I-Delia cilicrura, i-Chortophila platura, iHylemya platura, i-Phorbia platura, i-Hylemya cilicrura, i-Monkey corn maggot,

Hluma ukundiza - inkathazo yembewu ehluma nezithombo zezilimo ezahlukahlukene. Ukuzala kabusha izilimi ezimbili. Ukuthuthuka kuqediwe. Ubusika bePuparia enhlabathini. Ngesikhathi sonyaka, sikhula sisuka kwizizukulwane ezi-1-2 esifundeni saseLeningrad siye kwabangu-4 esifundeni iTashkent naseTranscaucasia.

Ukuzala (ama-PC)60 Izizukulwane ngonyaka1-4 Iqanda (mm)Kufika ku-1 I-Larva (mm)1-7 Idoli (mm)4-5 I-Imago (mm)3-6

I-Morphology

I-Imago. Impukane yinde ngo-3-6 mm ubude. Umbala ungwephuzi ophuzi. IMesoscutum ene-bloom brown futhi imivimbo emithathu emnyama onsundu emzimbeni. Imicu ephakathi iyacaca. Isisu ngimpunga, inomucu omude omude omnyama. Ikhanda lingwevu. Umucu ongaphambili luwolintshi okhanyayo, velvety.

I-dimorphism yezocansi. Abantu bobulili obuhlukile bahlukile ekwakhekeni kwezitho zangasese.

Owesilisa. Umphetho ongaphakathi we-tibia wesibeleka umbozwe ngezinwele ezinde ezincanyana ezakha ikamu. Hind femora ohlangothini oluphansi eceleni komgwaqo wangaphakathi no-3-4 olwandle olude.

Iqanda kufika ku-1 mm ubude, mhlophe, kuya phezulu. Omunye umkhawulo unciphisiwe, omunye uyindilinga.

ULerva, okuvele nje eqandeni, kungafika ku-1 mm ubude. Kuyabonakala, kunamanzi, akubonakali kangako. Ngosuku lwesithathu noma lwesihlanu, izibungu ziba mhlophe.

Eminyakeni yokugcina, izibungu ziba nenyama, zithole umbala omhlophe ongcolile futhi zifinyelela ku-7 mm ubude.

Ukuphela kwangemuva komzimba kunqunywe ngokungaqondile, futhi emaphethelweni ayo kukhona uchungechunge lwezigxobo ezihlanganayo, ezine zazo zinkulu kunezinye futhi zitholakala kubude obufanayo ukusuka komunye nomunye.

Ezinhlangothini zesilayidi nangaphansi kweshubhu esikhulu kukhona ama-tubercles amancane amaningana.

Ingxenye yangaphambili yomzimba we-larva incishisiwe, izingwegwe ezimbili zomlomo omnyama obunjiwe ziyabonakala.

I-Pupa (puparia). Ubude - 4-5 mm. Umbala uphuzi-nsundu, ijamo liyindilinga-okusaqanda. Ama-clove amakhulu amane abonakala ekugcineni kwendawo.

I-Phenology of development (ngezinsuku)

UkuguqulaKugcwele Iqanda (umbungu)2 - 10 ULerva10 - 40 IdoliIzinsuku eziyi-12 ukuya ku-20 noma

Izinyanga eziyi-6-7

Intuthuko

I-Imago. Izimpukane zivele entwasahlobo, ngasikhathi sinye ukuqhuma kuqhuma. Esifundeni saseLeningrad lesi yishumi leminyaka lesibili noma lesithathu likaMeyi.

Isikhathi sokuhlanganisa. Izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda ngaphansi kwezixwa zenhlabathi ezinomswakama, zithanda izindawo ezinamanzi amaningi. Ukuzala - kuze kube yizicucu ezingama-60.

Iqanda. Umbungu ukhula kusuka ezinsukwini ezimbili kuya kwezingu-10. Lapho inhlabathi yomile, amaqanda ayafa.

ULervaUkuqandusela eqandeni, kungadabula inhlabathi ibanga elide impela ifuna izithombo. Ngalesi sikhathi, sidla imfucuza yesitshalo ebolayo. Lapho sesithole imbewu emile noma izithombo zezitshalo zokudla, izibungu ziyazilimaza. Kumakhukhamba, alimaza izithombo ngokudonsa idolo lokungena nokungena esiqubu, okudala ukufa kwesitshalo.

Embewini kabhontshisi, ubhontshisi, nobhontshisi, izibungu ziluma eduze nokuphuma kwezigaba zokuhlwayela imbewu nokugedla kwezithelo emigqonyeni ye-cotyledons. Kwisigaxa esisodwa sikabhontshisi, kungatholakala izibungu ezingama-30.

Kwi-lupine, izibungu zilimaza imbewu evuvukayo, izithombo nezikhonkwane ezimpandeni.

Ukulimaza iklabishi kuyafana nokwendiza yeklabishi, imvamisa zombili lezi zinhlobo zitholakala ngasikhathi sinye. Zoophagy of izibungu kuyaphawulwa. Bangadla amaqanda emidweni yesikhonyane. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuthatha kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-10 kuye kwezingama-40, kuya ngesimo sendawo yendawo yokuhlala nezimo zezulu.

I-Pupa (puparia). Ngemuva kokuthuthuka, isibunguzane sembabazane enhlabathini: isizukulwane sokuqala nesesibili - ekujuleni kuka-3-7 cm, owesithathu - 10 cm. Isigaba se-pupa (puparia) esizukulwaneni sasehlobo sithatha izinsuku eziyi-12 kuye kwezingu-20. Umdlwenguli wezingane.

