Izinsalela ze-yak yasekhaya kanye nokhokho bayo basendle babuyela esikhathini sePleistocene. Eminyakeni eyi-10,000 eyedlule, i-yak isungule i-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, enwebeka ngaphezu kwe-2,5 million km 2.5. Yize iTibet isesisizinda sokusabalalisa ama-yak, ama-yaks aphethwe vele asehlala emazweni amaningi, kubandakanya nezwe laseMelika.

Ividiyo: Yak

I-Yak ivame ukufakwa ezinkomeni. Kepha noma kunjalo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA ye-mitochondrial ukuthola umlando wokuvela kwama-yaks bekungathandeki. Mhlawumbe i-yak yehlukile ezinkomeni, futhi kukhona iziphakamiso ukuthi ifana kakhulu nenyathi kunamanye amalungu ohlobo lwayo olunikezwe.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Isihlobo esiseduze sezinsalela zenyama, i-Bos baikalensis, satholakala empumalanga yeRussia, okubonisa indlela okungenzeka ukuthi okhokho benyathi yaseMelika yamanje bangena ngayo eMelika.

I-yak yasendle yayibiliswa futhi igcotshwe ngabantu basendulo baseQiang. Imibhalo yaseShayina yasendulo (yekhulu lesishiyagalombili BC) ifakazela iqhaza lesikhathi eside elisungulwe le-yak kumasiko nasekuphileni kwabantu. Izinhlobo zasendle ze-yak zaqokwa ngabakwaLinnaeus ngonyaka we-1766 njengeBos grunniens ("subspecies of the yas yak yasekhaya"), kepha manje kunenkolelo yokuthi leli gama lisebenza kuphela kwifomu eligodliwe, kanti iBos mutus ("inkabi eyisimungulu") okuyigama elithandwayo lasendle amafomu.

Ezinye izazi zezilwane ziyaqhubeka nokubheka uhlobo lwasendle oluyi-Bos grunniens mutus, ngonyaka ka-2003 i-ICZN yamukela isimemezelo esisemthethweni esivumela ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi Bos mutus kubantu basendle, futhi namuhla isisetshenziswa kakhulu.

Kukholelwa ukuthi i-yak yasekhaya (B. grunniens) - inkunzi enezinwele ezinde etholakala esifundeni saseHimalayan esendaweni engaphansi kweNdiya, esifundeni saseTibetan futhi nasenyakatho neMongolia naseRussia - kuvela endaweni yasendle yasendle (B. mutus). Okhokho bendawo yasendle neyasekhaya bahlukana futhi basuka eBos primigenius besuka ezigidini eziyisihlanu edlule.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: Animal Yak

Ama-Yak ayizilwane ezakheke kakhulu ngomzimba oqinile, imilenze eqinile, izinselo eziyindilinga eziyindilinga noboya obukhulu obukhulu kakhulu obumbeke ngaphansi kwesisu. Ngenkathi ama-yaks asendle evame ukubamnyama (amnyama kube nsundu), ama-yaks asekhaya angahluka ngombala, anezindawo zokugqwala, nsundu kanye nombala wekhilimu. Zinezindlebe ezincane nebunzi elibanzi elinezimpondo ezinombala omnyama.

Ezinduna (izinkunzi), izimpondo zanda kusuka ezinhlangothini zekhanda, bese zigobela phambili, zibe nobude obungamasentimitha angama-49 kuye kwangama-98. Izimpondo zezinsikazi zingaphansi kuka-27-64 cm, futhi ziqonde ngqo. Bobabili ubulili banentamo emfishane enamaqhubu okuthiwa ngamahlombe emahlombe abo, yize lokhu kubonakala kakhulu emadodeni. Ama-yaks amaduna asendlini anesisindo esiphakathi kuka-350 no-585 kg. Abesifazane banesisindo esingaphansi - kusuka ku-225 kuya ku-255 kg. Ama-yaks asendle asinda kakhulu, izinkunzi zinesisindo esingama-1000 kg, izinsikazi - ezingama-350 kg.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lokuzalela, ama-yaks amaduna ezifuywayo aphakeme ngamasentimitha angama-111-138 ukuphakama, bese izinsikazi ziphakeme ngo-105-117 cm. Ama-yaks asendle ayizilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke ebangeni lawo. Abantu abadala banokuphakama okungamamitha ayi-1,6-2,2 ubude bekhanda nomzimba kusuka ku-2,5 kuye ku-3.3 m, hhayi ukubala umsila kusuka ku-60 kuye ku-100 cm. Izinsikazi zinesisindo esingaphansi kwesithathu futhi zinobukhulu bemigqa engaba ngu 30% ngaphansi uma uqhathaniswa nabesilisa.

