Kubantu abaningi, amagundane ayizihambi ezingafuneki endlini. Kepha eChina, bangaba ubumnandi etafuleni lokudlela. Amagundane ama-bamboo ase-China (Rhizomys), ezithathwa njengesithwali se-coronavirus okungenzeka ukuthi, sekungamakhulu eminyaka umthombo wokudla owafunwayo ezweni futhi obekelwa inyama enempilo.
Babelwa amashumi ezinkulungwane zabalimi, abapheki babalungisa ngezindlela eziningi, futhi abathengisi bezitolo babelana “ngezizathu eziyi-100 zokubadla” kuze kube yilapho ubhubhane luyeka ukuthengisa.
Amagundane e-bamboo aziwa ngesibalo sawo esithandekayo nezihlathi ezinkulu. Lolu hlobo lwasendle lwamagundwane oludla ngoqalo lungakhula lube ngamasentimitha angama-45 ubude futhi lube nesisindo esingamakhilogremu amahlanu. Kukholakala ukuthi amaChinese awadla anhlamvana ngesikhathi seZyn Dynasty (iminyaka engama-1046-256. BC. E.).
Ngokusho kwomuthi wendabuko waseShayina, inyama yabo ingahlanza umzimba ubuthi futhi ithuthukise imisebenzi yesisu nobubanzi. Izinzuzo zezempilo ezisobala zenyama yale magundane ziphawulwe embhalweni wesayensi wasendulo waseChina uBen Cao Gang Mu, owabhalwa ngudokotela osokhemisi odumile nodokotela uLi Shizhen ngekhulu le-16. Incwadi ichaza lezi zilwane ngokuthi "ngamagundane asosayizi wonogwaja abadla nabanambitha njengodada."
Ukuthandwa kwamagundane e-bamboo e-China kwagqashuka ngo-2018 lapho abantu abasha abasebasha abavela esifundazweni saseJiangxi beqala ukuqopha ama-video wokuthi bazzala kanjani lezi zilwane. Abalimi baseChinese bake bafaka le nhlobo yasendle ngeminyaka yama-1990s, kepha kwaba kuphela kwemfashini lapho sekuvela abafowethu baseHong Nong lapho baba yingqayizivele yempahla yokudla yezinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Abafowethu bakaHong Nong beza nezizathu ezahlukahlukene zokudla amagundane e-bamboo, babuye bakhombisa nezithameli ukuthi zingawabulala kanjani futhi uwapheke kanjani. Amavidiyo abo athandwa kakhulu kangangokuba ngonyaka ka-2018, kuWeibo, uzakwabo waseChinese kwi-Twitter, isihloko esibizwa ngokuthi “Izizathu Eziyi-100 Zokudla Amagundane” sasakazeka.
Kwelinye lamakhasi esithangami, kubhalwe izindlela ezi-30 ezihlukile zokupheka inyama yamagundwe we-bamboo - kusuka ekuholeni kuya ekuphekeni epanini nasekuhambeni ngesobho. Izindatshana zesithangami zithi la magundane acebile ngamaprotheni futhi angenza labo abazidlayo babe bahle ngokwengeziwe.
Selokhu kwaqubuka ukuqubuka kwe-coronavirus eWuhan ngoDisemba, ososayensi bebelokhu bezama ukuthola ukuthi ngabe yini umthombo we-pathogen yayo, futhi ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-SARS-CoV-2 idluliselwe kubantu ivela ezilwaneni zasendle. Yize kungaziwa ukuthi ngubani ngqo ofana naleli gciwane, uDkt Zhong Nanshan, isazi esihola phambili esiwumshayabhuqe waseChina, uthe ngoJanuwari ukuthi lokhu kuqubuka kungahlobene nokudla amagundane noma amabhulukwe. Abanye ochwepheshe bathi amalulwane, izinyoka noma ama-pangolin njengomthombo ongaba khona.
Abantu baseChina bafuya ama-RATS asendle amakhulu wenyama yabo 'enempilo' - ngaphambi kokuthi ivinjelwe ngenxa yama-coronavirushttps: //t.co/S25Kb2N9fN
NgoFebhuwari, ikomidi elikhulu lezomthetho laseChina lavimba okwesikhashana konke ukuhweba nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane zasendle mayelana nenkinga yezempilo. Ngaleso sikhathi, amapulazi ahlukahlukene aseChinese ayenezigundane ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-25, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni eziseningizimu yezwe, njengeGuangxi neGuangdong, lapho abantu bendawo bathanda inyama yangaphandle. Manje ukuthuthukiswa kwalemboni kungumbuzo omkhulu.
UDkt Peter Lee uthe cishe ama-10% amagundane aqukethe bamboo azokhethwa abulawe maduze nje. Uziphikile izinsolo zezempilo zokudla inyama yabo, eyibiza ngokuthi “ngabacabangi” esekela leyo mibono elwa nesayensi. UDkt Li unxuse uhulumeni waseChina ukuthi asize abalimi ukuthi bashintshele “ezindleleni ezizwakalayo zokuphepha abahola, njengokukhulisa amakhowe.”
I-China kusamele inqume ukuthi ukuvinjwa kokuhweba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane zasendle kungumthetho ongapheli, nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezithintekayo. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kukaMa Yong, isekela likanobhala we-China Biodiversity and Green Development Fund, amathuba okuthi amagundane ayi-bamboo abuyiselwe etafuleni lokudlela aphansi.
Thola ukuthi kungani izikhwama zepulasitiki zazivunyelwe eSan Francisco okokuqala eminyakeni eyi-13 ngokuvimbela izikhwama ezingabuye zisebenze.
"Ngineminyaka eyishumi ngihlukanisile." Uyini umshado wezingane
Amagundane amakhulu omhlaba endle
Amagundane izinhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane ezincelisayo. Abanye abameleli bakhetha ukuhlala kude nokuhlala kwabantu; abanye, kunalokho, bahlala eduze nabantu.
Ngobukhulu obungaphezulu komncintiswano - igundane elikhulu lePapuan, elisanda kutholwa esiqhingini sasePapua, eNew Guinea.
Ubude bomzimba bufika kumitha eyi-1, umsila - 30 cm. Izilwane azikaze zihlangane nabantu, ngakho-ke azizesabi nhlobo. Namuhla, izinduku zifundelwa ososayensi.
Amagundane amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni ayizinhlobo eziningana.
Ukulinganisa umhlanga
Isilwane lesi sivame ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Ngaphambi kokutholwa kwegundwane lePapuan, umhlanga wawungumholi ngosayizi nangesisindo. Ubude babantu abakhulu yi-61 cm, umsila ungama-26 cm. Isilinganiso esikhulu singaba isisindo esingu-9 kg.
Ngokubukeka, i-rodent ifana ne-nutria: ikhanda layo likhulu ngamehlo amancane, imilenze eminyene iphetha ngozipho onamandla, izindlebe ziyindilinga, izinwele zilukhuni, zifana nehlanga.
Amagundane ahlala emaxhaphozini, umhlanga, lapho waqanjwa ngawo. Izilwane zibhukuda kahle, zihlala kwizimbobo ezizakhela zona zodwa.
Izitshalo zisetshenziswa ekudleni: okusanhlamvu, uphayinaphu, umoba, umdumbula. Kungakho kwezolimo zibekwa njengezinambuzane. Izakhamizi zase-Afrika zidla inyama yomhlanga yokudla, ziyisebenzisele ukupheka izibiliboco.
I-bamboo rat
Izinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke zomndeni wakwaSlepyshov. Finyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angama-48, ngomsila ongamasentimitha ayi-15. Usatshalaliswa e-Thailand nasemazweni ase-Asia.
Ngosizo lwamazinyo aqinile nezinzipho, amagundane amakhulu akha kalula imigodi ejulile engaphansi komhlaba, lapho ahlala khona. Bathola igama labo ngenxa yendawo ababehlala kuyo - amathikithi woqalo. Ukuphathwa okuthandekayo ngeziqu, izimpande, imbewu yomqalo nezithelo.
UPotor
Izinhlobo zamagundane ze-kangaroo, zifinyelela ku-41 cm ubude. Kutholakala eziqhingini zaseTasmania, e-Australia. Ukujuluka kuya emilenzeni yasemuva, ngokugxuma, kufana ne-kangaroo, kepha ngohlobo oluncane.
Lapho beyofuna ukudla, lamagundane amakhulu asendle aphuma ebusuku, phakathi nosuku abathanda ukuziphumuza ngalo mink. Ukudla kwamagundane kuqukethe ukudla kwezitshalo, amakhowe nezinambuzane. Abesifazane izinyanga ezine bathwele izingane esikhwameni esiswini sabo. Isici esihlukile sesilwane izinwele ezinde emsileni.
Isilinganiso esikhulu segrey, pasuk
Le nhlobonhlobo ivame ezweni lethu. Ubude bomzimba wezilwane ezinkulu bufika ku-40 cm, umsila uphindwe ka-2. Ama-rodents athanda ukuhlala eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi. Okwezindlu, bmba imisele yemijondolo enamamitha angajulile enhlabathini evundile.
I-rat enkulu iletha ukuphazamiseka okuningi kubantu, ngoba ithanda ubusika ezakhiweni zamapulazi noma ezindlini zabantu.
UPassyuki - izinyamazane ezidla inyama, zidla ukudla kwezilwane nezitshalo. Ngezikhathi ezithile bahlasela abantu nezilwane ezifuywayo. Ukulunywa kuyingozi empilweni, ngoba izinambuzane zingabathwali bezifo ezinkulu.
I-Turkestan rat
Kwenzeka endaweni yaseNdiya, eTashkent, ebangeni laseTurkestan, eCentral Asia, ezintabeni zeTien Shan. Lungisa izintaba noma amahlathi anomoya opholile futhi umswakama ophezulu.
Amagundane amakhulu asendle akhula aze afike ku-25 cm, ubude bomsila bufana, ngaphansi kwamasentimitha ambalwa. Ukubonakala kwe-rodent kuhlangene phakathi kwegundane elimnyama nethambo lezinyosi.
I-Turkestan rat idla ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni. Entwasahlobo - ngama-anyanisi nembewu ebunjiwe, ehlobo - ngamahlumela amakhambi, ekwindla - ngezithelo, imbewu, ama-walnuts. Kunezimo lapho izilwane zidla iminyonyane, amachwane namaqanda, ama-mollusks, namagundane amancane.
Izinhlobo zamagundwane ezifakwe kuhlu zihlala endle, ezinye zihlala ezindlini zabantu nakwezinye izakhiwo, zichitha isivuno, zibangele ukulimala okukhulu kwezolimo.
