I-European noma i-Common Greyling iyi-subspecies yomndeni we-salmon womndeni we-greyling. Igama livela lapho kuhlala khona le nhlobo. Izimpunga zase-Yurobhu, ezihlala emgodini wemifula namachibi asenyakatho, zivame kakhulu ukusuka eFrance naseGreat Britain kuye eWeberan Plain eseNtshonalanga.
Emazweni ambalwa aseYurophu ivikelwe ngenxa yenani elincane lezinhlobo.
Isifinyezo sokubuyekezwa:
Izimo zokuphila
I-Whitewater European grey etholakala emifuleni egelezayo ehlanzekile enamatshe angaphansi. Ukushisa kwamanzi ebusika nasehlobo akufanele kudlule degrees eziyishumi nesikhombisa. Akuvamile ukuba zitholakale kumachibi amasha.
Ihlobo bachitha ekuhambeni kwemifula okusheshayo, bese ebusika bangene emanzini ajulile. I-Greyling ayibekezeleli izindawo ezingcolisiwe - yilokhu okubangela ukuncipha kwenani labo.
Emanzini amaningi, bahlala kude nolwandle, futhi babhukuda kuphela ekuseni kakhulu noma kusihlwa. Lapho umiswa, i-grayling ime ngaphansi kwamagatsha ezihlahla agxunyekwe emanzini noma phansi phakathi kwamatshe nezitshalo.
Iqhubekela ekufinyeleleni okuvulekile ngesikhathi sokuzingela ukuzingela okulula kwesilwane.
Ukubukeka
Izazi eziningi ze-ichthyologists zikholelwa ukuthi i-European grey ingcono ngobuhle kunoma yimuphi ummeleli womndeni we-salmon. Lesi sithombe sikhombisa i-failing enhle yokugoqwa, embozwe ngama-specks, kanye nangemuva eliphezulu.
Ukubonakala kwalezi zinhlanzi kuthintwa yizimo ezikhula kuzo: izici zekhebula, izinga lokushisa nomoya wokugcwala komoya.
Uma izimo zokuphila zingalungile, umuntu ompunga oseminyakeni yobudala eyisikhombisa angafinyelela ikhilogremu eyodwa. I-Transbaikal grey ingeyesibonelo esinjalo.
Ezimweni ezivumayo, inhlanzi ingaba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayisithupha futhi ifinyelele ubude obungaphezu kwengxenye yemitha. Kukhona iziqhwaga ezinjalo phakathi kwe-Ordinary and Mongung grey.
Indawo le ibuye ithinte umbala wezinhlanzi kanye nezakhi zomzimba.
Izindawo zokuhlala kanye nemininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana ne-European grey (evamile)
I-European Greyling noma i-Greyling Evamile (I-Thymallus thymallus) - inhlanzi enamanzi amnandi kamndeni we-salmon, uhlobo olujwayelekile lohlobo olunezikali ezinkulu namazinyo amancane. Ihluka kwezinye izikhungo ngomlomo wayo omkhulu; ayinasikali entanyeni nasendaweni ye-pectoral fin. Njengawo wonke amanye ama-subfamily, isiqu kanye ne-dorsal fin sihlotshiswe ngamabala amnyama nemivimbo. Umbala uyi-tin-silver, enombala omnyama engxenyeni ese-dorsal nemivimbo emide ye-brown emaceleni. Kwesinye isikhathi, isikali sithola i-greenish noma i-bluish tint. Amapani - kusuka kumpunga ophuzi kuya onsomi, kwesinye isikhathi kube bomvu.
I-European Grayling ibhalwe ku-Red Book kwezinye izifunda zaseRussia (Chelyabinsk, Pskov, Yaroslavl, Orenburg district and Moscow Region) nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, njengoba kusengcupheni, indawo ebanzi noma enqabile, kuncike esifundeni nasezweni. Indawo yokuhlala ye-European grey: ukusuka eFrance, eNgilandi, eGermany kanye nasemazweni aseScandinavia kuya ezintabeni zase-Ural zaseRussia. Itholakala cishe kuyo yonke imifula, isibonelo, eDniester, e-Urals, eDanube, eNeyman naseVolga. Itholakala emachibini aseMontega naseLadoga. U-Greyling uhlala e-Arctic Ocean (emigodini ye-Baltic, eKara, e-White Seas). Kutholakala inani elikhulu labantu esifundeni iLeningrad, iMurmansk kanye naseKarelia. I-Greyling ithanda izindawo zokugcina ezibandayo ezibandayo ezinokugeleza okusheshayo, ikhethe izindawo eziseduze kwama-rapids kanye nemigodi, ithanda indawo enamadwala nangaphansi.