Iqiniso elithandekayo! I-yaks yasendlini igaye futhi, ngokungafani nezinkomo, ayivelisi umsindo wokulinganisa we-phiing ephansi. Idlulise igama lesayensi le-yak, iBos grunniens (inkunzi ekrwada). UNikolai Przhevalsky ubize uhlobo lwasendle lwe-yak - B. mutus (inkunzi ethule), ekholelwa ukuthi akazange enze imisindo nhlobo.

Bobabili ubulili banejazi elide elinoboya obunoboya obude obukhulu esifubeni, ezinhlangothini nasezinkalweni ukuzehlukanise namakhaza. Ehlobo, inkampani engaphansi iyawa bese isetshenziswa abahlali bendawo ngezidingo zasekhaya. Ezinkomeni, ijazi lingakha "isiketi" eside, kwesinye isikhathi esifinyelela emhlabathini.

Umsila mude futhi ufana nomsila wehhashi, hhayi umsila wenkomo noma ubhungane. Isibeletho sowesifazane kanye ne-scrotum yabesilisa kukhona enoboya futhi bancane, ukuze bavikeleke emakhazeni. Abesifazane banezingono ezine.

Ihlala kuphi i-yak?

Ama-yak yak zasendle atholakala enyakatho yeTibet + ngasentshonalanga kweQinghai, futhi kunabantu abathile abasakazekela ezifundeni eziseningizimu impela yeXinjiang naseLadakh eNdiya. Izidalwa zasendle ezincane, ezihlala zodwa nazo zitholakala kude, ikakhulukazi entshonalanga yeTibet + empumalanga Qinghai. Esikhathini esedlule, ama-yaks asendle ayehlala eNepal naseBhutan, kepha manje asebhekwa njengabanqamuki kuwo womabili la mazwe.

Indawo le iqukethe ikakhulu amagquma angenamsebenzi phakathi kwama-3000 kuya ku-5500 m, lapho kuhlala khona izintaba nethafa. Zitholakala kakhulu e-alpine tundra enokhaphethi otshanini obukhulu nothayela, hhayi endaweni eyinyumba.

Iqiniso elinelukuluku! I-physiology yesilwane ihambisana nezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu, ngoba amaphaphu nenhliziyo kukhulu kunokwezinkomo ezindaweni eziphansi. Igazi futhi linekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuthwala inani elikhulu le-oxygen ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwalo okuphezulu kwe-fetal (fetal) hemoglobin kukho konke impilo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-yaks abhekana nezinkinga ezindaweni eziphansi futhi ahlushwa ukushisa ngokweqile emazingeni okushisa angaba ngu-15 ° C. Ukushintshwa kumakhaza kuqukethe - ungqimba osindayo wamafutha angaphansi kanye nokungabikho okuphelele kwezithukuthuku zesithukuthuku.

E-Russia, ama-yaks, ngaphezu kwama-zoo, atholakala kuphela emizini yezifunda ezinjengeTuva (endaweni ethile ezungeze izilwane eziyi-10,000) + i-Altai neBuryatia (ngamakhophi angawodwana).

Ngaphezu kweTibet, i-yak yasekhaya ithandwa ngama-nomads:

• India
• China
• Tajikistan
• IBhutan
• IKazakhstan
• I-Afghanistan
• I-Iran
• Pakistan
• Kyrgyzstan
• Nepal
• I-Uzbekistan
• IMongolia.

Ngaphansi kwe-USSR, ukubukeka kwe-yak kwenziwa ngezifiso eNyakatho neCaucasus, kepha akuzange kuqale e-Armenia.

Ngubani i-yak?

I-Yak - isho uhlobo lwezinkunzi, kepha luhlukahluka ngokubukeka. I-Tibetan yak isilwane esikhulu, eside esinomzimba omude nemilenze emifushane. Owesilisa osekhulile angafinyelela kubude obufika kumamitha angama-4,25, ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-2 nesisindo esilingana nethoni eli-1. Kukhona ihabhu elincanyana lapho libuna, okuvela kulo emuva libheka ukuntenga. Long, curving kuze kufike ku-95 amasentimitha wophondo aqondiswe ezinhlangothini ezihlukile, futhi ibanga phakathi kwemikhawulo yezimpondo lingafika kumasentimitha angama-90. Ebusweni, amamaki amhlophe anika lesi silwane i-charm ekhethekile. Kwesinye isikhathi ngalesi sici bathi isilwane sigqoke imaskhi.

