I-Bester ingeyomndeni wakwa-sturgeon, uthathwa njengegugu kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lungahlangatshezwa ikakhulu ekudobeni okukhethekile. I-Bester ibhekwa njengenye yezinhlobo zezentengiselwano ezisebenziseka kakhulu kwezentengiso. Le hybrid ithole ukuthandwa okukhulu, inezici eziningi ezinhle ezivumela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanzi ngezinjongo zokuthengisa.

Umlando wokuvela

Lezi zinhlanzi zavela ngo-1952, uSolwazi Nikolyukin nabasebenzi bakhe bavundulula i-steruga beluga caviar ngobisi. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje kamuva, kwavela uFry pitch emanzini. Ukuvivinya kube yimpumelelo, ngenkathi kuphakama iphazili yesayensi eminingana. Isibonelo, ukuvuthwa kwe-sterlet kuthatha iminyaka engama-7-8, ukuvuthwa kwe-beluga - iminyaka engama-5-6. Inhlanzi e-hybrid yavuthwa ngokocansi ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu. Kodwa-ke, ngasizathu simbe, kuphakama eminye imibuzo nabesifazane; ukukhula kwabo kwesinye isikhathi bekuyekiswa esigabeni sesibili sokuvuthwa; inani elifunekayo le-yolk, lelo umbungu belidla, alibonakalanga.

Ukuhlolwa kwempumelelo ehlukahlukene kuyaqhubeka cishe iminyaka eyishumi. Ngo-1963, i-bester fry yathuthelwa ezindaweni ezihlala eningizimu, lokhu kwaba nomphumela omuhle. Ngomunye unyaka, abesifazane baqala ukufinyelela esimweni esivuthiwe, empeleni ngonyaka olandelayo kwavela nzalo yesizukulwane esisha. USolwazi Nikolyukin weza negama lenhlanzi entsha, engeza amasilabhasi futhi wengeza igama elithi “okungcono kakhulu”, elihumusha ngokuthi: okungcono kakhulu. Igama kungenzeka lingahambelani, kepha libonisa umongo walolu hlobo.

Izici Ezingaphansi

Ama-Besters akhula ngokushesha, njenge-beluga, futhi avuthwe ngokushesha njenge-sterlet. Lezi zinhlanzi zijwayela kalula ukuphakelwa okwenziwe ngengqondo futhi azifuneki kakhulu ezimweni zokushisa.

Ubude besterter bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,8, futhi isisindo singafinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-30. Ukuthomba emadodeni ama-biesters kwenzeka eminyakeni eyi-3-4, nakwabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-8 ubudala.

Lapho kukhula nzalo yesizukulwane sokuqala emakhejini, ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-2 bangathola ngaphezu kwekhilogremu. Uma i-bester ikhule emachibini, khona-ke isisindo sayo singafinyelela kumakhilogremu amabili, futhi emachibini - kuze kufike kumakhilogremu ayi-8. Kwabesifazane abanesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-12-18, isisindo se-caviar sifinyelela ku-2,5 kilos.

Bester.

I-Bester idla nge-feed ekhethekile ehloselwe izinhlanzi ze-sturgeon, imfucuza yezinhlanzi, inhlanzi entsha noma efriziwe. Indawo efanelekile yamachibi okutshala ama-mahektha yi-0,044 amahektha, ubukhulu bokutshala kwabantu abanonyaka owodwa cishe ngamakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-7 ngehektha ngalinye.

Kwenze kanjani Besters

USolwazi Nikolyukin wabhala i-dissertation, isihloko sayo esithi "Interspecific hybridization of fish", wabe eseqala ukubhekana ngokusondelana ne-sturgeon hybridization. Unqume ukwenza uhlobo olusha lwe-sturgeon olungaphila ezindaweni zokuhlala. Okusho ukuthi, wayefuna ukuthola izinhlanzi ezazingabaluleka njengama-sturgeon, kodwa waphila impilo yokuhlala futhi akazange aqhubeke nokuthatha uhambo olude.

Ngo-1952, unkosikazi weprofesa, owayesebenza nomyeni wakhe, wanquma ukufaka umquba nge-beluga caviar ngobisi. Akekho umuntu owayengacabanga ukuthi lo mzamo ongakahlelwanga kungaba ukuqala kwenkambo entsha yokudoba.

I-Bester iyi-hybrid yokufakelwa yezinhlobo ezimbili ezivela emndenini we-sturgeon.

Indawo yokudoba eduzane naseSaratov yayisetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlola izivivinyo. Ngokuhlolwa, abadobi baletha izinhlanzi. Ukuze zizalwe, kubalulekile ukuthi i-caviar nobisi kuvuthwe ngokugcwele, ngakho-ke kwakudingeka sibambe abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe. Imijovo ye-pituitary yaba insindiso yangempela - lapho kwethulwa okukhishwa kusuka endlebeni yezinye izinhlanzi emisipha yezinhlanzi yomgogodla, ubisi lwazo nokuvuthwa kwe-caviar ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Emvelweni, nzalo ye-sterlet ne-beluga ayitholakali, ngoba kunokwehluka okuningi ngosayizi phakathi kwalezinhlanzi: i-sterlet imvamisa inesisindo esingamakhilogremu 1.5-2, futhi isisindo se-beluga singafinyelela kuthani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusakazeka kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezahlukene.

Futhi, abalimi bezingaqedwa ukuthi ama-sterlet nama-beluga angamalungu e-genera ehlukile yama-sturgeons. Futhi wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ngokuzalwa okuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezizwe, inzalo ende ayitholakali.

UBester wakhiqizwa okokuqala ngonyaka we-1952 endaweni ye-USSR.

Kodwa, lapho beqala ukufunda ngezici zofuzo zalezi zinhlanzi, kwatholakala iqiniso elingalindelekile elathinta abahloli - wonke ama-sturgeon (ngaphandle kwe-sturgeon uqobo) anenani elilinganayo lama-chromosomes. ISturgeon inama-chromosome aphindwe kabili, ngakho-ke nzalo ene-sturgeon iyinyumba. Kepha i-sterlet ne-beluga ehamba futhi kuhluke ngokuphelele, kuyakwazi ukunqamula, yize lokhu kubonakala kungenakwenzeka.

Indlela esuka ku-hybrid of sturgeon ne-sterlet to bester

Ukwandisa ukunikezwa kwezinhlanzi ze-sturgeon, ezinezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu zesisu (inyama emnandi nenempilo ne-caviar), i-hybridization ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuthola i-hybrid ye-beluga ne-sterlet kuvula amathuba abanzi wokutshala emanzini amaningi angaphakathi ezweni (amadamu, amapulazi echibi namanye).
Ukuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala kokuthola inhlanzi eyi-hybrid sturgeon kwenziwa ngo-1869. Isazi uPhilip Ovsyannikov kanye noProfessor Alexander Kovalevsky maphakathi neVolga, lapho kwakukhona khona indawo eneziqu ezinamakhaza, benza ucwaningo lokusatshalaliswa kwe-sterlet caviar. Ingxenye ye-caviar yahlanganiswa nobisi lwe-sturgeon, kwathi inzalo yokuqala ye-hybrid sturgeon yatholakala. Eminyakeni engama-80 ezayo, lezi zivivinyo ezinesibindi azizange ziqhubeke.

Izilingo eziqondisiwe ku-sturgeon hybridization

Ukuqala kabusha komsebenzi wokuthola ama-sturgeon nzalo kwenzeka ngo-1949 nguNikolai Nikolayevich Nikolyukin, umbhali wenhlangano ephumelela ukuvikela ukubhalwa kweziqu zobudokotela "Interspecific hybridization".

Njengomphumela weminyaka eminingi yokusebenza ukwenza izivivinyo eziningi, kwatholakala i-hybrid ethola izimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu zabazali bayo - inhlanzi eyayi-bester, igama laqanjwa nguProfesa Nikolayukin N.I. Kwahlanganiswa ngama-syllables okuqala amagama ezinhlobo-zabazali (i-beluga ne-sterlet). Kwenzeka ngengozi yokuthi igama elithi "best" lihunyushwe lisuselwa esiNgisini ngokuthi "lihamba phambili." Futhi i-hybrid eyalandela engu-100% yazwakalisa incazelo efihliwe egameni layo.

Ukuzibekela imigomo nokuqala umsebenzi

Ngokuqala ukuhlanganyela ekuhlanganiseni kabusha ama-sturgeon, uSolwazi Nikolyukin waqala ukuthola lezi zinhlobo ezintsha zalezi zinhlanzi ezingazihlalisa ezindaweni zokugcina ngaphandle kokufuduka isikhathi eside ngokuzalanisa. Wenza izivivinyo zakhe endaweni encane yokuzalanisa izinhlanzi eVolga ngaseSaratov.

Ukuze uzalwe ngempumelelo, kufanele ukuthi i-caviar nobisi oluvela kubakhiqizi selivuthiwe ngokugcwele. Lesi simo besinzima ukusinqoba: kwakudingeka ukubamba izinhlanzi ezintsha njalo. Futhi kuphela ngokuqala kwendlela kaSolwazi Gerbilsky N.L. ukukhuthaza ukuvuthwa kwe-caviar nobisi ngokufakwa komjovo we-pituitary, izivivinyo ziqale ukwenziwa ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngemuva kokuba izinhlanzi zithole lojovo, ikhukhamba nobisi kuvuthwa ngosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili.

UNikolyukin wenza ucwaningo lokuwela ama-sturgeon ngokucophelela, ewela uhlobo ngalunye nawo wonke umuntu. Ukuthola nzalo yemvelo evela kubadobi (nzalo yemvelo phakathi kwama-sturgeon bekulokhu kutholakala), wawanqamula nezinhlobo ezihlanzekile. Isibonelo: i-hybrid yesilisa (i-sterlet ne-stellate sturgeon) yawela ngesitaki sowesifazane.

Kulolu chungechunge lwezivivinyo, ukuzama kokufaka umanyolo kweBeluga caviar ngobisi olutholwe ku-sterlet cishe kwaqedwa. Futhi ngokunembile ngenxa yalokhu kulinga, kwatholakala izinhlanzi ezidumile ze-bester.

Impumelelo yokuhlolwa okungakahlelwanga

Ngokubambisana noNikolai Nikolayevich, umkakhe wasebenza (Timofeeva Nina Apollonovna). Kwakunguye owaqala lo mzamo, ewela i-beluga ne-sterlet. Ezimweni zemvelo, nzalo yalezi zinhlanzi ezimbili ayikaze ihlangane, mhlawumbe ngoba abakhiqizi bayo abahlangani.

Izizathu zalokhu zazisobala:

• Indawo nezindawo ezihlakazeka kakhulu zaseBeluga zitholakala kude komunye nomunye, futhi isikhathi sazo sokupaka asifani.
• Ubukhulu bawo buhluke kakhulu: isisindo se-beluga siphezulu kunethani elilodwa, kanti i-sterlet idonsa kuze kufike kumakhilogremu amabili (kuyaqabukela kakhulu).