Greyling
Impunga yaseYurophu - Isidlakela esidabukisayo. Udla konke okubamba iso lakhe: kusuka kuma-crustaceans, izibungu, ama-mollusks, amaqanda kanye nefry ezinambuzaneni. Kungaba izicabucabu, ama-dragonflies, zonke izinhlobo zama-midges nezinhlanga. Izinhlobo zidla unyaka nonyaka, isisekelo sokudla zingama-crustaceans, ama-invertebrates, amanzi asemanzini, aseduze kwamanzi nezilwane eziphansi. Abantu abadala bangadoba izinhlanzi ezincane, futhi uma benenhlanhla, ngeke bazilahle izilwane ezincelisayo ezingene emanzini. U-Azarten, ejaha inyamazane, ejaha isisulu sakhe, angagxuma aze afike kwesigamu semitha ngaphezu kobuso bamanzi.
Ukuluma okuhle kakhulu / okubi kakhulu ngezinkathi zonyaka
Izimpunga zase-Europe zithathwa njengezinhlobo zakusihlwa - zikhetha ukuzingela entathakusa nakusihlwa. Ntambama, ingacasha emanzini ajulile, njengoba isuthisa i-antipathy ukukhanya kwelanga. Kungcono ukuya ekuzingeleni le nhlanzi eyi-motley sly kusihlwa. Esikhathini sezulu esinamafu futhi singabanjwa phakathi nesikhathi sasemini uma amanzi engekho. Ihamba phambili kusukela entwasahlobo kuya phakathi nehlobo, ikakhulukazi ngoJuni. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukubanjwa okukhiqiza kakhulu kuyenzeka ngesikhathi sobusuku obumhlophe, kusukela phakathi kwamabili kuye ku-5 ekuseni. NgoJulayi-Agasti, kuhlakaniphile ukudoba kusihlwa, ekushoneni kwelanga. Ngenkathi yezikhukhula, lapho amachibi eba ngumswakama, funa le nhlanzi ogwini, lapho usilika nesihlabathi kunesikhathi sokuzinza. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, imiphumela emihle ingatholakala ngokubamba i-wiring. Isingeniso siyasebenza ngoNovemba -Febhuwari. Uma kubanda kakhulu isimo sezulu, i-lazier ithatha isiheho - udinga ukuzama inhlanhla yakho ezansi, ukuqoqa izimpukane ezikhanyayo nokubekezela.
Ukuchazwa kwempunga
Ukubuka okuhlanzekile, "inhlanzi yohlobo olungaziwa" imvamisa ayifani nesalimoni, yize zazivela emhlolweni ofanayo. Abadobi abanolwazi oluningi babheka i-grayling yaseYurophu njengezinhlanzi ezinhle kakhulu emndenini we-salmon. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhulisa kakhulu inani le-grayling nokubaluleka kwalo emvelweni.
Izimpunga zaseYurophu zihluke kakhulu kubafowabo - yiyona egqamile futhi enhle kunazo zonke.
Ukudoba
E-UK, izinhlanzi zingabanjwa ngesikhathi sonke sokudoba (kusukela ngoJuni 16 kuya ku-Mashi 14) impukane ngayinye. IGreyling ibanjwa kulezi zimpukane ezilandelayo: umthakathi olimpunga, ama-klinkhamers, ama-nymphs aseCzech kanye 'namathegi abomvu'.
EFrance, isizini lilinganiselwe yizici eziningana. Umfula i-Allier ungenye yezindawo ezimbalwa eningizimu yeYurophu lapho i-European grey ihlala khona endaweni yemvelo. Le nhlanzi ithokozelwa kakhulu amaFulentshi, futhi idliwa kangcono newayini elikhanyayo.