I-Imago izizukulwane zasehlobo ziphuma ezinhlamvwini, kumakhosikazi bese zibekela amaqanda enhlabathini. Indiza yesizukulwane sesibili e-Ukraine ibonwa ngoJuni, okwesithathu - ekupheleni kukaJulayi.

Izici Zokuthuthuka. Esifundeni saseLeningrad, kukhona ukukhula kwezizukulwane ezi-1-2 phakathi nesikhathi sokukhula, endaweni ephakathi nendawo - 2-3, eningizimu yeBelarus nase-Ukraine - 3, esifundeni iTashkent - 3-4, eTranscaucasus - 4.

Ukulimala kusuka kuqhume ihlumela

Ukuhluma kundiza ngokwako akuzilimazi ngokuqondile izilimo zasengadini. Izitshalo zibhubhisa izibungu zalo, zinciphise isivuno sezilimo zezithelo noma nobuningi bokutshala okusanhlamvu, ngoba akusona kuphela isiqu ngokwaso esingaba isisulu sokuhlaselwa kwazo.

Loluhlobo lwezinambuzane lungabalwa esigabeni sabadli bembewu nezithombo. Uma izibungu zehlumela lihlasela izitshalo ese sezikhulile, inhloso yazo enkulu ukuthola ujusi.

Ngenxa yalokhu, lesi sitshalo siba buthaka, siba semathubeni kwezifo ezahlukahlukene, ngoba ukungasebenzi komzimba kuyabekelwa phansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo ebalulekile yama-larva ineqhaza ekuqubukeni kwezifo zokukhunta. Ekugcineni, basakaza amagciwane ayingozi namagciwane.

Incazelo yezinambuzane

Ukuhluma kwendiza kukhukhamba kuyinto ebonakalayo; inobude bomzimba obu-3 kuya ku-6 mm. Umbala wayo uphuzi okuncane, onombala onsundu obonakalayo. Ngasemuva kune-plaque nsundu enemigqa emithathu nsundu. Isisu grey ngomugqa omude omude. Ikhanda elimpunga lihlotshiswe ebunzini ngomucu okhanyayo wewolintshi.

Uma ubheka ngokucophelela izithombe zalezi zinambuzane, khona-ke ukwahlukanisa ubulili bazo akunzima kangako. Umuntu wesilisa ufake izinwele emilenzeni. Amathagi amade amathathu noma amane akhula ngemuva kwamathanga. Owesifazane akanazimpawu ezinjalo.

Izinsikazi zigcina amaqanda afinyelela ku-1 mm ubude. Kuboniswa enye phezulu kweqanda.

Izibungu zabantu abadala zibukeka njengezibungu ezincane. Ubude bomzimba wabo bungafinyelela ku-5-7 mm. Umzimba wezibungu ezincane umhlophe, obala, ngawo ungabona amathumbu alesi sinambuzane. Kamuva, ithola umbala ompunga, iba yinyama. Ebusweni bomzimba, izingwegwe ezi-4 zomlomo lapho izinambuzane zihlaba khona amaqabunga noma iziqu zezitshalo ziyahlukaniseka ngokusobala.

Amaphaphu wegciwane aqhuma ngombala onsundu ngombala obomvu ophuzi. Ubude bomzimba wabo bufinyelela ku-4-5 mm. Banesimo se-oval ethambile. Kunamazinyo ama-4 emuva.

Ungawavikela kanjani ukhukhamba ngobuchwepheshe obufanele bezolimo

Ukuze uvikele ukutshala ikhukhamba kusuka empukeni ehluma, kumele kuthathwe izinyathelo eziningana zokuvimbela.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukwenza kube umthetho wokulima inhlabathi yokutshala ukhukhamba, wenza ukumba ngokujulile kabili ngonyaka.

Ukumba kusebenza kakhulu ekwindla sekwephuzile, lapho kuqala isithwathwa. Yavuswa, izibungu zezinambuzane zibanda futhi ziyafa. Kufanele futhi ulandele ngqo isikhathi esinconyelwe sokuhlwanyela imbewu endaweni evulekile nevikelwe yesifunda sakho.

Amakhambi Ebhayoloji

Impukane inezitha ezinolaka okulimaza ngokungafanele. Lezi izidla nokudla okuxosha izimpukane kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula kwazo. Phakathi kwazo, aqine kakhulu angamabhungane ohlobo u-Aleohara noKtyri onamaphiko amabili. Ngokuqondene nama-parasites, owona monakalo omkhulu wokuhluma kwezimpukane wenziwa ngabalingisi abavela emndenini we-Eukoilid.

Ama-paramites e-Nematode avela emindenini uCephalobidae naseRhabditidae ahlala ezindlini zokugcina izithombo nezingotshani. Izindlela zokulawula zemvelo zivikela ngempumelelo amakhukhamba ezingangeni izimpukane ezihluma.

Futhi, amanye amakhowe abulala wona. Abanamandla kunabo bonke bangabameli bomndeni wakwaFusarium, kanye ne-fungus Entomophtora muscae.