Izinwele ezinde zimboza imilenze, isifuba, isisu nezinhlangothi, zakha lokho okubizwa nge- “siketi”, futhi kusebenza njengokulala lapho zilele, kanti ebusika kuphinde kusindise nengaphansi kubanda. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-yaks angavele alale phansi aphumule eqhweni futhi angazizwa kubanda nakancane. Ku-yak, ngisho nomsila uvikelwe izinwele ezinde ngakho-ke ubukeka njengehhashi. Umbala wejazi labo uhlukile: kusuka kumnyama ophelile kuya kombala onsundu.

I-yak idlani?

Photo: Yak ngokwemvelo

I-yak yasendle ihlala ezindaweni ezintathu ezinezimila ezahlukahlukene: ama-alpine meadows, i-alpine steppe ne-desert steppe. Indawo ngayinye inezindawo ezinkulu zamadlelo, kepha iyahluka ngohlobo lotshani / i-shrubbery, inani lezimila, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile, kanye nemvula.

Ukudla kwama-yaks asendle kubandakanya ikakhulukazi amakhambi kanye ne-sedge. Kepha zidla nezihlahlana ezincane ze-moss ngisho nama-lichen. Ama-ruminants athuthela ngezikhathi ezithile emathafeni aphansi ukuze ayodla utshani obumnandi kakhulu. Lapho kufudumala kakhulu, babuyela endaweni ephakemeyo ukuyodla ama-mosses nama-lichens, abakhumula amatshe ngezilimi ezinzima. Lapho zidinga ukuphuza amanzi zidla iqhwa.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nemfuyo, isisu se-yaks sikhulu ngokungajwayelekile, okukuvumela ukuthi udle inani elikhulu lokudla okungenampilo ngesikhathi bese ukumba isikhathi eside ukukhipha inani eliphezulu lezakhamzimba.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ama-Yaks adla u-1% wokudla nsuku zonke maqondana nesisindo somzimba wawo, kuyilapho izinkomo zidinga ama-3% ukugcina isimo sazo sisebenza.

Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo, i-yak nomquba wayo cishe akunawo iphunga, ongatholwa uma ugcinwe kahle emadlelweni noma esibayeni ukufinyelela okwanele kokondla namanzi. Uboya be-Yak bunephunga elimnandi.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Yak Red Book

Ama-yak yasendle asebenzisa iningi lesikhathi sawo edla, kwesinye isikhathi athuthela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngesizini. Yizilwane ezihlaselayo. Imihlambi ingaba nabantu abangamakhulu amaningana, yize mincane kakhulu. Iningi lihlala emihlambini ukusuka kubantu abe-2 kuya kwabayisi-5 ngemihlambi yeziduna eyodwa futhi ukusuka kwabangu-8 kuye kwabangu-25 emihlambini yabesifazane. Abesifazane nabesilisa bahlala ngokuhlukile unyaka.

Imihlambi emikhulu iqukethe ikakhulukazi izinsikazi nezinsana. Izinsikazi zondla amaduna ayi-100 m ngaphezulu kwabesilisa. Izinsikazi ezinama-yaks amancane zivame ukukhetha amadlelo emithambekeni ephezulu. Amaqembu athuthela kancane ekujuleni kobusika. Ama-yaks asendle angaba nolaka lapho evikela abancane noma ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, bavame ukugwema abantu futhi bangagijima amabanga amade uma besondela kubo.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ngokusho kobufakazi bukaN. M. Przhevalsky, owaqala wachaza i-yak yasendle, emuva ngekhulu le-19, imihlambi yezinkomo ezakhiwe ngethole lamankonyane amancane abalwa amakhulu amaningana, noma izinkulungwane zamakhanda.

Eminyakeni engu-6-8 ubudala, ama-grunniens afinyelela ekukhuleni. Esikhathini esiningi, abanandaba nesimo sezulu esifudumele futhi bakhetha amazinga okushisa abanda kakhulu. Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-yak siyiminyaka engama-25.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Yak Cub

Wild yaks mate ehlobo, kusuka kuJulayi kuya kuSepthemba, kuya ngesimo sendawo. Entwasahlobo elandelayo bazala ithole elilodwa. Kuwo wonke unyaka, izinkunzi ze-yaki zizulazula ngamaqembu amancane ama-bachelor kude nezinkomo ezinkulu, kodwa njengoba isondela isikhathi sokuzalela, ziba nolaka futhi zihlala zilwa zodwa ukuze zithole ukubusa.

