonakala kude. Uma owesilisa ezwa ingozi, ukhipha i-alamu aholele umhlambi. Nazo ziyadla. Ngenkathi amanye "edla isidlo sasemini", amahhashi amaningana "aqaphe", bese izilwane ziguqula izindima.

Izitha zabo zemvelo kuphela yizimpisi nama-cougars. Umhlambi wezinyamazane, uhlasela umhlambi, ufuna ukuwuhlukanisa futhi ubulale izilwane ezibuthakathaka - abancane, abadala noma abagulayo. Kodwa-ke, ihhashi elinempilo, eliqinile lingabulala impisi noma ikati ngokushaya okukodwa kwenselo. Lapho esongelwa, umhlambi wenza indandatho. Izilwane zime ngamakhanda azo enkabeni yombuthano lapho khona amawundlu akhona, futhi isikhali sawo esiyinhloko - imilenze yangemuva eqinile iqondiswe esitha.

Ezindalini, amahhashi ahlala futhi aziphathe ngendlela efanayo nasezimweni zemvelo, kepha adla izitshalo zasendaweni.

E-zoo, zivame ukuhlushwa ukuntuleka kokuhamba, ngoba emvelweni umhlambi uhamba, uhlala uqhubeka njalo. Noma edala izimo ezintofontofo ekuthunjweni, indawo ebiyelwe ayinikezi ububanzi obunjalo njengasendle noma endalweni yokugcina.

Habitat

Endle, bakhetha izigodi eziwugwadule, ezingaphansi kwe-2 km ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, noma bazinza endaweni eyomile. Indawo eyayintofontofo kunazo zonke kuzo kwakuyi-Dzungarian Gobi. Lapha babenokudla okuningi, imithombo enamanzi amancane enosawoti kanye neningi yezindawo zokuhlala zemvelo. Badabula insimu yeKazakhstan, iMongolia neChina. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wezazi ze-paleontologists, kwaziwa ukuthi ibanga elingokomlando lehhashi lalibanzi kakhulu. Ngasentshonalanga yafika eVolga, empumalanga - emaqeleni amaDaurian, eningizimu - yayikhawulelwe ezintabeni eziphakeme.

Manje bahlala ezindaweni zokugcina nasezindaweni ezingcwele zaseRussia, iMongolia neChina, amanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Umsoco

Emvelweni, amahhashi adla ukudla kwama-coarse - izihlahlana, okusanhlamvu - i-saxauls, i-caragana, utshani bentshe, umhlonyane, i-thyme, i-chia nabanye. Ebusika, kwakudingeka bambe iqhwa ngezinselo zabo zangaphambili badle utshani obomile. Ekudingisweni ngenxa yokuthi ochwepheshe abakwazanga ukukhiqiza kabusha isilwane esifanele sokudla kwesilwane, isizukulwane samahhashi sesibili saphulukana nolunye lwezimpawu zayo - amazinyo amakhulu.

Kuqukethe ezitokisini, izilwane zidla izitshalo ezikhula kuzo, futhi ziyaqeqeshwa ebusika ukudla amagatsha ezihlahla nezihlahla.

Ezilwaneni zokudla, ukudla kwabo kuqukethe:

• kusuka hay
• utshani obusha
• ama-apula
• imifino - iklabishi, izaqathi kanye nobhizi,
• bran, oats.

Ukuzalela inzalo

Ososayensi bakhipha i-alamu ngesikhathi futhi benza yonke imizamo yokuthi bangalahli lolu hlobo lwesilwane. Kepha ekuqaleni, umbuso ngamunye ubhekane nale nkinga ngawodwana, okubuye kuholele ekusongeleni kokunyamalala kwehhashi likaPrzewalski, ngoba abantu ababehlobene njalo babewela. Konke lokhu kwaholela ekuzalweni kwezingane ezinezifo zofuzo, imfuyo yaqala ukubulawa yi-masse.

Ukusindisa inani labesilisa, baqala ukuwela ngokuzalela okuhlukile kwama-steppe, ngakho bathola izinhlamvu ezintsha, futhi baqala ukuhluka kakhulu kokhokho babo, abatholakala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.

