Izindlovu zaseningizimu | |||||
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Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | |||||
Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
I-infraclass: | I-Placental |
Buka: | Izindlovu zaseningizimu |
Izindlovu Zaseningizimu (I-Latin Mirounga leonina) iyi-subantarctic ne-Antarctic seal, ongomunye wabamele ababili bohlobo lwezindlovu zasolwandle (Mirounga) imindeni yezimpawu zangempela (I-Phocidae).
Ummeleli omkhulu we-pinnipeds emhlabeni. Ubukhulu bayo (kwabesilisa) bungafinyelela ku-5.8 m ubude, futhi isisindo sayo singafinyelela ku-3700 kg. Leli tywina laqanjwa ngegama elithi “indlovu” ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu bomzimba walo omningi nesikhwama sesikhumba ekhaleni labesilisa, livutha laba yibhola elikhulu ngesikhathi sokukhathazeka noma ngesikhathi sokulwa. Lolu phawu lubizwa ngokuthi “oluseningizimu” ngoba isihlobo salo esiseduze, uphawu lwendlovu olusenyakatho, luhlala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe ogwini lwaseCalifornia eNyakatho Melika (Mirounga angustirostris), ongaphansi kuye ngosayizi, kodwa ngesiqu eside.
Ukubukeka
Isigaxa somzimba sikhulu kakhulu futhi sibukhulu bomzimba, ukwakheka komzimba abushelelezi, ukuthinteka kwentamo kucishe kungashiwongo futhi kuhlanganiswe ngamafreyimu aminyene, isifuba sikhulu. Amehlo makhulu, abekwe phambili. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibonakala ngokucacile phambi kwabesilisa besikhashana, "isiqu" esifushane, nosayizi omkhulu kakhulu kubantu abakhulu kuneminyaka engu-3 yobudala. Amaphethelo amancane acishe abe mancane, amafushane, angaphansi kwengxenye yobude bomzimba, anezikhafu ezinkulu kakhulu aze afike ku-5 cm ubude futhi acishe abe ngu-1 cm.
Umbala ojwayelekile uvame ukuba monophonic grey omnyama noma uhluka kusuka ku-brownish kuya onsundu, kwesinye isikhathi umucu omnyama eceleni komgogodla; kwabanye abantu, imibala iyisiliva noma iphuzi ngombala ohlaza okotshani. Amathoni wombala ophuzi ngombala angahlanganiswa ne-unicellular algae ekhula ngaphezu kolayini wezinwele. Emidlwane entsha, uboya bacishe baba mnyama.
Ukubhebhetheka
Sisatshalaliswa eNyakatho Nenkabazwe icishe ibe yiziqeshana ezindaweni ezisesimweni sezulu sase-Subantarctic nase-Antarctic, ikakhulukazi enyakatho yomngcele wokusatshalaliswa kweqhwa le-pack. Iningi lebanga liwela kwi-Subantarctic, kufaka phakathi iziqhingi zaseNingizimu Georgia, Heard kanye neMacDonald, iCrozet, iPrince Edward kanye nesiqhingi saseKerguelen, lapho kutholakala khona amakoloni amakhulu alolu hlobo. Ama-5% kuphela wenani eliphelele lezimpawu zasendlovu zokuqhubeka kobuhlobo bakhetha izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu ezise-Western Antarctica - enyakatho ye-Antarctic Peninsula, iSouth Orkney Islands, Iziqhingi ZaseShetland neSouth Sandwich Islands. Amakoloni ayo amaningana nawo ayizindawo ezibandayo zokushisa. Ezikhulukazi zazo zitholakala eValdez Peninsula e-Argentina naseziQhingini zaseFalkland (Malvinas).
Esikhathini esedlule, amakoloni ezimpawu zasendlovu aseningizimu ayekhona eTasmania, eKing Island, eziqhingini zaseJuan Fernandez naseziqhingini zaseSt. Helena, kodwa ngenxa yokuzingela kakhulu, lezi zilwane zachithwa lapho ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.
Indlela yokuphila
Idla ikakhulu kuma-squid, enza ukudla okungama-75%, kanye nenhlanzi kanye ne-krill. Ukudonswa kolwandle ngokujulile kuze kube ngu-400-700 m kwenziwa ngesikhathi sasemini. Isikhathi esiphezulu sokuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi okurekhodwe yinsimbi kwakuyimizuzu engama-120, futhi ukujula okukhulu kokucwiliswa emacaleni amabili kwakuyi-1250 kanye no-2000 m. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka kokudla kusihlwa kuya e-Antarctica, lezi zilwane zingakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amakhulu olwandle afinyelela ku-4800 km.
Abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi beneminyaka engu-2-4 ubudala, abesilisa - iminyaka engama-3-7. Ngokuqala kokuzalela ogwini, njengomthetho, ongenawo amaqhwa, abesilisa bakha izintokazi ezinkulu eziqukethe kuze kube ngu-50, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile zifinyelela kwabesifazane abangama-100 ukuya kwangama-200. Njengama-rookeries bakhetha amabhishi anesihlabathi noma amatshe amatshe. NgoSepthemba - Novemba, kuzalwa imveku yowesifazane, kuyaqabukela kube mibili.Ukuzondla ngobisi, lapho izinsikazi zingawashiyi amathole futhi zingadli, kuthatha cishe amasonto angama-3-4. Eminyakeni engaba amasonto amathathu, imidlwane iqala ukuncibilika, ishintsha uboya obumnyama ibe yisikhumba soboya obumpunga. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinsikazi nge-bilhook - umnikazi we-harem, noma omunye wesilisa wamahhala osebenza ngasemaphethelweni we-harem kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezingama-3-5 ngaphambi kokuphela kokuncibilika kwemidlwane.
Uphawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu luboshwe emhlabeni ezinyangeni ezihlobo ezi-2-3 kuphela ngonyaka, ngesikhathi sokuzalela nokuncibilika. Ukuzulazula kolwandle kwalesi siphawu kuhlala cishe izinsuku ezingama-250 kuya kwezingu-200 ngonyaka. Ebusika, abanye abantu abafudukayo ngesizini bangatholakala onqenqemeni lweNingizimu Afrika endaweni yokugudla amakhaza asogwini akhuphukele e-Angola, Australia, New Zealand naseNingizimu Melika - Patagonia. KuLwandlekazi i-Indian, kwafunyanwa izindikimba zasendlovu zaseningizimu endaweni yesiqhingi saseMauritius.
Ukuphila kwabantu besilisa kufinyelela eminyakeni engama-20, kwabesifazane kufinyelela eminyakeni eyi-14.
Inombolo
Ingqikithi yezimpawu zasendlovu eziseningizimu kumanje zingabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-670-800, abantu abangaphezulu kwengxenye bahlala eSouth Georgia futhi cishe bangama-40% eziqhingini ezingaphansi komkhakha wase-Indian Ocean e-Antarctica. Esiqhingini saseCrozet naseKerguelen, kuyabonakala ukwehla kwamanani.
Incazelo nezici zendlovu
Indlovu nakancane ayihlangene nendlovu yomhlaba. Ukufana kwabo kuphela kulwandle, ekugcineni kwesifumbu, inqubo eminyene engamasentimitha amathathu ilenga phansi, okuthiwa ifana nesiqu sendlovu.
Isilwane esingelakho emndenini wezimpawu ezomile. Yize abanye bexhuma isayensi, izazi zezilwane, sekuyisikhathi eside beyiphikisa le mbono. Futhi bathi ukhokho wabo okude, ngokuxakile ngokwanele, yimbangi nembumbulu. Izindlovu zasolwandle zikhulu ngosayizi, yize ziyizilwane ezincelisayo, zingokwabazingeli.
Bahlala enyakatho yezwekazi laseMelika nase-Antarctic Territory. In I-Antarctica indlovu uphawu wafihlwa abazingeli. Izakhamizi zasolwandle olusebusika nolungaphansi kolwandle.
Abamele laba, abaseNyakatho kanye Izimpawu zasendlovu zaseningizimu, ukubukeka okuningi okufanayo. Izimpawu zasendlovu ezisenyakatho likhulu kancane ngosayizi wezihlobo zabo eziseningizimu. Ekhaleni labo, ngokungafani nezindlovu zaseningizimu, mncane futhi mude.
Emndenini wezimpawu, uphawu lwendlovu ngummeleli wazo omkhulu kunabo bonke. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ubukhulu bayo buyamangalisa. Abesilisa uphawu lwezindlovuisisindo kufinyelela kumathani amane asenyakatho, naseningizimu yamathani amathathu. Zingamamitha amahlanu, ubude ayisithupha.
Izinsikazi zazo zibukeka njengamasentimitha amancane abuthakathaka, ngokumelene nesizinda samadoda abo. Ngokwesisindo azifiki ngisho nethani. Ngaphakathi kwamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye amakhilogremu. Well, futhi ngokufanelekile isigamu ubude, amamitha amabili nesigamu kuphela, amamitha amathathu.
Ngisho nabesilisa nabesifazane bahlukile ngombala woboya. Kwabesilisa, unombala wegundane. Futhi izintokazi zigqoke imibala emnyama, njengaleyo yasemhlabeni. Ijazi labo loboya kakhulu liqukethe i-villi emfishane, eminyene futhi enzima.
Kepha kusuka kude, ubukeka muhle kakhulu. Njengeziqhwaga ezinkulu ezinamaphayiphu zihamba kolwandle olujulile. Okungeke kushiwo mayelana nesikhathi sokuncibilikisa. Isigamu sobusika, lesi silwanyana sisosebeni.
Isikhumba saso simboziwe ngamaliga, futhi izingqimba zazo zonke zehla kuso. Ngesikhathi sakho konke olwandleizindlovu ungadli lutho, uphumula ekuhluphekeni ngamatshe amatshe asogwini. Njengoba inqubo le ibuhlungu futhi imbi kabi.
Isilwane silahlekelwa isisindo futhi sibuthakathaka. Kepha ukushintsha ingubo, ibukeka kanjani indlovu yasolwandle umbono owodwa ngamehlo abuhlungu. Ngawo onke amandla ami, sesivele siphelile izimpunga zendlovu empunga shesha ulwandle ukubuyisela amandla nokubuyisa isisu.
Izilwane ezincelisayo ezingamaduna zihluke kakhulu kwabesifazane bazo lapho kukhona lesi sibumbu. Izithombe zezimpawu zasendlovu khombisa ukuthi ilenga emaphethelweni esiqalo, ukumboza umlomo.
Siqukethe izindunduma ezinkulu, njengokungathi zigaya amatshe cobble lapho. Abantu besifazane abanayo nhlobo. Banobuso obumnandi obuncane, njengamathoyizi amakhulu we-plush. Ekhaleni kukhona izinyamazane ezincane ezilukhuni, nezizwela phezulu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ngezimpawu zasendlovu wukuthi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, isiqu sesidoda siyavuvukala. Igazi ligobhozela kulo, izicubu ziqala ukungena kwisivumelwano, futhi kusukela kwinqubo yamasenti angamashumi amathathu, isigamu samamitha nokuningi, kuvela okuthile.
Ikhanda lalezi zilwanyana lincane ngosayizi, ligeleza kahle emzimbeni. Kuyo kunamehlo amancane omnqumo amnyama. Isikhumba esisezintanjeni zezimpawu zasendlovu sinamandla futhi siqinile. Ivikela isilwane ekulimaleni ngesikhathi sokudunwa kwezidumbu.
Imizimba yabo emikhulu igcina ngomsila omkhulu, obekelwe inhlanzi. Futhi ngaphambili, esikhundleni semilenze, amabili amahle ngezinsimbi ezinkulu.
Ukudoba nezindlela zokonga
Ngekhulu le-19, uphawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu kwakuyinto yokuzingela okukhulu. I-wort yase-St. John, ifika eziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba eSt. Ikakhulu abesilisa abaningi abaqothulwa.
Kusukela ngo-1964, ukudotshwa kwophawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu kwavinjelwa eSouth Georgia, lapho yonke indawo. Njengamanje, uphawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu luvikelwe yi-International Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals.
Ukudla kwendlovu
Njengoba uphawu lwendlovu luyisilwane esidla inyama. Lokho nokudla kwawo okuyinhloko kunenhlanzi. Futhi squid, crayfish kanye crabs. Umuntu omdala, ngosuku, angadla uhhafu wezinhlanzi. Ukunambitha, maningi amathuba okuba nenyama yoshaka nenyama ecijile.
Kaningi, amatshe amatshe atholakala esiswini sezindlovu zasolwandle. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kuyadingeka nge-ballast, lapho indlovu ingena emanzini. Abanye, kunalokho, baphakamisa ukuthi amatshe afaka isandla ekugayeni, agwinywe ngokuphelele yi-crustaceans.