Isimo esibalulekile kwesinye isikhathi esivimba abafuyi bezitshalo: Ukuqandusela ukuzalwa kwe-intergeneric akufani ngobukhulu benzalo. Ngakho-ke, kuzivivinyo zakhe, uNikolyukin wabheka ukwehluka okuhlukahlukene kokuwela kuphela izinhlanzi zohlobo lwe-Acipenser genus (spike, sturgeon, sterlet kanye ne-stellate sturgeon) kusuka olwandle lwase-Aral naseCaspian. I-Beluga, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingeyolunye uhlobo uHuso, njengoba kunjalo noKaluga, ohlala eMpumalanga Ekude. Kuyavela ukuthi ukuhlolwa okuqalwe nguNina Apollonova ukuthola i-hybrid ye-beluga kanye ne-sterlet bekungavinjelwe. Kepha wanikeza umphumela omuhle kakhulu.

Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka lo msebenzi, kwatholakala ngisho inzalo yesizukulwane sesibili, bobabili abazali babo ababengama-hybrid, okungukuthi, inzalo batholwa kwabesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi kanye nabesilisa bester. Lokho kwakuwumuzwa wangempela.

I-Biotechnology yokukhula kwe-bester

Izinhlanzi ze-Sturgeon ziyizinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihlala emanzini angenasisekelo aseRussia. Ama-sturgeon amaningi ahlala olwandle. Ukubanjwa kwalezinhlobo zezinhlanzi kungandiswa uma kufakwe emachibini ezinhlanzi. Ngokuzalela amachibi, izinhlanzi ezi-bester zifaneleka kakhulu.

Izici zofuzo zabakhiqizi zibalulekile lapho uwela

Isizathu sokuhlolwa kwe-bester esiyimpumelelo sisezimpawu zofuzo zama-sturgeons. Onke ama-sturgeon (ngaphandle kwe-sturgeon) anenombolo efanayo yama-chromosomes. Kwacaca ukuthi isizathu sokuzala kwama-nzalo ngokuya nge-sturgeon, esinezikhathi ezingama-2 chromosome amaningi kunabo bonke abanye.

Ngenxa yokufana kwezakhi zofuzo, okungukuthi, ukuba khona kwenani elilinganayo lama-chromosomes, i-beluga (okuyinhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke yomndeni wama-sturgeon) futhi elincane kakhulu kulo mndeni (sterlet) lingaphumelela "ukushada" futhi linikeze inzalo esebenzayo enezinye izinzuzo.

Ukuhlangana okuhlanganisiwe kwezinhlanzi ezi-bester nezinambuzane

Ama-Sturgeon izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihlala emanzini ethu angaphakathi. Ngaphandle kokumbalwa, bayizakhamizi zasolwandle (Caspian, Azov, Black), kepha ukubanjwa kwabo kungandiswa ngokukhulisa ezinye izinhlobo zamachibi amapulazi ezinhlanzi.

Okufanelekela kakhulu lezi zinhloso iyi-hybrid ye-beluga ne-sterlet - inhlanzi ebhekisayo, ehlanganisa ngempumelelo inqwaba enkulu kanye nesilinganiso sokukhula okuphezulu sabahlali basolwandle - i-beluga - enendlela yokuphila yempilo entsha yesterlet yomfula.

Ukufakwa kwesithombe amaqanda ukuthola izibungu ze-bester

Ukubukeka kanye biology of the bester

Isithombe senhlanzi esine-bester sifana ukude nesithombe sanoma iyiphi enye inhlanzi e-sturgeon: imigqa emihlanu yezimbungulu zamathambo ibonakala kahle emzimbeni (munye ngemuva, amabili ezinhlangothini kanti amabili ohlangothini lwe-ventral).

Ukuhlolisisa ukubukeka komuntu obhadlayo kubonisa izici zalowo nalowo “wabazali”:

• I-Antenna etholakala ngaphansi kwe-snout ngenani lamabili ngazimbili, njengase-beluga: isicaba noma i-wavy encane ngamaqabunga amaqabunga amaqabunga.
• Umlomo unesimo esiphakathi: yi-semilunar ku-beluga futhi i-transverse in sterlet.
• Umbala ushintsha usuka ku-sterlet uye kwi-beluga: usuka kokukhanya grey no brown brown ube mnyama, brown and brown-brown.

Umehluko phakathi komhlane omnyama nesisu esikhanyayo umenyezelwa kakhulu kunowamanye ama-sturgeon, nawo ophawuleka esithombeni senhlanzi esidliwayo.

Izici ze-Bester biology kanye nokuzalela

Inhlanzi yasterter iyakwazi ukuzalanisa, kepha ngaphansi kwezimo zasemanzini lokhu kuhlangana kwe-hybrid kukhiqizwa ngokwenziwe. Izithombo zihlala zitholakala ngokusungulwa okufakwayo kwe-beluga caviar ngesidoda sesterlet sowesilisa. Ngale njongo, abakhiqizi babanjwa ezitolo zemvelo futhi basheshise ukukhula kwabo kanye nokuvuthwa kwemikhiqizo yezocansi (i-caviar nobisi). I-caviar ye-beluga eyodwa yowesifazane ivundiswa ngenhlanganisela yesidoda esithathwe ku-sterlet ethile yowesilisa. Ukufakwa kwamaqanda kuthatha izinsuku ezinhlanu kuya kweziyishumi (lokhu kuya ngenkomba yokushisa kwamanzi). Izibungu ezinemvuthuluka ziqala ngokutshalwa kumathileyi. Ngemuva kokugudluzwa kwabantwana abasha ukuba bazondle, badluliselwa kumachibi akhethekile avuzayo.

Lithini inani le-bester

I-Bester fish inezimfanelo ezinhle kakhuluezizuze njengefa kubazali:

• Izinga lokukhula okuphezulu (njengakwi-beluga). Ubude bomzimba obukhulu bufika kumasentimitha angama-180 nesisindo bufika kumakhilogremu angamashumi amathathu.
• Ukwanda okukhuthazayo nobungqabavu: ubekezelela usawoti ohlukahlukene (ukusuka) uye ku-18 ppm) futhi izinga lokushisa lenyuke laya kuma-30 degrees (nokuqukethwe komoya ophefumulwayo omningi)
• Ukuvuthwa kusenesikhathi (njengasesitebhisini): amaduna avuthwa ngokocansi eneminyaka emithathu kuya kwemine, kuthi abesifazane babe neminyaka eyisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili.
• Izici zokunambitheka okuphezulu kwenyama ne-caviar. Ezizinsikazi ezinesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayishumi nambili kuya neshumi nesishiyagalombili, kutholakala amakhilogremu amabili kuya kwamathathu ekhathuni emnyama.

Izici zangaphandle

I-Bester iyi-hybrid yokuthi ekubukekeni kwayo empeleni akufani nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ze-sturgeon, futhi emzimbeni wayo kuchazwa imigqa yezimbungulu zamathambo (ezi-5 zizonke).

Ucwaningo oluningilizayo ngokubonakala kwe-hybrid lungahlukanisa ngokucacile Izici zalowo nalowo "wabazali":

• Kunamabili ama-antennae atholwe ngaphansi kwesihlwathi, esivamile kwe-beluga, angathotshwa noma acatshangelwe kancane ngokufakwa kwamahlamvu,
• umlomo wethulwa ngendlela yefomu eliphakathi nendawo, ku-beluga - lunate, ku-sterlet - transverse,
• umbala ungahluka kusuka ku-sterlet kuya ku-beluga - kusuka kumdaka okhanyayo kuya kumnyama.

Kunokwehluka okukhulunyiwe phakathi komhlane omnyama nesisu esikhanyayo kunabanye abamele ama-sturgeons.

Indaba yokubukeka

Umlando wokufuya umhlaseli uqala ngo-1952, lapho uSolwazi Nikolyukin, kanye nomkakhe, benquma ukuyifaka ebiliga caviar ubisi. Ngemuva kokuthi i-“beluga-sterlet” isizoyambulwa, akekho owayelindele ukuthi lokhu kuzoba yindlela entsha yokudoba, kepha ngemuva kwesonto kwavela uFry evela ku-caviar.

Akukaziwa ukuthi kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani ngaphambi kokuba inhlanzi ivuthwe, ngoba i-sterlet iyavuthwa eneminyaka eyi-6-8, kanye ne-beluga - iminyaka emi-5-6. Kepha lapha, ososayensi bethulwa ngokumangala, ngoba abesilisa sebevuthiwe ngeminyaka engu-3. Abesifazane, noma kunjalo, yonke into yahamba iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba bayathinteka esigabeni sesibili sokuvuthwa ngenxa yokuthi akubanga khona ukuqongelela isikhuphasha, okuyinto umbungu udla ngaso.

Bester wakhuliswa ngokuwela i-beluga ne-sterlet

Ukuhlolwa kwaqhutshwa ngo-1963, lapho inzalo yathuthwa yathunyelwa endaweni efudumele. Sekukonke, ehlobo, abesifazane bafika ebusheni, kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo kwavela inzalo yesizukulwane sesibili.

Inhlanzi yaqanjwa igama lakhe nguProfessor Nikolyukin, umane wanezela amagama okuqala ezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, kepha ngenxa yalokho kwavela igama lesiNgisi elithi "best", elihumusha ngokuthi "lihamba phambili".

Ngaphambili nokudoba eNovosibirsk

ungathenga bukhoma bester

ukhule ku-eco-system evaliwe echibini lakho ngezinhloso zokuhlobisa noma ukudoba nabangane. I-Bester ibanjwa ngezinduku ezintantayo noma ngaphansi. I-Bait ayidingeki. Ipholile icishe ibe yiwashi eliyindilinga, kepha i- bester ibanjwa kangcono ntambama e-donka. Isibhebe esihle kunazo zonke kuzoba yi-mollusk; i-bester ibuye ibuyele emaphepheni ama-caddis, izimpethu, amagxolo amabhungane. Futhi, umthengisi ubanjwa ispingi. Ngokubamba okuphumelelayo, uzovuzwa hhayi kuphela ngemizwa emihle evela kwinqubo yokudoba, kodwa futhi lapho upheka izinhlanzi ezintsha. Ngemuva kwakho konke, akekho ongaphikisana nokuthi ukunambitheka kwezinhlanzi ezikhule ngezimo ezifanele, ezibanjwa nje ngezandla zazo, akunakuqhathaniswa nesitolo.

Bukela ividiyo esiteshini "Izinhlanzi zaseSiberia

I-Bester (ngokusho kwamagama okuqala amagama athi i-beluga ne-sterlet) iyi-hybrid yezinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlanzi zomndeni wakwa-sturgeon, otholakala ngokudabula ngokunqamula i-beluga nge-sterlet. Okokuqala ukutholwa ngo-1952 e-USSR. I-Bester ihlanganisa ukukhula okusheshayo kwe-beluga kanye nokuvuthwa kokuqala kwe-sterlet. Ezolimo zasemanzini, nzalo yesizukulwane sokuqala eminyakeni emi-2 yokutshala ezinkanjini nasemachibini ifinyelela isisindo esingu-1 kg nangaphezulu.I-Bester iyi-hybrid ekhiqizwe ngenziwe yezinhlanzi ze-sturgeon.

Kunzima ukusho manje ukuthi kungani umzamo wokufaka umquba we-Beluga caviar ngobisi lwe-sterlet waphenduka owokugcina kulolu chungechunge lwezivivinyo. Kungenzeka ukuthi indima ethile yadlalwa iqiniso lokuthi ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ama-beluga hybrids awenzeki nge-sterlet.