Amakhambi Amakhemikhali

Amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukuvikela ukhukhamba ezingangeni izimpukane lapho kuphela ziningi kakhulu zazo ezitshaliwe noma ezitshalwe endaweni ebamba ukushisa. Kunamathuluzi amaningi akhethekile:

Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa, kubalulekile ukutadisha ngokucophelela imiyalo nemithamo yokucubungula okufanele.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezimali okuhloselwe ukugqokwa kwembewu nakho kunikeza umphumela omuhle. Ngalezi zinhloso, ungafaka izinambuzane "Actellik" noma "Spark". Ngokuqondene nokwelashwa okuphoqelekile kwenhlabathi ngamakhemikhali, abahlali basehlobo bayelulekwa ukuthi bangeze ezinye izinambuzane ezinambuzelayo emhlabathini.

Izindlela zokupheka zabantu

Uma inkathazo ingakhange ibambe yonke insimu yengadi, ungaqala ukulwa nayo usebenzisa amakhambi esintu enzelwe ukusabisa impukane efuna ukubekela amaqanda. Isibonelo, ukudida inkathazo, ungacubungula ukulima ikhukhamba ngokufakwa kwepelepele elishisayo noma umhlonyane. Akazithandi izinambuzane nezitshalo, ezixutshwe nengxube yomlotha, u-lime, uthuli kagwayi kanye ne-mustard powder.

Ngokusho kwabalimi, kunesinye futhi isinyathelo esisebenzayo sokulwa nokuhluma kwesihluma - kuvimbela ukufinyelela kwezinambuzane kuzithombo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, amboze imibhede ngezinto ezingezona ezilukiwe.

Kubalulekile ukuqala ngokulwa nesibulala zinambuzane masisha lapho sesibonwe esizeni, futhi ungakhohlwa ngezindlela zokuthintela.

Izinambuzane

Umzimba wempukane uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: inhloko, isifuba nesisu. Umbala walesi sinambuzane uphuzi-mpunga, kuma mesentery kukhona imivimbo emithathu emnyama yobude obude. Isisu ngimpunga. Umzimba umbozwe ngokuphelele izinwele. Amehlo makhulu, ahlala cishe yonke indawo ekhanda. I-Antennae isebunzini, okuyizitho zokuhogela. Ihlumela lokuhluma lingeleqembu leDiptera, abameleli baleli qembu basebenzisa amaphiko angaphambili endiza, lawo angemuva asephenduke isibhungane somhlaba - isitho sokulinganisa

Ukunakwa. Izinambuzane zigcwele yonke indawo, zihlala emhlabathini ovulekile futhi ovaliwe. Ngesilonda esikhulu sendawo, wonke amahlumela angabhujiswa.

Ukuzala kabusha kwegciwane

Ukuveliswa kabusha kwesilonda kuyinto eyingqayizivele, umehluko phakathi kwesakhiwo sowesilisa nowesifazane lapho ubheka kuqala awubonakali. Izici ezihlukanisiwe zifihlwe emilenzeni, ukhula olude lukhula emilenzeni nasezinkalweni. Ubukhulu bomzimba wezimpukane bungu-3-6 mm. Ezifundeni ezifudumele, zindiza ziphuma emhlabeni maphakathi no-Ephreli, endaweni efudumele - eshumini lesibili noma lesithathu ngoMeyi. Ngemuva kokuzalela, insikazi ibekela amaqanda enhlabathini. Ukhetha umswakama, ovundisiwe ngomquba, inhlabathi. Amaqanda amhlophe, afiphele, anephethini lokusiza. Ubude bawo bubalelwa ku-1 mm, inani liyizingcezu ezingama-50-60. Ukuthuthukiswa kombungu kuthatha izinsuku ezintathu kuya kweziyishumi.

Imininingwane. Emhlabathini owomile, amaqanda afa ngokushesha.

Amahlumela endiza akhetha ukuzala ukhukhamba. Izibungu zigibela esiqwini sesitshalo, zisenze buthakathaka. Ekuzalweni, ubude bawo bungu-1-2 mm, umbala ubonakala. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, izibungu ziba mhlophe. Ngokuya ngezimo kanye nokudla, ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-10-30. Ngaphambi kokuqunjelwa, iba mnene futhi ibe nenyama, ikhule ibe ngu-7 mm. Ikhanda alikho, izingwegwe ezimbili zomlomo omnyama ziyabonakala phambi komzimba omncane.

Ukunakwa. Okuyingozi kakhulu inzalo yesizukulwane sokuqala, elimaza amahlumela. Umphumela wezibungu esitshalweni esivuthiwe awubulali kangako.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibungu ziphenduka i-chrysalis, kanti ihlala esikhunjeni esiqinile sesibungu, esibizwa ngokuthi i-puparia. Le ikhukhunathi eyi-brown-yellow oval coco engu-5 mm. Ehlobo, umuntu omdala uvela ngemuva kwamasonto amabili. Uma ukwenziwa kwenziwa ekwindla, kuhlala kukhukhunathi kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Lesi sinambuzane singena emhlabathini ngamasentimitha ayi-10 bese kuba nesikhathi esibandayo. Lapho umoya ufudumala uze ufike ku-10 0, i-imago izodwengula imidlwane eduze komthungo ongaphambili bese ingena endle. Iminyaka yesizukulwane sesibili iwela ngoJuni, neyesithathu ngoJulayi.

Imininingwane. Isigaba esikhulu empilweni sempukane sehlumela yisibungu. Kulesi sigaba, wondla ngentshiseko futhi usebenzisa iningi lomjikelezo wakhe wokuphila. Umsebenzi wabantu abadala ukwakhiwa kabusha nokwenziwa kabusha.