Kepha lapho izilwane ziqala isizini yazo yokuzalwa, ukuncibilika, izindlovu azidli izinyanga, zitholakala kuphela emafutheni omafutha abawakhile ngesikhathi sokukhuluphala.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Masinyane ngemuva kokuncibilika, isikhathi sothando sifika empilweni yezindlovu. Kusukela phakathi nobusika kuya maphakathi nentwasahlobo, izindlovu zihlela ukulwa, bese zizala bese zibeka izinyawo ezizayo ezinyaweni zazo.
Konke kuqala ngokulayeka kwezindlovu kuya ogwini. Owesifazane, ekhulelwe, kusukela ngonyaka owedlule. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ngalesi sikhathi banezinyanga eziyishumi nanye. Izindlovu ezingamaduna azihlangene ngalutho nokukhulisa inzalo.
Lapho esethole indawo ethule, engenakuphikiswa, umama ubeletha iwundlu elilodwa kuphela. Uzalwa ngamamitha ubude, futhi anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angamashumi amane. Inyanga yonke, umama wendlovu udla ingane nobisi lwayo kuphela.
Iphakathi kwabamele laba bantu, ikhalori ephezulu kakhulu. Okuqukethwe okunamafutha ngamaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu. Ingane ngesikhathi sokudla, ikhula kahle isisindo. Ngemuva kwalokho, umama ushiya ingane yakhe unomphela.
Kwakhiwa ungqimba owenele wamafutha angaphansi kwinzalo ukuze ngenyanga elandelayo yokuzibandakanya, yokuphila kwayo, bakwazi ukusinda. Ezinyangeni ezintathu zeminyaka, izingane zishiya i-rookery zingene emanzini avulekile.
Lapho nje intokazi isuka enganeni yayo, isikhathi sokulwelana ngaphandle kwemithetho siqala. Izindlovu ezinkulu kakhulu nezindala azihleleli ukulwa ngokuphila kepha ngokufa, ilungelo lokuba yisibaluli sezinduna zazo.
Izindlovu ziyagqolozela phezulu, zithobe iziqu zazo bese zizishukumisa, ngethemba lokuthi lokhu kuzokwesabisa umphikisi. Ngemuva kwalokho kudlala amazinyo anamandla, abukhali. Onqobayo aqoqa izintokazi eduze kwakhe. Abanye banezinsikazi ezingamakhulu amathathu zabesifazane.
Futhi isisulu, futhi sonke esilimele, siya emaphethelweni we-rookery. Usamthola umlingani womuntu womshado, engenalo igunya lowesilisa ophikisayo. Kuyadabukisa, kepha ngesikhathi sokulwa okunje, kaningi izingane ezincane ziyahlupheka futhi zife, abantu abadala bamane bazinyathela ngaphandle kokuqashelwa empini, bayazinyathela.
Lapho eseqoqe abesifazane bakhe, lo mholi ukhetha intshiseko yakhe, emsongela ngokubeka ipheshana lakhe ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke ukhombisa ukuphakama ngaphezu kwakhe. Futhi uma intokazi ingathandisisi ukuhlangana, owesilisa akanandaba nalesi simo. Ugibela wonke amathani akhe emhlane wakhe. Ukuphikisa akusizi ngalutho lapha.
Isikhathi sokuvuthwa ngokobulili siqala, esizukulwaneni esincane, ngeminyaka emine kwabesilisa. Abesifazane, kusukela eminyakeni emibili, bakulungele ukuzala. Iminyaka eyishumi, izindlovu zesifazane zezindlovu zasolwandle zingazala izingane. Lapho-ke ziyaguga. Izindlovu zasolwandle zifa zineminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, engamashumi amabili.
Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obuhlaba umxhwele, izinja zasendlovu nazo ziba inyamazane yemikhomo yokubulala. Izingwe zezingwe zolwandle zisazintengantenga izingane. Kepha izitha ezesabeka kakhulu, emakhulwini eminyaka, kuzwakala noma ngabe kusabisa kangakanani, singabantu.
Ukungacabangi okwenziwe ngabantu kucishe kwalimaza enye yezinhlobo zezilwane ezinelukuluku - uphawu lwendlovu. Abazange babe negama labo hhayi ngobukhulu babo obukhulu (lezi zilwane kodwa futhi nokukhula okungajwayelekile kwamakhala. Amancanyana futhi anamahlwili, kubukeka njengesibumbu esakhiwe ngaphansi. Asisetshenziswanga njengesandla, njengendlovu yangempela yomhlaba, kepha "siyasebenza" njengesitho esimangazayo, kaninginingi ukhulisa umsindo wokubhonga, futhi ukhombisa nezihlobo ezisondeleneyo ukuthi inkosi yayo inamandla amakhulu kangakanani futhi inamandla kangakanani.
Enyakatho
Isihlobo esenyakatho sehlukile kakhulu kwindlela yaso yokuphila. Ukuhlangana kwenzeka ngoFebhuwari. Unama-rookeries anaphakade, lapho indlovu yendlovu ibhukuda khona ngokuzalanisa nokuncibilikisa. Izwekazi elikhulu (ugu olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika) ukusuka eMexico kuya eCanada olunamabhishi amatshe amade noma ogwini olunamatshe amade sekukhethwe izikhulu ezinkulu zamanzi. Ngaphansi ngosayizi kumfowabo oseningizimu, abesilisa bakhula babe ngamamitha ayi-5, isisindo sabo sisukela kumathani ayi-2,5. Zinezicubu ezinkulu ezifika ku-30 cm, esimweni esijabulisayo zikhuphuka zifinyelela kuma-70 cm. Izinsikazi zinesisindo esingama-900 kg, ubude bomzimba bufika kumamitha ayi-3.5.
Kwakuyisisekelo sendlovu yasenyakatho eyathatha lesi sikhathi sokuqothulwa. Ngemuva kwezinyathelo ezinzima zokuvimbela ukudoba, inani labo namuhla selikhule laya kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-15. Akukubi nakancane, inqobo nje uma kubhekwa ukuthi bekusele cishe ikhulu.
Umndeni: Izimpawu zangempela
Ubulili: Izindlovu zezindlovu
Umsoco nokuziphatha kahle
Izindlovu zasolwandle ziyizilwane ezincelisayo. Ukudla kwabo kufaka i-squid, i-octopus, ama-eels, inhlanzi, i-krill, futhi ngezinye izikhathi. Iziduna zidla phansi, nezinsikazi olwandle oluvulekile. Izindlovu zasolwandle zisebenzisa ukubona kanye nokudlidliza kwezimpondo zazo (i-vibrissae) ukuthola ukudla. Bangakwazi ukuhlasela oshaka, imikhomo yokubulala nabantu.
Lezi zilwane zisebenzisa cishe ama-20% ezimpilo zazo emhlabeni futhi cishe ama-80% olwandle. Yize zinjalo, uphawu lwezindlovu luyakwazi ukufika phambi kwabantu emhlabeni. Olwandle, akhula ngesivinini esingu-5-10 km / h.
Izindlovu zasolwandle ziyakwazi ukungena ekujuleni okukhulu. Abesilisa bachitha isikhathi esiningi ngaphansi kwamanzi kunezinsikazi. Owesilisa osekhulile uyakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingamahora amabili futhi atshuzele ekujuleni okungaba yi-2 km.
Isimo sokuphepha
Izindlovu zasolwandle zazizingelwa ngenxa yenyama, uboya namafutha. Ukuzingela kuholele ezinsukwini kuze kube sekuqothulweni. Ngo-1892, abantu abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi izintambo zasendlovu ezisenyakatho zaqothuka. Kepha ngo-1910, okuwukuphela kwekoloni lokufuya latholakala eduze nogu lwesifundazwe saseMexico iBaja California eduze kwesiqhingi saseGuadalupe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwethulwa umthetho omusha emkhakheni wokugcina imvelo yasolwandle ukuvikela lezi zilwane. Namuhla, amatywina endlovu awasekho engcupheni, yize asengozini yokuvalelwa odoti nasekudobeni amanetha, futhi futhi angalimala lapho kushayisana nobunikazi bamanzi. IUCN ibabalwe njengezilwane ezingakhathalelwe kangako.
- Ososayensi banqume ukuthi ekushiseni okufudumele kwamanzi, abesilisa abaningi bazalwa kunabesifazane.
- Ukuguguleka kwama-orcs ezimayini zaseMoriya e-The Lord of the Rings: Ukuhlangana kweRing kwakuwumsindo wezimpawu ezincane zezindlovu.
- Ngo-2000, uphawu lwendlovu eyindoda okwakuthiwa nguHomer lwasabisa idolobha laseNew Zealand iGisborne. UHomer wahlasela izimoto, izikebhe ezikebheni, amathini odoti, izihlahla, ngisho nomshintshi.
Noma yimuphi umntwana wesikole uyazi ukuthi ukwethemba amagama "olwandle" ezilwaneni akunandaba kakhulu: amabhubesi olwandle awasizi ngalutho namabhubesi, amahhashi olwandle - kuya emahhashini, kanye nama-urchins olwandle - kwiqhawe lekhathuni elidumile, elahlekile enkungwini. Izindlovu zasolwandle zihlukile. Lokho abahlangana khona nezindlovu mhlawumbe kungubukhulu bazo obujwayelekile (lezi zinkulu izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, hhayi ukubalwa kwemikhomo) kanye nekhala elide le-mobile elifana nesiqu.
Eqinisweni, izindlovu ezinohlobo oluhlala emanzini ase-Arctic nase-Antarctic zingezomndeni wezimpawu zasolwandle, okuyingxenye yokulandelana kwezilwane ezincelisayo.Kuyamangaza ukuthi ngisho eminyakeni engama-20 eyedlule yabhalwa ezincwadini zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ukuthi izindwani zezindlovu, kanye nazo zonke ezinye izinhlaka zasolwandle kanye nama-walruses, zakha ingxenye ehlukile yezilwane ezincelisayo - ama-pinnipeds (yize ososayensi abaningi kade bezwakalisa ukungabaza kwabo ngalokhu).
Njengoba i-taxonomy yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo isekelwe ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, kwaqondwa ukuthi wonke ama-pinnipeds anokhokho abajwayelekile. Kodwa impumelelo paleontology nofuzo wafakazela ukuthi pinnipeds ukwaba ihlukane ahlukene akunakwenzeka. Kwavela ukuthi kulemindeni emithathu ngokwesiko efakwe kulo myalelo, izimpawu eziyisithupha nezimbangela zomzimba - zivela emabhele asendulo, kanti owesithathu - uphawu lwangempela - oluvela ezinkombeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nokushintshela kwendlela yokuphila yasemanzini kwenzeka kubo emikhawulweni ehlukene yomhlaba: eyokuqala “yangena emanzini” ogwini lwePacific, elesibili - oLwandle iMedithera. Futhi sengathi nomunye, ziba kuphela ngokusebenzisa izimo elifanayo eliphilayo. Ngakho-ke izihlobo ezisondele kakhulu zasemhlabeni zezimpawu zasendlovu zingamabheji, ama-wolverines, ama-martens kanye nama-ferrets.
AmaManatees nama-dugongs anamalungelo amaningi okubizwa ngokuthi yizimpawu zasendlovu. Empeleni ngibabheka njengomndeni eziseduze izindlovu. Kodwa, ngeshwa, ummeleli wabo omkhulu kunabo bonke (i-alas, esanda kunyamalala) wabizwa ngokuthi ulwandle, noma iStrler, inkomo.
Kepha emuva ezinhlwini zethu zendlovu. Lezi zilwane ayaphawuleka hhayi kuphela ubukhulu yayo enkulu, kodwa futhi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi dimorphism ngokobulili, okusho umehluko evelele phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ngalesi sikhombisi, zibonakala zithatha indawo yokuqala ngokuzethemba phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Ngakho-ke, izimpawu zezindlovu ezingamaduna zivame ukufinyelela kubude obungamamitha ayi-6.5 nesisindo samathani ayi-3,5, kanti izinsikazi zikhula zide zibe ngu-3.5 m no-900 kg, ngokulandelana. Uma abantu kwadingeka dimorphism zobulili obufanayo, izinsizwa ekuphumeni imitha ayisishiyagalombili baye ukuhambahamba emgwaqweni nabangane bakhe ukukhula dvadtsatikilogrammovymi imitha engaphansi. Awekho ama-stud angasiza lapha.
Akumangazi ukuthi ngomehluko onjalo, umhlambi wezimpawu zasendlovu ungumphakathi wokubusa okuqinile kwabesilisa. omdala Namandla kwabesilisa ethunjwa isigodlo sakhe nedlanzana (ngesikhathi zinhlobo enyakatho) emakhulwini (eningizimu) nabesifazane futhi avimba kubo kusukela nokungena izimbangi zabo isinde. Inika intokazi isandla nenhliziyo, owesilisa ubeka ipheshana emhlane wakhe amlume ngemuva kwekhanda. Kodwa-ke, uma le ntokazi ingenemezi, owesilisa akayeki ngaphambi kokudlwengulwa kokudlwengulwa. Ephethe yona isidumbu bakhe emhlabathini, wenza nge okhethiweyo wakhe konke kudingekile, akuyona ikakhulukazi abanesifiso kwemvume yakhe. Izindlovu zasolwandle zingomunye wabameli abambalwa bezilwane abazenza udlame lwasekhaya.