Izinhlobo zeBester

I-Bester yinhlanzi okuzalelwa kuyo esekutholile isilinganiso sezimboni, kepha kude nabo bonke abadobi bayazi ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-bester. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zabathengisi abakhona namuhla, okulandelayo kuyahlukaniswa:

1. IBurtsevsky - i-hybrid eyakheka ngenxa yokuwela i-Beluga yowesifazane noSterlet wesilisa, yaqala ukwenziwa ngo-1952. Ngokubukeka kwayo, ibukeka njengesiqu. Ukuthomba emadodeni kwenzeka eminyakeni yobudala emi-4, kuthi kwabesifazane kube neminyaka eyi-8. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenzeni ukudla okumnyama caviar.
2. I-Aksaysky - i-hybrid eyakhiwa ngokuwela i-sterlet yowesifazane nowesilisa uBeluga, yaqala ukwenziwa ngo-1958. Ngaphandle, kuyafana kakhulu ne-sterlet, kepha kunobukhulu obukhulu nesisindo. Ihlukaniswa ukuqala kwesikhathi sokuthomba, izinsikazi zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngeminyaka emithathu, kuthi ezesilisa zibe neminyaka emibili.
3. UVnirovsky - owavundiswa lapho owesilisa wesilisa nowesifazane we-beluga ewela, wavela okokuqala ngo-1958. Ngaphandle kufana ne-beluga, enkulu ngosayizi kune-Burtsevsky ne-Aksai bester. Ukuthomba kwenzeka lapho abesilisa befika eminyakeni engu-8 bese abesifazane befika eminyakeni eyi-14. Kubonakala ngokuzala okuphindwe kaningi kunezinye izinhlobo ze-bester.

Ukubuka konke komndeni wakwaSturgeon

Yatholwa okokuqala ngo-1952 nguN.I. Nikolyukin. UBester uwukuphela kokumelwa kwezinhlanzi ze-sturgeon, okukhona kuzo ukusekelwa kwasemanzini iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40, kuphinde kwenziwa izizukulwane ezintathu. Izici ezikhiqizayo zohlobo oluhlukile lwe-bester zinqunywa yisilinganiso samasheya wefa le-beluga ne-sterlet kuzinhlobo zazo zofuzo.

Inhlanzi eyingqophile ingumphumela wokusebenza kanzima kwabafuyi bezitshalo izinhlobo zohlobo lwezinhlanzi ezintsha ezinhle kakhulu. I-Bester iyi-hybrid yezinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlanzi eziphuma emndenini we-sturgeon. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izinhlanzi ezihlakazayo zidlula kakhulu izinkomba zemvelo “zabazali” bayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi ezi-bester zimelele ngosayizi wazo omkhulu nokusebenza okungcono ebusweni bezinguquko eziqhubekayo ezimweni zemvelo.

Abaphenyi baqophe isisindo esiphezulu senhlanzi endala kaBester, eyayilingana namakhilogremu angamashumi amathathu. Imvamisa, ama-bester atshalwa endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yi-cage, kanye nasezinhlanzini zokudoba. Ubunye balolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-sturgeon zilele eqinisweni lokuthi kuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezisetshenziswe ngempumelelo ngempumelelo nangokuqhubekayo ngabantu isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyikhulu.

Yilezi izinhlobo ezintathu ze-bester eziye zakhombisa kahle kakhulu kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhethwa kwezinhlanzi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eyodwa noma enye imixhaso yezinhlanzi ezi-bester ingahlukaniswa kusuka komunye kuphela uchwepheshe. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinyosi nenhlanzi ungabhekwa njengesikhwama sofuzo sokudambisa, lapho izingqimba zemvelo ezihlukile ze-beluga noma i-sterlet zingavama khona.

Kubiza malini inhlanzi (intengo emaphakathi nge 1 kg.)?

Isifunda saseMoscow neMoscow

Inhlanzi eyingqophile ingumphumela wokusebenza kanzima kwabafuyi bezitshalo izinhlobo zohlobo lwezinhlanzi ezintsha ezinhle kakhulu. I-Bester iyi-hybrid yezinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlanzi eziphuma emndenini we-sturgeon. I-Bester fish itholwe ngokuwela i-sterlet kanye ne-beluga. Ososayensi baseSoviet baba ngabokuqala ukuqala ukuzalanisa izinhlanzi maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule.

Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izinhlanzi ezihlakazayo zidlula kakhulu izinkomba zemvelo “zabazali” bayo. Okokuqala, inhlanzi ebhemayo ibonakala ngokukhula okusheshayo nesikhathi sokuvuthwa esifushane ngokuqhathaniswa ne-beluga noma i-sterlet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi ezi-bester zimelele ngosayizi wazo omkhulu nokusebenza okungcono ebusweni bezinguquko eziqhubekayo ezimweni zemvelo.

Njengomthetho, inhlanzi ye-bester ifinyelela ayidluli amamitha amabili ubude. Abaphenyi baqophe isisindo esiphezulu senhlanzi endala kaBester, eyayilingana namakhilogremu angamashumi amathathu. Abadli kuphela inyama yezinhlanzi, kodwa ne-caviar yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe bakholelwa ngokunengqondo ukuthi ukunambitheka kanye nezimpawu zabathengi bezinhlanzi ezi-bester zingcono kunokwabanye abamele izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ze-sturgeon.

Imvamisa, ama-bester atshalwa endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yi-cage, kanye nasezinhlanzini zokudoba. Ubunye balolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-sturgeon zilele eqinisweni lokuthi kuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezisetshenziswe ngempumelelo ngempumelelo nangokuqhubekayo ngabantu isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyikhulu. Njengamanje, abafuyi bezilwane bayalwazi uhla lwezinhlobo eziyinhloko zezinhlanzi zeBester: Vnirovsky, Burtsevsky, kanye ne-Aksaysky.

Yilezi izinhlobo ezintathu ze-bester eziye zakhombisa kahle kakhulu kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhethwa kwezinhlanzi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eyodwa noma enye imixhaso yezinhlanzi ezi-bester ingahlukaniswa kusuka komunye kuphela uchwepheshe. Ngokusho kwabo bangaphandle, kanye nokunambitheka kanye nezimpawu zabathengi, zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ze-bester ziyefana "njengamaconsi amabili amanzi."

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinyosi nenhlanzi ungabhekwa njengesikhwama sofuzo sokudambisa, lapho izingqimba zemvelo ezihlukile ze-beluga noma i-sterlet zingavama khona. Ukunakwa ikakhulukazi kufanele kukhokhwe ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali nakwizinga lekhalori lezinhlanzi ezi-bester. Njengamanye ama-sturgeon, i-bester ine-vitamin ne-mineral eyenziwe kahle ngokulinganayo ngokwemvelo, kanye nezinga lekhalori eliphansi le-147 Kcal ngamagremu ayi-100 enhlanzi.

Njengezinye izinhlanzi ezingama-sturgeon, i-bester ikwazile ukuthatha indawo yayo efanelekile kusiko lokuhlabahlosile lomhlaba. Izinhlanzi ze-Bester zingaphansi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa kokushisa okushisa. Ochwepheshe be-Culinary abaqeqeshiwe bacebisa ukubhaka, kanye nokubhema, izinhlanzi ze-bester, ezingaba umhlobiso wangempela wanoma imuphi umkhosi wokugubha.

Izici Zokuzalela

Ukuzalanisa le nzalo edliwayo, kuyondla kuyadingeka. Izinkomba zokushisa eziphezulu zokutshala lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ziyizinkomba ezisukela ema-20 kuye kwangama-25 degrees, ngakho-ke kungcono ukukhetha ukuzalanisa laba bantu emachibini ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeRussia.

Endabeni yokulima izinhlanzi ezentengisiswayo, usawoti wamanzi kufanele ube yi-10- 12%, ngoba emanzini amdaka isigaxa sikhula kangcono kakhulu kunesisha.

Ngesikhathi sokufakwa amaqanda nangesikhathi sokukhula kwezibungu, usawoti wamanzi kufanele wehliselwe ku-2-3%.

Kungcono kakhulu ukuhlakulela i-bester ku-polyculture nezinhlanzi ezidla uhlaza, isibonelo, i-silver carp kanye ne-carp yotshani, aziqhudelani naye ngokudla okunempilo. Kuvinjelwe ngokuphelele ukuzalanisa i-bester kanye ne-carp, njengoba lezi zinhlobo zezinhlanzi zincintisana kakhulu.

Ukuphinda kukhiqizwe ama-bester echibini kwenziwa kuphela ngokomsebenzi futhi kufaka izigaba eziningana:

• ukutholwa kwabakhiqizi abasezingeni eliphakeme be-sterlet ne-beluga,
• Ukuthola imikhiqizo yezocansi evuthiwe nenqubo yokufaka amaqanda,
• izibungu ezikhulayo
• Ukulungiswa kwamachibi
• ukukhula okukhula kube yisisindo sama-gramu ayi-3,
• ukudedelwa kwezinhlanzi zibe amachibi ukukhula okwengeziwe.

Ukuhambisana nazo zonke lezi zigaba kukuvumela ukuthi ukhule inani elikhulu le-bester.

Izinhlanzi ze-Sturgeon ziyizinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihlala emanzini angenasisekelo aseRussia. Ama-sturgeon amaningi ahlala olwandle. Ukubanjwa kwalezinhlobo zezinhlanzi kungandiswa uma kufakwe emachibini ezinhlanzi. Ngokuzalela amachibi, izinhlanzi ezi-bester zifaneleka kakhulu.

Ngaphambili kwezolimo lokufuya izinhlanzi

ngenkuthalo futhi isikhathi eside kakhulu etshalwe emapulazini ezinkomo nasemaphansi. Ngenxa yokuthi umdubuli wamukela izimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu ezivela kumafomu okuqala, waba yinhlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokugcina impahla yokwenziwa kwezinto zokugcina esetshenziswa ngasese, ukudoba okukhokhelwayo nokuzalaniswa ezindaweni ezivaliwe zamanzi. Kubonakala ngokuqina okuphezulu, izinga eliphakeme lokukhula kanye nokuzuza okukhulu, kufinyelela ekuqaleni kokuthomba. I-Bester ithola isisindo ngokushesha okukhulu, ifinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-1.5-2 ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, namakhilogremu amathathu ngonyaka wesithathu.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-bester okwamanje kubandakanyeke ngempumelelo kwezokudoba eRussia, e-Ukraine, eBelarus, naseGeorgia, amazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi kanye nasezifundeni zeBaltic. Bester

ikhombisa ukuzivumelanisa okuhle nezimo zangaphandle nokusinda, ingaphila emanzini amasha nabakaki. UBester ulukhuni, uyagula kancane, futhi futhi akanalo nolaka. I-Bester ayinciphisi ukushisa - uhla lokushisa lokukhula lungama-degrees angama-0.5-30. Ngokukhulisa i-hybrid, amanzi amasha kanye anosawoti amancane afanelekile.

