IBurbot, noma i-burbot ejwayelekile (ngaphansi (kweLatin Lota lota), menyok (Lake Onega), kancane (eningizimu), Mathica (Karelian), Neya (Nenets), Kurt (Tat.), Panne (Ostyak.), i-syagan, i-syalysar (yakut.), i-luts (est.), i-vedzele (i-latvian), i-burbot (isi-english), i-rutte, i-quappe (isiJalimane), ichibi (i-Norv. ne-Holy), yenziwe (i-fin.), i-lotte (Fr.) - Inhlanzi kuphela enamanzi ahlanzekile okukhipha i-oda le-cod-like (Gadiformes).
Izimpawu Umzimba uphakama, umbozwe yizikali ezincane kakhulu, ikhanda lithambile, umsila ucindezelwe kusuka ezinhlangothini, kukhona amadevu esilevini, amazinyo abunjwe ngophawu lwentambo atholakala emihlathini nasekuvuleni.
Kunama-dinsal fins amabili (okwesibili ubude), ama-anal fins - munye. Gill stamens 4-11. Ama-appendages we-Pyloric 20-67 (e-East Siberian kuya ku-85). UVertebra (58) 59-65 (66). 1 I) 9-15 (16), II D 68-85 (93), A 63-81 (85).
Amafomu ahambisanayo. I-East Siberian burbot (L. lota leptura) ne-American burbot (L. lota maculosa), ehlukile kububanzi bebunzi, ibanga ukusuka ekugcineni kwe-snout kuya ku-I D nokuphakama kwesiqu se-caudal.
Ukubhebhetheka. Kuvame kakhulu futhi kunamanzana amaningi emifuleni, emabhokisini nasemachibini asenyakatho yeYurophu ne-Asia; angena eningizimu aze afike ku-45 ° C. w. nakwezinye izindawo eningizimu (iRhone, kuyaqabukela iSeine neLoire, iDanube, izindawo eziphansi zeKura neSephidrud). EMpumalanga Ekude kunezigodi zase-Amur, ezindaweni eziphezulu zoMfula i-Yalu naseSakhalin. Ibuye yenzeke emanzini ayisiyingi.
Emachibini ase-alpine atholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Ngaseningizimu iba yincane futhi incane.
Ihlala kuyo yonke indawo emanzini aseRussia, ngaphandle kweCrimea, iTranscaucasia yasentshonalanga, iNyakatho neCaucasus, ugu olusempumalanga yoLwandle lweCaspian, amabhishi ase-Aral naseBalkhash, eningizimu yePrimorye naseKamchatka.
Biology of Burbot
Isimilo. IBurbot ukuphela kwezinhlobo emndenini we-codfish ohlala emanzini amasha. Inhlanzi iyabathanda, ibanda futhi iyondla ngenkathi ebandayo.
Ukushisa amanzi ehlobo kunomthelela ovimbela izinqubo zokuphila kwe-burbot kufinyelele ezingeni elilingana nobunzima, bese licasha ngaphansi kwama-karches, imashi, amatshe, izindawo ezikhetha izindawo eziseduze nemithombo engezansi nezihluthulelo. Umbala uhluke kakhulu kumbala, usayizi, esimweni sokudla okunempilo nakwezinye izimpawu eziningi.
I-Habitat, iminyaka, usayizi, ukuqabaza nokudoba iNalim
Ukusakaza. Ukuqhubeka isikhathi eside, kwenzeka ebusika, kuvame ukusuka ngasekupheleni kukaDisemba kuya kuFebhuwari nangoMashi emazingeni okushisa amanzi asondele ku-0 °. Emfuleni Shiya ukuphakama kokuqunjelwa phansi kuqoshwe ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari - ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari.
Izindawo ezinamaphaza zitholakala ngasogwini lwemifula, imifudlana kanye namachibi, ekujuleni kwe-1-3 m, emhlabathini onamatshe nasebumba, kwesinye isikhathi kukhula i-algae eluhlaza. Ukuzala kuncike kakhulu osayizi: ama-burbot angama-24 cm ubude - amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-57.2, ama-burbot 97 cm - amaqanda ayizigidi ezintathu.