Njengomphumela wokuzalela amahhashi ekudingisweni, kwaqhamuka imigqa emibili - u-Askanian noPrague. Zombili ziqukethe uhlobo lwezinhlobo zasendle, kubalulekile ukuzilondolozela. Ungahlukanisa phakathi kwemigqa emibili engaphandle. Eyokuqala inesudi ebomvu onsundu nomzimba oqinile. Umugqa wePrague ubonakala ngesimo esihle kakhulu sesilwane, ngombala okhanyayo - isisu nokuphela kwesiqu sekucishe kube mhlophe.

Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili emacansini kwenzeka ngaphambili kunakuma-stallion. Kwabesifazane abaneminyaka emi-2 ubudala, kwabesilisa abaseminyakeni engu-5 ubudala. Entwasahlobo, izinsikazi nabesilisa, abashadikazi, kuyilapho ama-stallion eqapha kakhulu "i-harem" yabo. Izicucu zihlala zenzeka kanye nezinye izinsikazi ukutholakala kowesifazane. Abesilisa bakhula bashaya abaphikisana nabo ngezinselo zabo ezinkulu. Imvamisa abakwazi ukugwema ukulimala okuhlukahlukene, ukulimala nokulimala.

Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-11, kanti ingane izalwa entwasahlobo nasehlobo, lapho ifudumele futhi kungekho ukushoda kokudla. Owesifazane oyedwa uhlala enekhubalo elilodwa.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, isisindo se-foal singama-35-45 kg. Kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha, udla ubisi lukamama, noma sekuvele emavikini ama-2 uzama ukuhlafuna utshani. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, umntwana osanda kuzalwa ufika ezinyaweni zakhe alandele unina yonke indawo. Uma elele ngemuva kwakhe, khona-ke umama ngaphandle kwesisa esingadingekile uqala ukumcindezela, alume endaweni eyisisekelo somsila. Esebenzisa indlela efanayo, wamlumula obisini oluncela ubisi.

Lapho kwenzeka iqhwa, ukuze izingane zingaphathwa ngumkhuhlane, zidonswa indandatho eyakhiwe kubantu abadala, lapho ibafudumeza khona ngokuphefumula kwabo. Le nduna enonyaka owodwa ishiya umhlambi ingabi ngokuzithandela kwayo, umholi womhlambi amkhiphele ngaphandle.

Ochwepheshe basazama ukuwela ihhashi lasendle nezinye izinhlobo, kepha ngokuyisisekelo imizamo ihlala ingashintshi, ngoba i-hybrid ephumayo ilahle ngokuphelele ikhwalithi yohlobo lokuzala. Inhloso yabafuyi bezindawo ukuthola i-hybrid entsha, ezogcina ukubukeka okugcwele nezimpawu zehhashi lePrzewalski, kepha kube nobukhulu obukhulu.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Ngeminyaka yama-70s yekhulu lama-20, akukho silwane esisodwa esasihlala emvelweni yemvelo, kepha emitholampilo emhlabeni wonke sikwazile ukusindisa abantu abangama-20 ababekulungele ukwenziwa kabusha. Kodwa-ke, kakade ngonyaka we-1959, izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaphakamisa udaba lokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane futhi zabiza umhlangano wamazwe omhlaba lapho kwaqalwa khona uhlelo lokonga abantu. Izinyathelo zaphumelela futhi kancane kancane amanani abo aqala ukukhula, ngo-1985 kwathathwa isinqumo sokubuyisela isilwane emvelweni.

Kuvulwe idossi kuwo wonke amahhashi ahlala ekudingisweni; i-Prague Zoo ibhekana nalokhu. Lesi silwane esisengozini sivikelekile ezingeni likazwelonke kanye namazwe omhlaba. Kubhalwe ku-Red Book hhayi kuphela amazwe ngamanye, kufaka neRussia, kepha nakuwo uMhlaba jikelele. Umsebenzi osebenzayo uyaqhubeka nokubuyisa inani lezilwane endaweni yemvelo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kungekudala sizofika isikhathi lapho izinhlobo zezilwane zizobe sezisemaphethelweni wokuqothulwa.

Amaqiniso Ahehayo

Kunamaqiniso amaningana athokozisayo ngohlobo lokuzalela:

• Ukuzalelwa kwatholakala ngengozi.
• Lezi zilwane zihlukaniswa ngesibindi, futhi zesaba kuphela isitha sazo semvelo - impisi.
• Ama-stallion anomona kakhulu.
• Lolu uhlobo lwehhashi lasendlebeni kunazo zonke, kuze kube manje.
• Isihlobo sakhe esiseduze siyimbongolo yasendle, yase-Eshiya - i-kulan, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi imbongolo, ngoba inokufana okuningi nehhashi.
• Ama-stallion ngumholi wezinkomo, kepha ekufuneni amanzi nokudla, indima enkulu inikezwa owesimame.