Ubusika buhlala kahle emachibi nasezimbizeni zokwenziwa, ngisho nasemachibini angajulile, lapho kukhona isiza, bazizwa bekhulu. Kuwo wonke ama-sturgeon, izinhlanzi ezingenakudlula zonke ezihlala emachibini nasemakhaya amachibi.

Impumelelo yesilingo

Ngemuva kokuwela i-beluga ne-sterlet phakathi nokuhlolwa, gazinga kwaqhamuka emaqanda ngesonto elizayo. Babekhuthele kakhulu. Ama-nzalo okuqala abekwa emachibini ezinhlanzi esifundeni saseSaratov.

Isikhathi sokulinda. Njengoba bekwaziwa, nzalo nge-sturgeon yayingenacala, kanti eminye inzalo ayizange ivelise inzalo enhle kakhulu, yize yayikwazi ukuba namandla okuzala. Akucaci ukuthi kuzothatha isikhathi esingakanani ukulinda, njengoba i-sterlet yavuthwa ngeminyaka engu-6-8, kanye ne-beluga ngeminyaka engu-6. Kepha ososayensi bamangala kakhulu lapho ama-nzalo abo efinyelela eminyakeni yokuthomba eminyakeni emithathu. Yayithinta abesilisa.

I-bester ihlanganisa ukukhula okusheshayo kwe-beluga kanye nokuvuthwa kokuqala kwe-sterlet.

Isimo nabesifazane besingasisihle kangako. Iminyaka yahamba, amaqanda aqandeka esigabeni sesibili sokuvuthwa, i-yolk edlalelwa kuyo umbungu ayinqwabelananga kuyo.

Ukuhlolwa kwaqhutshwa ngo-1963 lapho izidumbu zidluliselwa epulazini le-Aksaysky eduzane neRostov-on-Don, lapho isimo sezulu sifudumele khona. Abantu abadala babevele beneminyaka eyi-12. Isisindo sabo esiphakathi kwakungamakhilogremu ayi-1.5.

Ehlobo, ngomsoco owandayo, izinhlanzi zaqala ukufinyelela kumakhilogremu ayi-6 ngesisindo, kanti izintokazi sezilungele ukuba ngumama. Ngemuva konyaka, kwavela inzalo yesizukulwane sesibili, izalwa ngabesilisa nabesifazane - lesi bekungumcimbi wangempela.

Uyini umehluko?

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-sturgeon ne-sterlet? Umehluko ngosayizi oyisihluthulelo sokuqala. USterlet uthathwa njengomncane kunabo bonke kulo mndeni. Kumuntu ophakathi nendawo, ubude bufika kumasentimitha ayisithupha. Banesisindo esisuka ekhilogremu elilodwa noma amabili. Amadoda akwaSterlet avuthwa kusenesikhathi. Zivela eminyakeni engaba mihlanu ubudala, nezinsikazi ngemuva kwesikhashana: ezineminyaka eyisikhombisa noma eyisishiyagalombili. Inani lalezi zinhlanzi ezithengiswayo alinakuphikwa. Ingabiwa emachibi nasemachibini. Qopha isisindo sifinyelela ku-16 kg. Ama-Sturgeon ajwayele ukwehluka ngoba makhulu futhi angaba nesisindo esingama-kilogremu ayi-100, ubude bawo bube ngamamitha ayi-5.

Ngaphezu kobude nobuningi, izici eziningi zalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zinikezwe ngezansi:

1. Ikhanda lesiqobelo linobujamo obuncanyana nekhala elikude elincanyana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ine-tendril ngesimo sefringe.
2. Isici esibonakalayo sama-sturgeons ukuba khona kwezihlangu esikhundleni sezikali, ezahluka ngobukhulu. Ngasemuva kwe-sterlet kunama-spikes aphuma emikhakheni yethambo, kukhona ingqikithi yama-70. I-sturgeon inama-58.
3. Ngaphambi kokuqhekeka, ama-sturgeon ahlala olwandle, futhi phakathi nenkathi lapho kudingeka ukunakekela inzalo, inhlanzi ingena emanzini amasha - lezi izinhlanzi ezifudukayo. Kodwa i-sterlet ibonakala ngokuhlala phansi, ngokungafani ne-sturgeon.
4. I-sturgeon ine-ukunambitheka okomile, kanti i-sterlet inokuqukethwe okunamafutha athe xaxa, ingama-30% uma kuqhathaniswa neshumi nanhlanu nge-sturgeon. Onke ama-gourati abonge kakhulu ukunambitheka okubushelelezi nokubucayi kwe-sterlet.
5. Lezi zindawo ezimbili ezingaphansi ziyahlukahluka ku-caviar. Ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane be-sterlet, i-caviar ekuyo incane kakhulu kunaleyo ye-sturgeon. Usayizi wayo ucishe ufane nobuhlalu futhi umbala ugcwele ngokwengeziwe.

Ngakho-ke, siyawazi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezinhlanzi ezimbili: zonke izincwadi zezinkomba ze-zoological zithi cishe ngokuhlangana ukuthi i-sturgeon luhlobo lwezinhlanzi emndenini we-sturgeon. USterlet uyilungu lalesi sehlo esingaphansi. Izici zobuntu: inhloko emincane nekhala elicijile, ukuba khona kwezintuthwane ezinamaphiko nenani elikhulu lezikhala ngemuva - lezi yizinhlobonhlobo zomehluko omkhulu. Isisindo nobukhulu bungaphansi kakhulu kunamanye ama-sturgeon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sturgeon iyiselula ukwedlula i-sterlet. Ungumuntu wasekhaya futhi uhola isithombe sokuhlala phansi futhi awuzulazuli usuka emanzini amhlophe uye olwandle. I-Sterlet inenyama enamafutha nokunambitheka okumnandi.

Izitsha zenhlanzi zaseSturgeon zizohlobisa noma iliphi itafula. Isitsha se-sterlet esibaluleke kakhulu yindlebe ecebile ne-aspic. I-Sturgeon noma i-sterlet oyithandayo ukuzikhethela wena. Zombili lezi zinketho zingasebenza njengomhlobiso wanoma iyiphi ithebula.

Izinhlobo ze-hybrid ze-sturgeon

IBeluga neKaluga zithathwa njengezinkulu kakhulu kwezihlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile. Lezi zinhlanzi ezifudukayo ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi iminyaka yamakhulu athile ifinyelela eminyakeni eyikhulu.

Amafomu akwaHybrid angaphansi kwalokhu okulandelayo:

• i-beluga ne-sterlet (i-bester),
• stellate sturgeon ne-beluga,
• i-beluga kanye ne-spike,
• i-sturgeon ne-beluga.

Le nzalo ikakhulukazi izakhamizi zoLwandle i-Azov, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala kwezinye izindawo zokugcina.

I-Beluga pulp iyi-coarser encane, kodwa ilungele kakhulu ukwenza ama-balyks. I-caviar emnyama ehamba phambili itholakala kulo mmeleli.

I-hybrid etholakala ngokuwela i-beluga ne-sterlet ibizwa ngokuthi i-bester. Lolu hlobo lukufunwa kwabathengi okukhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zalo zokudla. Kubuhle futhi ngoba kudonsela abantu abafuna ukunambitha umkhiqizo omangalisa kakhulu ukunambitheka ngenxa yokuheha kwawo kwangaphandle nobuhle. Ukunambitheka kwe-caviar akuyona neze indlela ephansi kwe-beluga caviar.

Izinto eziyinhloko zokuzalela impahla yezitofu ama-sturgeon ama-nzalo, ngoba ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, izinhlobo zezinto ezifudukayo ziba zimbi kakhulu uma sezikhulile emachibini.

Into ethembisayo yokutshala izinto zokugcina kuphendulwe yaba yinhlanganisela phakathi kwe-beluga ne-sterlet - bester.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo zabazali, i-bester ayifuneki kangako kuhulumeni we-hydrochemical, ine-wide wide spectrum, inethiwekhi ebandayo eyandayo nokusinda, kanye nokukhula okuhle. I-Bester ivundile futhi ikhula ngeminyaka engu-3-5. Buyisela nzalo etholwe ngokuwela isizukulwane sokuqala sedter nge-beluga kungaholela empilweni yokuphila okuxakile futhi ikhule ngokushesha.

Ukuthola isisulu sesizukulwane sokuqala, amaqanda ama-beluga afakwa ngesidoda esivela emhlangeni wesilisa eziningana. Kumaqanda ayi-1 amaqanda, ama-10 ml wesidoda athathwa lapho kuthathwa i-1: 200. Amaqanda ahlanekezelwe afakwa emgudwini wezinsuku ezingama-6 - 6 kumishini kaJushchenko (amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100 ngecala ngalinye). Ama-larvae atshalwe ezimbizeni ze-VNIRO noma emabhokisini asamba angama-2 x 1.5 x 0.5 m ngosayizi, afakwe emachibini ane-zooplankton biomass ephezulu, enobuningi bokufika kwamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20. 1 kwikheji. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu zokutshala ezinkanjini, izibungu zidluliselwa emachibini ayimfashini enendawo eyi-1-2 ha kanye nokujula kwe-1.8-2 m, lapho zigcinwa endaweni okutshala kuyo ama-pcs ayikhulu ayi-150 ezinsukwini ezingama-30 kuya kwesisindo esingu-3 g.

Izinhlanzi ezincane ezinesisindo esingu-3 g zibekwa emachibini akhula endaweni eyi-1-2 ha kanye nokujula kwe-1,8-2 m, hhayi okugcwele imifino yasemanzini futhi ngaphandle kwamanzi angajulile, ngesilinganiso sama-20- 000 ama-pcs / ha. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle zokukhula, ukutshala kwabantu kungandiswa.

Kwesinye isikhathi izitshalo ze-sturgeon zinikeza amapulazi nge-caviar evundisiwe. Kulokhu, ipulazi kufanele libe nendawo yokusebenzela yokufulela, gazinga, ukuphuma kwendawo, ubusika nokunikeza amachibi, bese kuthi emuva kweminyaka emithathu kube nokwakhiwa okugcina nokugcina ubusika. Ukusuka kumachibi aphumayo, izingane zonyaka zibanjwa ngamazinga okushisa angama-5-6 ° C bese zifakwa kumazibuko ngesilinganiso samayunithi ayikhulu namakhulu amahlanu. Ukudluliselwa kwezingane zonyaka kuya ekondleni kwenziwa ngokushesha emva kokuqhekeka kweqhwa. Izingane ezineminyaka emibili, esefinyelele isisindo esingama-0.7-0.8 kg, ziyathengiswa, bese kuthi ezinye esele zikhule.

Ukukhiqizwa kwamachibi emvelo akweqi ama-200 kg / ha, ngakho-ke, ukuthola umkhiqizo ophezulu wezinhlanzi, okuphakelayo kuyasetshenziswa, isisekelo sazo okuyizingxenye zemvelaphi yezilwane (inhlanzi encane, isidlo segazi, inyama nesidlo samathambo nofulawa we-soy, i-mulberryorm, njll.).

Ingxenye yezinhlanzi ingathathelwa indawo yi-shellfish, i-shrimp, i-gammarids, i-artemia, amasele. Ukusheshisa ukudla, ungangeza izinto ezinamakha kokuphakelayo: i-anise, peppermint, i-lavender, i-sunflower oil (i-1-2 yehla nge-1 kg yokudla).