Intuthuko. Amaqanda asakhula anobubanzi be-burbot cishe ama-96--1.14 mm, anombala ophuzi (ukukhanyisa i-orange), obala, ngethonsi elinamafutha, ngemuva kokufakwa komanyolo awekho kahle egrejini, kepha emachibini athole i-caviar esesimweni se-pelagic. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, i-burbot roe ingaphansi, kepha ayinamatheli.
Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-28 noma ngaphezulu, kuze kube yizinyanga ezingama-2,5, kuya ngokushisa kwamanzi. Ukushisa okuthandekayo kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-2-3 (5) °. Ubude bezibungu ezihlafunekile (3) buyi-3.8-4.3 mm. Ukuqothuka kwezibungu ngokusobala kwenzeka ngo-Meyi. NgoJuni, izibungu ezingama-8-10 mm ubude zabanjwa esihlahleni iVolga ngaphansi kweChebbaryary. UFry kwesinye isikhathi ubanjwa emizimbeni yamanzi asele eyizikhukhula (ilmeni).
AmaFledglings ahlala ogwini ehlobo, kanye ne-sculpin, futhi akhula kancane. Ngo-Agasti 9 (1935), izingane ezinonyaka ezinhlanu zabanjwa eLake Yuksovsky (eLeningrad Oblast).
Ukuphakama. Ifinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwemitha (imvamisa kuncane). Isisindo kufika kuma-24 kg (eLake Onega) nangaphezulu.
Ekubambeni, abantu abanesisindo esisuka ku-0,5 kuye ku-1-2 kg ubukhulu; emifuleni yeSiberia, ama-burbot amakhudlwana.
Izinhlobo ezintathu ze-burbot zihlukaniswa amachibi eTrans-Ural: 1) grey, burbot enkulu enesisindo esingu-12-16 kg nangaphezulu, lapho ukuvuthwa kwenzeka lapho kufinyelela ubude okungenani obungu-35 cm, 2) ophuzi, emifuleni nasemachibini kanye nakuma-3) omfula ongashoni , enesisindo esingadluli ku-2 kg kanye nobude obungu-35 cm, iba nokukhula ngokocansi ngemuva kokufika ku-18 cm.
Ukukhula okuhle kakhulu kwe-burbot kubonakala ku-Ob. IBurbot ineminyaka engu-12 - (- ukusuka eLake Teletskoye inobude obungu-76 cm, ukusuka ePechora - 92 cm, ukusuka eLake Onega eneminyaka engama-22 - 112 cm nesisindo esingu-12 kg.
Umsoco. I-Predator idla u-salmon, i-whitefish, i-cyprinid, i-cyprinidae, i-perch, i-smelt kanye nezinye izinhlanzi namaqanda abo, kanye nabantu bohlobo lwabo. Amajuba nama-burbots amancane (ngezikhathi ezithile futhi avuthiwe ngokocansi) adla izidalwa eziphansi, ama-chironomid, izibungu, izibungu zamadrako, kwesinye isikhathi ama-crustaceans amancane, i-crayfish kanye ne-fish roe.
EVolga naseSviyaga, ama-burbot feed ikakhulukazi kuma-invertebrates nezinhlanzi ezingafani nhlobo. Imvamisa idla ebusuku.
Abancintisana. I-Pike, i-taimen, i-lenok, i-salmon, i-paly, i-perch, i-eel, i-catfish.
Izitha I-Catfish, i-taimen, i-lenok.
Ukufuduka. Ekwindla (ngoSepthemba), ngokwehla kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi, i-burbot iqala ukukhuphuka inyuka. Isifundo siyaqina ngemuva kokuqandelwa yiqhwa, ikakhulukazi esikhathini esisuka ku-Okthoba kuya kuFebhuwari - Mashi.