Amahhashi athanda inkululeko ye-Przhevalsky ahlala kancane kancane ezihlalweni zikazwelonke, ezindaweni ezigcinelwe nasezigcinweni. Unogada wombuso unikeza ithemba lokuthi isizukulwane esilandelayo somuntu sizolubona lolu hlobo lwesilwane.

Indaba yokutholwa

Ngo-1878, uNikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky wabuya ekudingisweni kwesibili eCentral Asia. Emngceleni weRussia-Chinese, endaweni yokuhlola yaseZaisan, wamukela njengesipho kumthengisi u-A.K. Tikhonov isikhumba nogebhezi lwehhashi lasendle elitholwe abazingeli bendawo baseKazakh (Kyrgyz-kaisaks). UPrzhevalsky uthumele lokhu eSt. Petersburg, eMnyuziyamu weZoological, lapho ahlolwa khona yi-I.S. Polyakov. Uthole ukuthi isikhumba nogebhezi kuyizilwane zezilwane kuze kube manje ezingaziwa isayensi futhi wenza incazelo yokuqala yehhashi lasendle. UPolyakov waziqamba izinhlobo zezilwane ukuhlonipha umsunguli - ihhashi likaPrzhevalsky (I-Equus przewalskii Polj., 1881).

Kuthunjiwe

Kunezinkulungwane ezimbili zama-Prbhevalsky amahhashi ama-Prbhevalsky emhlabeni, avela emahhashini ayi-11 athunjwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 eDzungaria kanye nehhashi eli-1 lasekhaya. Inzalo yalawo mahhashi ibilokhu ithunjelwe ekudingisweni izizukulwane eziningi ezindaweni zasekhaya nasezindalweni zemvelo emhlabeni. Incwadi yamahhashi iPrzewalski igcinwa ePrague Zoo. E-USSR, inani elikhulu lamahhashi e-Przhevalsky ligcinwe eShibheniania-Nova Reserve (e-Ukraine). Ngaphambi kwenguquko, bekunguyena kanye umsunguli kanye nomnikazi we-Askania-Nova F.E. Falz-Fein owayengumhleli wokuqala wemidlalo yokubamba amahhashi kaPrzhevalsky eDzungaria.

I-gene echibi lesimanje elilinganiselwe lamahhashi anamuhla ama-Przhevalsky lidala izinkinga ezinkulu ngokuzalanisa kwawo: ukukhula okungapheli okungenakuvinjwa (ukukhula okuhlobene eduze) kuthinta ukusebenza kwamahhashi namandla okuzala. Hhayi ngendlela enhle amahhashi agcinwa ekudingisweni: emvelweni, amahhashi asendle ayehamba njalo, ehamba amakhilomitha amaningi phakathi nosuku.

Emvelweni, izindawo zokugcina nezinqolobane

Okokugcina endle lezi zilwane zabonwa ngo-1969 eMongolia. Ngokusho kokuzibonela, inani lamahhashi laqala ukwehla kakhulu ebusika bango-1944-1945, obelibonakaliswa yiqhwa elinamandla kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-−40 ° C) nezivunguvungu zeqhwa nsuku zonke. Ubusika obunjalo buyivelakancane eMongolia, cishe njalo emva kweminyaka eyikhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, imfuyo eminingi yafa ngokudla okungadliwanga, okwaphoqa izakhamizi zakule ndawo ukuba zizingele izilwane zasendle, kufaka namahhashi e-Przewalski. Isimo sasesishushubezela ukuthi amabutho amaChinese namaMongolia angeniswe endaweni lapho kuhlala khona amahhashi. Izingxenye zokuzivikela ezihlomile zavela ezindaweni ezinomngcele. Konke lokhu kuholele ekutheni inqwaba yezibhamu zigxilisiwe kule ndawo, abanikazi bayo futhi ababengakuthandi ukuzingela. Ngenxa yalokho, ihhashi lePrzhevalsky lanyamalala endaweni yalo yemvelo.