Ngokuqondene "nesiqu" sendlovu yasolwandle, ke, okuphikisana nokufana kwangaphandle nesiqu sangempela sendlovu, asisetshenziswa njengethuluzi elisebenzayo. Snook kukhona kuphela abesilisa futhi lisetshenziswa ukuze akhange izinsikazi futhi alwe nalabo abanye abantu besilisa. Okokuqala, isebenza njenge-resonator enomsindo: ukubhonga kwendlovu yasolwandle, kufana nokuthiwa igama layo, kuzwakala ngamakhilomitha amaningi. Okwesibili, ngesikhathi sokuzalela, ngenxa yokujaha kwegazi, ikhala liyazijikijela futhi libomvu okuncane, okuthi, ngokungangabazeki, kufanele kukhange abesifazane, ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhombise abanye abesilisa abangabaphathi endlini. Ngakho-ke, izimpi njalo phakathi kwabesilisa bamagange ngokuyinhloko kulimaze isiqu isitha, ngokuvamile ngokoqobo edwengula ukuba bube manikiniki.
Izindlovu azifikanga kangako emncintiswaneni wokuba ngumpetha kwezemidlalo. Ngokusho kwemibiko, izela izisulu ziye ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha acishe abe yingxenye! Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle ezijulile - emibili dive kilometrov- imikhomo ezimbalwa kuphela. Imfihlo isezandleni zezindlovu zasolwandle ukulawula ukuhamba kwegazi kwazo. Laphontywiliselwa emanzini, ukuhanjiswa kwegazi ezingxenyeni eziningi zezitho nezitho zangaphakathi kucishe kuphele, futhi umoya-mpilo osegazini ungena kuphela ebuchosheni nasenhlizweni. Ngakho-ke indlovu seal akwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi eside.
Ikhala elihlekisayo, elisikhumbuza isiqu sendlovu, linenhloso ebalulekile - liyinkomba yokuvuthwa kwamadoda namandla, futhi lixwayisa “nentsha” ukuthi ingompi onolwazi phambi kwabo.
IZIMBALI Ubude: abesilisa - 4.9 m, izinsikazi - 3 m. IMisa lowesilisa - 2,400 kg, insikazi - 680 kg.
ISINGENISO. Ukuthomba: izinsikazi ezineminyaka engu-3-5 ubudala, abesilisa abaneminyaka engama-9 ukuya kwengama-10. Isizini yokuzalela: ngoSepthemba nango-Okthoba. Ukukhulelwa: izinyanga eziyi-11 .. Inani lamawundlu: 1.
LIFESTYLE. Imikhuba: Buthana koloni.Ukudla: inhlanzi kanye nama-cephalopods. Isikhathi sokuphila: kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-14.
Ama-TYPES ahlobene. Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela zezimpawu zasendlovu: enyakatho naseningizimu. Izinhlobo ezimbili zezimpawu zasendlovu ziyaziwa, enye yazo ehlala eSouth Hemisphere, kanti enye eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Eningizimu, emanzini ase-Antarctic, izidalwa zasendlovu zaseningizimu zihlala, kanti enyakatho, ogwini lweCalifornia neMexico, izinhlobo zayo zasenyakatho sezizinze.ISINGENISO.Izimpawu zendlovu ezesilisa iya emhlabeni ngaphambi kwabesifazane ukuvikela isiza sabo. Ukulwa okunobudlova kwenzeka phakathi kwabo. Abesilisa bangabaphikisi abanolaka, bavame ukuzilimaza kakhulu. Owesifazane, esehambile emhlabeni, uzalela iwundlu elizelwe ngonyaka owedlule.
Umama uyamondla amasonto amane futhi ngokushesha emva kwalokhu abangane bomshado futhi. Abesilisa abalindeli ukuthi kuphele isikhathi sokuzala, ngakho-ke abesifazane abaningi bahlukunyezwa udlame ngakubo, ngenkathi belimala kanzima. Ngenxa yalokhu kuziphatha kwabesilisa, cishe amaphesenti ayishumi amawundlu ayafa. Abesifazane nabo babhekene nenye ingozi - abesilisa ababalindele olwandle, abaxoshwa ezindaweni zabo emhlabeni nezimbangi zabo ezinamandla.IMISEBENZI. Izindlovu zasolwandle ziqoqwa emhlabathini kabili ngonyaka - ngesikhathi sokuzalela nasekwindla, ngesikhathi sokuncibilika. Amakhulu endlovu ahamba ngesikebhe ekwindla osebeni, ebhukuda ezigudle izimbotshana. Kuthathwa amakha anamandla angenakubekezelelwa. Ngalesi sikhathi awasebenzi, achitha iningi lesikhathi sawo elala phansi. Ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, abakwazi ukungena emanzini futhi ngenxa yalokho babulawa yindlala. Izendlalelo zesikhumba ezingaphezulu zihamba nezinwele.
UKUDLA. Izindlovu zasolwandle zidla izinhlanzi nama-cephalopods, abanjwa olwandle oluvulekile. Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe ogwini lwaseCalifornia, lapho kubalwa khona ukujula kwezilwane, luveze ukuthi izimpawu zamanzi endlovu ziyakwazi ukungena ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-1 000. Zidla ngezilwane zasolwandle, ama-octopus kanye noshaka abancane. Izindlovu zasolwandle zinokuphamba okude, okuvela ezinsinini cishe ngamasentimitha amane, ama-molars akakhiwanga kahle, ngakho-ke akhetha inyamazane ngomzimba othambile, futhi awadingi ukuhlafunisisa.
IZIPHUMA ZESIVIVINSI. Amaphinifa avela ezilwaneni zasemhlabeni futhi azivumelanisa nokuphila emanzini. Babhukuda abakhulu. Zinezingqimba zamafutha ezisindayo, ezisiza ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba njalo emanzini abandayo. Ngesikhathi sokuncibilika nokukhwelana, izingqimba ezinamafutha zisebenza njengomthombo wamandla. Izikhonkwane ze-Pinnipeds azihambeki emhlabeni, kepha zihamba kakhulu emanzini. Lapho ubhukuda, izinyawo zakho zangemuva zisetshenziselwa njengomhlanga, kuthi ezingaphambili zenze ukunyakazisa ngokugwedla. Emhlabeni ukuze upholile uphawu lwezindlovu amaflakisi angaphambili athululela isihlabathi emhlane wabo.
Uyazi ... Izimpawu zasendlovu zabesilisa zikhulu kakhulu. Kwakunzima ukuthola isisindo somzimba wabo. Lapho kukhulunywa khona ngamehlo endlovu efile, kwatholakala ukuthi isikhumba sodwa sinesisindo esingu-115 kg, ungqimba lwamafutha - 660 kg, inhliziyo - 42 kg, kanye nekhanda - ama-52 kg. Umehluko osayizi bezimpawu zezindlovu ezingowesilisa nowesifazane ziyirekhodi. Lokhu ngumehluko owaziwa kakhulu wobulili. Izindlovu zasolwandle zihamba amabanga amade. Indlela ende ukufuduka kwendlovu wagijima eqonde eSouthern Alaska futhi wakhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-5,000 km.
Indlovu akesabi muntu futhi akazami ukucasha lapho embona. Isibonelo, osomatiloshe babengahlala naye ngaphandle kwesibindi ukuthi indlovu izoyilimaza.
Umgcini wamarekhodi osayizi wezimpawu zasendlovu kwakungu owesilisa ogama lakhe linguSpot, owayegcinwe e-Edinburgh Zoo. Wayesisindo amathani ama-3, futhi ubude bawo babuyi-4.47 m.Sekunesikhathi bezingela amathambo endlovu ngamafutha. Abesilisa abathathu abakhulu bangathola amalitha angama-350 amafutha.IZIPHUMA ZE-CHARACTERISTIC ZESI-MARINA SELULA. Isici esihlukile sowesilisa osekhulile isikhwama esinesikhumba esisehlangothini olungaphezulu lwe-muzzle, esidlala indima enkulu ekuheheni izintokazi ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Lapho owesilisa ejabule, isikhwama sakhe silulwe ngo-28 cm. Ngesikhathi sokukhamuluka okukhulu kwezilwane, unomsindo womsindo. Owesifazane unesisindo esingaphansi kathathu kowesilisa, ngakho-ke phakathi nesikhathi sokukhulelwa owesilisa omkhulu nonolaka ubeka ingozi enkulu kuye.
IZICWANGCISO ZOKUZIVA. Isigaxa sendlovu eseningizimu sihlala e-Antarctica, futhi sizalanisa lapho. Izimpawu zasendlovu ezisenyakatho zihlala emanzini asentshonalanga aseNingizimu Melika futhi azalwe eCalifornia.
Iyasindisa. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izindikimba zezindlovu zacishe zachithwa ngabazingeli
Izindlovu zasolwandle ziyimidondoshiya evela emndenini wezimpawu zeqiniso. Zifana kakhulu nezimpawu zeKhokhlach, kepha zidlula ubukhulu bazo. Emvelweni, kunezinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela zezimpawu zasendlovu: enyakatho naseningizimu.
Balungisa igama labo 100%. Mikhulu kangangokuba ngaphandle kwendlovu ayinakuqhathaniswa nanoma ngubani.
Ikhula ibe ngamamitha ama-5 ubude futhi inesisindo esingamathani ayi-2,5!
Abesifazane bancanyana kancane kune "amadoda" abo. Akuvamile ukuba zikhule ngaphezu kwamamitha amathathu. Inani lamafutha angaphansi ahlukaniswa kwabanye abameleli balezi zimpawu zendlovu. Bangayiqongelela ngosayizi wezinkanyezi. Amafutha angenza u-35% wesisindo sonke.
Kubukeka njengezindlovu ngenxa yokudla okunamafutha ekhaleni labo. Impela, lokhu akusona isiqu esigcwele indlovu, kepha uma siqhathanisa, le mininingwane ibaluleke kakhulu.
Leli “thuluzi” lisetshenziswa njengesixazululi ngemisindo enkulu, futhi njengento eyethusayo ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Abesifazane abanalo uphawu olunjalo lobudoda.
Isikhumba sendlovu yasolwandle, njengoba ifanela indlovu, imile futhi iminyene. Umbozwe ngoboya obufushane obukhulu. Abadala bonke bansundu. Ukukhula okusha - isiliva-grey.
Izimpawu zasendlovu ezingaseningizimu zihlala ogwini lwePatagonia naseziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba. AmaNorth akhetha ogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika, asakazeka esuka eMexico naseCalifornia aya eCanada. Izimpawu zezindlovu zezindlovu azivamile ukutholakala zodwa. Bakha ama-rookeries amakhulu emabhishi amatshe.
Izindlovu zasolwandle zakha izinhlobo ezimbili zokukhonkotha. Kukodwa "bakha" amehlo komunye nomunye. Lama-rookeries abizwa ngokuthi amabala okondla.
Futhi kukhona ama-rookeries ngokuzalaniswa. Lapho, izinsikazi ziveza inzalo futhi zikhulise amawundlu. Lesi simo sezinto sihlakaniphe kakhulu. Izindlovu zasolwandle zihamba kancane emhlabeni. Ngesisindo sabo, bangavele banciphise konke ukukhula kwentsha. Ngakho-ke, izibhedlela zokubelethisa kanye ne-kindergarten zitholakala emakhilomitha angamakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka olwandle ukuyodla.
Izindlovu zasolwandle zidla ama-mollusks. Kwesinye isikhathi ziyakwazi ukuluma nenhlanzi encane.
Lezi zilwane zizolile futhi zibulala kakhulu. Kepha! Uma unethuba lokuwabona ngamehlo akho - ungavumeli ukubekezela kwabo isikhathi eside!
Amacuba azalwa kanye ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokuzalelisa siqala ngo-Agasti-Septhemba, lapho kuqala intwasahlobo kumhlaba oseningizimu.
Okokuqala, abesilisa nabesilisa abadala bafika olwandle. Ukukhula okusha kufika kancane emuva kwesikhathi. Abesilisa baqala ukuhlanganyela ogwini, bethatha izingcezu zabo zensimu. Ngentshiseko bavikela “imifino” yabo yasolwandle kwamanye amadoda. Uma kunesidingo, balwa nabanye. Abesilisa bafuqa i-proboscis yabo, beshaywa luvalo futhi balume bodwa kuze kufike egazini nokuqunjelwa kanzima. Yini engingayisho ... Uthando lubi.
Owesifazane, nokho, uba ngomuntu ngokungena nje emkhakheni wale wesilisa. Uma sekufikile, lapho-ke udinga ukushada. Ngaphandle kokuthi, kusobala, ophikisana naye ngeke amholele kude.