Amagundane amakhulu kakhulu edolobha
Ezimweni zasemadolobheni, impilo yamagundane ihlobene kakhulu nabantu. Imvamisa, izinambuzane zihlala ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nezakhiwo eziphansi zezakhiwo. Uma inani labantu likhula, izilwane zingena zingene ziphezulu, zifinyelela ku-attic.
Ngenkathi efudumele, izilwane zihlala emiseleni eyakhelwe ezindaweni ezivulekile.: emapaki, izingadi, utshani nezinye izindawo. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, amagundane asondela ekushiseni nasekudla - endaweni yokuhlala yabantu, izakhiwo zamapulazi.
Amagundane amakhulu edolobha amnyama nama-pasyuki, kepha awakazeki yonke indawo, kodwa kuphela lapho kunamanzi nokudla okwanele. Uma kungekho kudla, izinduku ziyakwazi ukusuka esidlekeni 3 km.
Ezindlini, izilwane zingena ngemfucumfucu noma ngokubhujiswa - okokufaka, ukuxhumana okuvaliwe, iminyango, amafreyimu awonakalile amafasitela. Kwesinye isikhathi izinduku zihamba ngamapayipi okuhambisa indle, zingene bese zishiya indlu zingena endlini yangasese.
Izilwane mhlawumbe ebusuku noma kusihlwa. Emini bafihla abantu, ngokuba ezidlekeni noma kwezinye izindawo zokukhosela. Impilo yamagundane ampunga ixhumene eduze nekhaya labo. Lapha bathola isivikelo esithembekile ezitheni, bacashe ezimweni eziphikisayo, baphinde baphakela namawundlu.
Okwezindlu, izilwane zimba umgodi womhlaba ongafika ku-60 cm ukujula, ubude obugcwele bendawo engaphansi komhlaba bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-2 - 5. Izindonga zakha izidleke ngaphansi kwezitobha, phakathi kwezitokwe zokudla, imfucumfucu yokwakha noma izikhala ezindongeni, phansi.
Izilwane zingahlala endaweni yesakhiwo esisodwa ngaphandle kokudlulela kwenye indawo. Ukuhlala kabusha kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokulungiswa okukhulu, ukubhidlizwa kwezakhiwo. Ngasikhathi sinye, azihambi kude, zigcwala izakhiwo ezingomakhelwane kude ne-300 - 400 m. Uma kunesidingo, zingasakaza amakhilomitha ambalwa, okufaka isandla ekusatshalalisweni kwezilwane okwandayo.
UPassukuk uhlala emaqenjini amancane, emaqenjini noma emindenini, kusukela kubantu abahlanu kuya kwabali-15. Ngayinye yazo ithatha insimu yayo, efinyelela ku-50 m². Kulesi sifunda, izilwane zithola konke okudingekayo ukuze kube khona: indawo yokuhlala, ukudla, amanzi. Imingcele yegundwane imakwe ngomchamo wayo. Esizeni esikhethiwe, izinduku zakha imisele, ngaphansi kwezidleke, izidleke nezindlela zokuhamba.
Inani lezilwane ezihlala ezakhiweni zokuhlala lishintsha ngokushintsha kwesizini. Entwasahlobo, inani labo lenyuka ngenxa yokukhula kwentsha, ekwindla - ngenxa yokufika kwabantu abavela kwezinye izihlobo nokuncipha kwentwasahlobo.
Amagundane amakhulu kunawo wonke eRussia
Izilwane zitholakala yonke indawo ezweni lethu: ngokwemvelo, eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo zasendle ezitholakele:
- mpunga omkhulu
- mnyama
- ITurkestan, ebomvu.
E-Russia, igundane elikhulu kunawo wonke, i-pasuk, likhula lifinyelele kuma-25 cm, ngaphandle kobude bomsila. Kulesi simo, isisindo sifinyelela ku-400 g, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala abantu abafinyelela ku-500 g. Abamnyama bancipha kancanyana kube ngwempunga, ubukhulu bawo bufika ku-18 - 22 cm, nesisindo esingu-300 g. Omncane kakhulu ngama-redheads aseTurkestan. Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela ku-17 - 21 cm, isisindo - 280 g.
Kunezinganekwane ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezinkulu zihlala ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali, kanye naphakathi kwabakhileyo bokukhuculula indle, ezifinyelela isisindo esingu-1 kg. Ubukhulu bawo buqhathaniswa namakati amakhulu. Kepha lolu lwazi alutholanga isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni.
Abashayeli bemigwaqo yaseMoscow bathanda ukwesabisa abanye ngezindaba ezihlasimulisayo mayelana namagundane amakhulu ahlala emhubheni engaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zilwane, cishe usayizi wenja enkulu, zinamehlo abomvu noma aluhlaza ashisa ngokukhanya kwe-otherworldly. Izilo zinolaka olukhulu ngendlela emangalisayo, azinazo izithiyo kanye nobuthi.
Izindaba ezihlekisayo azitholi isiqinisekiso sangempela. Okukhulu kunazo zonke eRussia yi-pasyuki enobude bomzimba obungamasentimitha angama-40, futhi ngaphandle komsila - amasentimitha angama-25. Kungakho zonke izindaba eziphathelene namagundane amakhulu aziwona nje umbono ongasho lutho.
UPassyuki udla ukudla okusele ekuthambekeni komhlaba, angadla ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Ukuhlasela kwamagundane kusabisa abantu abaningi ngokuwohloka okuzayo kwezinto nemikhiqizo, ukuziphatha okunolaka, kanye nama-pathologies amaningi ayingozi lezi zilwane ezihlupheka ngazo.
Isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu sikaPasukuk yigundwane elimnyama, elikhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinophahla olufudumele nolomile. Ubude bomzimba wesilwane esidala bungamasentimitha angama-22, futhi isisindo saso singaphezu kwama-300 g. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezilwane azinakuqhathaniswa ngosayizi wekati noma inja, ngakho-ke zonke izindaba eziphathelene nokuhlasela kwamagundane amakhulu kufanele zidale umunxa kuphela.
Amagundane amakhulu asekhaya
Izakhamizi eziningi zaseRussia zinezimbobo ekhaya, zibabheka njengabahle kakhulu futhi zizinhle. Izilwane ziboniswa emalabhorethi oyinyumba, ngakho-ke, azibeki engcupheni empilweni. Izinhlobo zokuhlobisa zigxile ekuxhumaneni nomuntu, ezinamathele enkosini yazo.
Ngokuya ngohlobo lokuzala, ubukhulu bezilwane bufika ku-20 cm, kube nesisindo esingama-350 g. Kutholakala nabantu abakhulu, abafinyelela isisindo esingaphezu kwama-500 g. Kepha irekhodi elinjalo lingomphumela wehaba ngokweqile nokukhula kokukhuluphala kwesilwane.
Izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zifaka:
- Okujwayelekile. Izinhlobo ziningi emhlabeni wonke. Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela ku-30 cm, isisindo - kuze kufike ku-500 g. Naphezu kobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele, ubunjalo bezilwane buthule, bunokuthula. Bazithobile ekudleni, abayiluma inkosi yabo. Ukuhamba emgwaqweni nabamele izinhlobo zohlobo olujwayelekile akuyona into elula kakhulu. Isilwane esikhulu sibangela ukwesaba nokungaqondi phakathi kwabadlulayo. Isikhathi sokuphila siyiminyaka emi-2 kuye kweli-4.
- Isilinganiso esikhulu se-brown. Imvamisa lokhu kuzalaniswa ekhaya, abantu abadala bafinyelela ku-20 cm ubude, kungabi nesisindo esingaphezu kwama-g. Ama-Rodents ahlala iminyaka engaba mibili, ngakho-ke kungcono kubantu abanemizwa ukunaka ezinye izinhlobo.
Amagundane asabalale emhlabeni wonke angaba izinambuzane eziyingozi noma izilwane ezifuywayo ezinhle. Phakathi kwabamele umndeni wegundane kukhona impela abamele amakhulu abangabesabisa abantu abangahle babonwe ngosayizi wabo. Ensimini yezwe lethu, amagundane amakhulu kakhulu ngimpunga, mnyama, iTurkestan.
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Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Photo: Bamboo Rat
Kukholakala ukuthi lamagundane aqhamuka e-Asia. Baqala ukubonakala emafosheni ekugcineni kwePaleocene kanye nase-Eocene yokuqala e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika, eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-54 edlule. Lezi zilwane zoqobo ngokwazo zivela kokhokho abanjengo-anagerid (Anagalida), lapho iqembu lamaLagomorpha livela khona.
Izimpawu zangaphandle zesilinganiso se-bamboo yase-Ethiopia
Amagundane e-bamboo aseTopiya afinyelela usayizi womzimba wamasentimitha ayi-16.5 -18. Umsila 5 -15 cm.
I ratop bamboo yase-Ethiopia (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus)
Izindonga zenziwa zasebenza ngaphansi komhlaba. Umzimba uqinile, mkhulu, intamo ayikhulunywa. Ikhanda likhulu, lifushane. Ama-auricles mancane futhi acashe emgqeni wezinwele, njengakwabamele uhlobo lweTachyoryctes, noma i-protrude ngenhla kwekhanda, njengasezinhlotsheni zohlobo lwe-Rhusomys. Amehlo mancane. Imilenze imfushane. Iminwe ihlome ngezihlakala ezimfishane futhi ziyisicaba, ezifana nezzipikili. Umsila awunazikali, esikhundleni salokho kunezinwele ezingandile esikhunjeni.
Umzimba we-rodent umbozwe obude, obukhulu futhi bulula ku-fur fur yokuthinta.
Kumagundane amakhulu e-bamboo, i-hairline iqinile futhi imfushane. Umbala wangemuva ungwevu, njengegrey bamboo enezinwele ezimpunga. I-brown brown ine-brown-chestnut noma i-brownish-grey hue. Umzimba ophansi ulula, ngophakathi omncane woqalo, ngombala we-ash-grey. Izinduna ezincelisayo ezijwayelekile mammary zivame ukuba ngababili noma ngababili, kuyilapho izindlala ze-inguinal zingamabili amathathu.
Uqalo lwaseTopiya lwaguqulwa lwaba ngomshini ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ukwakheka kwesigebhezi kuhlotshaniswa nendlela yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba. Ifomu liyisicaba, licindezelwe ku-dorso - isiqondisi se-ventral. Imidwebo yamakhonkco izihlathi iyashiwo futhi ihlukaniswe kabanzi.Umgodi ngaphansi kweso mncane. Ifomula yamazinyo inamazinyo ayi-16. Onke amazinyo amathathu e-buccal angawokunye okuncibilikile. Imiqhele yalawa mazinyo ibucayi futhi iphakeme. ETachyoryctes izinhlobo ze-molars zikhula njalo impilo yazo yonke. Izinsimbi zithuthukiswa, zinkulu, zimhlophe noma ziwolintshi. Amathumbu amakhulu asezindongeni adlula ubude besisu esincane. Kukhona ukugoqa komoya ku-cecum.