Kusukela ngo-1992, izinhlelo zama-Przewalski ukuvuselelwa kabusha (ebuyela endle) sezethulwe eMongolia (Hustain-Nuruu National Park kanye nesikhungo saseTakhin-Tal, iGreat Biobi Reserve Reserve, indawo B). Kusukela ngo-2005, kwavela isikhungo sesithathu sokuvuselela kabusha, iHomin Tal, eMongolia (etholakala endaweni eyi-buffer eHar Us National Park, entshonalanga neMongolia). Lezi zindawo ezintathu ezikhula zasendle zanda zabalelwa emakhulu amane abantu ngasekupheleni kuka-2015. Kunemiklamo emibili yokwenziwa kabusha eChina, iphrojekthi eKazakhstan.

Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2015, okweshumi nambili emhlabeni kanye nowokuqala eRussia iphrojekthi yokwenziwa kabusha kwehhashi le-Przhevalsky selisetshenzisiwe eRussia e-Orenburg Reserve. Igama layo elisemthethweni lithi "The Przhevalsky Horse Semi-Free Population Program in Orenburgsky Natural Reserve". Ngesikhathi sokuqoshwa, kusukela ngoJulayi kuya ku-Okthoba 2015, yonke ingqalasizinda edingekayo yokuhamba kokuqala yadalwa engxenyeni ye-Pre-Ural Steppe yase-Orenburg Reserve kanye nePrzewalski Horse Reintroduction Center. Futhi ngo-Okthoba 18, 2015, kwethulwa iqembu lokuqala lamahhashi angenasisekelo avela eFrance. NgoNovemba 20, amanye amaqembu amabili alethwa eKhortobad National Park, eHungary. NgoJuni 2018, igagasi lokuqala lehhashi likaPrzewalski lazalelwa eReintroduction Center.

Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, kwakhululwa amahhashi amaningana njengendawo yokulinga ukungena endaweni yase-Ukraine yokuqashwa kwesizinda samandla enuzi yaseChernobyl, lapho aqala khona ukuzala ngentshiseko. Manje kunabantu abangaba yikhulu, imihlambi emi-3.

Phambilini, la mahhashi asendle abhebhetheke emahlathini, amaphethelo kanye nogwadule lwaseYurophu, izitebhisi nezinye izingxenye zamahlathi aseKazakhstan nasentshonalanga neNtshonalanga yeSiberia empumalanga kuya eBaraba nase-Pre-Altai steppes, iSairir Ridge kanye neLake Zaysan. [ umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku ezingama-3743 ]

Naphezu kokungeniswa okuqhubekayo kokushibilika kwamahhashi asekhaya, asendle, futhi aqanjiwe, iminyaka engaba ngu-45,000 yokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukile, izinhlobo zamahhashi zePrzewalski azange ziqongelele inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zamahhashi, ngoba amahhashi kaPrzewalski ngokwemvelo adla nge-saxaul nokunye ukudla okunzima okungakulungele ukondla amahhashi . Ngakho-ke, ama-nzalo ngokuvamile ayeya emahhashini, lawo ashiywe namahhashi Przhevalsky ngokuvamile awazange anikeze inzalo ngenxa yokungondleki kahle noma afe. Yize izinhlobo zohlobo lwamahhashi amaPrzhevalsky zingene kuhlobo lwamahhashi ajwayelekile, ukwakheka kwemisipha, izicubu zomzimba, nesifo senhliziyo emahhashini asePrzhevalsky alawulwa ngofuzo oluhluke ngokuphelele - lokhu kuboniswe ngezifundo ze-DNA hhayi ngamahhashi wanamuhla amaPrzhevalsky, kepha nezinsalela zamahhashi asendle ashonile esikhathini esedlule. Ngokuya kocwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi baseRussia nase-Austria olushicilelwe ngasekupheleni kwehlobo lika-2017, kuye kwavela ukuthi amahhashi akhiqizwayo wesimanje amaPrzewalski ekudleni kwaDzhungarskiy Gobi unyaka wonke ezitshalweni ezinotshani, kanti ngaphambili, ngekhulu le-19, amahhashi kaPrzhevalsky akhetha utshani entwasahlobo nasekwindla, futhi ebusika amaqabunga ayekhiwa ehlathini lwe-saxaul, ikarafi, njll. (yize nawo ayedla utshani). Cishe, ezinsukwini zakudala, amahhashi aguqula indlela yawo yokudla ejwayelekile, ngoba injalo impela, futhi adla emaqeleni. Ngemuva kwakho konke, bafika ogwadule lweD Dzungar Gobi bevela ezifundeni ze-steppe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambili amahhashi kwakufanele acashe kubantu, futhi ebusika ayefihla izihlahla zezihlahla ezazisakazeke ngaphesheya kweGobi. Manje amahhashi asatshiswa hhayi ngabantu okwakudingeka ukucasha kubo ehlathini, kodwa yizimpisi nezinja zasendle. Njengomphumela, ebusika ama-Przewalski akhiqizwe kabusha ancintisana namahhashi emfuyo nawezasekhaya (imihlambi yazo ephindaphindwe kaningi ngenxa yokuqokwa kwayo ngabantu ngesisekelo sokukhononda futhi iwine ngenxa yenani labo elikhulu) ngamasheya ambalwa wotshani obuluhlaza ebusika, futhi lokhu kukhawulela ukwenziwa kwamahhashi I-Przhevalsky. Kwacaca ukuthi ukuze bakwazi kabusha kabusha futhi bavikele uhlobo lwabo lwamahhashi ajwayelekile, kuyadingeka ukuqeqesha amahhashi amaPrzewalski ngaphambi kokuphinda angenise ubusika ukuze adle amaqabunga ezihlahla nezihlahlana zezimbali nezindawo eziwugwadule.