Abanye abesilisa bayakwazi ukwakha iqembu elikhulu labesifazane. Kungaba nabantu besifazane abangafika kwabangu-30. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-11. Into ethokozisa kakhulu ukuthi inkathi yokuzalela iwela nje ngesikhathi sokuzalwa.
Ngemuva kokondla inzalo yakhe ngobisi inyanga eyodwa kuphela, umama uphuthuma ukuzokhulelwa futhi.Izingane, ngasendleleni, Lapho abantu bezalwa, nesisindo 30 Kilos, kokushiya rookery, futhi ulinde izinyanga ezimbalwa, kwaze kwaba ngemva moult. Okwamanje, abadli lutho, kepha bayaphila kuphela ngoba ubisi lukamama luyingxube eqhumayo yamaprotheni nama-carbohydrate, okuqukethwe kwekhalori okuhlanya. Ukugcotshwa nokufakwa emafutheni angaphansi ngenyanga kwanele ukugcina amandla kwezinye izinyanga ezi-2.
Izitha emvelweni ngesikhathi izindlovu ulwandle ezibhekwa
Kubandakanya abameleli abakhulu kakhulu bama-oda wezilwane ezincelisayo. Bakweleta igama labo ekhaleni le-proboscis labesilisa nosayizi omkhulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lwezimpawu indlovu ayizimvu zamanzi kweqiniso, ekuziphatheni kwazo ezinye izimpawu asikhumbuza ngaphezulu lwezimpawu eared. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezifanayo kakhulu kwesinye nesinye - uphawu lwendlovu yasenyakatho ehlala ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika nophawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu ehlala e-Antarctica.
Izici zokuziphatha
Izindlovu zasolwandle zichitha iningi lazo lokuphila ngaphansi kwamanzi, zidla izinhlanzi kanye nogobolondo. Bayakwazi dive ukuba amamitha angu 140 ukujula, ubambe umoya wakhe amahora angaphezu kwamabili. Ngaso leso sikhathi, umsebenzi wezitho zabo zangaphakathi wehlisa ijubane, osindisa inani elifanele lomoya-mpilo. Izitha zazo zemvelo nazo zingoshaka abamhlophe, zilinde izindikimba ezingenalutho ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi.
Waya ogwini lolwandle izindlovu akhethiwe esikhathini efudumele kuphela onyakeni ukuze nizale inzalo futhi ekhulelwa entsha. Ezinyangeni ezintathu, amakoloni amakhulu agcwalisa izindawo ezisogwini.
Izimpawu ezincane zezindlovu ezineminyaka emithathu nezine ubudala ziyaphoqeleka ukuba ziqhubeke nendlela yokuphila - abafowethu abavuthiwe abaneminyaka engu-8 ubudala bezikhipha kuleli koloni. Ukucabangela lesi simo engafanele, ngezinye izikhathi uzame ukuze ifohle iye nabesifazane "ushadile", okuyinto kuholela izimpi ezintsha.
Izinhlobo kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Izinhlobo ezimbili zalezi ziyaziwa - lezi yizimpawu zasendlovu ezisenyakatho neziseningizimu. Okokuqala etholakala kulezi ziqhingi kanye-west coast lweNyakatho Melika. Zincane kakhulu kunezihlobo zazo eziseningizimu. Abesilisa banesisindo samathani angama-2,7 ngobude bomzimba acishe abe ngamamitha ayi-5. Isiqu sabo sifinyelela kuma-30 cm, amakhulu kakhulu kunalawo "aseningizimu".
Wik indlovu lwezimpawu abuthele emakoloni eziqhingini sub-Antarctic futhi archipelagos, ezifana Kerguelen, Macquarie, Heard Island and South Georgia. Umuntu ngamunye utholakala emaphethelweni e-Australia, New Zealand nase-Antarctica. Isisindo sabantu besilisa abakhulu kunazo zonke singafinyelela kumathani ayi-3.5, nobude bomzimba - ama-6.5 m. Izinsikazi zazo zombili lezi zinhlobo ziphindwe kabili kunezomlingani wazo.
Incazelo indlovu
Ukutholwa kokuqala kwamathambo endlovu yasolwandle kwenzeka emuva eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule . Izilwane zathola igama lazo ngenxa yenqubo encane esendaweni yesibaya, ebukeka ifana kakhulu nesiqu sendlovu. Nakuba isici okufana esasenza "bear" abesilisa kuphela. Isigaxa sezinsikazi sibushelelezi ngekhala elijwayelekile elicocekile. Ekhaleni labo bobabili kukhona ama-vibrissae - antennae hypersensitive.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Minyaka yonke, indlovu lwezimpawu ukuchitha ingxenye the nobusika, ngesikhathi molting. Ngalesi sikhathi, zinyakazela ogwini, isikhumba sazo sivuvukala ngamabhamuza amaningi, futhi, empeleni, inyamalale ezingxenyeni. Kubukeka kungathandeki, futhi imizwa ayisajabule.
Umgudu buhlungu lokho kubangela ubuhlungu isilwane. Ngaphambi kokuba konke kuphele futhi ijazi elisha limboze umzimba wakhe, kuzodlula isikhathi esiningi, lesi silwane sizokwehla emzimbeni, sibhekane nokuphelelwa yithemba. Ngemuva kokuqedwa kokuncibilikisa, izindlovu zendlovu zibuyela emanzini ukuzothatha amanoni futhi ziphinde zigcwalise amandla alo mhlangano olandelayo nabobulili obuhlukile.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
On izwe elikhulu zasolwandle ezincelisayo ezingaphezu liziphatha Clumsy kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lapho nje indlovu yasolwandle ithinta amanzi, iphenduka ibe yindawo yokubhukuda enhle kakhulu, ithuthukise ijubane elifika kumakhilomitha ayi-1010 ngehora. Lezi yizilwane ezinkulu, eziholela emanzini ikakhulukazi indlela yokuphila yodwa. Kuphela kanye ngonyaka zibuthe amakoloni zokugaya futhi molting.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko oshiwo phakathi kobulili ungenye yezinto ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zezimpawu zasendlovu ezisenyakatho. Abesilisa abawona kuphela amakhulu futhi anzima kunabesifazane, kodwa futhi banesiqu esikhulu, sendlovu, abazidingayo ukulwa nokukhombisa ukuphakama kwabo ezitheni. Futhi, isici esivelise okwatholakala ngokuhlukaniswa okwenziwe uphawu lwendlovu yeduna yizibazi ezisentanyeni, esifubeni nasehlombe, ezitholwe lapho kulwa okungapheli kobuholi ezikhathini zokuzalela.
Umuntu wesilisa kuphela onesiqu esikhulu esifana nesiqu sendlovu. Futhi kufanelekile ukushicilela ukubhonga kwendabuko kwendabuko. Ukunwetshwa kwe-phenoscis enjalo kuvumela uphawu lwendlovu ukukhulisa umsindo wokujikijela, ukugaya nokugunda okukhulu kwesigubhu okuzwakala ngamakhilomitha ambalwa. Futhi yenza umsebenzi wesihlungi esithatha umswakama. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, izindlovu azishiyi umhlaba, ngakho-ke umsebenzi wolondolozo lwamanzi ulusizo impela.
Izinsikazi zi-oda lobukhulu obumnyama kunabesilisa. Imvamisa kakhulu iba nombala onsundu onezitho ezikhanyayo entanyeni. Izindawo ezinjalo zihlala ziluma okungapheli kwabesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ubukhulu besilisa buqala kumamitha ayi-4-5, insikazi kube ngamamitha ayi-2-3. Isisindo sowesilisa osekhulile sisukela kumathani amabili kuya kwamathathu, insikazi ifinyelela ithani, inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-600- 900 ngokwesilinganiso.
Izinhlobo zezindlovu
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukahlukene zezimpawu zasendlovu - enyakatho naseningizimu. Izindlovu zaseningizimu zimane nje zinkulu. Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle eziningi (njengemikhomo nemidumba), lezi zilwane akuzona izidalwa zasemanzini ngokugcwele. Bachitha cishe ama-20% ezimpilo zabo emhlabeni, no-80% olwandle. Kanye ngonyaka bahubha baye ogwini futhi benze umsebenzi wokuzalela.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
Izimpawu zasendlovu ezisenyakatho zitholakala emanzini aseCanada naseMexico, kanti izindlovu zaseningizimu zitholakala ogwini lweNew Zealand, South Africa naseArgentina. Imikhosi yalezi zilwane inyathela emabhishi inamafu agcwele ukugcwala noma ukulwela umbhangqwana. Lokhu kungenzeka, ngokwesibonelo, kunoma yiluphi lolwandle kusuka e-Alaska kuya eMexico.
Ukuziphatha
Izindlovu ezingaseningizimu zichitha iningi lempilo yazo emanzini abandayo olwandle.Kunxweme lwase-Antarctica naseziqhingini eziseduze, ziphuma kuphela ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa kanye nesikhathi sokuzala.
Olwandle, lezi zipoki azigcini nje ngokuzingela nokuntywila ekujuleni okukhulu, kodwa futhi ziyaphumula futhi zilale. Balala ngaphansi kwamanzi, babambe umoya wabo kuze kuphele imizuzu engama-20. Lapho-ke bavuka, baphefumule kakhulu futhi baphinde balahle ubuthongo obumnandi. Emhlabeni, isigaba sokulala sifushane futhi asidluli imizuzu eyi-10.
Izindlovu zasolwandle zondla ama-stingrays, oshaka, izinhlanzi zamathambo nama-cephalopods, kepha amazinyo abo abuthakathaka. Yize amaphoyinti efinyelela kubude obu-4 cm, akhonza masinyane izimpi zesiko kunokwephula inyamazane. Ngenxa yama-molars akhule kahle, kunzima kakhulu endlovu yasolwandle ukuhlafuna ukudla okuqinile, ngakho-ke ama-cephalopods angukudla kwayo okuyinhloko nokuthandayo.
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, lesi silwane singakwazi ukungena emanzini aqonde ku-1000 m.
Kubhukuda kakhulu ukugqobhoza amaphinifa angaphambili. Iziphephelo ezingemuva zisebenza njengemigudlana futhi zisiza ukuqondisa ikholomu yamanzi. Imisipha enamandla ivumela ukuthi uwele ekujuleni okukhulu, uqinise uvalo emakhaleni. Lokhu kukhombisa kwemisipha kuqinile kangangokuba isilo singakhubekeka ngaphansi kwamanzi, kepha ngeke size sinyakaze.
Ukuhlanza kuqala ngoFebhuwari kuya maphakathi no-Ephreli. Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane zihamba zingene emhlanjini omkhulu. Zitholakala ema-meadows aminyene noma amathuna we-peat futhi alala odakeni amasonto aze alahle ijazi elidala ne-epidermis. Ngaphezulu kwendlela yabo yokuthambisa ngalesi sikhathi kunephunga elibi. Ngemuva kokuncibilika, izindlovu ziphinda ziye olwandle ezinyangeni ezi-4 ezizayo.
Ukudla kwendlovu
Imenyu yayo ikakhulukazi ifaka phakathi izakhamuzi ze-cephalopod zolwandle olujulile. Lawa ngama-squids, ama-octopus, ama-eels, ama-rays, ama-skates, ama-crustaceans. Futhi ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, i-krill, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nama-penguin.
Amaduna azingela ezansi, kanti izinsikazi ziyahamba zifuna ukudla olwandle oluvulekile.Ukunquma indawo nosayizi wokudla ongaba khona, izindlovu zisebenzisa i-vibrissae, zinquma inyamazane ngokushintshashintsha okuncane kwamanzi.
Izindlovu zasolwandle zigelezela ekujuleni okukhulu. Ulwandle lwendlovu endala lungachitha amahora amabili ngaphansi kwamanzi, lungene ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha amabili . Yini ngempela izindlovu zasolwandle ezenziwayo ngalezi zimbumba ezinhle kakhulu, impendulo ilula - ziyondla. Lapho usika isisu sezindlovu zasolwandle ezibanjiwe, kwatholakala izidlovukazi eziningi. Ngokujwayelekile, izinhlanzi noma ezinye izinhlobo ze-crustacean zikumenyu.
Ngemuva kokuzalela, iningi lezimpawu zasendlovu ezisenyakatho ziya enyakatho e-Alaska ukuyophindisela ngokwazo izinqolobane ezinamafutha ezisetshenziswa ngenkathi zisemhlabeni. Ukudla kwalezi zilwane kudinga amakhono ajulile e-diving. Zingangena shona kumamitha angaphezu kuka-1,500, zihlale ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kube yilapho zintanta okungafani nemizuzu engaba ngu-120. Yize iningi loshona ekujuleni okujulile lihlala kuphela imizuzu engama-20. Ngaphezu kwe-80% yendawo yokudlela ngonyaka isetshenziswa ekondleni olwandle, ukuze izenzele amandla esikhathi sokuzalela nokuncibilikisa, lapho okunikezwe ukubuyiselwa kokudla kunganikezwa.