FISHES OF NALIM
Inani. Ayikho imininingwane ephelele ekubambeni kwe-burbot. Ukudotshwa kwabathengi enyakatho okungenani kwakungamakhulu ayi-10,6 ezinkulungwane. Imikhiqizo yezimpahla 1936-1939 esifundeni sase-Oskotazovsky, bekungaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili, esifundeni saseNarymsky - kuze kufike ku-2,5- izinkulungwane eziyikhulu, eKolyma okrug, ngokudoba okubuthakathaka - kuze kufike ku-3.7 izinkulungwane eziyikhulu, e-Onega Lake - cishe ikhulu lamakhulu eLake Ladoga - izinkulungwane ezi-2 zamakhulu
Ukubanjiswa eBaikal kunqunywa ngendlela enobungcweti ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-5-7. Izitokwe zeBurbot echibini lasenyakatho zibalulekile. Mhlawumbe ukuthuthukiswa kokudotshwa okukhethekile kwe-burbot emifuleni nasemachibini asenyakatho naseBaikal.
Ngaphezu kokukhula okukhulu kokubanjwa, lo mcimbi uzoba nomthelela omuhle ezitokisini ze-whitefish kanye ne-nelma, edonsa i-caviar.
Amasu kanye nenkambo yokudoba. Bazingelwa ngama-snout, izihloko, izindlela, ukugoba i-hook. Njengokubanjwa, burbot ibanjwa enetheni, inetha, noma ekuhuduleni. Ukudoba okuphambili kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhula (ngoDisemba kuya kuFebhuwari) nokunikwa ukudla (ngo-Okthoba nangoJuni). Ngesikhathi sokushisa kwamanzi, i-burbot ivela esikhathini esingajwayelekile, singly.
Kusetshenziswa. IBurbot ithengiswa ikakhulu ngohlobo olusha noluqandisiwe, ubisi nesibindi kuyaziswa kakhulu, isibindi sihamba nokwenza ukudla okusemathinini (“burbot sebete in utamatisi”) kanye ne-reflux yamafutha enhlanzi yezokwelapha. Isisindo sesibindi ku-Kolyma burbot sifinyelela ku-9%, kaningi - 6% wesisindo senhlanzi.
Isikhumba sokugqekeza okukhulu eSiberia sisetshenziselwa ukwenza izikhwama, izingubo ezingamanzi, nokufaka i-saddle. I-glue itholakala kusuka ebhandeni lokubhukuda, kepha lekhwalithi elibi.
Ukubukeka kwe-burbot
IBurbot inomzimba ophakeme. Engxenyeni yangaphambili umzimba uyindilinga, futhi eduze komsila kuhlangana nawo ezinhlangothini. Ikhanda likhulu, lithambile.
Umlomo walezi zinhlanzi ubanzi ngamazinyo amancane, kuyilapho umhlathi ophansi mude kunaphezulu. Izimpondo ezincane zikhula emhlathini ongenhla - eyodwa ohlangothini ngalunye. Emhlathini ongezansi kukhula amadevu amade angu-1.
IBurbot inombala wesimo somzimba.
I-burbot inama-2 dorsal fins - i-faor yangaphambili imfushane, kanti inhlawulo engemuva ifinyelela kufinyelela kwe-caudal. I-caudal fin nayo yinde; inesimo esiyindilinga. Amaphinifa we-pectoral abanzi futhi afana ne-fan ekwakhekeni. Amaphiko we-ventral atholakala umphimbo; mude futhi mncane ngesimo.
Isidumbu sebhusha simbozwe ngezikali ezincane. Isikali simbozwa umzimba wonke. Imibala yabamele lezinhlobo ingahluka, ivumelane nezimo zezemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala womzimba ungashintsha nobudala. Izinhlanzi zabantu abadala zilula kunezingane. Imvamisa, izinhlangothi nezingemuva zinombala onsundu omnyama, zixutshwe namabala aphuzi amnyama ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Isisu sikhanya kancane kunasemuva. Amapende ahlotshiswe ngamabala amnyama.
AmaNalim akhula ngamasentimitha ayi-120 ubude, kuyilapho enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-20. Kepha ubukhulu bezinhlanzi buxhomeke kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala. Isibonelo, abameleli baseningizimu bancane kakhulu kunabasenyakatho.
Inhlanzi igwinye isiheho.