Ungabhekana kanjani nempukane ehluma

Kusukela bavela eqandeni, izibungu zisebenza kakhulu, zidonsa amabanga amade zifuna imbewu nezithombo. Njengoba esezitholile, ama-cotyledons agawula. Kutholakala izibungu ezifika ku-30 ​​kubhontshisi noma emilenzeni. Izitshalo ezilimele zitholakala kalula ngesikhunta se-pathogenic kanye nezifo. Izinambuzane zibangela ukulimala okugcwele noma okuyingxenye. Uma imbewu ingafi, isithombo esibuthakathaka esinezithelo ezincane siyaphuma kuyo.

Ukunakwa. Impukane ihlumela iyi-polyphage, ekudleni kwezibungu zayo izilimo ezinhlobonhlobo: ikhabe, ubhekilanga, iklabishi, amazambane, ukhukhamba kanye namakhabe.

Izinyathelo zokulawula ukuqhuma kwehlumela kufaka izindawo ezimbalwa:

Imicimbi ye-Agrotechnical

Ukuvimbela ukusakazeka kwezinambuzane, kumele kulandelwe imithetho eminingana:

1. Susa ngesikhathi imfucumfucu yesitshalo ekwindla, kungukuhlala kwezinambuzane zasengadini.
2. Fly izibungu hibernate ekujuleni okungajulile; ukulima inhlabathi kunconyelwa ukuqothulwa kwabo. Ngenkathi yentwasahlobo kanye nehlobo, kuzodingeka izikhathi ezengeziwe ezingama-2-3 ukuhlakulela inhlabathi. Lokhu kuzosiza ukufika emaqanda futhi kuwashiye ukuba omile ngaphansi kwelanga.
3. Lapho wenza umquba ufaka umhlabathi, akufanele ushiywe ngaphezulu. Iphunga eliyinqayizivele liheha izimpukane ezihluma abadala, ezibeka amaqanda eduzane. Umanyolo we-organic usetshenziswa kangcono kakhulu lapho kugaywa ngokujulile.
4. Tshala imbewu kuze kube yilapho izibungu zesizukulwane sokuqala zilambile ngemuva kokuqothuka.
5. Kunconywa ukutshala ukhukhamba hhayi ngembewu, kodwa ngezithombo. Isitshalo esikhulile siyakwazi ukusinda lapho kuhlaselwa izinambuzane. Akuvamisile ukuthomba futhi ome.

Ithiphu. Ukuhluma okusheshayo kwembewu futhi kuqinise amahlumela, sebenzisa umanyolo wamaminerali.

Izinambuzane

Ezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingazala kabusha ngamanani amakhulu, zingabhubhisa kakhulu izilimo, zidale inhlekelele yemvelo yangempela. Indaba ichaza izehlakalo isikhonyane esachitha izilimo, senza abantu ukuba balambe.

Manje, ubuntu abuseyona engavikela kangako, kepha manje izinambuzane zezinambuzane zezitshalo ezitshaliwe zibangela ukulahleka okukhulu.

Kunezinhlobo zezinambuzane eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, ukulimala okuyinhloko kubangelwa izibungu zazo, ezinesifiso esikhulu sokudla. Kwesinye isikhathi amabhungane amadala nawo ayingozi, njenge-bug eyingozi kanye nesiphazamiso sesinkwa.

Izinambuzane zizala ngenkuthalo, ngokuvamile izinsikazi zizalela amaqanda angaphezu kwekhulu, kanti uvemvane lukhula ngaphezu kwenkulungwane. Isici esibalulekile ukuthi izinambuzane zingakhiqiza ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, kwezinye izimo, izizukulwane ezengeziwe ngonyaka.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lokudla, izinambuzane zezinambuzane zezitshalo ezitshaliwe zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu alandelayo:

• Ukutshala (izinambuzane zithuthukise imihlathi kahle, zondla izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo: amaqabunga, isiqu, izimpande nezithelo),
• Ukumunca - (isitho somlomo sesinambuzane ngesimo se-phenoscis, lapho sisebenzisa khona ukubhoboza kwezicubu zezitshalo bese kumunca ujusi),

Izinambuzane ezidla izilokotho

Izinambuzane ezidumile zingahlukaniswa njengama-polyphagous: Isikhonyane sase-Asiya nesifudukayo, amabhu endwangu kanye ne-stem, ubusika nekotoni.

Isibonelo, izinsikazi zezimvemvane zasebusika zibekela amaqanda angaphezu kwenkulungwane, lapho amacimbi aqhamuka khona kamuva. Bona-ke, bakhula, bondla izithombo zezitshalo zasebusika ngentshiseko, amahlumela amasha amaswitshi kashukela, ummbila, ukotini, i-sunflower nezinye izitshalo eziningi.

Ukudla okuningi kuyizinambuzane eziningi ezihlala emhlabathini. Izinambuzane ezinjalo zezitshalo zezolimo zidla ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba zesitshalo, izimpande zokugunda, izimpande zezitshalo kanye nembewu. Amabhungane athathwa njenganabaningi futhi ayingozi - ama-nutcrackers, ama-cicadas, ama-leeches, ama-weevils, ama-Khrushchev, amabhungane amnyama, amacimbi ama-butterflies scoop.

Ukudla okulinganiselwe (ukudla ukudla okukodwa)

Bondla izitshalo ezithile, ezihlobene ngokuvamile.