Ukuphakelwa kusethwa izikhathi ezingama-2-3 ngosuku kumathrekhi okuphakelayo noma ukuphakamisa amatafula afakwe ngesilinganiso sama-12-15 ama-pcs. ku-1 ha.

Lapho kukhula i-sturgeon yeminyaka yonke, amachibi akumele abe ne-algae e-fiche, futhi lapho kukhula izingane kanye nabancane - amasele.

Ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokuphelele isisekelo semvelo samaphase, amachibi ama-sturgeon akhule ngohlobo lwe-polyculture noma amasitshalo ahlanganisiwe asetshenzisiwe. Inani lezinhlanzi ezingezekile lingaba ngokulandelayo (in% to sturgeon): carp - kuze kufike ku-2, tench - kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-7, i-carp yotshani - kuze kufike ku-3, i-pike perch - kuze kufike ku-2, i-carp yesiliva emhlophe - ifike ku-40.

Inani le-sturgeon nzalo yobudala obuhlukile lingafinyelela ku-30%.

Ukuze ukhule ama-hybrids ama-sturgeon, amachibi aqukethe okungenani ukujula okungamamitha ayi-1.5 nendawo engeqi kumahektha ayi-2 kufanele isetshenziswe. Esigabeni seminyaka ephansi, izingane ezinesisindo esibalelwa ku-15 g ziyalahlwa kusuka kuzalo, ngoba ukukhula kwazo kuhlala kuphansi kakhulu ngokuzayo.

Ngonyaka wesithathu, izinga lokukhula komsizi landa kakhulu, ngakho-ke kungakuhle ukuthi usebenzise inzuzo yeminyaka emithathu.

Ngo-usawoti wamanzi aze afike ku-12%, izinga lokukhula kwama-sturgeon nzalo liyasheshiswa, okwenza sikwazi ukubakhulisa ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi ezivalekile.

Ngaphezu kokuhlikihla echibini, ungakhula inzalo phakathi kwe-sterlet ne-spike, stellate sturgeon noma sturgeon. Kuyelulekwa ukusebenzisa nzalo evundile ukuthola hhayi inyama kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-caviar. I. A. Burtsev yathuthukisa indlela yokukhiqizwa kwe-caviar kwe-caviar kusuka kuma-sturgeon hybrids. Ukuze wenze lokhu, i-incision ye-12-15 cm ubude yenziwa esiswini sowesifazane, amaqanda asuswa, kuthi lapho kuhlangana kuthathwe ngenalithi yezokwelapha. Inhlanzi esebenza ngayo ivuthwe eminyakeni engama-2-3 futhi inganikeza i-caviar.

Kwabanye abameleli be-sturgeon, ikhala le-paddle yinto ethembisayo yokulima kwamachibi, ukondla ikakhulu nge-plankton futhi unesilinganiso esikhulu sokukhula, izinga lokusinda eliphezulu, kanye nezimfanelo ezinhle zentengiso.

• Emuva
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Inhlanzi engezansi: incazelo, ukulungiselela, ukwakheka, izinzuzo nokulimala

I-Bester akuyona uhlobo oluzimele lwezinto eziphilayo, kepha i-hybrid yezinhlobo ezimbili ezitholwe ngokuwela okwenziwe ngobuciko - i-beluga kanye ne-sterlet. Igama lisuselwa kulamagama okuqala amagama walezi zinhlanzi. I-Beluga ne-sterlet izinhlanzi ezi-sturgeon. Le hybrid yatholakala ngonyaka we-1952 ngenxa yemizamo yezazi zesayensi yama-ichthy yesayensi yamaNazi uNikolayukin N.I. noTimofeeva N.A. ngesisekelo se-Teplovsky hatchery esifundeni seSaratov.

Ngokushesha uBester wakhombisa ukusebenza kahle kwakhe okuphezulu ngenxa yokukhula okusheshayo, njengase-beluga, ukukhula nokukhula kokuqala kokuvuthwa kwelesterlet. Njengamanje, kuyinto efakwa emanzini asolwandle eRussia, eJalimane, e-Italy, ePoland, e-USA China, eSouth Korea, eJapan nakwamanye amazwe.

Isincazelo esingezansi

I-Bester ingafinyelela ku-1.8 ubude ngesisindo esifinyelela kuma-30 kg. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-bester iyi-hybrid, ayikwazi kuphela ukuzalanisa, kepha futhi ivundile kakhulu.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezengeziwe ezibalulekile ze-bester: 1) i-beluga kanye ne-2) sterlet, efana kakhulu nemikhombandlela ye-morphological, anatomical and ngokomzimba. Kodwa-ke, i-besuga bester inkulu, enye yezinhlobo zayo yokufinyeleleka ifinyelela ku-kg ezingama-63 isisindo futhi inobude obungama-230 cm, ngenkathi i-sterlet bester ingakhuli ngaphezu kwama-10 kg ngesisindo nama-110 cm ubude.

Ukusuka kwi-beluga, umhlukumezi uphinde wamukele ngamabili amabili alotshwe kancane ngokufaka okuncane noma i-notch ekugcineni kwezimpondo.

Kumuntu ngamunye, umbala womzimba ungamukelwa womabili kusuka kukhokho oyedwa (i-beluga) futhi usuka kwelinye (i-sterlet), ngakho-ke lingasukela ekumpunga okukhanyayo kuya kokucishe kube mnyama, yize kungenziwa ngokuhlukahluka oku-brown and brown-brown. Imvamisa umbala wangemuva nesisu uhlukaniswa (phezulu mnyama mnyama ngaphezu kwezansi).

Indlela kaBester

UBester uzizwa emuhle emanzini amadolo ahlukahlukene (kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-18 mg /%). Njengoba linomfutho owanele we-oksijini emanzini, libekezelela ngokuphelele amazinga okushisa aze afike ku-34 ° C, kepha izinga lokushisa elifanele lingu-20-25 ° C.

Ifuzwa kuphela ngezindlela zokwenziwa, lapho amaqanda ohlobo olulodwa ehlanganiswa ngosizo lobisi lwenye. Owesifazane obizwa nge-beluga okwesikhashana angashanela amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200-500, ama-sterlet - ama-20-100 ayizinkulungwane, ajwayelekile - ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100 ukuya kwezingu-300. Emadodeni abesilisa nabajwayelekile, abesilisa nabesifazane abayizitabane, ukukhulelwa kwenzeka eneminyaka engu-4-5 ubudala, beluga - ngo-8- Iminyaka engu-9 ubudala, kwabesifazane besterter abajwayelekile nabashintshashintshi - eneminyaka engu-5-9, beluga - eneminyaka engu-9-14.

Izibungu zondliwa nge-zooplankton, ama-chironomids amancane nokudla okufakwayo, kanye nabantu abadala abondliwe okuhlanganisiwe nezinhlanzi ezincane.

Ngaphambili ekuphekeni

I-Bester iyinhlanzi emnandi futhi ebizayo, ethi kuzo zonke izindlela ayikho ngaphansi kwezinye i-sturgeon. I-caviar yayo ayaziswa ngokungaphansi kwalokho kwe-stellate sturgeon namanye ama-sturgeon.

I-Bester ingalungiswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene - ukupheka, gazinga, isitshulu, ukubhaka. Futhi kufanelekile ukwenza i-balyk.

Izinzuzo ze-Bester

Inhlanzi inenani elikhulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuqina kwayo okukhulu kanye nenani lamaprotheni aqukethe kuwo (aze afike ku-21%). Ngaphezu kwalokho, la maprotheni amunwa kalula ngumzimba wethu, olinganise ngokuphelele ukwakheka kwe-amino acid. Inyama kaBester iqukethe inani elikhulu lamavithamini (ikakhulukazi u-A no-D) nezakhi zamaminerali (i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, i-phosphorus kanye ne-iron).

I-Bester ingumthombo wamafutha e-polyunsaturated fatty (Omega-3) acid, adingekayo ukuze umzimba womuntu uguqule i-metabolism, yi-antioxidants enamandla, inemiphumela yokulwa nokuvuvukala, futhi ivikele ukukhula kwe-atherossteosis nezinye izifo zesistimu yezinhliziyo.

Izinkomba zokusetshenziswa kwe-bester yilezi:

• ukukhuluphala, ukukhathala ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba,
• i-gastritis nezinye izifo zomgudu wesisu,
• isifo sokuqina kwemizwa,
• I-osteoporosis, isifo samathambo ne-arthrosis,
• izingane kanye nokuguga
• ukusilela kwamavithamini.

Ukubhebhetheka

Kuyinto yokutshalwa kwezentengiselwano eRussia, eJalimane, ePoland, e-Italy, e-USA, eJapan, eChina, eSouth Korea, njll. Bester akuvunyelwe ukudedelwa emizimbeni yamanzi ehlala abantu bemvelo be-sturgeon, ngenxa yengozi yokungcoliswa kofuzo kwezinhlobo ezihlanzekile ze-sturgeon, ikakhulukazi Beluga.

Ibhayoloji

I-Bester iyabekezelela usawoti wamanzi (kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-18 ‰). Ekugcwalisweni kwamanzi okuphezulu nomoya-mpilo, umelana namazinga okushisa aze afike ku-34 ° C. Izinga lokushisa elikhulu lokukhula ngu-20-25 ° C.

Ukuzalela kuwukuzenzisa nje. Imikhiqizo yezocansi (i-caviar nobisi) ivame ukutholakala esikhathini sasebusika-entwasahlobo, kusukela ngoFebhuwari kuya kuJuni (ngokuya ngokushisa kwamanzi) ngezindlela ze-intravital.

Ukuzala kokubhidlizwa kwabesifazane kusuka emaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100 kuye kwangama-300, ama-beluga bester - kusuka emaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200 kuye kuma-500 kanye nama-sterlet bester - kusuka kumaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20 kuye kwangama-100. Abesilisa bafika eminyakeni yobudala engu-4-5, abesifazane - beneminyaka engu-5-9 ubudala bester kanye ne-sterlet bester. U-Beluga bester uvuthwa kungekudala: abesilisa abaneminyaka engu-8-9 ubudala, abesifazane baneminyaka engu-9 kuya ku-14 ubudala.

Ubude obukhulu buyi-170 cm, isisindo esifinyelela kuma-30 kg, ama-beluga bester akhula aze afike kuma-kg kg angama-23 cm nama-sterlet bester - aze afike ku-10 kg ubude obu-110 cm.

Ngezinsuku zokuqala ezingama-3-5, izibungu ziqala ukuzondla ngenkuthalo ku-zooplankton, ama-chironomid amancane, nokuphaka okwenziwe ngozenzele. Ukudla kwabantu abadala kuqukethe izinhlanzi ezincane nokudla kogogo.

Izici:

I-Bester iyi-hybrid futhi ihlukile kancane kubamele abomndeni we-sturgeon. Amathambo ukukhula (amahlanu esewonke) atholakala emzimbeni wale nhlanzi, okuyizimpawu zokucacile zokuba yinzalo enhle. Uma ubhekisisa le nhlanzi, ungabona kalula izici ezijwayelekile zezinhlobo ezimbili zabazali:

1. Kukhona izinzwa (2 ama-pcs.), Zitholakala ngaphansi kwe-snout impela, kuvame ukutholakala kwi-beluga. Izinqubo ezinjalo zingaba yi-lilac, zibe nesivalo noma ukweqiwa okuncane ngokufakwa kwesihlamvu kwamahlamvu.