Incazelo

Ihhashi likaPrzhevalsky linomthethosisekelo oqinile oqinile onamathambo athuthukile kanye nemisipha, i-compact physique, isikhumba esiminyene, kanye nokwanda okuncane kwe-mane, umsila kanye namabhulashi. Ikhanda likhulu, izindlebe zincane, zikhonjisiwe, ziyiselula, amehlo mancane. Intamo iqondile futhi ayigqinsi. Ukubuna kuvezwa buthaka, emuva kufushane, kuqondile, i-croup imvamisa i-oval ngesimo, icubeke kahle, isifuba sibanzi futhi sijulile. Izinselo ziqinile, zisesimweni esifanele, izitho zinokuhlelwa okujwayelekile. Udonga lwophondo lwezinselo luyacwebezela, yebo, umcibisholo ukhule kahle, ugcwele, uphondo lwodwa luyindilinga, lubushelelezi, alunamikhawulo. I-dimorphism yezocansi ngaphandle ayivezwanga. Ukulinganisa okuyinhloko (cm): ukuphakama kubuna - 136 (kusuka ku-124 kuya ku-153 cm), ubude obucashile bomzimba - 138, isifuba ukuqina - 158, ukujula kwesifuba - 62, ukubonwa kuka-metacarpus - 17. Isakhiwo somzimba samahhashi wePrzhevalsky akhule ngezimo zemvelo. eduze kwesikwele. Amanani amancane enkomba ye-bony, kanye nama-indices ahlobene nokujula kwesifuba nokushukumiseka (kubalwa njengokulinganiswa kobude bomzimba kuya ekuphakameni kwesifuba ngenhla) kubonisa izimpawu ezingathandabuzekiyo zohlobo lokugibela ehhashini likaPrzhevalsky. Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kwesibalo esincane, ihhashi lasendle elijwayelekile lomzimba lihlukile kakhulu kuma-squat, amabanga amade futhi anempilo yemihlambi yasendaweni. Kusondele ekulimeni kwamahhashi nokutshala kwezinhlanga. Kodwa-ke, ikhanda elikhulu elinentamo eqinile kuwuphawu lwamahhashi asendle - inkomba yobukhulu bukhulu kakhulu uma uyiqhathanisa nanoma yikuphi ukuzalaniswa kwamahhashi asekhaya.

Isudi ihlala i-Savrasai - isihlabathi siphuzi esinemilenze emnyama, i-mane nomsila. Ibhande elimnyama eceleni ngemuva kokubuna kuya emsileni. I-mane imfushane, iqondile, ngaphandle kwama-bangs, imnyama ngezinwele ezibomvu ngombala wesudi eyinhloko ezansi. Emilenzeni yabanye abantu kunemivimbo - i-zebroidity. Isiphundu sesokuhlangana kwesihlahla sivame ukuba mhlophe (okuthiwa "impumulo kafulawa"), kepha emahhashini angavamile sinombala ophuzi (“ikhala lemvukuzane”). Ingxenye ephezulu yomsila imbozwe izinwele ezimfushane zombala wesudi eyinhloko yehhashi, ekugcineni - izinwele ezinde ezimnyama. I-mane ekhethekile nomsila kuyizimpawu ezinhle zehhashi lasendle. Amahhashi asekhaya ane-mane ende nomsila we-fluffy kusukela ekuqaleni.