KuKarelia, i-grey inhlanzi ebalulekile yezentengiselwano. Njengomthetho, abahlali bendawo bayibamba “esikebheni”, kanye nabadobi babasubathi - ekuqhumeni ngosizo lwama-spinner. Ukubanjwa kukhawulelwe kuphela ekuvinjelweni okwenziwe ngomshini. I-Greyling, njengomthetho, idliwa iluhlaza, ngendlela enosawoti (okubizwa nge- stroganina).
Izikhathi zokuvuthwa kwe-European grey.
I-European grey ifinyelela ebusheni ekuqaleni kokukhulelwa (uma kuqhathaniswa ne-grey efanayo yaseSiberia): izintokazi - eneminyaka emi-2 ubudala, abesilisa - eneminyaka engama-3-4. Abesilisa bakhulu ngokugqamile kunabesifazane, bahlukaniswa ngokuba khona kombala okhanyayo nobukhulu obukhulu be-dorsal fin. I-dorsal ephezulu ye-grayling yaseYurophu akuyona nje umhlobiso wezinhlanzi. Ochwepheshe nososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuhluma, iduna lidala iziphethu zamanzi ezinamandla yi-fa, okwenza ubisi lungathathwa yilokho okukhona manje, futhi lokhu kukhulisa inani lamaqanda avundisiwe.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-European grey.
Izimpunga zase-European grey zikhuphuka emifuleni yomfula ngetshe noma itshe phansi. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, nasezilinganisweni ezisenyakatho nangoJuni, lapho amanzi efudumala aze afike ku-8-10 ° С. Ngokuya ngeminyaka yobudala be-femling, ukwahluka kwayo kungashiyana kusuka kumaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3-6 kuya kumaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30- 35. Ngakho-ke isiphetho: ngokubamba ama-graylings amakhulu kwichibi, udala umonakalo obonakalayo kubantu ukwedlula lapho uthwebula izinhlamvu ezincane. Ngemuva kokuba insikazi yowesifazane wase-Europe isiphume isiphuphu, i-caviar iwela phansi, lapho owesilisa eqala ukudlala indima yakhe: ufafaza i-caviar ngesihlabathi. Ngemuva kwamaviki amabili noma amathathu, amaqabunga amancanyana aqandusela emaqanda.
Ukudla i-European grey.
Greyling yisisulu esidumile. Uma i-grayling yase-Europe kufanele ihlale emifudlaneni emincane nemifudlana, lapho ukudla kungatholakali khona, idla izinambuzane zamanzi nezibungu zazo, izinambuzane zomoya eziwela emanzini, akuvamisile - inhlanzi ifry. Uma amadada ehlala emfuleni, angakwazi ukwenza ama-80% wokudla kwezinhlanzi. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nazo zingatholakala ekudleni kwe-European grey: ama-shrews kanye namagundane awela emfuleni noma emifuleni ewela nemifuleni ngesikhathi sokufuduka. Ngakho-ke ukudoba "egundwini" akudingi ukudoba kuphela ngomsila, kepha futhi kungenzeka ku-grayling.
Isikhathi sokuchitha
Le nhlanzi eyodwa ehlala phansi ihola impilo ye-hermit, yizilwane ezincane kuphela (zize zikhule) noma abantu abavulekile abangena emaqenjini. Isikhathi sokuzalela i-European grey sivula ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho - ngoJuni emazingeni okushisa echibini elingaba ngu-4-10 ° C. Kuqhathaniswa nabanye abafowethu emndenini (okuyi-subspecies efanayo yaseSiberia), izimpunga zivuthwa ngokusha ekuqaleni kakhulu: izinsikazi - ezineminyaka emi-2 ubudala, abesilisa - eneminyaka emi-3-4. Kepha enyakatho, ukuvuthwa kungathatha iminyaka eyi-7. Inhlanzi ivela emifudlaneni, emithanjeni nasezimpondweni zemifula, ezindaweni ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-30-60 cm, lapho okwakhona manje kusesilinganisweni bese kuthi phansi kwenziwe ngamatshe noma ngesihlabathi. Abamele izizibi zamachibi babamba imidlalo yokuphephisa futhi babhebhetheke ngemivimbo yasogwini.