1. Umlomo, ukwakheka kwawo, kufana nomlomo we-beluga nesiqu,

1. I-Kohler ingahle ihehe, ihluka kakhulu kusuka kokukhanya okukhanyayo kuya kokumnyama ngokuphelele.

1. Umehluko obalulekile ukhona phakathi kwesisu nasemhlane.

I-Caviar nobisi kuvunwa ebusika nasekuqalekeni kwentwasahlobo. Izinsikazi zingakhiqiza amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu, kanti i-beluga bester iyakwazi ukukhiqiza umbungu ongafinyelela esigidini. I-Bester yinhlanzi enkulu, ubude bayo bufika ku-175 cm, futhi isisindo sayo singekho ngaphezu kwamakhilogremu angamashumi amathathu. Ukudla izibungu kuqukethe ukudla okusanhlamvu, baqala ukondla kubo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva kokuzalwa. Izinhlanzi ezindala zidla izinhlanzi ezincane nokudla okugotshwe ngomzimba. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi elikhulu lapho inhlanzi lizizwa likhululekile ngalo cishe lingama-degree Celsius angamashumi amabili nanhlanu.

Ukuzalela Imininingwane

Ukuze izinhlanzi zikhule futhi zikhule, kudingeka ziqiniswe futhi zidliwe njalo. Izinhlanzi zihlala emizimbeni yamanzi enamazinga okushisa amanzi angaphezu kuka-2020 degrees, ngakho-ke ukuzalanisa kwenziwa kangcono ezindaweni eziseningizimu yezwe. Usawoti kufanele ungabi ngaphezu kwe-12%, emanzini anjalo umthungi uzizwa ekhululekile kakhudlwana. Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwezibungu, ubakaki kuncishiswa kube ngu-3%. Bester ukhula kahle "emphakathini" wezinye izinhlobo:

I-Bester ayihambelani ne-carp; lezi zinhlobo ziyaxabana.

I-Bester ingaphila kuphela ezindaweni zokugcina zokwenziwa; ukuzalaniswa kwayo kubandakanya izigaba eziningana:

• ukutholwa kwabakhiqizi abahamba phambili (i-sterlet ne-beluga),
• ukuthola izinhlanzi ezivuthiwe
• Umanyolo amaqanda
• gazinga okhulayo,
• Ukulungiswa kwedamu
• ukukhulisa izinhlanzi kufike ku-3.2 kg,
• kungenisa izinhlanzi echibini.

Uma ulandela kahle izidingo ezibalwe, khona-ke ukubukeka kwabantu abasezingeni ngeke kube yinde ngokuzayo. Ungathenga izingqimba ezibukhoma eMoscow kanye nesifunda saseMoscow ngokulethwa kuwebhusayithi yethu

I-Bester iyona engcono kunazo zonke

UNikolyukin waqamba igama le nzalo, njengoba kuphawuliwe, lalakhiwa amagama okuqala ezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, kodwa kwenzeka ngengozi yokuthi igama elithi "okungcono kakhulu" lihunyushwa lisuselwa esiNgisini ngokuthi "lihamba phambili". Futhi i-hybrid yaphila ngokwegama layo. Umphumela wawumangalisa impela. Emachibini, izinhlanzi ze-sturgeon zakhula futhi ziletha inzalo, futhi nokho ifa lazo lathatha izigidi zeminyaka ukuqedela, futhi noma yiluphi ushintsho endaweni yazo lwalubulala. Futhi manje, njengezidumbu ezijwayelekile, bangakhula emachibini.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inzalo yesizukulwane sokuqala eminyakeni emi-2 ingafinyelela isisindo esingu-1 kg futhi nangaphezulu.

Namuhla, i-bester iyindaba eyaziswa kakhulu ngokuzalaniswa kwezimboni. Lezi nzalo zathola izimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu: amandla okuphila emanzini amasha, amandla andisayo, ukudla okwondlayo nokunambitheka okuhle.

Umbala womzimba we-bester ungaba ngwevu noma ungwevu omnyama onama-beige shades. Ama-Besters abukeka ecishe afane ne-sterlet, kepha akhule ngokushesha izikhathi ezingama-3-4.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zohlobo lwe-bester: Burtsevsky, Aksai neVnirovsky - umthengisi omkhulu kakhulu. Zonke lezi izinhlobo ziziswa kakhulu kuyo yonke iminyaka yokuzalanisa.

Ngaphambili kuvuniwe amakhaza noma u-ayisikhilimu. Ikhwalithi enambitheka yenyama e-bester idlula ukunambitheka kwe-sturgeon ejwayelekile.

Ukuzala

Ezimweni zokwenziwa, ama-biesters awaziveli eyawo, yize le nzalo engazalwanga.

Ama-Besters aphiwa inhlanzi enokhula eyenziwe ngengulube noma imfucuza yenhlanzi.

Abakhiqizi babanjwa entwasahlobo, banikezwa imijovo ye-pituitary, esheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yezocansi yezinhlanzi. Ukuvuthwa ku-sterlet ngemuva kokujova kwenzeka ngemuva kwamahora angama-24-25, naku-beluga ngemuva kwamahora angama-48-60. Ukuthola amaqanda kowesifazane, insikazi iyabulawa negazi likhishwe, ngoba lingangena emaqanda.

I-Beluga caviar ihlungwa emabheseni bese kuthi isidoda esithuthukile kuyo. Isidoda sithathwa kubakhiqizi besilisa abaningana. Ngemuva kwemizuzu embalwa, amanzi ayakhishwa, bese i-caviar igezwa ngokumiswa kobumba noma ngodaka lomfula ukuze ilahlekelwe ukunamathela kwayo. Emva kwalokho, kuthunyelwa ekufashini. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kuhlala izinsuku ezingaba ngu-5- 10, ubude besikhathi saso buye ngokuya ekushiseni kwamanzi.

Fry hatry zidluliselwa zibe amachibi. Izibungu ezondlayo ziyathunyelwa emachibini. Bester udliswa ukhula kwezinhlanzi noma imfucuza yezinhlanzi.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

I-calorie fish bester 147 kcal

Inani lamandla ezinhlanzi ezi-bester (Isilinganiso samaprotheni, amafutha, ama-carbohydrate - bju).

Bester (ngokusho kwamagama okuqala amagama u-Beluga no Sterlet), inhlanzi yomndeni wakwa-sturgeon, i-hybrid ye-beluga ne-sterlet. Izinhlobo zabantu abadala zifinyelela ku-180 cm ubude namakhilogremu angama-30 ngesisindo. Bester wamukele ukubukeka okuvela "kubazali", kepha kubukeka. Umbala we-bester ungahluka kusuka ku-grey kuya grey emnyama nge-beige tint. I-hybrid yokuqala ye-beluga ne-sterlet yatholakala ngonyaka we-1952 e-USSR nguN.I. Nikolyukin. I-Bester ihlanganisa inani eliphakeme lokukhula kwe-beluga kanye nokuvuthwa kwangaphambi kwe-sterlet.

Izinhlobo Zasekhaya

Bester - okuwukuphela kommeleli wezinhlanzi ezingama-sturgeon, obukhona bokubaluleka kokusekelwa kwasemanzini kuye kwasekelwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu, ngokuzalwa kabusha kwezizukulwane ezintathu. Ngokuya ngezinhlanzi zokulima nezinhlanzi kwezomnotho, kuqhathaniswa kahle nezinhlobo zoqobo - i-beluga ne-sterlet. Ngokwengeziwe kwifomu eliyinhloko - i-bester, enamasheya alinganayo emvelo yefa lemvelo yoqobo, iziphambano zangemuva zokuhlaselwa nge-beluga (B. BS) kanye nesitembu (S. BS), ifa elinegama lokuzalwa le-beluga noma i-sterlet futhi, ngokulandelana, zitholakala futhi ziphinde zenziwe kabusha “ngokwazo” kubonakaliswa ukuphambuka ekuqondeni kwabo kwezimpawu nezakhiwo. Kuze kube manje, lawa mafomu athole isimo ngokusemthethweni Izinhlobo ezi-3 zohlobo lwe-brester : "Burtsevskaya" (Beluga + Sterlet), "Vnirovskaya" (Beluga + BeSter) no "Aksai" (Sterugli + BeSter), abakuqinisekisile ukuzinza kwabo amashumi eminyaka kulinywe emasimini asemanzini.

Bester Burtsevsky - i-intergeneric hybrid kusuka ekunqukweni kwe-beluga yesifazane ne-sterlet yowesilisa, eyaqala ukutholwa ngo-1952. Ibukeka ifana kakhulu ne-sterlet ngokubukeka. Ukuvuthwa kwenzeka emadodeni eneminyaka eyi-4, kwabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-8 ubudala. Ukuzala - amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-120. Abasekhaya bafinyelela isisindo sama-gramu ayi-100, abaneminyaka emibili - ama-700 amagremu, izingane ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala - 1500 amagremu.

Le hybrid iyinto yokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ezidayiswayo, umkhiqizo wokugcina wayo othathwa njengenhlanzi enesisindo somzimba esingaphezu kwekhilogremu. Kanye nalokhu, kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kokudla okune-caviar emnyama, edingeka kakhulu emakethe.

Bester Aksaysky , noma i-bester sterlet - i-hygenid yokubuya kwe-intergeneric kusuka ekunqamula i-sterlet yowesifazane nge-bester yeduna. Yaqala ukutholwa ngonyaka we-1958. Ngo-1969 nango-1973 Ama-hysterids eSterlet x Bester anobuyisekayo atholakala nasepulazini lezinhlanzi lase-Aksai esifundeni saseRostov. Ngokubukeka ifana ne-sterlet, kepha inosayizi omkhulu nesisindo somzimba esikhudlwana. Kubonakala ngokuthomba ekuqaleni kokuqhathanisa amafomu okuqala. Abesifazane bafika esikhathini sokuthomba beneminyaka emithathu, abesilisa beneminyaka emi-2. I-fecundity ephakathi namaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40. Abasekhaya bafinyelela isisindo sama-gramu ayi-60, abaneminyaka emibili - 500 amagremu kanye nengane eneminyaka emithathu ubudala - 1000 amagremu.

Bester Vnirovsky , noma uBeluga bester - i-intergeneric Returnbrbrid kusuka ekuwela kowesifazane iBeluga enoBester besilisa, eyaqala ukutholwa ngo-1958. Okwesibili ukuwela kwenzeka ngo-1965 kwisitshalo saseRogozh sturgeon esifundeni saseRostov. Kusukela ngo-1965 Umsebenzi wokukhethwa kwawo uyaqhubeka epulazini lezinhlanzi lase-Aksai esifundeni saseRostov.

Ngezimpawu zayo zangaphandle, umsizi weVnirovsky usondela kwi-beluga. Mkhulu kuno-bester, unesisindo esikhulu somzimba. Ifinyelela ekukhuleni ineminyaka engu-8 (owesilisa) no-14 (abesifazane). Ukuzala kwabantu besifazane kuphakeme izikhathi eziphindwe ka-2,5 kunalezo ezishibhile futhi cishe eziphindwe izikhathi ezi-6 kunalezo ezibheja nge-sterlet, ngokwesilinganiso ziyizinkulungwane ezingama-300.amaqanda. Kuyadingeka kakhulu kwikhwalithi yokuphakelwa nezimo ezikhulayo.