Leli qembu lezinambuzane lifaka izibungu zamakhambi, zondla izinhlobo zezitshalo ezibethelwayo, kanye nezibungu zezimpukane zaseSweden - ezinhlolweni.

Izinambuzane zezilimo, ezinjengokusanhlamvu nemidumba, zithinta isiqu kanye ne-spikelets. Kunezinambuzane ezingaphezulu kwamakhulu amahlanu, ezidumile kunazo zonke: izimpukane ezinamabele, inundu wokusanhlamvu, omiyane bakwaHessian, amasosafishi.

Izibungu zalezi zinambuzane zidla umnyombo wesiqu nezihlakala zesitshalo esizayo. Ngokuzayo, izitshalo ezinjalo zikhula kabi noma ngokwengxenye ziyafa, okuphumela ekubeni isivuno sekhwalithi esingesihle.

Ubhungane besinkwa: umdwebi wesinkwa, ufudu lwamaMoorish, ibhungane-ukhula ku-spikelets udle okusanhlamvu.Ubhungane owodwa uyakwazi ukudla okusanhlamvu okungu-7-8 g, futhi bakwenza okubi ngokwengeziwe ngokuqongqotha okusanhlamvu endlebeni.

Isinambuzane esibaluleke kakhulu sama-beet ama-ushukela ama-beet weevil. Izibungu zeBhungane zidla izithombo zezimpande ze-beet, kepha amabhungane amadala enza ingozi enkulu kakhulu, angabhubhisa izithombo zamabhungane ezindaweni ezinkulu.

Izilokazane ezilanga lilanga yizihlambi ezidla izindwani, amacimbi azo angena ezinhlafunweni azibhubhise. Izala kahle ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esinomswakama nesipholile. Isibungu, ngokuqongelela kwazo okukhulu, siyakwazi ukucekela phansi insimu yonke ngama-sunflower.

Izimvemvane ezingama-moths (inundu le-sunflower) ziyingozi Izimvemvane ziqala ukundiza ngaphambi kokuqhakaza bese zibeka amaqanda azo ngqo kubhasikidi wesitshalo. Izibungu ezivele zikhasa kulo lonke isiqu zidle izicubu zalo. Ngemuva kwalokho idlulela phezulu, idlula emaqabungeni, impova futhi izinhlayiya zayo, izidle ngokuphelele izinkwa, ishiye “ama-soothers” kuphela.

Izilokazane Zokosa - I-Shiponoski. Izimbungulu ezincane zidla okuncane futhi empeleni azilimazi isitshalo, ngokungafani izibungu zazo, ezingena ezigqokeni zikabhekilanga futhi zizitholele enyameni. Lapho zihlala khona kuze kufike kuphela igobolondo eliqinile lomile lenyama. Lapho zihlala emgodini wethanga, izibungu ziququda eziteshini lapho ukudla kuhanjiswa khona imbewu, kubanciphise izinto ezilusizo. Ezitshalweni ezithinteke kakhulu, kungaba khona izibungu ezifika ku-100. Uma bashaya ubhekilanga ngesikhathi sokukhula, isivuno siyafa ngokuphelele.

Izilokazane zejongilanga zingadala ukulahleka okukhulu, kuze kufike ezingeni lokuthi zisinciphisa ngokuphelele isivuno, ngakho-ke, ukuze zivikeleke kulezi zinambuzane, izinhlobo ezihlotshisiwe zikajongilanga ziyabiwa. Isikhumba sabo siqina kakhulu ekuqaleni, ngakho-ke bangangenwa yizinambuzane nezibungu. Ngenkathi isibungu sidla amahlamvu, ubhekilanga unesikhathi sokuvuthwa. Noma zinokuqukethwe kaphansi kawoyela, isivuno ngeke sithinteke.

Imikhaza

Izinambuzane zezitshalo zezolimo - imikhaza (isinkwa esinsundu mite, ufulawa), zithinta izitshalo eziningi nemikhiqizo yezitshalo. Ziyingozi ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi imikhaza incanyana, futhi ibonakala ngokuhamba kuphela, kanti eminye isebenzisa ngesibonakhulu kuphela.

I-spider mite ivame ukuthinta izitshalo zikotini, incela ujusi kuyo, inkathazo ibangela ukuba amaqabunga ome. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi sitshalo siguqula umbala waso ophuzi abe ophuzi noma onsundu bese siwa, ngokunqotshwa kanzima - izilimo ziyafa.

I-Mealy mite - ikhula okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu, ufulawa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, ibhubhisa ukudla ngesikhathi esifushane, iguqule izigaxa zokubumba.

AmaNematode

Izinambuzane zezitshalo zezolimo zingama-nematode; izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlokomo zingezazo. Eziningi zazo zihlala emhlabathini, zidala umonakalo omkhulu ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba zezitshalo.

I-Wheode nematode - ifaka ukolweni ku-rye. Izibungu zaso zangena ezimpandeni, zenze ukudlula ezitshalweni, zivimbe kakhulu futhi zenze buthaka. Umonakalo onjalo ezitshalweni uyingozi ngoba izibungu ziya ezindlebeni, lapho esikhundleni sokusanhlamvu, kwakhiwa ama-galls (izimila, aqukethe izibungu eziyizinkulungwane eziningana. Amagilebhisi angawa nokudla okusanhlamvu ezindlini zokugcina emabhokisini nakuma-granaries noma kubumbeke lapho kuvuna emhlabathini. Ngentwasahlobo elandelayo, kuzovela izibungu ezizothela izitshalo ezincane.