Ukuhlinzeka okukhulu kwamafutha akuyona ukuphela kwendlela yokuzivumelanisa evumela isilwane ukuba sizizwe sikhulu ngokujula okuphakeme kangako. Izindlovu zasolwandle zinezono ezikhethekile ezisezithanjeni zesisu, lapho zingagcina khona igazi eliningi lomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ungene futhi ubambe umoya isikhathi esingaba amahora ambalwa. Bangakwazi nokugcina umoya-mpilo emisipha ene-myoglobin.
Ukuzalela inzalo
Izindlovu zasolwandle ziyizilwane ezihlala zodwa. Zihlangana kuphela isikhathi sokuncibilikisa nokukhiqiza, emhlabeni. Njalo ebusika babuyela emikhakheni yezizwe eyingqayizivele. Izintokazi zezindlovu zifinyelela ekukhulelweni kweminyaka yobudala emi-3 kuya kweziyi-6, kanti ezesilisa ezineminyaka emi-5 kuya kwengama-6. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi owesilisa osufinyelele kulonyaka uzobandakanya ukuzala. Kulokhu, okwamanje akabhekwa njengonamandla ngokwanele, ngoba kufanele ulwele insikazi. Kuphela ngokufinyelela eminyakeni engu-9 kuya kwengama-12, uzothola isisindo namandla anele ukuze akwazi ukuncintisana. Kungale minyaka kuphela lapho owesilisa angaba nesikhundla se-Alfa, anikeze ilungelo lokuba "nomnikazi we-harem".
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Abesilisa balwa bodwa besebenzisa isisindo somzimba namazinyo. Ngenkathi ukufa komzabalazo kungavami ukwenzeka - izipho ezithandanayo zohlobo lwezibazi zivamile. Izinduna zowesilisa oyedwa we-Alfa zivela kwabesifazane abangama-30 kuye kwabali-100.
Amanye amaduna ayaphoqelelwa ngaphandle kwekholoni, kwesinye isikhathi ancintisana nabesifazane “bekhwalithi” ephansi ngaphambi kokuthi owesilisa we-Alfa axoshe. Abesilisa, ngaphandle kokusatshalaliswa “kwamanenekazi” asekwenzekile, bayaqhubeka nokuhlala emhlabeni isikhathi sonke, bavikela izindawo ezihlaselwe emzabalazweni. Ngeshwa, ngesikhathi sokulwa okunjalo, izinsikazi zivame ukulimala futhi amazinyane asanda kuzalwa afa. Ngempela, lapho kuqhubeka impi, isilwane esikhulu, esingamathani ayisithupha sikhuphuka size sikhule ngokwaso futhi siwa ngamandla amangalisayo esitha, sibhubhisa konke okusendleleni yaso.
Umjikelezo waminyaka yonke wohlobo lwendlovu yasendulo uqala ngoDisemba. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa abakhulu bazulazula baye emabhishi ashile. Inani elikhulu labesifazane abakhulelwe kungekudala lizolandela abesilisa ukujoyina emaqenjini amakhulu, njengezintokazi. Iqembu ngalinye labesifazane linowesilisa walo ohamba phambili. Umncintiswano wokubusa mkhulu kakhulu. Abesilisa baqala ukubusa ngokubukeka, ukushukuma komzimba, zonke izinhlobo zezihlwayi nemikhonto, bekhulisa ivolumu yabo ngesiqu sabo. Izimpi ezibabazekayo zigcina ngokulimala okuningi nokulimala okushiywe ngongoti bomphikisi.
Ezinsukwini ezi-2-5 emva kokuba insikazi isemhlabeni, izala umntwana. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane yendlovu, ngoba isikhathi esithile umama uyondla ngobisi. Ukudla okunjalo, okuvunyelwa ngumzimba wesikazi, kukha cishe ama-12% wamafutha.Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa, le nombolo ukukhuphuka ezingaphezu kuka-50% by ekuzuzeni ketshezi jelly-like ukungaguquguquki. Ukuqhathanisa, isilinganiso samafutha obisini lwenkomo singama-3.5% kuphela. Owesifazane wondla amawundlu akhe ngale ndlela cishe izinsuku ezingama-27. Nokho, yena akadli lutho, kodwa uncika kuphela ngokwa amafutha izinqolobane. Ngaphambi nje kokuba izingane zilunyulwe bese ziqala uhambo lwazo, owesifazana futhi futhi nowesilisa ovelele bese ebuyela olwandle.
Esikhathini esingamaviki amane kuya kwayisithupha, izingane zibamba iqhaza ekukhuthazeni ukubhukuda nokudada, ngaphambi kokusuka ogwini lapho zazalelwa khona ukuchitha izinyanga eziyisithupha olwandle. Naphezu amafutha asemzimbeni, siyivumele ukuba uhlale isikhathi eside bengasadli, izingane bebeletha kakhulu okusezingeni eliphezulu kule nkathi. Cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha kamuva bazohamba emgqeni omuhle, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi cishe bangama-30% wabo azokufa.
Ingxenye engaphezu kwesigamu yabesifazane abesilisa nabesifazane abayizali ingane. nabesifazane Ukukhulelwa sihlala izinyanga 11, ngemva kwalokho ukukhanya livela udoti lamawundlu. Ngakho-ke, abesifazane bafika endaweni yokuzalanisa esevele “ngokudilizwa”, ngemuva kokuphakanyiswa konyaka odlule. Ngemuva kwalokho bazala bese beqala ukusebenza futhi. Omama ungadli, kwaze kwaphela inyanga, kudingeka lokondla ingane.
Izitha zemvelo
Izingane zezindlovu zendlovu zisengozini enkulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, zivame ukudliwa abanye abazingeli, njengokuthi noma. Futhi, nengxenye enkulu ye-abasha angase afe ngenxa kwabesilisa eminingi elwa phambili.
Umndeni: Izimpawu Zangempela
Uhlobo: Izindlovu zasolwandle
Buka: Southern indlovu uphawu
Isisekelo sendlovu yaseningizimu (Mirounga leonina) isilwane somndeni ama-Real Seals (Phocidae).
Uphawu lwendlovu yaseningizimu luyindawo enhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Abesilisa indlovu eningizimu nesisindo-avareji yamaphesende 2,2t. kufika ku-4t. futhi ingafinyelela kumamitha angama-5.8 ubude. Isenzakalo ngobukhulu kwezindlovu zase yuzhnyhmorskih ukufinyelela ubude 6,85 amamitha walinganisa mayelana amathani 5.
Izimpawu zasendlovu ezingaseningizimu zingahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu engaphezu kwamashumi amabili.
Umlando obhalwe phansi wokuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi cishe amahora amabili. Ukujula esiphezulu lapho ukucwila emanzini ngokuphelele eningizimu indlovu zamanzi, ingaphezu 1,400 amamitha.
Izindlovu zasolwandle zinekhala elide elenga, zikhumbuza isiqu, ngakho babizwa kanjalo.
Iningi lokuphila, ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-80, indlovu ichitha olwandle
Wik indlovu uphawu uhlala nasogwini Antarctica iziqhingi sub-arctic. Ngaphambi kokuba indoda ifike e-Antarctica, izinja zasendlovu zazihlala enyakatho kunamanje. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sihlala esiqhingini saseNingizimu Georgia olwandle oluseNingizimu Atlantic. Njengoba eningizimu indlovu uphawu itholakala eziqhingini Kerguelen, Heard, Macquarie kanye Peninsula Valdes e-Argentina.
Lapho uphawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu selusemhlabeni, lihlala ogwini emabhishi anesihlabathi esimnandi noma emaweni amancane. Zisemhlabeni kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala kanye nenkathi yokuncibilikisa, ethatha amasonto angama-3-5 entwasahlobo. Lonke nyaka kuphela kwenziwe kolwandle.
I-Dimorphism ayibonwa ngosayizi kuphela. Abesilisa banesiqu esikhulu esithuthukisa umsindo, sisetshenziselwa inselelo kwamanye amadoda. Isiqu eningizimu indlovu uphawu kancane ezincane kuno izihlobo zabo enyakatho, uhlanganyela phezu komlomo cm 10 kuphela, uma kuqhathaniswa nabangu-30 cm e indlovu enyakatho.
Izindlovu ezingaseningizimu zesilisa zifinyelela kule ndawo amasonto ambalwa ngaphambi kwabesifazane futhi, ngokusebenzisa imisindo, isikhundla somzimba, nokulwa zingena endaweni ethile. Izindawo ezihamba phambili nezikhulu kunazo zonke ziya kwabesilisa abesilisa nabakhulu kunabo bonke. Lezi kwabesilisa-alpha babe Harem ikhanda, futhi ukufika abesifazane lingafaka phakathi mayelana nabesifazane 60. Uma kunabesifazane abaningi ku-harem, khona-ke izinsikazi ziya kwabesilisa abesilisa beta. Indoda kufanele ihlale insimu yayo, iyivikele, ngakho-ke kufanele ihambe ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside.Ukuntuleka kokudla kanye nokuhlangana okunolaka nabesilisa, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokuzalelana nenani elikhulu labesifazane kuholela ekukhathaleni komzimba wesilisa. Abesilisa kuphela zisesimweni ngokomzimba epheleleyo, ekwazi avikele indawo yawo phakathi nalesi sikhathi eside.
Uma lokhu okwesabisa isicelo, izimpi zenzeke.
Njengomklomelo, ophumelele uthatha insimu.
inqubo moulting kuhilela ukulahlekelwa yizo zonke uboya, okuyinto lukhula ezako 3 - amasonto 5. Ngaphezu isikhathi esichithwa emhlabathini ezifanelekayo ukufuya kanye moulting, indlovu eningizimu uphila ukuphila esekusithekeni emanzini olwandle eningizimu. Ukuba semanzini, izindlovu azivamile ukushayisana futhi ngenxa yalokho azinasidingo sokuxhumana.
Ukuhlala olwandle, indlovu eningizimu bakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kuphele amahora amabili, kodwa diving kakhulu kuhlale akukho kuka imizuzu engu-30. It is akumangalisi ukuthi phakathi diving kwamanzi zifeza 2 - 3 emaminithi. Yehlela ekujuleni okungama-300 - 800 m.
Wik indlovu seal umuntu
Esikhathini esidlule, eningizimu indlovu lwezimpawu babezingelwa ngoba ukudla, isikhumba namafutha. Lo msebenzi uyamiswa futhi manje isilwane sivikelwe futhi ukukhiqizwa kwawo kwenziwa ngamanani alinganiselwe.
Ikhala elihlekisayo, elisikhumbuza isiqu sendlovu, linenhloso ebalulekile - liyinkomba yokuvuthwa kwamadoda namandla, futhi lixwayisa “nentsha” ukuthi ingompi onolwazi phambi kwabo.
IZIMBALI Ubude: abesilisa - 4.9 m, izinsikazi - 3 m. IMisa lowesilisa - 2,400 kg, insikazi - 680 kg.
ISINGENISO. Ukuthomba: izinsikazi ezineminyaka engu-3-5 ubudala, abesilisa abaneminyaka engama-9 ukuya kwengama-10. Isizini yokuzalela: ngoSepthemba nango-Okthoba. Ukukhulelwa: izinyanga eziyi-11 .. Inani lamawundlu: 1.
LIFESTYLE. Imikhuba: Buthana koloni.Ukudla: inhlanzi kanye nama-cephalopods. Isikhathi sokuphila: kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-14.
Ama-TYPES ahlobene. Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela zezimpawu zasendlovu: enyakatho naseningizimu. Izinhlobo ezimbili zezimpawu zasendlovu ziyaziwa, enye yazo ehlala eSouth Hemisphere, kanti enye eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Eningizimu, emanzini ase-Antarctic, izidalwa zasendlovu zaseningizimu zihlala, kanti enyakatho, ogwini lweCalifornia neMexico, izinhlobo zayo zasenyakatho sezizinze.ISINGENISO.Izimpawu zendlovu ezesilisa iya emhlabeni ngaphambi kwabesifazane ukuvikela isiza sabo. Ukulwa okunobudlova kwenzeka phakathi kwabo. Abesilisa bangabaphikisi abanolaka, bavame ukuzilimaza kakhulu. Owesifazane, esehambile emhlabeni, uzalela iwundlu elizelwe ngonyaka owedlule.