Ubuchwepheshe obukhulayo obungekenziwa

Ukulima i-bester kudinga ukondliwa okuthuthukile. Izinga lokushisa elilungele ukukhula kwe-bester lithathwa njengama-20-25 ° C, ngakho-ke ukuzalaniswa kwamachibi ama-sturgeon kunconyelwa ikakhulu izifunda zaseningizimu zezwe. Usawoti wamanzi ngesikhathi sokulima okuthengiswayo ungafinyelela ku-10-12%, futhi amanzi angamabreyidi angathandeka kakhulu kunokusha. Lapho kufakwa i-bester caviar kanye nezibungu ezikhulayo, usawoti wamanzi kufanele ungabi ngaphezu kwe-2-3%.

Ukudla Okunesondlo

Bester - inyamazane, ukudla kwayo kuyinto ehlukahlukene. Ngokuyisisekelo, i-bester idla izinambuzane nezibungu zazo, ama-crustaceans amancane, izibungu, ama-mollusks nezinhlanzi ezincane. Ubhekana kalula nomsebenzi wokuhlanza imizimba yamanzi namachibi angasese asuka ezinhlanzini ezincane, ezinenani eliphansi, ukufaka indawo ye-pike, i-pike perch noma i-perch.

I-Bester idla kokuphakelayo okukhulu, okuomile. Ukuphela kwento ayidlayo kuphela ukudla okucwilayo, ngoba lokhu kuyizinhlanzi ezingaphansi futhi kudla ukudla okuvela phansi kuphela. Kunezikhathi lapho zidla khona ngisho noma zivela esandleni, kepha kuphela ngokudla okumile kokucwilisa.

Ukufuywa kwamachibi we-bester kanye nezinhlanzi ezi-herbivorous

Amachibi angaphansi komhlaba kufanele akhule ku-polyculture enezinhlanzi ezi-herbivorous - i-carp yotshani ne-silver carp, okungeyona eyokuncintisana nayo ekudleni. Ukutshala ngokubambisana kwe-bester nge-carp, okuwumqhudelwano wayo obunzima ekudleni, akuvunyelwe.

Ukuphinda kukhiqizwe ama-sturgeons echibini kungenzeka kuphela ngezinto zokwenziwa. I-Biotechnology yokuthola nokukhula kwama-sturgeon juveniles ithuthukiswe kahle.

Inani lokudla le-Bester

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi inyama ye-sturgeon inambitheka ngendlela emangalisayo, kepha hhayi wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi izimfanelo zenyama yokunambitha zidlula i-sturgeon ejwayelekile. Imikhiqizo yenyama engezansi inokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwamafutha izicubu zemisipha nezimpawu zezinguquko ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokupheka. Amafutha athengisa inyama hhayi kuphela engxenyeni yomgogodla, kodwa futhi nasekusindisweni kwenyama, lesi sici sinikeza ukunambitheka okukhethekile emikhiqizweni eyenziwe nge-balychny nemikhiqizo ebilisiwe. Inani elikhulu lamavithamini libonisa ukusebenza kahle komzimba wonke, nomsebenzi wezitho nezinhlelo zawo: inhliziyo, uvalo, ukuzivikela komzimba, ukujikeleza, imithambo yegazi. Ama-amino acid nama-acid anamafutha athuthukisa ukusebenza kobuchopho kanye nombono, kuyindlela yokuvimbela yokulwa nokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo nama-neoplasms amabi. I-Bester iyanconywa ngokudla okunama-calorie aphansi nangamafutha aphansi. I-Bester ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi inhlanzi edliwayo ngokuphelele, kodwa futhi akulungile ukuyisho kokudla okunekhalori ephezulu. Amagremu ayi-100 ale nhlanzi aqukethe i-147 kcal.

Izinqubo zokukhiqiza

Epulazini eliphelele lezimpahla ezisebenza ngohlelo oluphelele, uhlelo lobuchwepheshe lokukhulisa izinhlanzi ezinama-bester luqukethe lezi zinqubo zokukhiqiza ezilandelayo: ukuvuna abakhiqizi be-beluga kanye ne-sterlet noma ukukhetha abakhiqizi be-hybrid abakhulwe epulazini, bethola imikhiqizo yezocansi evuthiwe kanye nokufaka amaqanda, ukufaka amaqanda, ukugcinwa nokukhula izibungu, ukulungiselela, ukuthulula kanye ukugcotshwa kwamachibi okukhula, ukubhebhethekiswa kwentsha okukhulayo ngamagremu amathathu, ukudoba kokuqala kwamachibi okukhula, ukubalwa kwezimali kanye nokuhamba kogqila lwentsha, ukuzalaniswa kwezingane ezineminyaka engu-Bester, ubusika, ukukhulisa izingane ezineminyaka emibili ezentengiso zaseBester, ukuthengiswa kwezinhlanzi ezingathengiswa, ukulungiswa kokuphakelwa ukudla, ukugcinwa kwazo nokulungiswa, ukutshala ukulungiswa kwamasheya aseBester.

Esithombeni sezingane zika-Bester

Emapulazini ngamanye, esikhundleni sokukhula abakhiqizi abasebasha nabasekelayo, kuthunyelwa ama-bester ama-gram amathathu kusuka kuma-hatcheries akhethekile.

Imigomo nezincomo zokukhula kwama-bester emapulazini ezinhlanzi

Okukhipha izibungu kudluliselwe kokudla okusebenzayo

Ukuphuma kwesigaxa sentsha segramu emithathu siphuma kumachibi angaphandle

Lapho kukhula ukuthengiswa okuthengiswayo kwezibalo, ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi okulandelayo kanye nesisindo kufanele kuthathwe:

Ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi zamachibi akhulayo, kg / ha

kulutsha lwegram ezintathu-1200

oneminyaka engama-800 ubudala

Ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi zamachibi okuondla, kg / ha

ejwayelekile nezinhlanzi ezi-herbivorous 1750

nzalo 1250

Amanani wesikhashana wokufuywa kwezinhlanzi wokutshala okukhula emapulazini ezinkomo (ukulinywa ezitokisini zokutshala ezingeniswa ezweni)

Izilinganiso zokulinganisa ezisindayo, g

okuphakathi kokutshala oku-hitch 40

isisindo esimaphakathi seminyaka emibili yobudala bester 400

isisindo esimaphakathi seminyaka emithathu yobudala besterter

Ubuningi bokutshala nzalo eziseleni ezinezikebhe kanye nasezimbizeni zikakhonkolo, ama-pcs / m²

ngonyaka wokuqala wokukhula kwe-bester 200-300

ngonyaka wesibili wokukhula kwe-100

eminyakeni elandelayo kuya ku-50

Ukukhishwa kwe-bester yeminyaka emibili ngesikhathi sokukhula,% 70

Ukukhishwa kwe-bester yeminyaka emithathu ngesikhathi sokukhula,% 80

Ukuqanjwa kwesabelo se-feed se-sturgeon nzalo - i-bester (inhlanzi eyinhlanzi),%

Umlando we-Bester sturgeon hybrid

Kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi ezidoba okungelula ukuzibona zifika kudobha izinduku noma amanetha okudobela abadobi base-amateur. Lawa ama-hybrids avela ngenxa yokuwela ngokungahleliwe (hybridization) kwezinhlanzi ezingamalungu ezinhlobonhlobo. Kepha abalimi bezinhlanzi benza ukuqondiswa kwenhlanzi okuqondisiwe ukuze kukhiqizwe inzalo enezimpawu ezithile ezilusizo kubantu. Isibonelo se-hybrid ephumelelayo phakathi kwama-sturgeon inhlanzi ezinciphisayo, ezibonakala ngokukhula ngokushesha, ukuvuthwa kusenesikhathi nokuba nenyama ne-caviar emnandi.

Bester - inhlobonhlobo yezinhlanzi ezi-hybrid

I-Bester iyi-hybrid ekhiqizwe ngenziwe yezinhlanzi ze-sturgeon. Ukuthola le-hybrid, i-sterlet yesilisa ne-beluga yabesifazane kuyanqunyelwa. Leli gama lavela lapho kufakwa amagama okuqala amagama athi “beluga” kanye no “sterlet”.

Le nhlanzi ehlanganisiwe yakhiqizwa e-USSR ngo-1952. USolwazi Nikolyukin wayewenza lo msebenzi, futhi umfundi wakhe uBurtsev wayeqhubeka nawo. Ngakho-ke, kwaqalwa umsebenzi wokuzalela inhlanzana yokuqala yezinhlanzi ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-sturgeon, ezinganikeza inzalo.

Umndeni wakwaSturgeon onencazelo nesithombe

Umndeni wama-sturgeons ubizwa ngohlobo oluyigugu lokuthengisa lwezinhlanzi, inyama ne-caviar yalo edingeka ngokukhethekile ukunambitheka kwayo okuhle. Le nhlanzi ingeyabakhileyo basendulo ezakhiweni zokugcina amanzi, emndenini ofana nefosholo.

ISturgeons yayihlala esikhathini seCretaceous ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-bony waterfowl. Ososayensi bathi umndeni we-sturgeon uneminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-75. Kulezi zinsuku, inani lama-sturgeon ancishiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokubanjwa okuxakile, ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwezidumbu zamanzi.

Ukwehla kwenani lezinhlanzi ezibalulekile kwaba nomthelela kwimisebenzi yezomnotho - ukulungiswa komhlaba kabusha, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zamandla kagesi. Manje kwenziwa imizamo yokuzalela ama-sturgeon ezimweni zokufakelwa emafektri ezinhlanzi, kepha asikho isidingo sokukhuluma ngokwandisa amanani abo.

Incazelo yomndeni we-sturgeon

Ama-Sturgeons abonakala ngokuba khona kwe-chord, i-cartilage, eyakha indawo yamathambo. Ngisho nasezinhlotsheni zabantu abadala, izidumbu zesikhumba sangaphandle azikwazi ukutholwa. Ngaphakathi, ithambo labo kanye nogebhezi lwabo kunesisekelo se-cartilage.

Umzimba ubukeka njengesindilinga esibanzi, sinemigqa emihlanu yemithambo yethambo. Inhloko yenhlanzi imbozwe ngezihlangu zamathambo (izimbungulu), isizalo eside esifana nefosholo, noma isigaxa.

Kukhona futhi izimbungulu esiswini nasezinhlangothini (ezimbili ngazinye), esisodwa sitholakala ngemuva. Phakathi kwezimbungulu kukhona okusanhlamvu namapuleti. I-dorsal fin itholakala eduze nomsila wezinhlanzi, i-pectoral radial fin ifakwe i-spike, lapho ungathola khona iminyaka yobudala.

Umlomo onenyama ungaya phambili, ama-sturgeon awanawo amazinyo. Ngaphansi kwesigaxa kufakwe izimpondo ezine. Isigaxa sokubhukuda sitholakala engxenyeni engezansi yomgogodla, oxhumeka ne-esophagus.