Ukuziphatha kanye nemikhuba yokumpunga.
IGreyling ihlala emifuleni egeleza ngokushesha nemifudlana. Ukuba khona kwamanzi agobhozayo, acebile komoya-mpilo nokugeleza okusheshayo, kungenye yezimo ezibalulekile empilweni ye-European grey. Izindawo eziphambili yindawo enamakhanda nemigodi. Izimpunga zase-Europe empeleni azenzeki kumachibi. I-European grey yinhlanzi eyodwa, futhi kusukela ekuzalweni. Ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela lapho ingaphambuka ibe yimihlambi emincane yezinhlanzi ezingama-7-10, futhi nangaleso sikhathi, ikakhulukazi emalolini. Kepha kukhona okuhlukile kulo mthetho. EVishera emifantwini ngokwazo ngesikhathi se-zhora, izikole eziyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ezinhlanu zezinhlanzi! IGreyling idume ngokuqapha kwayo ekukhetheni inyamazane, ibhekwa njengenhlanzi yesikhathi sokuhlwa ethanda ukuzingela ekuseni nakusihlwa. Isikhathi esithandwa kakhulu sokudoba ngwempunga ukudlela kusihlwa, lapho omiyane nezinye izinambuzane behlela emanzini inhlanzi iqala “ukuncibilika”. Ngezinsuku ezinamafu kungadliwa usuku lonke, kepha kubalulekile ukuthi akukho mvula, futhi amanzi asemfuleni ahlala ecacile. I-Greyling isisidlakudla esiqinile futhi esinamandla futhi sibamba ngokunemba futhi ngokushesha izinambuzane eziwele emanzini. Kwesinye isikhathi uyakwazi nokubuka ukuthi i-grayling in injabulo isukela kanjani inyosi noma impukane futhi igxume emanzini emanzini isigamu semitha noma ngaphezulu!
Impunga yaseYurophu ekuphekeni
Ukuhlangana kwe-European grey nge-salmon ne-whitefish akufakazelwa kuphela ngamanqatha amanoni ngemuva, kepha futhi nenyama emnandi enambitheka ngemicu emhlophe ebomvana. Kuqukethe kuphela amaprotheni, amafutha namanzi, azikho i-carbohydrate - izidumbu nezinhlanzi ezishiywe kule nhlanzi zinempilo, ziba nekhalori ephansi futhi azibangeli ukungahambi kahle komzimba. Kunamathambo ambalwa, ungqimba lwamafutha lubonakala kalula. Inyama ayenzi ihaba le "amber" engathandeki, enamahloni, ebongwa kakhulu ngabapheki ezindaweni zokudlela. Cishe konke kulungiselelwe kusuka kuso - isobho, ama-roll, ama-steaks, ama-marinade, ukhukhamba, amasaladi kanye nokudla okulula. Ukunambitheka okumnene kukuvumela ukuthi uhlanganise i-grayling nezithelo eziningi, izinongo, imifino nezinhlamvu. Uthosiwe kahle, uthosiwe, usawoti futhi ubhemile. AbaseFrance bancoma ukuyikhonza ngamawayini akhanyayo.
Usayizi oPhakathi kanye ne-Trophy Grayling
Inhlanzi ihlukaniswa ngokuba mude kakhulu - akuvamile ukuba ikhule ngaphezu kuka-10 cm ngonyaka wokuqala, ngeminyaka emi-5 isuka ku-20-25 cm futhi inesisindo esingu-200-500 amagremu. Usayizi omaphakathi ekubambeni: 20-30 cm ngesisindo esingeqi ku-0.3-2 kilos. Kwezinye izindawo, izinhlanzi zabantu abadala zingafinyelela kumakhilogremu amathathu ngokudla okuzinzile kokudla nezinhlobonhlobo zokudla. Abantu abakhulu kakhulu bafinyelela ku-60 cm ubude, bangaba nesisindo esingaphezu kuka-6.5 kg, kepha lokhu kuyimpumelelo engavamile. Amahlebezi athi abanye babadobi bahlangabezane nezikhathi ezithile ukuya kumitha ubude, kepha lolu lwazi alukakaqinisekiswa.
Inhlanzi yaseRussia - i-European grey (ejwayelekile), umndeni we-salmon