I-diploid isethi yama-chromosome kukogodo olukhulu lwe-bamboo ine-chromosomes engama-50, kuthi ngegundane elincane le-bamboo lifinyelela amashumi ayisithupha. Lesi isici sezinhlobo ezibalulekile encazelweni yamagundane.
Amagundane e-bamboo atholakala emathafeni nasehlathini
Ukusakazeka Kwegagasi LaseTopiya
Amagundane oqalo wase-Ethiopia asakazeka kulo lonke elaseChina eningizimu yoMfula iTangtze. Ama-Rodents ahlala eNdiya, eBurma, eNepal, eThailand. Zitholakala eLaos, eVietnam, eCambodia. Bahlala eNhlonhlo yeMallacca badlulela eSumatra. Kuvamile futhi ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMpumalanga Afrika. Kusatshalaliswa eSomalia, e-Ethiopia, eTanzania, eZaire, eKenya, e-Uganda.
I-Ethiopian bamboo Rat Habitats
Amagundane e-bamboo atholakala emathafeni nasehlathini. Izindawo ezingamanzi ezinesihlabathi nezindawo zokuhlala ezinotshani obuluhlaza, izihlahla zoqalo. Ezintabeni, umugqa woqalo wase-Ethiopia ukhuphuka ufike kumamitha ayi-4.
Amagundane e-bamboo aseTopiya angabahlali basemhlabeni.
I-Ethopian bamboo Rat Indlela Yokuphila
Amagundane e-bamboo aseTopiya angabahlali basemhlabeni. Bemba umhlaba omkhulu, babumba uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemigudu. Imicibisholo ifihla izimbobo ngesikhathi sosuku. Bafika kuphela ekuseni noma kusihlwa.
Amagundane e-bamboo ase-Ethiopia abumba izimbobo, asebenza ngezihlakala namazinyo.
Ahambisa phansi umgodi ngaphansi kwesisu ngezihlahla zangaphambili, bese aphonsa isihlabathi emuva ngemilenze yazo yangasemuva. Izinhlobo zezitho zohlobo lweTachyoryctes zimba kuphela ngozipho. Baququda izimpande ngamazinyo abo. Lapho kugaywa, kwakhiwa inqwaba yobumba evele, bese igundwe elinomunyu waso lihamba lixhumane nalo lonke lolu sizi lubuyele emjondolo. Amagundane e-bamboo aseTopiya afihla ikhaya lawo ngamathanga aminyene wezitshalo ezishisayo nezisendaweni ephansi.
Ubuningi beendawo zokuhlala ezinama-rodent bungaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili nesigamu abantu ngamunye ekhilomitha elilodwa.
Ukucinga izimpande ezidliwayo, amagundane we-bamboo ahlala ebeka izindima ezintsha ezakha uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemihubhe.
Ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-50 wokudlula komhlaba ngaphansi komhlaba, ngentambo eyodwa. Ukumba ama-labyrinths kuyadingeka ekutholeni ukudla nasekudaleni indawo yokukhosela ethembekile.
Ngenkathi ezinye izimbila zimane zifihla emiseleni yazo, amagundane e-bamboo adliwa kakhulu, ahlala egaya imigudu emisha ezindaweni ezinotshani obukhulu obumanzi. Lapho usuhlolile lesi sitshalo, lo mbambo uvimba umhubhe ovela ngaphakathi ngensangu yobumba. Ukugxila okunjalo kumigomo yokudla okwondlekile kwenza ukuthi kube nomthombo othembekile wokudla okunempilo, ukugwema ukuncintisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokusatshiswa okuhlala njalo kwabazingeli, ikakhulukazi impisi yase-Ethiopia, amagundane angahlala acashe emihubheni etholakala ekujuleni.
Izimpisi zase-Itiyopiya zilindele amagundane e-bamboo lapho ziqamekela khona, ziyabuka lapho izinduku zivela ebusweni emhubheni omusha, ngesinye isikhathi izilwane ezidla ezinye zilandela amagundane emhubheni wazo, zibuke ngokucophelela ukubukeka kwazo ebusweni. Amagundane aqhuma e-Ethiopia, eyizilwane eziqaphile kakhulu ezinezici ezinkulu, ziyakwazi ukuzivikela kubaphangi futhi zilimaze kakhulu izitha ezingaba khona.
Amagundane e-bamboo ase-Ethiopia abumba izimbobo, asebenza ngezihlakala namazinyo.
Ukuqalwa kwe-bamboo yaseTopiya
Umgodi woqalo wase-Ethiopia uthola ukudla ebusweni bomhlaba. Kepha isondela ezimpandeni zezitshalo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphandle, ubopha konke okukhula eduze nokungena komgodi. Futhi ukwenze ngokushesha okukhulu, ngemizuzu nje engamashumi amabili. Ngemuva kwalokho ucashe emgodini, avale umnyango wokuya endaweni yokukhosela.
I-bamboo yase-Itiyopiya idla izitho ezingaphansi komhlaba zezitshalo, ikhetha bamboo, kanye nembewu nezithelo.
I-Ethiopia bamboo rat ithola ukudla ebusweni bomhlaba
Ukubaluleka kwe-Ethiopian bamboo Rat ku-Ecosystems
Amagundane ase-Itiopian bamboo, afinyelela usayizi wamasentimitha angama-25, kukudla okuyinhloko kwezimpungushe zase-Ethiopia.
Ezindaweni lapho amabanga okusatshalaliswa kwezilwane ezidla izidlayo namagundane agqagqene khona, amagundane woqalo waseTopiya kungukudla okuyinhloko kwezimpisi zase-Ethiopia ezisengozini (i-Canis simensis).
Abahlali bendawo babuye babambe amagundane e-bamboo badle nenyama yabo.
Izimbangela zeTopio bamboo Rat Ukuwohloka
I-Tachyoryctes macrocephalus, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-digger enamakhanda amakhulu, i-Ethopian gi rat rat, i-digger yase-Afrika noma i-giant mole rat iyingozi ezintabeni zase-Ethiopia. Amadlelo amakhulu asezindaweni eziphakeme noma ezishisayo eziphakeme ezakhiwe yi-bamboo Ethiopia rat asengozini yokonakaliswa.
Ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kungaholela ekuqothulweni kwamagundane ahlukile.
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Ubani igama lesilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke
Ummeleli omkhulu wamagundane emhlabeni nguBosawi. Lezi zilwane zitholakale eNew Guinea, zibizwa nangokuthi "Papuan." Ngobukhulu, zibukeka njengenja encane, ingafinyelela ku-1 m ubude futhi inesisindo esingama-1.5 kg. Abanye abamele lolu hlobo bangaba nesisindo esingu-15 kg. Ubude bemizimba yabo kanye nomsila wabo buyi-1 m 30 cm. IBosavi yisikhulu sangempela kuwo wonke amagundane ahlala kwiplanethi. Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obukhulu, azinalo ulaka kubantu, zingabanjwa futhi zikhishwe.
Ngaphandle, iBosavi iyafana nezihlobo zayo ezihlala emaphethelweni edolobha, kepha ziphindwe kathathu ubukhulu bazo. Isimo ezolile salezi zidondolo kubantu singachazwa ngokude kwezindawo abahlala kuzo. Abamele lolu hlobo lwenyama batholakala kuphela esigodini sentaba-mlilo iPapua New Guinea, enqunywe ngokuphelele empucukweni.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i rat bamboo
Ubude bomzimba bekala le-bamboo busuka ku-16.25 kuya ku-45.72 amasentimitha, ubude bomsila buyi-6-7 cm, isisindo sisuka ku-210 kuya ku-340 amagremu. Imvamisa ibizwa ngokuthi yigrumba elincane le-bamboo. Izilwane zinezindlebe namehlo amancane, futhi ziyefana kakhulu nomlobi we-poker wase Melika, ngaphandle kwezikhwama zezihlathi ezingekho. Isigaxa sika-bamboo sinoboya obukhulu nobuthambile ekhanda nasemzimbeni, kodwa inani elincane loboya emsileni.
Umbala wale mali ezincelisayo uyahlukahluka kusuka kumbala wesinamoni obomvu kanye nesifuba kuya ku-ash grey no grey ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu futhi kunalokho kupende futhi kube mncane ezingxenyeni ezingezansi. Abanye abantu banomucu omhlophe emqheleni wekhanda nomucu omncane ovela esilevwini kuya emphinjeni. Izindlebe ezincane zesilwane zifihliwe ngokuphelele ezinweleni, kanti nentamo ayikhulunywa. Imilenze imfushane.
ICannomys badius isilwane esinsundu esiphakathi nendawo esinemilenze emifushane, enamandla. Zinezindala ezinde zokumba ezinamandla namaphampu abushelelezi ezintanjeni zezinyawo. Le rat inezinto ezinkulu ezivuthayo kanye nogologo abanamqhele ophansi nezimpande. I-zygomatic arch ibanzi kakhulu, kanti nomzimba mningi futhi usindayo. Amagundane ezinsikazi abesilisa anezibazi ezimbili zesisu nezimbambo ezimbili zesisu sezilwane ezincelisayo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Iqoqo lama-chromosome engxenyeni eyinhloko yerali yoqalo lifinyelela ku-50, ezinhlotsheni ezincane zekhala le-bamboo lingamashumi ayisithupha. Lokhu kuyimpawu ebaluleke kakhulu yezinhlobo zamagundane.
Ukwakheka kwesigebhezi kuyahambelana ngqo nempilo yezilwane ezincelisayo ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ukwakheka kwaso kucindezelwe, isicaba endaweni ye-ventral. Ama-Zygomatic arches ahlukile futhi aphambuka kakhulu ezinhlangothini. Ku-cecum kunesibalo esifana nokuvunguza.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezinkulu zamagundane
Ngaphandle kweBosawi, kunezinhlobo eziningi zamagundane emhlabeni ezahluka ngobukhulu obukhulu. Impela, baphansi ngamapharamitha abo ukuya eBosawi, kodwa likhulu kakhulu kunamagundane ajwayelekile. Lezi zinhlobo zinkulu kakhulu phakathi kwamagundwane futhi zingethusa umuntu ngosayizi wazo. Kepha, ngokuyisisekelo, zonke azinalo ulaka futhi azibeki ingozi kubantu.