Umama uyamondla amasonto amane futhi ngokushesha emva kwalokhu abangane bomshado futhi. Abesilisa abalindeli ukuthi kuphele isikhathi sokuzala, ngakho-ke abesifazane abaningi bahlukunyezwa udlame ngakubo, ngenkathi belimala kanzima. Ngenxa yalokhu kuziphatha kwabesilisa, cishe amaphesenti ayishumi amawundlu ayafa. Abesifazane nabo babhekene nenye ingozi - abesilisa ababalindele olwandle, abaxoshwa ezindaweni zabo emhlabeni nezimbangi zabo ezinamandla.IMISEBENZI. Izindlovu zasolwandle ziqoqwa emhlabathini kabili ngonyaka - ngesikhathi sokuzalela nasekwindla, ngesikhathi sokuncibilika. Amakhulu endlovu ahamba ngesikebhe ekwindla osebeni, ebhukuda ezigudle izimbotshana. Kuthathwa amakha anamandla angenakubekezelelwa. Ngalesi sikhathi awasebenzi, achitha iningi lesikhathi sawo elala phansi. Ngesikhathi sokuncibilika, abakwazi ukungena emanzini futhi ngenxa yalokho babulawa yindlala. Izendlalelo zesikhumba ezingaphezulu zihamba nezinwele.
UKUDLA. Izindlovu zasolwandle zidla izinhlanzi nama-cephalopods, abanjwa olwandle oluvulekile. Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe ogwini lwaseCalifornia, lapho kubalwa khona ukujula kwezilwane, luveze ukuthi izimpawu zamanzi endlovu ziyakwazi ukungena ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-1 000. Zidla ngezilwane zasolwandle, ama-octopus kanye noshaka abancane. Izindlovu zasolwandle zinokuphamba okude, okuvela ezinsinini cishe ngamasentimitha amane, ama-molars akakhiwanga kahle, ngakho-ke akhetha inyamazane ngomzimba othambile, futhi awadingi ukuhlafunisisa.
IZIPHUMA ZESIVIVINSI. Amaphinifa avela ezilwaneni zasemhlabeni futhi azivumelanisa nokuphila emanzini. Babhukuda abakhulu.Zinezingqimba zamafutha ezisindayo, ezisiza ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba njalo emanzini abandayo. Ngesikhathi sokuncibilika nokukhwelana, izingqimba ezinamafutha zisebenza njengomthombo wamandla. Izikhonkwane ze-Pinnipeds azihambeki emhlabeni, kepha zihamba kakhulu emanzini. Lapho ubhukuda, izinyawo zakho zangemuva zisetshenziselwa njengomhlanga, kuthi ezingaphambili zenze ukunyakazisa ngokugwedla. Emhlabeni ukuze upholile uphawu lwezindlovu amaflakisi angaphambili athululela isihlabathi emhlane wabo.
Uyazi ... Izimpawu zasendlovu zabesilisa zikhulu kakhulu. Kwakunzima ukuthola isisindo somzimba wabo. Lapho kukhulunywa khona ngamehlo endlovu efile, kwatholakala ukuthi isikhumba sodwa sinesisindo esingu-115 kg, ungqimba lwamafutha - 660 kg, inhliziyo - 42 kg, kanye nekhanda - ama-52 kg. Umehluko osayizi bezimpawu zezindlovu ezingowesilisa nowesifazane ziyirekhodi. Lokhu ngumehluko owaziwa kakhulu wobulili. Izindlovu zasolwandle zihamba amabanga amade. Indlela ende ukufuduka kwendlovu wagijima eqonde eSouthern Alaska futhi wakhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-5,000 km.
Indlovu akesabi muntu futhi akazami ukucasha lapho embona. Isibonelo, osomatiloshe babengahlala naye ngaphandle kwesibindi ukuthi indlovu izoyilimaza.
Umgcini wamarekhodi osayizi wezimpawu zasendlovu kwakungu owesilisa ogama lakhe linguSpot, owayegcinwe e-Edinburgh Zoo. Wayesisindo amathani ama-3, kanti ubude bawo babu ngamamitha angama-4,47. Isikhathi eside, izimbambo zezindlovu zazizingelwa zikhuluphele. Abesilisa abathathu abakhulu bangathola amalitha angama-350 amafutha.IZIPHUMA ZE-CHARACTERISTIC ZESI-MARINA SELULA. Isici esihlukile sowesilisa osekhulile isikhwama esinesikhumba esisehlangothini olungaphezulu lwe-muzzle, esidlala indima enkulu ekuheheni izintokazi ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Lapho owesilisa ejabule, isikhwama sakhe silulwe ngo-28 cm. Ngesikhathi sokukhamuluka okukhulu kwezilwane, unomsindo womsindo. Owesifazane unesisindo esingaphansi kathathu kowesilisa, ngakho-ke phakathi nesikhathi sokukhulelwa owesilisa omkhulu nonolaka ubeka ingozi enkulu kuye.
IZICWANGCISO ZOKUZIVA. Isigaxa sendlovu eseningizimu sihlala e-Antarctica, futhi sizalanisa lapho. Izimpawu zasendlovu ezisenyakatho zihlala emanzini asentshonalanga aseNingizimu Melika futhi azalwe eCalifornia.
Iyasindisa. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izindikimba zezindlovu zacishe zachithwa ngabazingeli
Isigaxa sendlovu yisona esikhulu kunazo zonke eziphiniwe. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezimpawu zasendlovu - uphawu lwendlovu olusenyakatho oluhlala ogwini olusentshonalanga yezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika, kanye ne-elexander yaseningizimu ehluke kakhulu ehlala e-Antarctica.
Izindlovu zasolwandle zaba negama ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obuhlaba umxhwele nekhala le-proboscis, abesilisa kuphela balezi zilwane abanazo.
"I-Trunk" ayikho kubantu besifazane nezinsikazi ezincane kakhulu zezimpawu zezindlovu. Ikhala labesilisa likhula kancane futhi kuphela ngonyaka wesishiyagalombili wokuphila lithola usayizi walo wokugcina. Isiqu esikhulu emadodeni amadala silenga phansi kwemihlathi yomlomo.
Indlovu nomuntu
Ngenkathi yokuzalela, izihlambi zezindlovu ezingamaduna ziba nolaka nolaka olunamandla phakathi kwazo. Ngalesi sikhathi sokulwa, owesilisa angaklebhula ikhala lesitha amahloni.
Amasayizi abesilisa nabesifazane eziqwini zezindlovu ahlukile kakhulu. Owesilisa angafinyelela kubude bamamitha ayi-6 nesigamu, izinsikazi zifinyelela ku-3 nohhafu.
Izindlovu zasolwandle zichitha iningi lempilo yazo zodwa, njengamakati. Lapho kufika kuphela isikhathi sokuhlanganisa izilwane zasendlovu, kuhlangana imihlambi emikhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, okungenani kunabesifazane abayishumi kowesilisa, kwesinye isikhathi isilinganiso sifinyelela ezingamashumi amabili.
Ukulwa phakathi kwezimpawu zesilisa zendlovu kuyenzeka kuthathwe i-harem. Izimpawu ezincane zezindlovu zithuthelwa emaphethelweni ekoloni, lapho amathuba azo okuzala alincane. Kepha beshukunyiswa yimvelo, bazama kaningi ukungena maphakathi nekoloni, okuholela ezimpini ezinolaka.
Ekuqothulweni kwamakoloni, izidalwa eziningi zezindlovu ezindlovu ziyafa ngaphansi kwesisindo samadoda amakhulu. Eqinisweni, ukufa kwezinsana kulezi zindawo kukhulu.
Izimpi ezihlala njalo ziyizizathu zokuthi uphawu lwezindlovu ezingamaduna ziphila iminyaka emine engaphansi kowesifazane. Owesilisa angaphila iminyaka eyi-14.
Ukudla kwezindlovu kususelwa ezinhlanzini nakuma-cephalopods.Prey bangakwazi kufike ekujuleni okungaphezu kwalokho kakhulu 1400 amamitha. Izindlovu zinaleli khono ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wegazi lapho zigcina khona umoya-mpilo omningi.
Ingozi yezimpawu zasendlovu imelwe yimikhomo yokubulala kanye noshaka abamhlophe, abazingela ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi.
Ase sibheke izinhlobo ezimbili indlovu lwezimpawu.
Izimpawu zasendlovu zaseningizimu
Ubude bendlovu yasolwandle ingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-5 futhi inesisindo esingamathani ayi-2,5. Nokho, nabesifazane mancane kakhulu - kufike ku 3 amamitha kuphela, enesisindo esingaphansi ton. Indlovu yaseningizimu yokwehlukaniswa kwezinye izinhlobo zezimpawu zamanzi ngenani elikhulu lamafutha angaphansi - ngaphezulu kwama-35%. Intshiseko ekhaleni isetshenziswa njengento ethile ngesikhathi sokuzala. Animal izikhumba amaqhafuqhafu futhi obukhulu, embozwe uboya obukhulu. Ukukhula okusha kunombala wesiliva grey, abantu abadalainsundu.
Indawo yokuhlala yalokhu okubhaliwe yiziqhingi ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nogu lwePatagonia. zezinhlobo akuvamile ukutholakala uwedwa Indlela abathandayo ngayo ukwakha ama-rookeries amakhulu emabhishi amatshe.
- Wik indlovu uphawu phezu umakhelwane walo enyakatho - ezinye zezinhlobo ongafinyelela 4 m.
- Zingahlala emanzini isikhathi eside - ngaphezu kwemizuzu engama-20. Umlando obhalwe phansi wokuthola isilwane ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kwekhefu wawungamahora ama-2.
- Ukujula esiphezulu lapho izilwane afakwa cishe 1.5 amakhilomitha.
- Bachitha iningi lezimpilo zabo olwandle. Ziya emhlabeni ngesikhathi sokuzalela nokuncibilikisa, amasonto angama-3-5 ngonyaka.
Abesilisa nabesifazane zihlukaniswa isiqu nesisindo . Ngaso leso sikhathi, zinokufana okuningi: amaphini amafushane ngaphambili, uhlobo lomzimba olufanayo, inhlama yasemuva enamandla. Emuva kwentamo yezilwane kuvame ukubonwa izibazi azithola ezimpini lapho zihlanganisa.
Ikhaya ukuze indlovu seal?
Izindlovu zasolwandle zihlala endaweni eseningizimu yomhlaba, zithanda izindawo ezingaphansi komoya, kepha lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo zingatholakala nasezindaweni ezi-Arctic. Izindawo ezithandwayo zezindawo zokugcina izindlovu yi-Heard neMacDonald Islands, iSouth Georgia, iPrince Edward, iCrozet, iKerlegen Archipelago, kanye nama peninsulas kanye neziqhingi ze-Antarctic Zapannaya.
Kuyini ubunjalo indlovu?
- Uphawu lwendlovu lubhekwa njengesidlakela esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ukudla kuqukethe i-squid, kwesinye isikhathi inhlanzi ne-krill.
- Kwenziwe amanzi kufikela kuzinsuku ezingu-300 ngonyaka. Amaviki angama-2-3 asele, izimbotshana zezindlovu zithola intambo emabhishi aseduze nasogwini ukuze zizalane futhi zizale.
- Ngenkathi zihlala emanzini, izihlambi zasendlovu zimboza amabanga angafika kumakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-13, zenze diving nsuku zonke emanzini afinyelela kumamitha angama-700, kepha kuye kwaba nezimo zokudonswa kwamanzi ngamamitha angama-2000.
- Registered esiphezulu ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi indlovu - kuba imizuzu 120.
- Igazi lezindlovu zasolwandle ligcwele u-oksijini, obenza bakwazi ukubhukuda nokudeva okude kangako. Yebo, futhi negazi ngokwalo lenza ingxenye eyodwa kwezihlanu zesisindo somzimba sezilwane ezincelisayo (lokhu kungaphezu kokuphindeka kabili kunokwabantu).
- owesilisa obuphelele umzimba zingaba phakathi 4 kuya ku-6 metres, isisindo somzimba wabo - amathani 5.3. Futhi ubude bomzimba lowesifazane bungaphansi kakhulu - ukusuka kumamitha ayi-2,5 kuye kwayi-3, isisindo somzimba - kuze kufike kumathani ayi-1.
- Izinsika zezindlovu zezingane zibizwa ngokuthi imidlwane. Puppies bazalwa kahle esikhulu. Ubude bomzimba wabo ekuzalweni bungaba ngu-125 cm, nesisindo bufika kuma-50 kg.
- Inani lezimpawu zasendlovu emhlabeni wonke cishe ngabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-800, iningi labo lihlala esiqhingini saseNingizimu Georgia.
- Inhlangano inqubo yokuhlanganisa lezi ezincelisayo like ethathe. Abesilisa abanohlonze bavame ukulwela ilungelo labo lokuba “yinkosi yesidumbu” namanye amadoda. Ingxenye yesithathu kuphela yabesilisa enethuba lokuthola izintokazi.
- Indlovu lwezimpawu udlulele umhlaba okuncane ngenxa sezimiso isisindo sayo esindayo. Lapho zihamba, zisebenzisa amaphiko angaphambili, kepha iningi lesisindo liya ngemuva kwesilwane. Emanzini, kunalokho, azizwa evumelana futhi abukeka emuhle kakhulu.
- Isilinganiso sobude bokuphila abesilisa kuyinto iminyaka 18-20, nabesifazane - iminyaka 12-14.