Ama-Nalim anothando olubandayo, ngakho-ke imifula yeYenisei, Lena ne-Ob iyathandeka kulezi zinhlanzi kune-Amur. Amabhuleki amakhulu kakhulu ahlala esigodini saseLena. Ngakho-ke, abadobi bafuna umgqomo omkhulu kakhulu eYakutia.
Indlela yokuphila yeBurbot
Njengoba lezi zinhlanzi zinamaphiko amancane, lokhu kusikisela ukuthi zigwema imifula ngeseyili elinamandla, lapho ijubane namandla kubaluleke kakhulu. Indawo oyithandayo ye-burbot ipholile, imifula ehlanzekile enamadwala nesihlabathi phansi.
Ehlobo, lapho amanzi efudumala ngaphezulu, i-burbot inyukela ekujuleni lapho ipholile ngamadigri amaningana. Emanzini afudumele, lezi zinhlanzi ziba zingasebenzi, futhi ekushiseni kwama-degree angama-25 kwenzeka.
Ekwindla, ama-burbots aqala ukukhombisa izinga eliphezulu lomsebenzi. Ngalesi sikhathi, bondla kakhulu. Uhlelo lokugaya luphatha ukucubungula ukudla kuphela emanzini abandayo.
IBurbot iyisidleke. Fry feed kuma-invertebrates, izilwane ezincane zidla ama-crustaceans kanye ne-zooplankton. Abantu abadala babamba iziphongwane, izibani, izibani, isifutho, izimpunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kudla kuqukethe izinyoka, amasele ngisho nezinyoni.
Ama-Burbots azingela ebusuku, aqondiswa umuzwa wokuhogela nokuthinta. Ukunakwa okukhethekile ku-burbot kubangelwa imisindo ephakeme kanye nexhoba elimnandi. Futhi, lezi zinhlanzi zidla u-carrion.
IBurbot yinhlanzi edlayo.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ukuthomba ekuqhekekeni kwenzeka eminyakeni engama-4-7. IBurbot iqhuma ngoDisemba-Mashi. Imvamisa izinhlanzi zizalela ngaphansi kweqhwa, kanti izinga lokushisa lamanzi lingama-degree ama-1-4. Ama-burbot awanayo izindawo ezisobala zokusakazeka. Izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda ngqo kwikholamu yamanzi.
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi lithinta ubude besikhathi sokufashisa; kungathatha izinsuku ezingama-30 kuye kwezingama-128. I-Caviar igcwele ezintanjeni zeqhwa, kuze kube yilapho isishaywa iwela emseleni ophakathi kwamatshe. Izibungu ezibunjiwe zibhukuda nje. Zikhula ngokushesha, zicashe endaweni yokukhosela phakathi nosuku, futhi ziyasebenza ebusuku. Ngonyaka wokuqala, ukukhula okuncane kukhula ngamasentimitha ayi-11-12, ngonyaka wesibili kufakwa amanye amasentimitha ayi-10.
Abesifazane bavela njalo eminyakeni emi-2, kuthi abesilisa bahlanganyele ekuzaleni minyaka yonke. Ama-Burbots aphila ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka engama-20-25.
Ukudoba
Ukudotshwa kweBurbot kuyaqhubeka unyaka wonke. Inani eliphakeme lokudoba lingu-Okthoba, zonke izinyanga zasebusika noMashi-Ephreli. Ukuluma i-burbot kungcono kakhulu ebusuku kuze kube ngu-5 ekuseni. Njengoba lezi zidla phansi ezingaphansi, kunconywa izinduku zokudoba ezingezansi. IBurbot nayo ibanjwa ezintanjeni zokusontelana nangama-spiner we-sheer.
Njengokudla, inyama nezinhlamvu kusetshenziswa. Ama-Mormyshka, ama-crustaceans, izingcezu zenyama, amasele, imigodi emincane, kanye namaqhubu kufanelekile kwi-nozzle. Ukukhula okuncane kubanjwa kahle kwizikelemu kanye namagciwane egazi. IBurbot yinhlanzi eqinile, ngakho lapho umdobi eyikhipha, iyenqaba. Kepha inhlanzi igwida igwegwe ngokujulile, ngakho-ke ayisebenzi.