Phakathi kwabameleli bezinhlobo ezinkulu, kukhona abamele abangu-6 abakhulu balezi zilwane:
- Indawo yokuqala ngemuva kokuthi iBosawi ithathwe umhlanga, ihlala e-Afrika, emabhokisini ezinqolobane zamathangi. Lawa ngamagundane amakhulu, afinyelela ku-41,5-87 cm ubude nomsila, anesisindo esingu-4-7 kg, amanye amadoda angaba nesisindo esingu-9 kg.
- Endaweni yesibili kungabekwa irowu ye-kangaroo ehlala e-Australia. Yathola igama layo ngenxa yokufana kwayo ne-kangaroo. Abamele le nhlobo banemilenze emide ngemuva nangezimbono ezimfishane. Ubude bomzimba bezilwane zalolu hlobo, kanye nomsila, zingama-40-95 cm; zinesisindo esingu-1-3 kg. Zihlala ezidlekeni ezenziwe ngotshani futhi zidla ezitshalweni.
- Indawo yesithathu ithathwe ngokufanele yigundwe le-bamboo. Abamele abakhulu kakhulu bafinyelela ubude obufika ku-50 cm ngaphandle kokubheka umsila, obude bawo bungama-15 cm. Lezi zilwane zingaba nesisindo esingama-2,5 kg. I-bamboo rodent ihlala emazweni ase-Asia, ukuhlangana kwabo okukhulu kubonwa eChina naseThailand. Zihlala emathangeni kaqalo, ngakhoke zaqala ukubizwa ngoqalo. Bondla kuphela imifino.
- Endaweni yesine - uPotor ovela emndenini wamagola we-kangaroo ahlala emaqeleni e-Australia. Zincamela ukuhlala emiseleni, ephuma kuzo ebusuku kuphela, zidla izitshalo nezinambuzane. Ubukhulu obukhulu balezi zilwane: ubude bomzimba ngomsila - 74 cm, isisindo - 2.2 kg. Athuthela kuPotor, agxume emilenzeni yawo yangasemva, njenge kangaroo.
- Igrey enkulu, noma i-pasyuk, ithatha indawo yesihlanu. Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke bangakhula babe ngamasentimitha angama-60 ubude, becinga ngomsila, futhi banesisindo esingaphezu kuka-1 kg. Lezi zilwane zihlala osebeni lwamachibi, lapho zigaya khona imisele eyi-1 m ukujula ne-5 m ubude, nasezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona abantu futhi kuhlale kukhona okuthile okungazuza ngakho. Abamele lolu hlobo lwamadlozi bangabazingeli, ngoba abadli nje kuphela ezimvini, kepha futhi nasekudla okuvela ezilwaneni.
- Indawo yesithupha esesikhundleni phakathi kwezinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke ihlalwa yi-musky kangaroo, noma i-chain-legged. Isilwane esidala esinomsila singafinyelela kubude obungafika kuma-47 cm, sinesisindo esingadluli kuma-700 g. Izindawo ezihlala kuyo imilenze yamaketanga zingamaphisi aminyene osebeni lwezidumbu zamanzi. Abagcini nje ngokugibela emhlabathini, kodwa futhi bagibela izihlahla ngokwanele. Lezi zilwane zinuka umaskandi futhi ziphatha amawundlu esikhwameni sesigqoko, yingakho zibizwa ngokuthi ama-musky kangaroos. Zidla ezinambuzaneni, izibungu, amajikijolo nezimpande.
Ubukhulu obukhulu bamagundane asemgwaqweni eRussia
Yize abantu bengathandi umakhelwane walezi zilwane, emigwaqweni yamadolobha amakhulu, anabantu abaningi ungathola izinhlobo ezimbili zamagundane: amnyama nagrey (pasuk). Bahlala kuma-attics, emiphongolweni, ezimayini zokuthuthwa kwendle. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zihlukile ngombala wejazi nosayizi. I-pasuk ehlala emigwaqweni yaseRussia ikhula ibe ngaphezu kwama-25 cm (ngaphandle komsila) futhi inesisindo esingu-400 g. Isilinganiso esimnyama siyisilwane esine-oda elinama-rodent, sinobude obude bemisila engama-22 cm nesisindo esifinyelela kuma-300 g.
UPasuk uthanda izindawo ezinomswakama, indawo ahlala kuyo intela abaqoqayo, amakamelo angaphansi okumanzi naphansi komhlaba, nezindawo ezimnyama zithanda izindawo ezomile, ngakho-ke uhlala ezindaweni ezomile. Uma siqhathanisa osayizi bamagundane abahlala emadolobheni aseRussia, kuba sobala ukuthi uhlobo lomgwaqo omkhulu kunazo zonke lamagundane yi-pasuk.
Izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zokuhlobisa amagundane asekhaya
Kusukela ngo-1856, izinduku zaqala ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokucwaninga ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kwezinto eziphilayo, manje sekudume kakhulu njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Ngenxa yokukhethwa, kungenzeka ukuthi uthole ukubukeka kwekhaya, okubandakanya izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo zokuhlobisa zamagundane, ezinezimpawu zazo zombala, ukwakheka komzimba, i-hairline, ngenkathi zingabukeka zingajwayelekile. Yize zibukeka njengezokuhlobisa, izilwane ezifuywayo zisalokhu ziyizindlela ezingama-subspecies futhi ezifuywayo zamagundane omgwaqo ompunga. Bahlukile ezihlotsheni zabo zasendle ngokunemba nangobuhlakani, basheshe bajwayele umnikazi.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo zokuhlobisa kunezinhlobo eziningana ezinkulu kakhulu:
- Okuthandwa kakhulu yigrey brown. Ubude bomzimba walezi zilwane buyi-16-20 cm, isisindo singama-400-600 g, kanti kukhona nezinhlobo ezinesisindo esingu-900 g .amadoda amakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Isikhathi sokuphila sabamele lolu hlobo lweminyaka yiminyaka emi-2.
- Enye Ukuzala Okukhulu Rat Domat - Okujwayelekile. Abanye abantu bangafinyelela ku-50 cm ngomsila futhi babe nesisindo esingu-500 g.
- Ukuhlobisa amagundane grey kufinyelela nosayizi omkhulu. Ubude bomzimba wabo buhlukahluka kusuka ku-17 kuye ku-40 cm, ngaphezu kwalokho, umsila unobude obucishe bube ngama-20 cm. Banesisindo esifanayo nabamele abamele uhlobo olujwayelekile.
- Akekho omkhulu kangako umugqa wokuhlobisa omnyamaomsila wakhe mude kunomzimba. Ubude bomzimba waleli pende buyi-22 cm, kanti umsila cishe ungama-28 cm, umbozwe ngezikali.
- Amagundane okuhlobisa wohlobo lweDambo nawo angabhekwa njengekhulu phakathi kwezihlobo zawo. Zikhula zibe zingama-20 cm (ngaphandle komsila) futhi zinesisindo esingama-400 g. Isici esihlukile salezi ngamagundane sakhiwo sazo somzimba, sifana ne-pearl ngesimo, nezindlebe ezinkulu, eziphansi ezimise okwendilinga.
Isikhathi esiphakeme kakhulu sokuphila kwamagundane okuhlobisa siyiminyaka engama-2-3.
Umhlaba wezilwane weplanethi mkhulu futhi uhlukahlukene, kukhona abamele abaningi bezilwane kuwo, okuthi, lapho ubheka kuqala, ubangele ubutha noma inengiso. Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwayo okungabukeki kangako, amagundane asengaba yizilwane ezinhle nezinomusa ezikhanyisa impilo yomuntu. Futhi uma ubabhekisisa kakhulu futhi utadishe imikhuba yabo, uzoqaphela ukuthi bayizilwane ezihlakaniphile impela.
IBosawi Rat - enye yamagundane amakhulu emhlabeni
Izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ezenze ucwaningo esiqhingini sasePapua zathola isimanga: zathola amagundane ezintabeni zendawo, ubude bayo bufinyelela kumamitha. Ososayensi abakaze babhekane namagundane amakhulu kangako ngaphambili, ngakho-ke izilwane ezitholakele zabangela isasasa elikhulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luye lwabonisa ukuthi amagundane ePapuan atholakala eNew Guinea kuphela. Amagundane ahlala esigodini sentaba-mlilo esivele yaphela. Izilwane zinoboya obukhulu futhi obukhulu, ezibavumela ukuba babekezelele kalula izimo ezinzima zezintaba zasendaweni. Isisindo sikhombisile ukuthi inqwaba yabanye abantu balezi zinhlobo ifinyelela ku-1.5 kg. Uma siqhathanisa lamagundane nabalingani bawo abahlala emadolobheni, bayophinda izikhathi ezintathu ngosayizi nesisindo.
Ososayensi bamangala kakhulu ngokuziphatha kwamagundane eBosawi. Vele, kusuka kumagundane amakhulu anjalo umuntu angalindela ukusabela okunolaka phambi kobukhona babantu, kepha izilwane zaziphatha ngendlela ehlukile:
- ababalekanga abantu ngoba bengakaze bahlangane nabo ngaphambili futhi babengenasizathu sokwesaba,
- amagundane azivumele ukuthi ahlolwe futhi asindwe,
- ososayensi baxhumana kalula nezilwane,
- akekho umcwaningi olimale ngenkathi efunda izinduku.
Isilinganiso se-viking yaseSweden
Ngo-2014, kutholakale i-mega-rat enkulu kuno-38 cm ekhishini lomndeni wakwaBangtsson-Korsos eSolna, eSweden. Izinkuni okugoqiwe nokhonkolo ukungena eflethini, kubanjwe kusetshenziswa ugibe lobukhulu bezimboni. Wayemkhulu kangangokuba waze wafa lapho ephindela emuva emhubheni ephethe isicupho emsileni wakhe.
Ukweqa ukubonwa okuningana eYurophu, eGreat Britain, e-United States, isilinganiso samaViking - njengoba yayibizwa ngabanqwebi - kukhombisa ukungaphenduki. Ochwepheshe abazibonile bachaza lesi silwane njengobukhulu besilinganiso samagundane ajwayelekile, usayizi wekati.
E-Dublin, ama-fighters abamba umuntu wamasentimitha angama-60 ngaphakathi efulethini.
Ubuthi be-Bromadiolone abusebenzi ku-rodent. Ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe yi-University of Huddersfield (2009), ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo nokungatheleleki kobuthi sekuthuthukile ndawonye, okuphakamisa umbuzo: Ngabe ngidinga ukuthuthukisa ubuthi obusha ngokuguqulwa ngakunye?