Inqubo yokuzalela noma ukuvulela uphawu lwezimpawu zendlovu
Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, izihlambi zasendlovu zihlala zodwa futhi lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo zisebenzisa izinyanga ezingama-2-3 zasehlobo kuphela emhlabathini, njengoba ziqoqe ngamaqembu amakhulu ukuzilibazisa nokuzala. Ubukhulu beqembu elinjalo bungafinyelela Abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-400 . Ukuzala kabusha lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo kwenzeka kuphela emhlabeni. Abesifazane balungela ukuzala nokukhwelana beneminyaka engu-2-3 ubudala, abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi kamuva: eminyakeni engama-4-7.
Lapho befika ezweni, bonke abantu besifazane abavuthiwe ngokobulili bahlangana ngenqwaba eyodwa futhi bakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-harem, lapho kuphela abesilisa abakhethiwe abanelungelo lokungena. Wonke umuntu wesilisa ofuna ukungena emphakathini wabantu besifazane kufanele avikele ilungelo lakhe lokukhiqiza. Abesilisa bakhipha ukububula okude futhi baqale izimpi zabo phakathi kwabo. Lezi zimpi kwesinye isikhathi ziyesabeka futhi ziba khona kokuthi enye yeziduna ixosha enye iduna endaweni yayo. Indima ebalulekile kule mpi idlalwa ngosayizi, isisindo, futhi, iminyaka yezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ngemuva kokunqoba, owesilisa uya kwabesifazane futhi athole ithuba lokushada nabo. Ingxenye yesithathu yabo bonke abesilisa enganikezwa le ndondo. Owesilisa oyedwa angashada nenani elikhulu labesifazane: kusuka kwabangu-20 kuye kwabangu-300 abantu, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kufike kwabesifazane abayinkulungwane.
Ngokwesilinganiso, izinyanga ezi-2-2 ngemuva kokufika emhlabeni, izinsikazi zivela njengezinjana. Lapho izimveku ziphenduka amasonto amathathu ubudala, ziyancibilika. Uboya obumnyama obumboze imizimba yabo emincane buyashintsha bube yisikhumba soboya obumpunga.
Ngenkathi kudlisa imidlwane ngobisi, insikazi ayigudluki kude nayo, noma ibamba ukudla. Ukondla imidlwane kungahlala amasonto amane.
Ngekhulu le-19, uphawu lwezindlovu lwalusondele
Ngempela, ngekhulu le-19 kwakukhona ukuzingela okuvulekile kwezindlovu zasolwandle, kwakuyinto eyayizingelwa ngamafutha angenasisekelo ayatholakala emizimbeni yazo. Ikakhulu abesilisa abaningi kakhulu babeqothulwa ngaleso sikhathi, ngenxa yokuthi isilinganiso sokubelethwa kwezingane naso sehle.
Ukuqothulwa kwezindlovu zasolwandle kwenzeka ngendlela exakile. Izilwane zagwazwa ngomkhonto ogwini, zazingavunyelwe ukufika emanzini, futhi ngisho nezibani ezivuthayo zaphonswa emlonyeni. Futhi konke lokhu ngenxa yesendlalelo samafutha asemanzini angaphandle, lapho izindlovu zasemanzini zingafinyelela khona ubukhulu be-15 cm.
Kepha kusukela ngo-1964, kwavalwa ukusebenza kokuvinjelwa kokuzingela izindlovu zezindlovu. Sekusungulwe i-International Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, evikela amalungelo ezinhlamvu zasendlovu nezinye iziqobane.
Habitat
Izindlovu ezingaseningizimu zihlela ukuzulazula kwazo esiQhingini saseFalkland, eSouth Orkney naseSouth Shetland Islands. Babuye bathande iSouth Georgia, Hurd neKerguelen Islands. IMacquarie Island eseNingizimu Pacific nayo ilele endaweni yayo ethakazelayo. Emaphethelweni ambozwe ngamatshe amatshe nesihlabathi, izilwane zihlala izinyanga eziyisithupha. Abantu abafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziyi-10 bahlangana endaweni eyodwa, bakha ama-rookeries amakhulu.
Lapha bazala, bazala amawundlu kanye nama-molt. Ngemuva kokuncibilika, bathuthela olwandle oluvulekile, lapho bangahlala khona izinsuku eziningi ngaphandle kokubona umhlaba. Isembozo sendlovu yaseningizimu singumbhukudi omuhle kakhulu, uyakwazi ukunqoba amabanga amakhulu olwandle. Kungabhukuda amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezine kuya kweziyi-5 ukuyogcina upake endaweni eyiqhwa yeqhwa le-Antarctic noma ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika naseNew Zealand. Lesi silwane sitshuza sijule ngamamitha ayi-500, ngaphansi kwamanzi kungaba imizuzu engama-40.
Izitha
Indlovu yaseningizimu idla izinhlanzi, ama-cephalopods kanye nama-mollusks. Uqobo lwayo luba yisisulu somkhomo wokubulala. Lezi zidlakela ezinkulu ziyamhlasela ogwini nasemanzini olwandle avulekile. Kepha njengoba bengathandi ukuqhubekela phambili ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-800 ukusuka ogwini, uphawu olukhulu, selunqobile ibanga leli, luphephile ngokuphelele. Amathole endlovu ahlaselwa izingwe zasolwandle.
Esinye isitha ngumuntu. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ngesisa wasibhubhisa izilwane ezingenacala ngenxa yamafutha aso. Ukusuka eziwinini eyodwa zendlovu ezibulewe zithole okungenani ama-500 kg womkhiqizo obalulekile. Lezi zinsuku, ukudotshwa kwalezi zilwane akuvunyelwe. Kulokhu, inani labo lenyukile.Isibalo sezimpawu zasendlovu zaseningizimu namuhla ziyizinhloko ezingama-750. Okungenani izilwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-250 zihlala esiqhingini saseNingizimu Georgia, okuyisibalo esifanayo esiqhingini saseKerguelen. Lawa ama-rookeries amakhulu kakhulu wezimpawu ezinkulu azabelana ngama-penguins.
Ividiyo
Izindlovu zasolwandle ziyizimbotshana ezivela emndenini wezimpawu zangempela. Ekuthambeni kwazo, lezi zilwane zinkulu kakhulu futhi zidlula usayizi wawo wonke ama-walruses aziwayo. Isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu sezimpawu zendlovu uphawu oluqanjiwe, ngazo ezinezici ezivamile. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezi-2 zezimpawu zasendlovu - enyakatho naseningizimu.
Seal Male Elephant Eleal (Mirounga angustirostris).
Izimpawu zasendlovu azizange zibizwe ngegama lazo, hhayi lezi, yizilwane ezinobukhulu obukhulu impela. Ubude bomzimba besilisa besembozo sendlovu eseningizimu bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-5, asisindo afinyelela kumathani ayi-2,5! Izinsikazi zincane kakhulu futhi zifinyelela ubude obungamamitha ayi-3. Izindlovu zasolwandle zihlukile kwezinye izindikimba ezisendalini yazo yomzimba wonke kanye nenani elikhulu lamafutha angaphansi. Isisindo sengqimba lamafutha kungaba ngama-30% wesisindo sesilwane.
Ama-penguins aseceleni kwensimbi yasendlovu yaseningizimu anikeza umbono ngosayizi walesi silwane.
Ngokungeziwe ngosayizi, izihlambi zasendlovu zinenye into ebenza babukeke njengezindlovu zangempela. Abesilisa balezi zilwane banokuphuma okunamafutha ekhaleni, kufana nesiqu esifushane. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, isiqu saso sisetshenziselwa umhlobiso, ukusabisa nanjengesizalo, sigcwalisa ukubanga okukhulu.
Iziduna zophawu lwasendlovu lwasenyakatho ngenkathi zizala.
Abesifazane abanaso isiqu.
Owesifazane wesibonakaliso sendlovu yasenyakatho.
Isikhumba sezindlovu zasolwandle siwugqinsi futhi siqinile njenge-walrus, kepha simbozwe ngoboya obumfishane obufushane njengezimpawu zangempela. Izindlovu ezinsundu ezindlovu zasolwandle ezindala zingwevu ngesiliva ezindlovu ezincane.
Isithonjana sendlovu yaseningizimu (Mirounga leonina).
Ngokwendawo, zombili izinhlobo zezilwane nazo zihlukene phakathi: izindlovu zaseningizimu zihlala ogwini lwePatagonia kanye neziqhingi ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanti izindlovu ezisenyakatho zihlala ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika - ukusuka eMexico naseCalifornia kuya eCanada. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zithanda ukuhlala emabhishi amatshe amatshe nasezintabeni zamadwala amnene. Izimpawu zasendlovu, ngokungafani nezinye izimpawu, zakha izinkungu ezinkulu, zifinyelela kubantu abayinkulungwane.
Owesifazane wasendlovu yaseningizimu uphawu lwasolwandle.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izindlovu zaseningizimu zinezinhlobo ezimbili zama-rookeries - ngokuzalanisa nokondla. Ukudla ama-rookeries akude ngamakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka “ezibhedlela zokubelethisa,” ngakho izindlovu ziyahamba njalo. Lezi zilwane zidla kakhulu kuma-cephalopods, okumbalwa kakhulu kwezinhlanzi. Ngokuvamile, izimpawu zasendlovu ziyizilwane ezithobekile futhi ezinobungozi. Ngenxa yesisindo sabo esindayo emhlabathini, baxakile futhi bayavilapha.
Isikhathi sokuzala senziwa kanye ngonyaka futhi siqala ngo-Agasti-Okthoba (eningizimu hemisphere kuyinto entwasahlobo). Owokuqala ukufika ezindaweni zokubelethisa zingabesilisa nabesifazane abavuthiwe, futhi ukukhula okuncane okuncane kamuva kuza. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa baguqula ngaphandle kokuqashelwa. Uma ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile bavele balale ogwini, khona-ke ngesikhathi sokulahlekelwa balahlekelwa ukuthula balale. Owesilisa ngamunye uhlala ingxenye ethile yolwandle futhi angavumi ukuthi kungene abanye abesilisa kukho. Lapho ukuncintisana kukhula, abaphikisi baphendukela empini ebabazekayo. Babhonga phezulu, bakhukhumala emakhaleni abo futhi bawanyakazise emoyeni ukuze asabise isitha. Kepha kubukeka kuwubuphukuphuku kumqapheli wangaphandle ngoba abesilisa ngokwabo balana bodwa lapho belwa igazi futhi bavame ukulimaza kakhulu umphikisi.
Iziduna zophawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu endaweni yokuchitha igazi.
Futhi into ukuthi wonke umuntu wesifazane ongena esifundeni sowesilisa uba wakhethiweyo futhi agane naye (ngaphandle kokuthi, ophikisana naye uyaziphikisa). Ngakho-ke abesilisa bakha izintokazi zabesifazane eziyi-10-30 ezizungezile. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-11, ngakho-ke ukuzalwa kwengane nokuzala kwenzeka cishe ngasikhathi sinye. Abesifazane bazala ikonyana elilodwa elikhulu, “usana” olunesisindo esingu-20-30 kg! Izimpawu zasendlovu ezincane zizalwa zimnyama.Omama babondla ubisi isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga, emva kwalokho ukukhula okuncane kudlulela engxenyeni ye Rookery futhi kungangeni emanzini amasonto ambalwa. Sonke lesi sikhathi, amawundlu aphile ngokuqongelelwe kwamafutha angaphansi aqoqiwe ngesikhathi sokuncelisa ubisi. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, izilwane ziyancibilika, emva kwalokho zishiya izindawo ezizaliswayo.
Indlovu yasolwandle ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa.
Naphezu kobukhulu bazo obukhulu, izinyamazana eziningi zezindlovu (ngokuyinhloko izilwane ezincane) ziyafa emilonyeni yemikhomo yokubulala nabasakazi. Kwesinye isikhathi abesilisa bafa ngenxa yezilonda nokukhathala okujwayelekile ngesikhathi sokubeletha, ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa abadala bavame ukuchoboza amawundlu endaweni yokugcwala yabantu. Sekukonke, lezi zilwane azivundanga kakhulu, futhi izibalo zazo zancishiswa kakhulu yilezo zokudoba. Phambilini izindlovu zezindlovu zazizingelwa ukuze zichithe amanoni (afinyelela kuma-400 kg ukusuka kowesilisa oyedwa!), Inyama nezikhumba. Manje ukudoba sekumisiwe, kepha isibalo sezimpawu zasendlovu ezisenyakatho zisephansi.
Indlovu yolwandle.
Izindlovu zasolwandle ziyizilwane ezincelisayo ezingokwesigaba sezipinki. Zingaqhathaniswa nezimpawu zamanzi, ziyafana kakhulu. Umehluko kuphela ngosayizi, izindikimba zezindlovu zikhulu, kanye nesithasiselo sesikhumba esingafika ku-30 cm ubude endaweni yekhala, ethathwa njengesiqu. Ngakho-ke, izindikimba zezindlovu zabizwa - ngenxa yalesi siqu.