Isibindi seBurbot sithathwa njengewusizo kakhulu, liqukethe amavithamini A no-D amaningi kunowoyela bezinhlanzi. Inani lamavithamini lincike ekudleni kwezinhlanzi. Isibindi sakha u-10% womzimba wonke wezinhlanzi. Okusho ukuthi, isibindi sikhulu ngokuphindwe kayizi-6 kunezinye izinhlanzi zamanzi acwebile asayizi ofanayo.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Incazelo yemvelo
AmaNalim angahlukahluka ngosayizi noma umbala, kepha iningi labaphenyi liyavuma ukuthi akunangqondo ukwahlukanisa lezi zinhlanzi ngezinhlobo ezingaphansi. Abaphikisi babo, ngaphezu kwe-burbot yaseYurophu ejwayelekile, baphinde bakhethe labo abathobekile, behlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho futhi besatshalaliswa eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe ye-burbot yaseMelika.
Umzimba we-burbot uphakeme kakhulu, futhi uma ingxenye engaphambili inesimo se-cylindrical, khona-ke emuva, umsila, igobeke ngokuqinile futhi ngokushelelayo ingena emsileni. Ikhanda elikhulu elihlotshisiwe lihlotshiswe ngezimpondo ezintathu, enye yazo, engafakwanga, itholakala esilevini. Amehlo mancane, kepha umlomo mkhulu ngokungenamkhawulo, unemihlathi eqinile, eqinisekisa ukwanda kwenhlanzi. Umbala, usuka kumdaka omnyama ube mpunga onsundu, awuncike kuphela kumbala wenhlabathi yendawo leyo, kodwa futhi nobudala - ikhule kangakanani inhlanzi, iyakhanya ngokwedlulele.
I-dorsal fin ihlukaniswe kabili, enye imfushane isondele ekhanda, eyesibili, ende, efana ne-anal elongated, empeleni isondelene, kepha ungaxhumeki nomsila. Isikali se-burbot sincane, futhi umzimba wonke umbozwe nge-mucus, okwenza inhlanzi inyamalale kakhulu. Ubukhulu be-burbot yabantu abadala buvame ukudlula imitha, futhi isisindo sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-20 noma ngaphezulu. Kuliqiniso, izilozi ezinjengasemifula sezivele zivelakancane.
Habitat
IBurbot ivumelana ngokuphelele nezimo zemvelo, ngakho-ke ungabamba izinhlanzi emanzini awo wonke amazwekazi amahlanu. Kodwa-ke, izinkumbi zabantu ziwuphawu lwemifula (kufaka phakathi okuvela ezinkokhweni) ezigelezela oLwandle i-Arctic. Ngaphezu kwemifula, i-burbot ihlala emachibini, amadamu okufakelwa nasemachibini anamanzi abandayo nanokhayo, idwala noma isihlabathi phansi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-burbot ayihlali emzimbeni wamanzi angcolile, okuyinto ejwayelekile emazweni aseMpumalanga Yurophu. Lapho, naphezu kwezinyathelo zokudoba ezingavunyelwe, isitoko se-burbot siyancipha futhi kwezinye izindawo izinhlanzi zisondele ekuqothulweni.
Ngenhlanhla, le nhlanzi isatholakala eRussia, futhi ngamanani amakhulu, ngokuyinhloko emanzini asezingeni le-Arctic, emigodini yolwandle iBaltic, White, Black and Caspian. Izidalwa ezinkulu kakhulu ezisezansi zemifula yaseSiberia, njenge-Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Anadyr, njll. Phakathi kwamachibi asenyakatho, iTaimyr, iTeletskoe, iZaysan, neBaikal kubalulekile. Kunokugqekeza okuningi eMpumalanga Ekude, ikakhulukazi eSakhalin naseziQhingini zaseShantar, futhi izinhlanzi zivame ukuya ezingxenyeni zasolwandle ngosawoti ophansi.
Kunezinhlobo zezindlela zokugqekeza ezikwenza kube lula ukuhamba amabanga athile ngesizini amabanga we-oda lamakhilomitha ayinkulungwane.