Phezu kokubonakaliswa okungenabudlova kwezinsongo, ukubhonga nokukhwehlela umhlaba ngezimpondo, izinkunzi nazo ziyaqhudelana zisebenzisana ngokuthintana ngokomzimba, ziphindisela amakhanda phansi njalo noma zisebenzisana nezimpondo ezihlakazayo. Njengebhhungane, abesilisa bahlala phansi enhlabathini eyomile ngesikhathi sokuzala, imvamisa ngephunga lomchamo noma lwamaphonsi.

Abesifazane bangena i-estrus izikhathi eziphindwe kane ngonyaka, kodwa batholakala emahoreni ambalwa emjikelezweni ngamunye. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha izinsuku ezingama-257 kuya kwezingama-270, ngakho-ke amathole amancanyana azalwa phakathi kukaMeyi noJuni. Owesifazane uthola indawo eseceleni yokubeletha, kodwa ingane iyakwazi ukuhamba cishe imizuzu eyishumi ngemuva kokuzalwa, futhi ngokushesha lo mbhangqwana uphinde uhlangane nomhlambi. Izinsikazi zombili izinhlobo zasendle nezasekhaya zivame ukuzala kanye ngonyaka.

Amathole alunyulwa emva konyaka, futhi ngokushesha emva kwalokho azimele. Amathole asendle ekuqaleni ansundu, futhi kamuva kuphela lapho eba nezinwele ezindala ezimnyama. Abesifazane bavame ukuzala okokuqala eminyakeni emithathu noma emine bese befika esifundweni sabo sokuzala esiphakeme cishe iminyaka eyisithupha.

Izitha zemvelo zama-yaks

Photo: Yak isilwane

I-yak yasendle inomqondo omkhulu wephunga, iyaphaphama, inamahloni futhi ifune ukubaleka masinyane, ibona ingozi. I-artiodactyl izobaleka kalula, kepha uma icasukile noma iqothuka, iba nonya futhi ihlasele umhlaseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho ama-Yaks athatha ezinye izenzo zokuzivikela: ukumemeza okukhulu nokuhlasela kosongo olusolwayo.

• Izimpisi zaseTibetan (Canis lupus),
• Abantu (Homo Sapiens).

Ngokomlando, impisi yaseTibetan ibingumhlaseli oyindalo wemvelo yasendle, kodwa amabhere ansundu nezingwe zeqhwa nazo zazibhekwa njengezisulu kwezinye izindawo. Cishe bazingela ama-yaks amancane noma abuthakathaka zasendle.

Ama-yaks amadala ahlomile kahle, anolaka olukhulu futhi aqinile. Iphakethe lezimpisi lingabahlasela kuphela esimweni esingajwayelekile, uma inani lepheki likhulu ngokwanele noma eqhweni elijulile. Izinkunzi ze-Yaki zinganqikazi ukuhlasela noma ngubani okuxoshayo, kufaka phakathi abantu, ikakhulukazi uma belimele. I-yak ehlaselayo ibeka ikhanda lakhe phezulu, futhi umsila wayo onobuthi ubuthuntu ngumbusi wezinwele.

Ukuzingela abantu kucishe kwabangela ukunyamalala ngokuphelele kwesilwane. Ngemuva kuka-1900, abelusi bezinkomo baseTibetan nabaseMongolia bazingela cishe baze baqothulwa ngokuphelele. Inani labantu licishe lisondele ekubhujisweni futhi yimizamo yabezemvelo kuphela enikeza ama-yaks ithuba lokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Photo: Big Yak

Kunezici eziningi eziholela ekunciphiseni kwenani lama-grunniens asendle u-B. Isibalo samanje silinganiselwa ku-15 000. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yabo yamadlelo, ama-yaks adlala indima ebalulekile ekwenziweni kabusha kwezakhi zomzimba emvelweni.

Ngamahlosi amakhulu kanye namandla, ama-yaks asekhaya aqabulekile abahlali abakhulu bezindawo eziphakeme zaseTibetan. Uboya obuncanyana bezilwane ezincane zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izingubo, kanti noboya obude bama-yaks abadala busetshenziselwa ukwenza izingubo, amatende, njll. Ubisi lwe-Yak luvame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza inqwaba yebhotela noshizi wokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.

Iqiniso elithandekayo! Kwezinye izindawo lapho kungenzeki khona ukuvuna izinkuni, umquba usetshenziswa njengophethiloli.

Umlingani wasendle weB. Grunniens wenza imisebenzi eminingi yezomnotho efanayo, yize incane. Yize iqiniso lokuthi iChina ibeke isijeziso sokuzingela ama-yaks asendle, ukuzingela wona kusaqhubeka. Abalimi abaningi bendawo babheka njengomthombo wokuphela kwenyama ezinyangeni ezinzima zobusika.