Josephoartigasia
Imfucumfucu yalolu hlobo lwangaphambi kokutholwa yaqala ukutholwa ngenkathi kubembiwa (1981) eMontevideo, e-Uruguay, lapho ososayensi bekhubeka khona ekhweni likangamasentimitha angama-53 elikhudlwana kunenkomo yesimanje.Njengoba eyisilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke, uJosephoartigasia wayelawula amahlathi aseNingizimu Melika ngesikhathi sePliocene ngesisindo somzimba esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-900.
Isidalwa besinokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile okubonisa ukuthi kunokudla okumnandi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi uJosephoartigasia akazange abulale izilwane ukuze aphile. Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi amazinyo awasebenzi nje njengezikhali zokulwa nezitha, kodwa asetshenziswa ezimpini zamalungelo okuzala.
Ukuphila iminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezine, le rat yahlanganyela noMhlaba ngezinyoni ezinkulu, izilwane zasekhaya ezinhle, amakati amakhulu alambile. Ezidalweni zesimanje, uJosephoartigasia usondele kakhulu kufana ne-capybara enkulu.
INutria
INutria ingumgqumo onamakhambi ahlala emanzini. Njengegundane elikhulu, i-nutria ejwayelekile ikhula ndawana thile i-71-106 cm ubude. Abadala banesisindo esingu-16 kilos. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yama-1800s, lesi sidalwa saxoshwa ezindaweni zazo eziningi zemvelo.
I-Argentina yaqala ukuzalanisa i-nutria ukuze ithole uboya. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, umkhuba wokufuya wasakazekela eNyakatho Melika, e-Eurasia, yize uboya uqobo lwawo bungazange buvelele phakathi kwabathengisi.
Kusukela ngawo-1940s, i-nutria yaba yilapho isakaze khona (iphunyuke emapulazini oboya bendawo yaphinde yanda), kufaka phakathi i-England yasemakhaya, iLouisiana, neMaryland. Imikhiqizo esekwe eNutria iyathengiswa ngohlobo lokudla kwenja.
Ngokusho kweNational Geographic, ama-nutria amadala awakhuli isikhathi eside kuno-60 cm.
AmaCastoroides
Yaziwa nangokuthi i-beaver enkulu, i-castoroid iyi-rodent engapheli yaseNyakatho Melika eyayikhona ngesikhathi sePleistocene. Isisindo esingama-kg kg, umzimba wesilwane sasinobude obungu-188-219 cm, noma kungaziwa ukuthi bungakanani ubude bomzimba ongangezwa ngumsila emzimbeni.
AmaCastoroids uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lwe-beaver owake waphila emhlabeni. Kwakuhluke ku-beaver yesimanje ngokuthi okuqothulayo kube nemilenze emikhulu yangemuva nangemuva emuva, amazinyo abanzi nobuchopho obuncane.
Izinsalela zeCastoroid zitholakala e-Ohio, Alaska, eFlorida, e-Indiana, e-Illinois, ezungeze iGreat Lakes.
Funda kabanzi Isikhathi sokuphila kwezilwane, izinyoni, izinhlanzi, izinyamazane, izihlahla nabantu
I-Kangaroo rat
E-Australia, ungathola amagundane amakhulu e-kangaroo. Umzimba walezi izinduku ungafinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-55, kanti nomsila ungama-40 cm. Isakhiwo somzimba salezi zigundane sifana ne-kangaroo: imilenze yazo yangemuva mikhulu futhi ithuthuke kahle, okuvumela izilwane ukuba zigxume zizungeze. Izinduku zinezikhwama lapho kwakhula khona imibungu yengane. Ama-kangaroo amagundane adla ukudla kwezitshalo. Bancamela ukuthola ukudla ebusuku, kuthi phakathi nosuku bavame ukucasha emiseleni noma ezidlekeni zotshani.
Amagundane Aguqukayo
Uvame ukuzwa izindaba ezimnandi mayelana namagundane amakhulu agcwele imetro, izikhungo zempi ezilahliwe. Kepha konke lokhu kumane nje kuyisiphepho esinamandla sabantu abanesizungu sokuphila ngaphandle kwezinganekwane. Futhi umshini ophuzi uheha abafundi, okwandisa ukuthengiswa kwamaphephandaba nomagazini babo.
Ngemuva kokufunda, umuntu uphinda afune futhi enze ihaba ukuze abukeke emangalisa. Eqinisweni, igundane elikhulu kunazo zonke eRussia yi-pasuk. Ezitokisini ezingaphansi komhlaba, ezikhungweni zamasosha, zonke ziyefana nasekuphileni kwansuku zonke ukubonwa okugcwele komuntu. Kungahle kube nezinhlobo ezinkulu, kepha lokhu akuyona imiphumela yokuguqulwa, kodwa kusuka empilweni enhle "yamagundane.
I-trat yegundane
Injani inqubo yokuthola imvume? Maye, ngaphandle kwama-sappers ochwepheshe, kusengenakwenzeka. Benza izindlela ezincane, eziphephile ezindaweni zemayini kude nebanga lamamitha angama-20 ukusuka komunye nomunye. Abaqeqeshi bezithelo bahamba ngezindlela ezimbili, bebambe ucingo olude emikhawulweni emibili. Kocingo luyindandatho eboshelwe ekuhlanganiseni kwetiyini. Futhi kule ring, njengethilamu noma trolley eceleni kocingo, kugijima kusuka kolunye uhlangothi lwentambo kuya kolunye. Ngagijima ngamamitha angamashumi amabili, intambo yocingo yahanjiswa phambili, yagijima yabheka ngakunye. Isilinganiso ngeke sibaleke: ucingo luyadingeka kuphela ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isilwane sihlwitha yonke indawo etshaliwe.
Uma i-rat ime, umaki wokuhlola ubekwa kuleli phuzu futhi umsebenzi uyaqhubeka. "I-Rat Race" isindisa kakhulu isikhathi sappers abaqeqeshiwe. I-rodent iyagijima futhi ihlole amamitha ayi-100 endawo endaweni yesigamu sehora. Yikuphi okushesha ukwedlula okwenziwa ngumkhosi.
Ukubhabhadiswa kwabasebenzi abasebenza ngomlilo kwenzeka ngonyaka we-2003 kanti kusukela lapho bebesebenza njalo emazweni amaningana ase-Afrika. Hlola izindawo ezingaba yingozi.
Potoru
Enye i-kangaroo rat ihamba yesihlanu ohlwini lwamagundane amakhulu amakhulu anjalo. I-Potor ingafinyelela kubukhulu obungu-41 cm. Umsila kulezi zilwanyana ukhula ube ngamasentimitha angama-32. Izingalo zasemuva zezintambo zithuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe, ezibavumela ukuba bahambe ngokuxhuma, njenge-kangaroo. Izilwane zitholakala e-Australia. Bazihlelela izidleke endaweni eseqeleni nasezindaweni ezinamahlathi. Ukudla kwe-potor kuzitshalo, amakhowe nezinambuzane.
Isilinganiso esikhulu se-marsupial rat
I-giant marsupial noma i-rat yaseGambian ihlala e-Afrika, i-rodent enkulu ikhula ibe ngu-90 cm ubude, inesisindo somzimba esifinyelela ku-1.5 kg. Ngokubukeka, izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlakaniphe kunabo bonke, empeleni zifana ne-pasuk enkulu engwevu, kepha isihlobo esiseduze hhayi sezintwala, kodwa amagundane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-marsupial rat nganoma iyiphi indlela ayisebenzi ezilwaneni ezi-marsupial ezinesikhwama sokuthwala izinsana. Amakhebuli enduku enkulu azalwa elungele impilo yangaphandle futhi ahlala nonina esidlekeni.
Igama "ama-marsupials" lanikezwa izilwane ezinkulu zase-Afrika izikhwama ezinkulu zaseshekeni lapho amagundane aseGambian ephethe khona ukudla okufana nama-hamsters.
Isilinganiso esikhulu se-marsupial rat
I-rodent enkulu, njenge-pasyuki, iyisilwane esimangazayo esisebenzisa izithelo, imifino, amasimu kanye neminenke ekudleni. Ngokungafani namagundane, izilwane ezincelisayo zase-Afrika zinenkinga yokungaboni kahle, okuncishiswa ngumqondo onephunga lokukhula kakhulu. Lesi sici se-rodent yase-Afrika sisetshenziswe ngempumelelo yinhlangano yase-Belgian i-AROPO, efundisa izilwane ezihlakaniphile ukuthi zingasithola kanjani izinhlungu zofuba kanye nezindawo zokulwa nezisebenzi zomhlaba wonke. Ngenxa yemvelo yayo ephezulu yokuqonda nokuthula, igundane elikhulu le-marsupial selibe isilwane emazweni aseningizimu.
Isigaxa esikhulu somhlanga
Enye induku enkulu ehlala ogwini lwezindawo zokugcina zase-Afrika. Indawo oyithandayo yendawo enkulu yomhlanga yindawo eshisayo eduze kwemifula namachibi, izindawo ezinamathubedu, amasimu atshaliwe nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Inyamazane eno-furry inomzimba omnyama kakhulu, uma ikhula ngo-60 cm ifinyelela isisindo esingama-9 kg. Abantu bendawo bazingela ngempumelelo amagundane omoba, besebenzisa inyama yezilwane ukudla.
Isigaxa esikhulu somhlanga
I-rodent egcotshwe kahle ibhukuda kahle kakhulu, imvamisa ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi emanzini. Ngokungafani nama-pasukas ama-emnivorous, amagundane omhlanga angamakhambi kuphela akhulisa umoba, ummbila, ithanga, ama-yams notshani bendlovu. Ukuhlaselwa kwezixuku eziningi zamagundane amakhulu kudala umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo, ngakho abalimi base-Afrika basebenzisa ama-pythons nama-mongooses adla izinambuzane ukuvikela amasimu.
Isilinganiso esikhulu se-bamboo
Indawo enkulu yokuhlala ngama-fluffy ihlala eSouth China, North Burma naseThailand. Isilwane esikhulu sikhula sibe ngama-50 cm futhi sinesisindo somzimba esifinyelela kuma-4 kg. Indawo enkulu yezilwane ezincelisayo enkulu imisele nemigqa emide engaphansi komhlaba, enamathele ngamagundane awo ngokuqina. Isilwane sidla ukudla kwezitshalo: izimpande neziqu zoqalo, kanye nezithelo zezihlahla ezishisayo.