Izici zokuphila
Izindlovu ezingaseningizimu zidla ngo-crabs, izinhlanzi kanye ne-shrimp. Amaduna athola ukudla kwawo emanzini eshalofini yezwekazi, futhi izinsikazi ziya olwandle oluvulekile.
- Ngesikhathi sokuzalela nokuncibilikisa, izindlovu zaseningizimu zivame ukufika endaweni lapho zazalelwa khona. Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba izinsikazi ziphume emanzini, amaduna alwela le ndawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngamunye wabo kufanele anqobe futhi avikele isikhathi eside i-rookery ethile. Uhambisa ukudla, okumenza aphele amandla lapho kuphela isikhathi sokuzala. Ngakho-ke, kusale abesilisa kuphela be-alpha eziqine kunazo zonke, yilowo nalowo owabesilisa nabesifazane abaningi.
- Iningi labesifazane likhulelwe ethangeni, lizala izingane futhi isikhathi esithile emva kwalokho zikulungele ukuzala. Njengomthetho, kuzalwa ikonyana elilodwa. Ezimweni ezingandile, kungahle kube khona okubili.
- Isigaxa sendlovu esisanda kuzalwa sinobude obuyimitha futhi sinesisindo esingu-25-50 kg. Umama uhlala nengane yakhe izinsuku ezingama-23, kuthi emva kwalokho kuvela kokuzala bese umntwana elunyulwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, isivele inesisindo esingu-120 kg.
- Emva kwalokho, insikazi iya olwandle, futhi abantu abasha bahlangane ngamaqembu. Amaviki ambalwa baphila ngokusetshenziswa kwamafutha angaphansi. Ekugcineni, baqala ukulamba. Ngokuzimela funda ukubhukuda futhi uthole ukudla kwabo.
- Eminyakeni emithathu ubudala, insikazi ifinyelela ebusheni, futhi lapho ineminyaka engu-6 ibamba iqhaza emjikelezweni wonyaka wokuzala. Abesilisa baqala ukuncintisana kwabesifazane kuphela ngeminyaka eyi-10. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-11, isikhathi sokuphila esingaba iminyaka engama-20.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Uphawu lwendlovu luhlobo lokujula kolwandle, umuntu ohamba amabanga amade, isilwane ebesilamba isikhathi eside. Izindlovu zasolwandle azijwayelekile, zihlangana ndawonye emhlabeni ukuze zizale, zishade futhi zilume, kepha zizodwa olwandle. Izidingo ezinkulu zibekwe ekubonakaleni kwazo ukuze ziqhubeke nomjaho wazo. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izimpawu zamanzi endlovu zingane zedolphin neplypus noma ihlengethwa ne-koala.
Ihlala kuphi indlovu?
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezimpawu zasendlovu:
Izimpawu zasendlovu eziseNyakatho zitholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho ukusuka e-Baja California, kuya eGulf of Alaska nase-Aleutian Islands. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, bahlala emabhishi eziqhingini ezisogwini nasezindaweni ezithile ezikude ezweni. Kuwo wonke unyaka, ngaphandle kwezikhathi zokuncibilikisa, izindikimba zezindlovu zihlala kude nolwandle (kuze kufike kumakhilomitha angama-8000), zivame ukucwila kumamitha angaphezu kuka-1,500 ngaphansi kolwandle.
Izimpawu zasendlovu zaseningizimu (iMirounga leonina) zihlala emanzini angamakhaza we-Antarctic.Basakazeka eziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba. Inani labantu ligxile eziqhingini zase-Antipode naseziqhingini zaseCampbell. Ebusika, zivame ukuvakashela iziqhingi zase-Auckland, Antipode naseSnares, okuvame kakhulu ukuthi kube iziqhingi zaseChatham kwesinye isikhathi nezindawo ezahlukahlukene zasemaqeleni. Kwesinye isikhathi izindlovu zaseningizimu zivakashela ogwini lwasendaweni yezwe
Emgwaqweni omkhulu, bangahlala kule ndawo izinyanga ezimbalwa, banikeze abantu ithuba lokubuka izilwane ezivame ukuhlala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Umusa nejubane lezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zasolwandle kungaba umbono omuhle kakhulu, futhi izimpawu ezincane zingadlala kakhulu.
Iqiniso elihehayo:Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle eziningi (njengama-dugongs), izindlovu azinamanzi ngokuphelele: ziyakhamba ziphuma emanzini ziyophumula, zilambe, zishade bese zizala amawundlu.
Idlani indlovu?
Izindlovu zezindlovu -. Izindlovu ezingaseningizimu zilwandle oluvulekile futhi zichitha isikhathi salo esiningi olwandle. Zidla izinhlanzi, ama-squid noma amanye ama-cephalopod atholakala emanzini ase-Antarctic. Bafika begudla kuphela bezokuzalela nopelepele. Bonke abanye unyaka bachitha bedla olwandle, lapho bephumula khona, bebhukuda ngaphezulu bese begxila beyofuna izinhlanzi ezinkulu. Ngenkathi olwandle bavame ukubayisa kude nezindawo abazalanayo, futhi bangakwazi ukuhlanganisa amabanga amade kakhulu phakathi kwezikhathi ezichithwa emhlabeni .
Kukholakala ukuthi abesilisa nabesilisa babo badla izisulu ezahlukahlukene. Ukudla kwabesifazane kubalwa kakhulu ne-squid, kanti ukudla kwabesilisa kuhluke kakhulu, kuhlanganisa nezincane, ama-stingrays nezinye izinhlanzi ezingezansi. Lapho befuna ukudla, abesilisa bahamba emashalofini wezwekazi baye eGulf of Alasa. Abesifazane bavame ukuya enyakatho nasentshonalanga olwandle oluvulekile kakhulu. Uphawu lwendlovu lwenza lokhu kufuduka kabili ngonyaka, futhi kubuye kube nokuthathwa kwezinyawo.
Izindlovu zasolwandle ziyafuduka zifuna ukudla, zichitha izinyanga olwandle futhi zivame ukuntywila lapho zifuna ukudla. Ebusika, babuyela kumaqhude abo ukuze bazale futhi bazale. Yize izindlovu zesilisa nezensikazi zichitha isikhathi olwandle, izindlela zazo zokufuduka kanye nemikhuba yokudla yehlukile: abesilisa balandela indlela engaguquki, bazingela eshalofini elizwekazi futhi bathole ukudla phansi olwandle, kuyilapho abesimame beguqula izindlela zabo lapho befuna izinyamazane ezihambayo futhi ukuzingela okuningi olwandle oluvulekile. Ngaphandle kokuqubuka kwezinkanyezi, izimpawu zasendlovu zisebenzisa umbono wazo kanye namadevu wazo ukuzwa ukunyakaza eduzane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Izindlovu zasolwandle ziya ogwini futhi zakhe amakoloni izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela ngonyaka ukuzala, ukuzalanisa nokuqothula. Kuwo wonke unyaka, amakoloni ayahluka, futhi abantu bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi beyofuna ukudla, okusho ukubhukuda izinkulungwane zamamayela nokuntywila ekujuleni okukhulu. Ngenkathi izindlovu zisolwandle zifuna ukudla, zishona ziye ekujuleni okumangalisayo.
Imvamisa zishona ziye ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-1,500. Isikhathi sokumba esiphakathi yimizuzu engama-20, kepha angakwazi ukutshuza ihora noma ngaphezulu. Lapho izindlovu zasolwandle zifika phezulu, zichitha imizuzu engama-2-4 kuphela emhlabeni ngaphambi kokumba futhi - futhi ziqhubeke nale nqubo yokumbila amahora angama-24 ngosuku.
Emhlabeni, izihlambi zezindlovu zivame ukuhlala zingenamanzi isikhathi eside. Ukugwema ukomisa, izinso zazo zingakhiqiza umchamo ohlanganisiwe, oqukethe imfucuza ethe xaxa namanzi amancane angempela eweni ngalinye. I-rookery iyindawo enomsindo omkhulu ngesikhathi sokuzalela, njengoba abesilisa bephimisa izwi, amawundlu okumele adliwe, kanye nabesifazane baxabane ngenxa yendawo yabo enhle namawundlu. Ukugaya, ukudonsa, ukugqekeza, ukushwabana, ukusika, ukuqhubukusha kanye nokubhonga komuntu wesilisa kuyahlangana ukwenza ukuvumelana komsindo wendlovu yolwandle.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isembozo sendlovu eseningizimu, njengendlovu yasenyakatho, iyazalanisa futhi inyibilike emhlabathini, kepha ifihlwe olwandle, mhlawumbe eduze kwepakethe leqhwa. Izindlovu ezingaseningizimu zizalela emhlabeni, kepha zichitha ubusika emanzini abandayo e-Antarctic eduze neqhwa lase-Antarctic. Izinhlobo zasenyakatho azisuki ngesikhathi sokuzalela. Lapho kuqala isikhathi sokuzalela, izindlovu zesilisa zinquma futhi zivikele izindawo, ziba nolaka zibheke komunye nomunye.
Baqoqa abesifazane kusuka kwabangu-40 kuya kwabangu-50 besifazane, abancane kakhulu kunabalingani babo abakhulu. Abesilisa balwa bodwa ukuze bavelele ekugovaneni. Eminye imihlangano igcina ngokubabaza nokuthukuthela ngolaka, kodwa eminye eminingi iba izimpi ezinolaka nezigcwele igazi.
Isikhathi sokuzala siqala ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba. Abesifazane baqala ukufika maphakathi no-December futhi baqhubeke nokufika kuze kube maphakathi noFebhuwari. Ukuzalwa kokuqala kwenzeka cishe ngoKhisimusi, kepha iningi lokuzalwa kuvame ukwenzeka emasontweni amabili okugcina kaJanuwari. Izinsikazi zihlala olwandle isikhathi esingamasonto amahlanu ukusuka esikhathini lapho zifika. Ngokumangazayo, abesilisa basolwandle izinsuku ezingafika ku-100.
Lapho uncelisa ubisi, izinsikazi azidli - bobabili umama nengane baphila ngamandla agcinwe eziseleni ezanele zamafutha akhe. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane balahlekelwa cishe i-1/3 yesisindo sabo ngenkathi yokuzala. Abesifazane bazala ikonyana elilodwa ngonyaka ngemuva kokukhulelwa kwezinyanga eziyi-11.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Lapho owesifazana ebeletha, ubisi alumboza lunamafutha acishe abe ngu-12%. Emavikini amabili kamuva, le nombolo inyuka yaba ngaphezu kwama-50%, okunikeza uketshezi ukufana okufana nokudonsa. Uma uqhathanisa, ubisi lwenkomo luqukethe amafutha we-3.5% kuphela.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezindlovu zasolwandle zazizingelwa ngamafutha azo, futhi ngekhulu le-19 zacishe zabhujiswa ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kokuvikelwa okusemthethweni, amanani abo ayakhula kancane kancane, futhi ukusinda kwabo akusekho engozini. Ngeminyaka yama-1880s, bekukholelwa ukuthi izintambo zasendlovu ezisenyakatho zaphela, njengoba omnkantshubomvu basogwini bazingela zombili lezi zilwane ukuthola amanoni abo angaphansi kwesidoda. Iqembu elincane lezimpawu zezindlovu ezi-20-100 ezaphakanyiswa esiQhingini saseGuadalupe, eduzane naseBaja California, zasinda emiphumeleni emibi yokuzingela izigaxa.
Kuvikelwe okokuqala yiMexico, bese kuba njalo, bakhulisa inani labo labantu. Kuvikelwe iMarine Mammal Protection Act yango-1972, bandisa amabanga abo ukusuka eziqhingini ezikude futhi njengamanje bathoma amakoloni emigwaqo emikhulu, njengePiedras Blancas, eningizimu yeBig Sur, eduze neSan Simon. Isibalo sonke sabantu ababekwa uphawu kwezimpawu zasendlovu ngonyaka we-1999 sasicishe sibe ngama-150,000.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Izindlovu zasolwandle ziyizilwane zasendle futhi akufanele zisondele. Akulindelekile futhi kungadala ukulimala okukhulu kubantu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ukungenelela komuntu kungadala ukuthi izimpawu zamanzi zisebenzise amandla ayigugu adingekayo ukuze usinde. Amacube angahlukaniswa nonina, okuvame ukuholela ekufeni kwabo. AbeNational Marine Fisheries Service, inhlangano ebumbene ephoqelela ukuphoqelelwa kweMarine Mammal Protection Act, itusa ukubuka okuphephile kwamamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-30.
Indlovu - isilwane. Mikhulu futhi inenhlabathi emhlabathini, kepha ihamba kahle emanzini: angakwazi ukungena ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha ama-2 bese ebamba ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingamahora amabili. Izindlovu zasolwandle zihamba olwandle futhi zibhukuda amabanga amade ziyofuna ukudla. Balwela indawo elangeni, kepha ama-bravest kuphela afinyelela umgomo.