Ama-rodents, hare

Izinambuzane zezilimo, izilimo, izingadi kanye nokudla: amagundane, ama-voles amasimu, amagundane, ama-hamsters, ama-hares, ama-squirrels, amagundane, amajezi.

Okuyingozi kakhulu ngamagundane anjengegundane, ngamazinyo alo akhule kahle e-incisor, aluma izitshalo, okusanhlamvu, izitshalo zezimpande, amantongomane namagxolo ezihlahla. Ziba yingozi ekhethekile, ngoba ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle zizala ngentshiseko.

Ukuchazwa kwegciwane

Uma ucubungisisa kahle umzimba wegciwane lempukane, ungabona ukuthi ihlukaniswe kahle izingxenye ezintathu:

Lesi sinambuzane sidwetshiwe ngamathoni aphuzi-grey, umzimba wawo wonke umbozwe ngezinwele ezimfushane. Emuva kunemivimbo emi-3 emide yobude obude. Ingxenye yesisu ingwevu. Amehlo makhulu impela futhi ahlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo yekhanda. I-Antennae iyabonakala engxenyeni engaphambili, edlala indima yomqondo wokuhogela.

Impukane ehluma ihlukaniswa njenge-dipteran. Ubude bawo abudluli ku-6 mm. Izimpiko zalo zangaphambili zisetshenziselwa ukundiza, futhi amaphiko ezinsikazi, abizwa ngokuthi ama-hummers, ayadingeka ukuze kulondolozwe ibhalansi ngenkathi indiza.

Indawo yokuhlala kwale mpukane ibalulekile, ingatholakala ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

I-Sprout fly iyamangaza, iyakwazi ukonakalisa izitshalo emhlabathini ovulekile futhi ovikelekile. Amasiko alandelayo ahlushwa yiwo:

Amaqanda enkathazo amhlophe ngombala futhi oblong, ubukhulu bawo abukho ngaphezu kuka-1 mm. Izibungu ezigoqwayo, finyelela kubude obungu-7 mm, okokuqala ube nomzimba obonakalayo, bese ushintsha umbala ube mhlophe ngokungcolile. Amaphaphu we-parasite yi-oval, brown ngombala, ubukhulu be-5 mm.

Khula kanjani igciwane lempukane?

Isizukulwane sokuqala senkathazo sivele entwasahlobo engxenyeni ka-Ephreli noMeyi. Lo mzuzu ungashintsha ngezinsuku eziyi-10 uye endaweni eyodwa noma kwenye, kuya ngesifunda. Idla umpe kanye nempova, izimpukane ziqala ukumelana. Kungekudala, amaqanda azobekwa. Owesifazane oyedwa ubekela amaqanda angama-50 kuya kwangama-60 kumquba omanzi ngesikhathi.

Izinsikazi ikakhulukazi zithanda ukubeka amaqanda enhlabathini ename imibhede yamakhukhamba. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-embryonic kuthatha izinsuku ezi-4 kuye kweziyi-10, isikhathi sincike ekushiseni kwenhlabathi. Izibungu ezelwe zizimpawu zokuhamba okwandayo.

Ngokushesha aqala ukuhamba emibhedeni, efuna imbewu ekhula. Ngemuva kokuthola imbewu enjalo, izibungu ziququda endaweni lapho kuvela khona amahlumela bese zidla okuphakathi kwembewu kusuka ngaphakathi. Izithombo ezivela ekuvezweni okunjalo ziyafa.

Ijubane lokukhula kwama-larval kuncike ekuchweni kokudla namazinga okushisa. Lokhu kungathatha izinsuku eziyi-10 kuye kwezingama-40. Lapho isigaba sokwethamela sisondela, izibungu zifinyelela ubude bazo obukhulu, imizimba yazo iyaqina, umbala wayo ube mhlophe ngokungcolile.

I-larvae pupate emgodini womhlabathi, ehlobo ekujuleni kuka-5 cm, futhi ekwindla, inqubo yenzeka ngokujula kuka-9 cm. Ekupheleni kwegobolondo kukhona amazinyo ama-4 aqinile.

Esigabeni se-pupal, ihlumela lindiza lihlala ngezikhathi ezihlukile. Ehlobo, le nkathi ihlala ezinsukwini eziyi-12 kuye kwezingama-20, kanti isikhathi sokudla ubusika sikulesi sikhathi izinsuku eziyi-180. Impukane ezindizayo iphuma ngaphandle kwe-pupae bese umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane uphela.

Indlela yemvelo yokubulala izimpukane engadini

Impukane indiza, njengezinye izinambuzane zasengadini, inezitha eziningi zemvelo ezingakhangwa ukuthi zilwe nayo. Nalu uhlu olude nokude:

• Amabhungane azingela u-Aleohar,
• amabhungane omhlabathi
• abagibeli be-eukoilide
• nematode Rhabditidae,
• Impukane kaKtyr
• izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zesikhunta.

Ezinye zalezi zidalwa ezidla ezinye zidla izibungu zezimpukane ezihluma, kanti ezinye ziyahluma emgungundlovu.