Isilinganiso esikhulu se-bamboo
Isigaxa esikhulu se-bamboo saba yinkanyezi yamavidiyo e-Intanethi ngemuva kokuthi umhlali waseChina abambe isinambuzane esikhulu salolu hlobo olunesisindo esingu-11 kg. Kodwa, ngeshwa, leli rekhodi alizange lihlelwe noma kuphi, futhi lahlala kuphela ngesimo esijabulisayo somuntu omfushane waseChina onesihlwayi esikhulu segrey ezandleni.
ICapybara
ICapybara noma i-capybara kubhekwe kufanelekile njengento enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Izilwane zinobude bomzimba ongu-1-1.4 m enesisindo esifinyelela kuma-65 kg. Ngaphandle, i-capybara ifana nengulube enkulu enempilo eyondlekile, kepha hhayi irandi, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu ukuthatha i-handfowl rodent ye-pasuk enkulu. Izilwane ezincelisayo, ezingafani namagundane, zinekhanda elikhulu eliyindilinga elinomhluzi omfushane, umzimba omkhulu osindayo onemilenze emifushane, onama-membrane wokubhukuda.
ICapybara
UCapybara uhlala kuphela emazweni anesimo sezulu esifudumele: i-Argentina, iVenezuela, iBrazil, iColombia, iPeru, i-Uruguay. Ngekhaya labo, ama-capybaras akhetha osebeni lwemifula emikhulu, kepha ngokuntuleka kokudla, izilwane zihamba amabanga amade ngamabanga amade. Ukudla, izinduku zisebenzisa kuphela ukudla kwezitshalo. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu nenyama emnandi, okusikhumbuza ingulube, ama-capybaras afakwa emapulazini eVenezuela. Isikhumba sezilwane ezincelisayo sisetshenziselwa ukwenza izimpahla zesikhumba; amafutha asetshenziswa embonini yezemithi.
Isilinganiso esikhulu segrey
Indawo yesithupha ohlwini lwamagundane amakhulu iya ku-pasyuki. Lezi zilwane zitholakala cishe kunoma yiliphi izwekazi. Zikhula zize zifike kuma-40 cm, futhi ubude bazo bezomsila bungwedlula amasentimitha angama-20. Amagundane ampunga adla ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Ehlobo, zivame ukutholakala endle, kuthi ebusika zithande ukusondela emizini yabantu. I-Pasyuki imvamisa ihlala kuma-pantries, lapho angakuthola khona ukudla okwanele ubusika.
Amagundane - kuzwakala ukuthi uyaziqhenya
Ngakho-ke, ngemizamo yabantu abaningi namagundane, sikwazile ukudala iphrojekthi esindisa inqwaba - futhi ngisho namakhulu - ezimpilo minyaka yonke. I-ARORO ikhona kuphela ngeminikelo nangokuxhaswa.
EMozambiki kuphela, amagundane athola izimboni zomhlaba ezingama-13 274 futhi abuyisela abantu amamitha angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-11 komhlaba. ECambodia, i-Tailed Army ihlole indawo engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-14 zamamitha endawo yathola nezinhlamvu ezingama-4,599.
Futhi akupheleli. Ama-Rodents nabantu bayaqhubeka nomsebenzi wabo e-Angola naseZimbabwe. Nomaphi lapho umhlaba uminyene "ngokufa" kwezinto ezibulalayo, izilwane ezincane ezihlekisayo zizokusiza.
Awukacabangi ukuthi amagundane marsupial kuzwakala uyaziqhenya?
I-Musky kangaroo
Isikhundla sesikhombisa ohlwini lwamagundane amakhulu aya kuma-musky kangaroos. Lezi izinduku zinephunga elino-musky kanye nesikhwama se-brood, ngokuhlonipha lapho zithole igama elinjalo. Izilwane zikhula zibe ngamasentimitha angama-35. Zidla ngezitshalo nezinambuzane noma izibungu. Ama-Musk kangaroos angahamba kalula emhlabathini futhi akhuphuke izihlahla. Bathanda ukuhlala endle futhi bahlele izidleke eduze namachibi.
Usayizi wamagundane amakhulu
Izinhlobo eziningi zamagundwane ezihlala emadolobheni aseduze kokuhlala abantu zinamasayizi omzimba afinyelela kuma-20 cm. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zegrey, kukhona amagundane amakhulu impela futhi amakhulu angadala ukwesaba kubantu, kepha ubude bawo obuphakeme buyi-40 cm.
Amahlebezi okuthi kukhona amagundane amakhulu aguqukayo ahlala ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba eduze kwaseMoscow aselokhu ezungeza iminyaka engaba ngu-30. Kukhona ofakazi abaningi bokuzibonela abakhuluma ngamagundwane abulala usayizi wenja enkulu, okusolwa ukuthi bahlasela abembi baseMoscow, noma abagijimayo emhubheni engaphansi komhlaba. Kodwa-ke, amagundane amakhulu anganekwane awakabanjwa, futhi akunakuqinisekiswa kwalokhu.
Kuzobajabulisa kakhulu ukufunda ngamagundane amakhulu asendle endle: yini osayizi wamagundane amakhulu afundwe ososayensi, futhi ukuba khona kwawo kuqinisekisiwe ngokusemthethweni.
Okujwayelekile
Uhlu lwamagundane amakhulu kakhulu luhlanganisa abamele ukubukeka bokuhlobisa okujwayelekile. Lezi zilwane zingakhula zibe ngamasentimitha angama-30 ubude.Umsila wazo ungamasentimitha ayi-15-20.Izinduku zasemakhaya zihluke kancane kwezihlobo zazo zasendle. Bathanda inhlanzeko futhi bachitha isikhathi esiningi bezinakekela. Izilwane azikuhlaziyi ukudla. Kubo, izibiliboco yimikhiqizo yezinhlamvu, izithelo nemifino ehlukahlukene. Amagundane okuhlobisa ngeke anqabe inyama.
Amagundane okuhlobisa ekhaya
Abantu baseRussia bayakujabulela ukugcina la makhulu emakhaya abo nakuzohlobo lwabo. Lezi zidalwa ezinobuhlakani manje zicashunwa njengezilwane ezingabangane.
Muva nje, ukuzalaniswa kwamagundane sekufinyelele ezingeni elisha: izinhlobo eziningi ezihluke kakhulu ziye zazalwa. Amaphayiphu athuthukise izindinganiso zezilwane, ngokususelwa lapho kubanjwa khona imibukiso futhi kukhethwe abameli abahamba phambili.
Umgomo wabalimi ukuthuthukisa ingaphandle lezilwane, ukungavikeleki, nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila. Akekho obambe iqhaza ekuzaleni izinhlobo zamagundane amakhulu amakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, amagundane amadala asekhaya asemakhulu kunezihlobo zasendle: amanye amaduna afinyelela ku-650 g. Awedlula kuwo ngosayizi, afike kuma-30 cm.
Izindonga ezigcinwa zithunjiwe futhi zitholakala mahhala ekudleni zivame ukukhuluphala.
Abamele izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene bahluke kuphela kwangaphandle yabo. Usayizi wezilwane ucishe uzimele ezinhlotsheni.
Izinhlobo ezithandwa kakhulu zamagundane okuhlobisa eRussia:
- mhlophe (ama-albino),
- satin
- umsila
- Husky
- phansi (i-Fazz),
- engenazinwele (ama-sphinxes),
- dumbo
- oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
- phinda u-rex.
Isilinganiso esimnyama
Amagundane amnyama ayizilwane ezijwayelekile kakhulu ezinama-rodent ezitholakala kuwo wonke umhlaba. Lezi zilwane zingafinyelela kubude obungu-22 cm, yingakho zingena endaweni yeshumi ohlwini lwamagundane amakhulu emhlabeni. Isici esiyingqayizivele salezi zidondolo ngumsila omude kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi okhula ube ngamasentimitha angama-28. Amagundane amnyama avame kakhulu ezifundeni eziseningizimu, ngoba athanda ukufudumala. Ezimweni zasendle, bazihlelela izidleke ezihlahleni. Ukudla kwalezi ngamagundane kuqukethe ikakhulukazi izithelo nembewu yezitshalo.
Woolen bosavi
Okunye okutholwe kamuva nje ukuthi igundane elinoboya okokuqala laqala ukutholwa ososayensi ngonyaka ka-2009 lapho iqembu labacwaningi lakhubeka ngesilo seBosavi Crater, ePapua New Guinea.
Kukholakala ukuthi iBosawi ibingaxhumani nabantu, ubude bayo bungama-81 cm, okumenza abe yigundane elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ngenxa yesimo sokutholwa kwesayensi kwakamuva, isidalwa sesiliva akukafanele sinikezwe igama elisemthethweni.
Kwakukhona nezinye izinhlobo ezingama-40 ezazingaziwa ngaphambili, ama-amphibians ayi-16, izinhlanzi ezintathu, i-gecko, i-marsupial, ama-arachnids amaningana - ezingekho kuzo ezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
Yize uWoolen Bosawi eyisilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke esaziwa njengamanje kwisayensi, akuyona enkulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona. Ososayensi abavela e-East Timor, e-Indonesia, endaweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo enkulu, bathole izinsalela zesilwane esasinokuphindwe kathathu njengoboya bezikhumba.
"Lokhu kungenye yamagundane amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni ahlobo olufanayo abahlala ezindlini zasemanzini," kusho uDkt Christopher Helgen weSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History, ohambisane naloluhambo.
Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ezinye izinhlobo eziyisithupha zamagundane amakhulu zatholakala ePapua New Guinea. Bonke abayisikhombisa bahlukaniswe njengamalungu e-genus Mallomys, umndeni wamagundane kaMuridae.
IGitia enkulu
Ukuphila eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-100 000 edlule esiqhingini sase-Anguilla, iCaribbean, lokhu kukalwa okukhulu kwakukhulu kabili ngokulingana komuntu omdala futhi okuphindwe ka-1000 kunamagundane anamuhla. Ngokusemthethweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Ambyrhiza, isidalwa esingasekho siyaziwa ngokuthi i-gios enkulu.
Funda kabanzi nge-Glue kusuka kumagundane namagundane - izinzuzo nokubi kwe-glue, izicupho ezinamathelayo
Amarekhodi okugcwala komhlaba abonisa ukuthi zazingekho izilwane ezincelisayo e-Anguilla ngesikhathi lesi sidalwa sikhona. Ukuphela kwenkathi kuholele ekunyukeni kwezinga lolwandle, lapho i-goutia yayingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa, okuholele ekuqothulweni kwesilwane.
Inzalo encane yezilwane zasendulo izulazula eziqhingini zaseCaribbean namuhla, kodwa iningi inesisindo esingaphezu kuka-2,5 kg. Lezi zinambuzane zesimanje zivame ukutholakala endaweni yaseGuantanamo Bay eCuba, lapho zibizwa ngebhanana ngenxa yokwakheka kwengcekeza.