Ama-Sturgeons anesifafaza - umgodi oholela emgodleni we gill uye emaphethelweni aphezulu esimbozo sawo. Abamele lo mndeni banezifo ezinkulu ezine, ulwelwesi lwazo olunamathiselwe pharynx futhi luxhumeke umphimbo.

Lapho kukhona ama-gill amabili we-accessory, akukho misebe ye-branchial. I-anus itholakala eduze kwesisekelo se-ventral fin. Enhlizweni kunesigaxa se-arterial, emathunjini kune-valve yomoya.

Ukwakheka kwesikali kufana ne-rhombus, iqukethe i-ganoid - into ye-koqweqwe lwawo. Ngalesi sizathu, ama-sturgeons kade anelinye igama - imithambo ye-cartilaginous ganoids.

Izinhlobo nezindawo zokuhlala zama-sturgeons

Indawo yokuhlala kwama-sturgeons ingamanzi eNyakatho Nenkabazwe; asatshalaliswa phezulu eTropic of Cancer. Ngokwendlela yokunwebeka, umndeni uhlukaniswe izinhlobo:

ukudlula, inqamu, amanzi amasha.

Izinhlobo ze-Sturgeon - Lezi izinhlanzi zasentwasahlobo, zasebusika, ezishiyela indawo enamabala ukusuka olwandle olunosawoti kuya emifuleni. Isikhathi sokukhipha kwezinhlanzi zasentwasahlobo siba yintwasahlobo nehlobo, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lisuka ku-15 liye ku-20 C.

Izinhlanzi zasebusika ziza ekwindla echibini elisha, umfula lapho ubusika. Ama-sturgeons ama-Semi-afudukayo aqubuka emilonyeni yemifula, ayondla ngasogwini lolwandle, ngoba adinga amanzi anosawoti ayisigamu ngempilo ejwayelekile.

Amanzi ahlanzekile - Izakhamizi ezingapheli zemifula namachibi athokomele, igama labo lesibili lihlala abantu.

Onke ama-sturgeon anezici ezivamile:

usayizi oqinile (ngokwesibonelo, i-beluga ingakhula ibe ngu-500 kg), isikhathi eside sempilo (kusuka eminyakeni eyi-100 kuye kwengama-20), ukuzala okumangalisayo (amaqanda angaphezu kwesigidi angaba munye), ukubukeka, ukudla, indlela yokuphila.

Ukuthomba kuma-sturgeons kamuva. Abesifazane bathathwa njengabakhulile ngokomzimba ngokobudala beminyaka eyi-10-15, abesilisa - eneminyaka eyi-10-12. Ngokuqondene ne-sterlet ne-shovelnose, zisakhula ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Umuntu ohlukile (ngaphandle kwesterlet) akazali minyaka yonke, lapho izinhlanzi ziphuma, cishe azondli.

Ngokuyinhloko zigcinwa phansi ezansi kwedamu, lapho zibamba khona izinhlanzi ezincane, izibungu, imollusks, izinambuzane.

Beluga

Ummeleli wakudala futhi omkhulu kunabo bonke bomndeni. Le nhlanzi ingaphila iminyaka eyi-100, ikhule ibe ngamamitha ayi-10, ithole isisindo esifinyelela kumathani amathathu. Ngaphandle, kufana kakhulu ne-torpedo.

Umzimba we-beluga umhlophe ngezansi, ngimpunga emnyama ngenhla. Umlomo wakhe unesimo se-crescent, amadevu asiza i-beluga ukuhambahamba emkhathini, ukubheka ukudla.

Izinsikazi zikhulu kunabesilisa, ziqhuma njalo eminyakeni engama-2-3. I-Beluga inyamazane, ithanda ukubamba i-gobies, anchovies, herring, roach kanye nezinye izinhlanzi ezincane.

I-sturgeon yaseSiberia

Umzimba wale nhlanzi uhlotshiswe ngamapuleti amaningi amathambo, i-fulcra (izihlangu zamathambo ezinama-arch). I-sturgeon ayinamazinyo, umlomo wayo unwebeka, ngaphambili ifakwe ngezimpondo ezine.

Le nhlanzi ihlala kumachibi emifula ebandayo yaseSiberia. Isikhathi sokuphila - iminyaka engama-50, singafinyelela ubude bamamitha ama-3, sithole isisindo kumuntu oyedwa nohhafu.

Ukusakaza kuqala ngoJulayi. Inhlanzi ithanda ukuba seduze naphansi, idla izakhamizi ezingaphansi - ama-mollusks, izibungu ze-chiromid, izibungu ze-polychaete.

Kaluga

Ummeleli omkhulu wama-sturgeons, ubude bezinhlanzi bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-5.5, kuyilapho isisindo esiyi-1 ton. Isikhathi sokuphila kukaKaluga yiminyaka engama-55. Umbala womzimba ukhulu kakhulu, uluhlaza grey, isisu simhlophe, izinhlangothi nezingemuva zimnyama kakhulu.

Isikhukhula se-kaluga sibukeka njengesigaxa, sikhombe futhi sifushane. Ukuma komlomo kuyisigaxa esikhulu. Amapuleti amathambo amboza umzimba. UKaluga uhlala e-Amur, Shilka, Argun, Sungari, ngasogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Ukudla: i-chum, usalimoni opinki, izibungu.

I-Sterlet

Le nhlanzi encane kunazo zonke phakathi kwama-sturgeon wamanzi amnandi. Uhlala kusuka eminyakeni engama-25 kuye kwengama-30, ukhula abe ngu-1,2 m, athole ubunzima obungu-16 kg. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-sterlet - blunt-nosed, sharp-point.

Umbala wayo uncike ngokuphelele endaweni yokuhlala. Imvamisa, inhlanzi inesisu esikhanyayo, umhlane onsundu. Ukudla kwe-sterlet kufaka ama-mollusks, izinhlanzi ezincane, izibungu zezinambuzane, ama-leeches.

Indawo yokuhlala yiCaspian, emnyama, nolwandle lwe-Azov. Kukhona ne-sterlet emifuleni - eVolga, Don, Amur, Yenisei, Ob. Le nhlanzi ingadotshwa ngokungemthetho emachibini nasemachibini. Ikhula kancane.

I-Stellate sturgeon

Ummeleli okhanyayo womndeni we-sturgeon uhlukaniswa yi-snout ephakeme kunazo zonke yesakhiwo esithambile. Awukho umphetho e-antennae yakhe, imigqa yezimbungulu, amapuleti ezinkanyezi amboza umzimba wakhe.

Ihlala olwandle Olumnyama, iCaspian, ne-Azov. Inokwehlela ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-100. I-Stellate sturgeon ikhula ifike kumamitha ayi-2 ubude, ikhula isisindo ifike ku-80 kg. Unesisu esimhlophe, umqolo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka omnyama nezinhlangothi.

Idla ezinhlanzini ezincane - i-herring, i-gobies, imifino, igobolondo, kanye nezibungu nayo ifakiwe ekudleni. I-Stellate sturgeon yintwasahlobo nobusika. Ukudoba akuvunyelwe. Cishe ama-90% ala ma-sturgeon angumphumela wokuzala kwezimboni.

Ukubukeka okujwayelekile kwezinhlanzi kuwuphawu lwama-sturgeon amaningi. Unesihlakala esidala, izihlangu zamathambo emhlane, esiswini, ezinhlangothini, ezimpondweni ngomphetho. Izindebe eziphansi zesikebhe ziyaqhubeka, azinakuhlukaniswa, njengakwezinye i-sturgeon.

Inhlanzi ibonakala ngombala okhanyayo, ngakho-ke isithole isikhathi eside igama lesibili - i-sturgeon emhlophe. Habitat - Imilambo yeCaspian, i-Aral, emnyama, olwandle i-Azov, iDanube, i-Ural, imifula yeKura.

Ukudoba nge-Spike kuyenqatshelwe. Le yinhlanzi efudukayo, izinhlwayi kanye namahibernates emanzini amasha, ihlala olwandle. I-spike ingakhula ibe ngamamitha ayi-2 ubude. Le yinhlanzi ezolile nenesidlayo edla izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-mollusks, izibungu zezinambuzane, kanye nama-crustaceans.

I-sturgeon yaseRussia

Indawo ehlala le nhlanzi yi-Azov, emnyama, nolwandle i-Caspian. Izindawo ezidlulayo - Kama, Volga, Ural, Dniester. Isisindo se-Russian sturgeon sisukela ku-10 kuye ku-25 kg. Abantu abajwayelekile bangathola isisindo esifinyelela ku-80 kg.

I-sturgeon yaseRussia ingummeleli ojwayelekile womndeni wayo. Lokhu kusebenza ekwakhekeni komzimba wakhe, ikhanda, isakhiwo samathambo, ukuba khona kwemivimbo emihlanu yezimbungulu. Umbala womzimba uncike ekuhlanzeni kwedamu, isisu sikhanya, izinhlangothi kanye emuva zinsundu. Ukudla akuhlukile ekudleni kwamanye ama-sturgeon.

I-Shovel

Leli gama lokukhuluma linikezwa ummeleli womndeni wakwa-sturgeon ohlala emifuleni. Ubukhulu bayo bancane - kusuka ku-60 kuya ku-130 cm, isisindo kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-4,5 kg. Ifosholo linomugqa omude ocwebeziwe we-caudal embozwe amapuleti amathambo.

Unomucu omncane womsila, noma awukho nhlobo, isigaxa esikhulu sokubhukuda, amehlo amancane lapho kutholakala khona imijikelezo. I-snout ibanzi, ithambile; kukhona nemikhawulo ekugcineni kwayo. Indawo yokuhlala yi-Amu Darya, izinkantolo zayo. Ngobude obude, ifosholo alihambi.

I-Bester - i-hybrid ye-beluga ne-sturgeon

Umbono wokwenza i-hybrid ungokaProfessor Nikolyukov (1952), owavundulula i-beluga caviar ngobisi. UFry wavela ngesonto, abesilisa bavuthwa ngemuva kweminyaka emi-3, abesifazane besesimweni sezulu esifudumele - ngonyaka 1.

Ukuvela komsubathi akukho okuhlukile kwamanye ama-sturgeon, inezintambo ezi-5 zezimbungulu. Ngaphansi kwe-snout kunemigqa emibili yezimhlophe ezinjenge-beluga, umlomo ungowendlela esezingeni eliphakathi, umbala uhlukahluka kusuka ku-beluga kuya ku-sterlet (omnyama kuya okhanyayo okhanyayo). Umehluko phakathi komhlane omnyama nesisu esikhanyayo kukhanya.

Ukuzalela iSturgeon

Leli ibhizinisi elinenzuzo enkulu. Izodinga indawo yomhlaba, ichibi elinamanzi agobhozayo. Ukuze ukhule ama-sturgeon anesisindo esingafika ku-1 kg, kuzodingeka ukuthi ugcwalise indawo yokugcina nge-oxygen.

Ngentwasahlobo, i-fry yasentwasahlobo izofinyelela isisindo esifunekayo uma izimo zokugcinwa kwayo zilungile futhi nokudla kusezingeni eliphakeme. Ukwakha ibhizinisi lokukhiqiza i-caviar, kutholakala abantu abadala abaneminyaka yobudala engaphezu kwe-14.