Ngokuhlasela okukhulu kwezimpukane ezitshalweni zemifino, izindlela zokwelapha ezinambuzane kuphela ezingabasindisa.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngokulwa nehlumela lehlumela

Uma kunezinambuzane eziningi engadini futhi ukulimala okuvela kuzo kukhula njalo - sekuyisikhathi sokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwesinambuzane. Amakhemikhali alandelayo aseqale umkhuba owandile:

Izimali ezingenhla zisetshenziselwa ukufafaza amagciwane ezitshalo athinteka izibungu. Izinga lokusebenzisa umuthi lisethwe ngokuya ngemiyalo enamathiselwe. Akuvumelekile nhlobo ukuthi weqe umthamo onconyiwe, ngoba lokhu kungaholela ekushisweni kwamaqabunga.

Kunezinye izidakamizwa ezimbalwa ezihlwitha imbewu yemifino ngaphambi kokuyihlwanyela. Imbewu ethosiwe, ihlumela yadlula izibungu. Ukuze ukhethe, ungasebenzisa i-Imidalit, Spark ne-Actellik.

Amakhambi esintu ekulweni nezimpukane ezingenahluma

Abanye abalimi bathi bayaphumelela empini yokulwa nokuhluma kwehlumela, besebenzisa amakhambi abantu. Lolu hlobo lokulawula nalo lunelungelo lempilo, kepha kufanele lusetshenziswe ngenani elincane lezinambuzane, noma ukuxosha izinambuzane.

Izindlela zokupheka zabantu ezivamile nezisebenzayo:

1). I-Birch tar. Ngokusekelwe kulo mkhiqizo, kwenziwa isixazululo, bese sifafazwa ngezithombo zezitshalo zamakhukhamba. Impukane ihlume ayithandi iphunga le-tar, futhi amahlumela amakhukhamba ahlala engatatazeki. Isixazululo silungiselelwe kanjena:

• uthele amalitha ayi-10 amanzi ebhakedeni,
• engeza kuwo 1 tbsp. l i-birch tar,
• hlanganisa ukwakheka
• sebenzisa ukufafaza.

2). Umhlonyane, pods of pepper hot noma tansy. Ngokusekelwe kulawa makhambi namakhambi upelepele, ungenza ukumiliselwa futhi ukucubungula okutshala imifino yezitshalo ezitshaliwe nakho.

3). Izitshalo ezinotshani ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Lezi zingxube ezilandelayo zilungele uthuli:

• umlotha nge-powder yesinaphi,
• intuthu kagwayi n lime.

Ngemuva kokufunda lokhu okuqukethwe, kufanele uqonde ngokwakho ukuthi ihlumela eliyindiza elihlasele ukhukhamba lisongela ngokulahleka kwengxenye yesitshalo. Ukuze uvimbele inkathazo ingangeni endaweni yayo, umuntu kufanele alandele izindlela zokuvimbela futhi abhekane nobuchwepheshe bezitshalo ezikhulayo. Uma inkathazo isivele igcwele emibhedeni yemifino, kufanele uyiqothule ngokushesha.

Izinhlobo zezomvelo eziseduze

Ngokusho kwe-morphology (ukubukeka), i-imago isondele kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezichaziwe. Delia angustifrons. Ihlukaniswa yi-mesoscutum eblue-grey enezinwele eziningi, isisu sesilinda esinebhendi ebanzi emnyama ebanzi nemisuka emnyama engasemuva yama-tergites.

Ngaphezu kwalolu hlobo, kuvame ukutholakala Delia pilifemurvala futhi kwi-morphology ye-imago kwi-Rostov Fly (Delia platura).

I-Malware

Qhuma impukane - i-polyphage. Kulimaza imbewu ekhula nezithombo zezilimo ezahlukahlukene: ubhontshisi, uphizi, ubhontshisi, ikhukhamba, ikhabe, ithanga, ibhece, isipinashi, iklabishi, ummbila, i-sunflower, amantongomane, ama-lupins, ukotini, okusanhlamvu, amazambane. Izibungu eziyingozi. Ngenxa yempilo yabo, kuncipha kwezilimo kanye nokwenza buthaka kwezithombo. Izinambuzane zesibili, amagciwane ahlukahlukene we-pathogenic kanye nesikhunta se-pathogenic zivame ukukhula ezinhlanyelweni ezilimele kanye nasezinini.

Lo mbhalo wahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa izinto ezilandelayo:

Bei-Bienko G. Ya. Isikhombisi ngezinambuzane zengxenye yaseYurophu ye-USSR ngamanani amahlanu. T V. Amaphiko amabili. Amaza. Ingxenye yesibili ye. Ukushicilela indlu "Isayensi", iLeningrad, 1970. - 945 k.

Bei-Bienko G. Ya. Isikhombisi ngezinambuzane zengxenye yaseYurophu ye-USSR ngamanani amahlanu. T V. Amaphiko amabili. Amaza. Ingxenye yokuqala. Ukushicilela Indlu "Yesayensi", iLeningrad, 1969 - 810 k.

IVasiliev V.P. Izinambuzane zezilimo namahlathi aluhlaza: Kumathani amathathu - T. 2. Ama-arthropods ayingozi, ama-vertebrates. - 2nd ed., IsAm. bese wengeza. / Ngaphansi kwesamba. ed. V.P. Vasiliev, Abahleli bevolumu V.G. UDolin, V.N. Stovbchatyy .-- K: Ukuvunwa, ngo-1988 576., kugula. KULUNGILE

Ikhathalogu yombuso yokubulala izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nama-agrochemicals avunyelwe ukusetshenziselwa insimu yeRussia Federation, 2013. UMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation (Umnyango Wezolimo waseRussia)

Ikhathalogu Yesimo yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane nama-agrochemicals evunyelwe ukusetshenziswa eRussia Federation, ngo-2016. UMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation (Umnyango Wezolimo waseRussia) & nbspLanda >>>

Izinambuzane nemikhaza kuyizinambuzane zezilimo. Umqulu IV I-Webbed futhi i-dipterous. Abahleli bevolumu i-E.N. INarchuk, V.A. Tryapitsyn. ILeningrad, "Isayensi", Igatsha laseLeningrad, 1981.