Idatha entsha emsuka wehhashi likaPrzewalski

Ngokusho kofuzo, ihhashi lasekhaya (I-Equus ferus caballus) aqhamuka emahhashini asendle wezwe lakudala. Uhlobo lwehhashi likaPrzewalski liqukethe ama-chromosomes angama-66, kanti lelo nehhashi lasekhaya liqukethe ama-chromosomes angama-64, ama-DNA abo e-mitochondrial nawo ahluka kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukhokho wehhashi elifuywayo, elibhekwa njenge-tarpan, lalihlukile kwehhashi le-Przhevalsky futhi ngokwemvelo lafa ngokuphelele ngekhulu lama-20.

Ngokucwaninga kwanamuhla konyaka we-2018, kuvela ukuthi ihhashi likaPrzhevalsky aligcini nje ngokuba ukhokho wamahhashi asekhaya, kodwa futhi liqanjiwe ezikhathini zasendulo, inzalo yehhashi elihanjisiwe - ukhokho walo. Ucwaningo luhlaziye izinsalela zamahhashi angama-20 asuka emasikweni amaBotai atholakala endaweni yaseKrasny Yar (Kazakhstan). Kuphindwe kwahlolwa nezinye amasampula angama-22 wamahhashi asendulo - amasampula amathathu avela kuYakutia naseTaimyr, amahhashi ayisikhombisa ama-Przewalski, ama-7 Bronze Age genomes (iminyaka engu-4 100- 300,000 edlule), ama-generic angu-18 e-Iron Age (iminyaka engu-2 800-2,200 eyedlule) nama-genomes amaRoma ayisi-7. phakathi kweminyaka engama-2000-100 edlule) namahhashi anamuhla angama-22 (izinhlobo eziyi-18).

Lapho sihlaziya imiphumela, kwavela ukuthi:

1. Ama-genomes wamahhashi asendlini akha amaqoqo amabili azimele. Owokuqala amahhashi uBotay noBorley. Iqoqo lesibili liqukethe amahhashi ezigcotshwe esikhathini esizayo futhi asezihlobene ngqo namahhashi anamuhla. Amahhashi kaPrzewalski asondelene ngofuzo namahhashi e-Eneolithic wesiko lakwaBotai.
2. Esihlahleni esakhiwe se-phylogenetic, kwaba sobala ukuthi amahhashi asendlini, kusukela ku-Bronze Age kuya ezinhlotsheni zesimanje, akuzona izizukulwane zesiko lamaBotai namahhashi akwaBorley.

Isiphetho esijwayelekile ukuthi izinkathi ezimbili ezizimele zokuqamba nokuqanjwa kwamabhiza aziwayo ziyaziwa emlandweni wesintu. Lesi yisiko lamaBotay elidala amahhashi aseBotayan, athi ngenxa yesizathu esithile anyamalale futhi, ngofuzo lofuzo, amahhashi angena mbumbulu ePrzhevalsky agcinwa - inzalo eqondile yamahhashi anenkohliso kaBorley, okuyiqembu elisekupheleni kwamahhashi asekhaya asiko lakwaBotai. Isikhathi sesibili sokuphathwa kwamahhashi kwenzeka nge-Bronze Age, ukungenelela kwezinto zofuzo ezivela kumahhashi eBotai cishe akuqoshwa. Izazi zomlando nezindaba zomlando zaphetha ngokuthi amahhashi aseBotayan ayesetshenziswa emasikweni eBotayan kuphela njengasekhaya (ubisi, inyama, izimpahla zesikhumba nasemotweni, njengoba ukutholwa nezithombe ezibonisa amatomu wamahhashi), kepha akuzange kusetshenziselwe ukugibela. Eminyakeni engama-4000 edlule akukaze kube nehhashi elilodwa elizoba yisizukulwane ngqo sehhashi leBotai. Lokhu kukhombisa ukhokho wesibili wamahhashi anamuhla ezifuywayo - kuyilapho indawo yokubekwa kwamakhaya ingakaqunywa ngokufanele, ngenxa yokungapheleli kwezinto ezingokwedlule.