Umugqa wase-Afrika
ILANGA lizama ukuvimba ukusabalala kwamagamba amakhulu amaGambian, amagundane ase-Afrika.Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi edlule, ayisishiyagalombili adedelwa ngumfuyi wezilwane ezihlukile esiqhingini saseKlyuchi. Kuze kube manje, imizamo yokuqeda izinambuzane ayiphumelelanga, iziphathimandla zesaba ukuthi izinduku zizofika ezweni elikhulu bese zilimaza imvelo yaseFlorida.
Isilinganiso sase-Afrika sikhula sibe ngama-50 cm ubude, sinesisindo esingu-4 kg. Izinombolo esizeni semininingwane seGambia zithobekile kakhulu: 43 cm, 3 kg. Kodwa-ke, uma amagundane enokudla okungcono kunase-Afrika, amanani alungile.
Amagundane ase-bamboo aseChina
Ukulinganisa okuhlanganisiwe akukona ukunambitheka kwawo wonke umuntu, kepha eChina lokhu kudla okumnandi kubiza kakhulu kunokuphindwa kwengulube nenkukhu futhi kukholakala ukuthi kuphulukisa impandla. Zifuyelwa njengemfuyo, yenyama noboya.
Amagundane ama-bamboo bamboo ngokwemvelo akhulu, kodwa athengiswa afinyelela isisindo esingama-4 kg, angama-50 cm ubude.
Ukudla okunamafutha
Isilwane esikhulu sisho ama-herbivores.
Ukudla kwalo kuqukethe:
- yam
- amantongomane
- utshani bendlovu
- ukolweni
- umoba owanikeza igama
- ukolweni
- izithelo eziwile
- amabele
- imifino
- umdumbula,
- amabele.
Ngenxa yothando lwayo ngezilimo, ama-rodent ayisidakamizwa esiyingozi esidambisa izilimo.
Ukuvikela amasimu, abantu bendawo basebenzisa izitha eziphambili zama-grasquats - ama-mongooses kanye nama-pythons.
Umvikeli omkhulu wegundane ubuyise iphimbo
Isigamu sekhilogramu lamagundane asekhaya - okungokoqobo
Njengezitezi ezingaphansi, amagundane asendlini okuhlobisa ngokuvamile awakhulisi ngosayizi wamakati nezinja. Iqiniso ngukuthi izilwane ezifuywayo ngamagundane ajwayelekile grey, okuthi, ngokukhethwa isikhathi eside, zikwazi ukufeza umbala omuhle noma ukuhlanganiswa kwe-albinism ku-genotype.
Kodwa abafuyi bezinkomo abazange basebenze ekwandiseni usayizi wamagundane asekhaya - sasingekho isidingo esikhethekile salokhu. Noma kunjalo, amagundane akuzona izinkomo, akekho umuntu awakhulisa ukuba adle inyama, ngakho-ke akekho umuntu okudingeka akhiphe imidondoshiya kubo efana nonogwaja noma izinkomo ezinkulu.
Ngenxa yalokho, ekuthunjweni, amagundane akhula aze acishe afane nosayizi ongaphansi komhlaba noma izilwane zasendle. Kepha kufanele kuqashelwe: kumaseli, ezimweni zokuntuleka kokuzivocavoca umzimba kanye nenala yokudla, iningi lazo lidla lize likhuluphele. Ngenxa yalokhu, izimo ngazinye ezifuywayo kwesinye isikhathi zifinyelela isisindo sama-gramu ayi-500 noma ngaphezulu.
Kodwa-ke, asikho isizathu sokusho ukuthi iziqhwaga (ngokwezinhlobo zofuzo). Ubukhulu bawo obukhulu bufana nobenhlobo yezihlobo zasendle, kepha isisindo nje siyinzuzo. 'Amadoda aqatha' nje, afanayo nabamele abantu abathile, anesisindo esingama-300-350 kg hhayi nakancane "ama-giants".
Ngakho-ke, khumbula: zombili amagundane amhlophe, kanye “nama-huskies” okuqala noma izinduku ezingenalutho esimweni somuntu omdala zilingana ngobukhulu, futhi azinkulu kakhulu. Thola futhi uthenge ndawo thizeni enkulu enesisindo sekhilogremu ayisebenzi.
Esithombeni - igundane elikhulu labelungu labesilisa elimhlophe:
Futhi, ngendlela, amagundane ezinambuzane angaphansi komhlaba noma kwinkukhu yenkukhu anosayizi abajwayelekile ngohlobo lwawo, futhi izindlela ezivamile zisetshenziselwa ukulwa nawo. Isicupho se-rat kubo kuwukuchithwa kobukhulu be "rat", noma isicupho esibukhoma, esenzelwe ngqo amagundane. Noma isinambuzane esikhulu kakhulu siwela ogibeni, siba nesitoko esanele ngosayizi ukubulala noma ukubamba inyamazane.
Ahlala kuphi amagundane amakhulu asendle?
UPassukuk wabiza amagundane asendle. Lesi yisilwane esikhulu, esingamasentimitha angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa ubude. Bahlalwa yonke indawo, bahlala emigodini futhi banolaka olukhulu. Amagundane anjalo ahlasela hhayi ngesibindi izinja noma amakati kuphela, kodwa nabantu.
I-pasyuk enkulu yamakhadi asendle
Amagundane asendle i-Wild Turkestan ahlala ezansi emaphethelweni e-Uzbekistan, South-East Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan kanye neTajikistan, lapho ehlala khona emahlathini ezithelo nezithelo zomsoco. Ubude bomzimba walezi zilwane cishe amasentimitha angamashumi amabili nantathu. Babuye bajwayelane kahle nabantu, bahlala ezindlini zasemadolobheni nezasemakhaya.
Ubungako bomzimba wegrey bamboo omkhulu bufika kuma-48 cm
Omunye wabamele abomndeni abakhulu yigundwe le-bamboo. Umzimba ufinyelela ubude amasentimitha amane-nesishiyagalombili nomsila omfishane nobude ngamasentimitha ayishumi nanhlanu. Indawo abahlala kuyo isiqhingi saseSumatra, Indochina, iNhlonhlo yeMalay, iBurma neThailand. Kuyaziwa ukuthi eChina lesi silwane siyadliwa. I-bamboo rat ihamba kancane, ichitha iningi lempilo yayo emgodini ongaphansi komhlaba. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwalesi zinhlobo bamboo young.
I-Papuan rat | 1 imitha
| 1 imithaAmagundane ePapuan - Enye yamagundane amakhulu kakhulu awaziwa yisayensi. Bahlala esiqhingini sasePapua (New Guinea). Ubude bomzimba bama-giants bungafinyelela imitha eyi-1, umsila - cm 30. Ngaphandle, i-rodent enkulu ifana ne-pasuk ejwayelekile, umehluko kuphela ngosayizi. Amagundane ePapuan ahlala ezintabeni, endaweni yokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo ezingapheli. Ngenxa yoboya obukhulu, izilwane zingaphila ngisho nasezimeni zezulu ezinzima kakhulu.
Amagundane esitsheni
Emuva kwesidlali sebhola. Ngenkathi uJoel Fameye ebuzwa ukuthi aqambe izitsha zezwe lakhe, wavele ngaphandle kokuthandabuza wabiza i-graskata.
Abantu base-Afrika babheka izinambuzane zomhlanga njengezibiliboco zangempela.
Inyama ye-Rodent ibaluleke kakhulu ngokuqukethwe kwayo ngamaphrotheni amaningi namaphesenti aphansi wamafutha, futhi inokunambitheka okubucayi nokukhanyayo.
I-Graskata igama lesitsha, hhayi isilwane uqobo.
I-Graskata - amagundane athosiwe noma afakiwe
Ngokwesilwane esithosiwe kufanele ukhokhe okungenani ama- $ 100.
Yikuphi amagundane amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni
Amagundane asendle angabathwali bezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ezibulalayo.
Ubungozi obuqondile obuvela emaqongeni amakhulu amaningi eminyaka buye baba nengqondo ephikelelayo eye yagxiliswa engqondweni yomuntu.
Abantu bathola ukwesaba kanye nobutha ezilwaneni ezincane, ezichazwa ngamasu wokuvikela asetshenziswa ngememori yofuzo. Izilwane zaba ngamaqhawekazi ezinsumansumane eziningi zasemadolobheni futhi zenza umncintiswano ofanelekayo kubadidiyeli abadumile abahlala emijondolo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iningi lalezi zindaba zinganekwane ezivamile, amanye amagundane ayamangaza ngamapharamitha awo.
Iqhawe lesiqeshana yi-grasquat, umhlanga omkhulu womhlanga (grascutter umoba rat) ovela e-Afrika, osisindo sayo okungenani singama-6 kg.
Amagundane ayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nendlela yokuphila futhi awakhethi ezimweni zokuphila
Uhlala kuphi umugqa we-bamboo?
Photo: Bamboo rat emvelweni
Indawo yokuhlala yalolu hlobo isukela empumalanga yeNepal (2000 m ngaphezu kolwandle), idlula enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, iBhutan, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeBangladesh, iMyanmar, iseningizimu neChina, kanye nenyakatho-ntshonalanga. IVietnam, Thailand neCambodia. Izinhlobo zamagundwe we-bamboo, njengomthetho, aqoshwa kufinyelela kumamitha angama-4000 ngaphezu kolwandle, kanti amanye ama-taxa akhawulelwe kubude obuthile, futhi ububanzi be-urefu abuhlali njalo kulo lonke uhla olwaziwayo.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu zamagundane ezinqenqemeni:
Ubukhona abuqinisekile:
Le nhlobo iqoshwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala, kusuka ehlathini lika-bamboo kuye kwatshalwa umhlaba wezolimo nakwezinye izindawo ezakhiwe abantu, yize ingekho emasimini erayisi. ENingizimu Asia, kwenzeka emahlathini asezintabeni endaweni ezishisayo nasezithangeni zamahlathi bamboo emahlathini asezansi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Lezi yizinhlobo ezihlala isikhathi eside zinezimbila eyodwa noma ezimbili kulitha lwazo. Ziphinde futhi zihlale ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi esinotshani obunotshani. Amagundane e-bamboo agaya imisele eyinkimbinkimbi engaphansi komhlaba ngendlela yemigudu futhi achitha isikhathi esiningi emiseleni.
Manje usuyazi ukuthi ihlala kuphi i-bamboo rat. Masibone ukuthi udlani.