Hluma ukundiza

Hluma ukundiza
owesilisa
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

Kuhluma impukane (lat. Delia platura) - uhlobo lwamadiphu ovela emndenini wamantombazane wezimbali. Ukubuka kunokusatshalaliswa cishe kwendawo yonke. Izibungu yizinambuzane zezithombo zezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ezitshaliwe zomhlabathi ovulekile ovaliwe. Izizukulwane ezi-2-3 zikhula minyaka yonke. Ukuze unciphise ukulimala, kunconywa ukuhlanganisa izindlela zezolimo, ukukhethwa kwesikhathi esifanele sokuhlwanyela imbewu kanye nokungenisa ama-insecticides. Ngombono osondele Delia florilega ihlumela impukane lingahlukaniswa kuphela yi-imago noma izindlela zezakhi zofuzo.

Ibhayoloji

Zidla ezimpandeni, amahlumela angaphansi komhlaba kanye nezimpande zezitshalo eziningi ezitshaliwe, kufaka phakathi ukhukhamba, ubhontshisi, ithanga, ikhabe, ubhontshisi, uphizi, isipinashi, amazambane, iklabishi, u-anyanisi, ugwayi, ummbila. Izibungu zempukane ezihluma zingangena emaphaketheni amaqanda wesikhonyane bese ziwaqothula. Livare Delia platura kuvame ukutholakala ndawonye namanye amalungu ohlobo UDelia .

Ezimweni ezinhle, eningizimu yebanga, kungaba khona izizukulwane ezintathu, kulayini ophakathi - izizukulwane ezi-2. Isizukulwane sokuqala ngaphansi kwezimo zesifunda Samara sivela eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala kaMeyi, esesibili - maphakathi noJuni, futhi izimpukane zesizukulwane sesithathu ziphuma ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi noma ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Isikhathi sokuthuthuka sesizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu siyizinsuku ezingama-40- 48. Izinsuku zokuhamba nobude bokuthuthuka kuya ngesimo sezulu. Ekuthuthukiseni isizukulwane sokuqala, inani elidingekayo lokushisa elisebenzayo lingu-155 ° C, elesibili - 399 ° C, elesithathu - 301 ° C.

Zifaka umhlabathi esigabeni se-puparia ukuya ku-20 cm. Abadala bandiza kusukela ekuqaleni kukaMeyi kuya kuSepthemba. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda eduze kwesitshalo sokuphakelayo emhlabathini. Isikhathi sokukhula kombungu sisuka ezinsukwini ezi-2 kuye kwezingu-7. Ngemuva kokuphuma eqandeni, isibungu esisha sithola imbewu namahlumela ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene. Kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-10-12 ukukhulisa izibungu. Ngemuva kokuba ukuthuthuka sekuqediwe, isibungu sezinyamazane, futhi emva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-14, izimpukane zesizukulwane sesibili ziyaphuma. Abantu abadala baphila izinsuku ezingaba ngu-10-12. Ucwaningo olwenziwe e-Iowa (e-USA) luveze ukuthi izibungu zegciwane lihamba esimweni sokuduka kwehlobo.

Izilingo kanye nezindlela zokulawula

Okuyingozi kakhulu izibungu zesizukulwane sokuqala. Bacekela phansi imbewu nezithombo zezitshalo eziningi. Abadala bayabandakanyeka ekusakazweni kwamagciwane wezifo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo. Ama-insecticides asetshenziswa ukulwa nehlumela lokuhluma, elisetshenziswa emhlabathini noma ezinhlanyelweni. Ububi bokusebenzisa isibulala-zinambuzane bufaka phakathi ukukhula kokumelana nabo emgodleni kanye nobungozi bokulungiswa kwembewu ethile. Izindlela ze-Agrotechnical zokunciphisa umonakalo kusuka kumhlumela wehlumela zifaka ukulima ngokucophelela ukulima ngaphambi kokutshala kanye nokukhethwa kwezinsuku zokutshala imbewu ezifanele. Ukulwa neempukane ezihluma kanye no-anyanisi kundiza, kuye kwahlolwa indlela ebandakanya ukutshala izibungu ekudleni okune-cobalt e-radioactive (Co 60). Irradiation iholela ekubonakaleni kwezimpukane eziyinyumba, ezikhishwa ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo.

Ukubhebhetheka

I-Europe, North Africa, Middle East, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan neCentral Asia, eSiberia, eNyakatho Melika, Ningizimu Afrika, New Zealand, Australia nase-Argentina. Akukaphawulwa enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika, eNtshonalanga Afrika, eNdiya, eMalaysia nase-Indonesia. Imigqa emibili ehlukile ye-germ fly yatholakala nge-barcoding ye-DNA. Umugqa, oqokwe njenge-AAG2511, ubhebhetheke eYurophu, e-Asia, otholakala eGreenland, empumalanga yeCanada nase-Alaska. Umugqa we-AAA3453 utholakala eCanada nase-USA, eCosta Rica naseNingizimu Afrika.