Ngabe sidlani i-bamboo bamboo?
Photo: Bamboo Rat
Amagundane e-bamboo asebenza ikakhulukazi ekuseni noma kusihlwa, lapho izilwane zibonakala ebusweni bomhlaba zifuna ukudla. Zidla ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba ezingaphansi komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ngoqalo, kanye nembewu nezithelo. Umkhiqizo odliwayo oyinhloko yi-bamboo, eyayisebenza njengegama lalesi silwane esiyimfihlo. Bawumba kahle umhlaba. Ukudla kwabo akuqukethe izingxenye ze-bamboo kuphela, kudla nezihlahla, amahlumela amasha amakhambi nezinye izimpande, kudle imbewu nezithelo.
Emini, izilwane ziphumula ngokuthula endaweni yazo yokuhlala, futhi ebusuku zivuka ziye phezulu zidle izingxenye ezingaphezulu zezitshalo.
- ihlumela liyahluma
- zonke izinhlobo zamaqabunga
- izithelo eziwile
- imbewu ehlukahlukene.
Ngokungafani nabanye abadwebi abavele bacashe emihubheni, amagundane e-bamboo asheshe athole ukudla, njalo andisa ubude bemisele yabo ezindaweni ezinotshani obukhulu. Lapho usuqedile ukubopha lesi sitshalo, lesi silwane sizovimba umhubhe ovela ngaphakathi ngekhukini kusuka emhlabathini. Ukugxila okunjalo kusici sokudla okunempilo kunikeza ithuba lomthombo wokudla onokwethenjelwa futhi ongaguquki, kugwemeka umncintiswano.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagundane angakwazi ukucasha ngokushesha emigodini etholakala ekujuleni okukhulu. Amagundane e-bamboo ajwayele ukuhlala engadini yetiye futhi akha imisele nemishubhe yezinqubo kulezi zindawo, alimaze lezi zivuno futhi alimaze angalawuleki kuzo. Lezi zidondolo zaziwa njengabadli abahle kakhulu, abakwaziyo ukutshabalalisa okuphakelayo abaningi. Ebusuku, umuntu angayizwa imigqomo ehlukile ekhutshwa ngamagundane bamboo afuna ukugcwalisa izisu zawo ngamahlumela amnandi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Bamboo Rat in Burrow
I-bamboo rat igaya umhlabathi ngokuphelele ngama-paws ayo nangezifiso zalo, ihlela uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuhamba, olwenza njalo lube nzima futhi lube nobude. Ngokungafani neroses yama-bamboo aseChina, lonke uhlobo aluhambelani nezikhala ezinotshani, kodwa lize luye ezingxenyeni ze-bamboo ezakha ingxenye eyinhloko yokudla kwazo. Kusihlwa, amagundane e-bamboo ashiya indawo yawo yokuhlala ayodla uhlaza. Ngenkathi besekudingisweni, umsebenzi wokusebenza wanda kakhulu ekuseni noma kusihlwa, futhi balala kakhulu usuku.
Lezi izilwane ezincelisayo zimba izimbobo ezindaweni ezinotshani, emahlathini nasezingadini. Ukumba kwenziwa hhayi kuphela ngemilenze yabo enamandla, kodwa nangosizo lwezinto zabo ezinkulu. Umuntu oyedwa angakha izimbobo eziningana, kepha uzophila kweyodwa. Imigudu eyakhiwe ilula futhi ifaka negumbi eliningi le-nesturpose. Le mihubhe engaphansi komhlaba ivame ukujula kakhulu. Amamitha angaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu ezinyathelo ezenziwa ngaphansi komhlaba, awela kumuntu oyedwa.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Amagundane amancane e-bamboo ahamba kancane lapho engaphezulu komhlaba, futhi kuthiwa angesabi lapho isitha esondela kuwo.
Ukumba ama-labyrinths anjalo kuyadingeka ukuze i-rodent ithole ukudla futhi yakhe indawo yokukhosela ethembekile. Ahambisa umhlabathi obumbiwe ngezingalo zangaphambili ngaphansi kwesisu, kanti ngemuva wona awuphonsa emuva. Amazinyo agedla izimpande. Lapho ugubha, kwakhiwa inqwaba yobumba, lapho igundwe le-bamboo lihamba ngesigaxa sayo nezinqama eceleni komgodi. Lawa magundane afihla ikhaya lawo ngamathayi amade nezitshalo aminyene zezitshalo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Baby Bamboo Rat
I-bamboo rat ingazala unyaka wonke, kodwa kanye ngonyaka, inani eliphakeme lababili uma izimo zivuma. Ukuzalaniswa kwesiqongo kwenzeka ngezinkathi zemvula. Owesifazane uletha izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezingaboni futhi zibe ze-1. Akhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi athole isisindo. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe amasonto ayisithupha noma ayisikhombisa. Amagundane ama-bamboo amancane ayakwazi ukuzala izinyanga ezingama-5-8 ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa, njengamanye amagundane amaningi, amehlo awo awavuli aze afike eminyakeni engu-15.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Intsha ihlala ingenazinwele esikhathini esiningi sokudla. Ukulumula nokuzimela kusuka kumama kwenzeka eminyakeni eyi-3-4.
Njengoba abesilisa bephambana nowesifazane oyedwa bese bedlulela kwelandelayo, abenzi umnikelo omkhulu ekunakekeleni amagundane amancane. Imfucumfucu encane ihlala ingenakusiza cishe amaviki ama-2, kuze kube yilapho izinwele zabo ziqala ukubuyela emuva, amehlo abo evulekile, futhi abaqali ukuhamba ngokwengeziwe. Ukuluka kuhambisana nemizamo evela kumama. Kuze amagundane bamboo afinyelele kusayizi wawo ophelele omdala, ahlala esidlekeni sikamama.
Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili emadodeni kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba banikezwe ithuba lokungena ebulilini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunomncintiswano omkhulu wokufinyelela kowesifazane nge-estrus futhi kunzima kubantu abancane abanesimo esiphansi sokuthola ukunaka kwabobulili obuhlukile. Izinsikazi zakha isidleke esinamakhaza engxenyeni eqhelile yohlelo lwamhubhe, lapho kuzalwa khona amagundane abanzi angasizi ngalutho.
Izitha zemvelo zegodo le-bamboo
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i rat bamboo
Izidakamizwa ezidumile zamagundane we-bamboo ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngemvelo yazo. Enye yezindlela zokuzivumelanisa nezilwane ezihlukumezanayo ukuhlukahluka kombala kule nhlobo nokuphila ebusuku. Obunye ubufakazi buveza ukuthi umbala uhambisana nendawo yokuhlala futhi, ngenxa yalokho, amandla okuhlala angabonakali emvelweni yendawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagundane e-bamboo ajwayele ukuhlasela izakhamizi zawo futhi avikelwe kakhulu ngazo zonke izindlela anazo. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi abathunjiwe bakaC. Badius bahlala endaweni evamile yokusongela, ekhombisa isifiso sokuzivikela. Amagundane e-bamboo emi emilenzeni yawo yangemuva futhi athwale izisusa zawo ezinamandla.
Izidlakudla ezingenzeka kakhulu futhi ezaziwa njengamanje zamagundane we-bamboo zihlanganisa:
Eningizimu yeChina, eLaos naseMyanmar, amagundane ezinqenqema adliwa ngabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu baphinde babhubhise inani elikhulu kakhulu lamagundane aqukethe bamboo eNorway, bebathatha njengezinambuzane. Bangabuye bazingelwe yinoma yisiphi isibalo sezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlanzekile, izinyoni, nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihlala endaweni ehlanganyelwe nabo.
Ezinye izinhlobo zamagundwane zithathwa njengezilokazane ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezincelisayo. Zibangele ukufa kwabantu abaningi ukwedlula zonke izimpi emlandweni. Kukholakala ukuthi izifo ezibangelwa amagundane ziye zabulala abantu abaningi kule minyaka eyi-1000 edlule kunazo zonke izimpi nokuvukelana okwake kwenziwa. Ziphakela izintwala kanye namabaze aphatha isifo se-bubonic, i-typhoid, i-trichinosis, i-tularemia, i-jaundice ethelelekile nezinye izifo eziningi ezimbi.
Amagundane adala nomonakalo omkhulu empahleni, kufaka phakathi izilimo, ukucekelwa phansi nokungcoliswa kokugcinwa kokudla kwabantu, kanye nomonakalo ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi nangaphandle zezakhiwo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amagundane abangela izinkulungwane zezigidi zomonakalo emphakathini womhlaba wonke minyaka yonke. Kodwa-ke, ukulimala okuvela kumagundane we-bamboo kuncane.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Bamboo Rat
Ubuningi beendawo zokuhlala ezinama-rodent bungaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili nesigamu abantu ngamunye ekhilomitha elilodwa. Lolu hlobo lubhalwe njengoluncane kakhulu olusengozini yokubulawa ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwalo okubanzi, kanye nenani elikhulu labantu okusolwayo.
Kutholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezivikelwe, kunokubekezelelwa kwezinga lokushintshwa kwendawo yokuhlala, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi inani laso kungenzeka linciphe ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuze ufanelekele ukufakwa ohlwini lwezigaba ezisongela ngokwengeziwe. Izilwane kukholakala ukuthi zisezindaweni ezivikelwe eNdiya naseNepal.
- I-Dampa Wemvelo yasendaweni,
- Indawo yaseMizoramu.
- I-Chitwan Royal National Park, (Central Nepal),
- IMakalu Barun National Park, (i-East Nepal).
Le nhlobo ifakiwe kuHlelo V (oluthathwa njengesibulala-zinambuzane) soMthetho Wokuvikela Izilwane Zasendle kusukela ngo-1972. Kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ekusatshalalisweni, ngobuningi, emvelweni nasekusongelweni kwale taxa eyaziwa kancane. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwe-taxonomic lukhombisa ukuthi le tekisi ingahle ibe nezinhlobo eziningana, ezizodinga ukubuyekezwa kwenqaku leRed Book.
Ngokuvamile, bamboo rat isetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinye izindawo ekudleni, futhi ikakhulukazi, abantu ngabanye bangancipha ngenxa yokuvunwa ngokweqile. Iphinde yacekelwa phansi njengendawo yokuhlatshwa kwezitshalo zenjoloba ezingxenyeni zobubanzi bayo (njengeMyanmar), lapho ingatholakala khona eminyini yezilwane ezifika ku-600 ngehektha ngalinye. ENingizimu Asia, usongelwa endaweni yangakini ngokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala, imililo yehlathi nokuzingela amagundane e-bamboo ukusetshenziswa kwemvelo.