Kunemiphumela emibi evela emihlambi yama-artiodactyls. Ama-yak yasendle abhubhisa uthango futhi kwezinye izimo ezibucayi abulala ama-yaks asendlini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona abantu basendle kanye nabahlala ezindlini eziseduzane, kunethuba lokudluliselwa kwezifo.

I-Yak Guard

Photo: Yak kusuka Red Book

ITibet Forest Bureau yenza imizamo emikhulu ukuvikela ama-yak, kufaka nenhlawulo efinyelela ku- $ 600. Kodwa-ke, ukuzingela kunzima ukucindezela ngaphandle kweqembu lokuhamba ngeselula. I-yak yasendle namuhla ibhekwa njengosengozini yi-IUCN. Phambilini bekuhlukaniswa ngokuthi kusengozini, kepha ngonyaka we-1996 lesi silwane safakwa ohlwini olususelwa kwizilinganiso zokuncipha kwenani lemfuyo.

I-yak yasendle isongelwa yimithombo eminingana:

• Ukuzingela, kufaka phakathi ezentengiso, kuhlala kungusongo olukhulu kakhulu,
• Ukubhubhisa abesilisa ngenxa yomkhuba wabo wokuzulazula wedwa,
• Ukuzalaniswa kwabantu zasendle nezasekhaya. Lokhu kungafaka ukuhanjiswa kwezifo zezinkomo,
• Izingxabano nabelusi ezibangela ukuziphindisela kokuphangwa kwama-yak zasekhaya ngemihlambi yasendle.

Ngo-1970, ikak yasendle yayisisondele yokuqothulwa. Ukuzingela ngokweqile ama-yaks asendle efuna ukudla kubaphoqelele ukuba bashiye amathafa ayohlala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-4 500 futhi ngqo eziqongweni zezintaba endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-6 000. Abanye abantu basinda ezintabeni zaseChinl Kunlun, futhi ngenxa yezindlela zokuvikela zikahulumeni waseChina Namuhla imihlambi yasendle iphinde yahlangana ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka kumamitha angama-4,000 kuya kwangama-4 500.

Ngenxa yezindlela zokuvikela ezifika ngesikhathi, yak yaqala ukwakha kabusha abantu bakhona. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo nezinhlobo zokukhula kancane kubaliwe. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokufinyelela okuthuthukile kwiningi lezindawo zokuhamba kwezimoto nokwanda kokuzingela okungekho emthethweni, ukusinda kwama-yaks asendle akuqinisekisiwe.

Ubukhulu

Ukuphakama kwesilwane kufinyelela ku-2 m, isisindo esingama-1000 kg. Ubude besilisa bubalelwa ku-4.25 m, okubandakanya ubude be-0.75 m. Izinsikazi zincanyana kancane, zifinyelela ku-2.8 m ubude, zili-1,6 m ukuphakama, ezinesisindo esingama-325 kuya ku-360 kg.

Kukhona i-hump encane lapho kubuna khona i-yak, emuva kuyashanela ngenxa yayo.

Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane banezimpondo, zinde, zinezikhala ezibanzi, ngomugqa phambili nangaphezulu. Ubude bezimpondo zama-yaks cishe buyi-95 cm, phakathi kwezeluleko zabo cishe ngamasentimitha angama-90.

Wool

I-yak ihlukaniswa izinwele ezinde ezilengiswa esifubeni futhi zimboze cishe yonke imilenze, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “isiketi”.Ijazi lidaywe ngombala onsundu noma limpunga emnyama yonke indawo ngaphandle kwe-muzzle, enamabala amhlophe. Kusukela ebusika obubandayo, lesi silwane sivikela ingaphansi likhulu. Umsila we-yak uqukethe izinwele ezinde, ezinama-coarse, ezifanayo nezinwele zamahhashi.

Lapho kuhlala khona

Ama-Yaks ajwayelekile eTibet, eRussia emazweni aseTuva, eBuryatia nase-Altai (abantu abangashadile), nasemazweni afana ne-India, China, Tajikistan, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Nepal kanye neMongolia. Njengoba ama-yaks asendle ayehlala ezindlini, ngasikhathi sinye ayiswa emazweni amaningi lapho aqala khona, futhi ngenxa yalokho izindawo zawo zokuhlala zanda kakhulu.

Izinhlobo ze-Yak

Phambilini ososayensi babefaka onke ama-yaks ezinhlotsheni zohlobo lweBos grunniens futhi ahlukanise okumbalwa kulo: i-yak yak (B. g. Mutus) ne-yak yasekhaya (B. g. Grunniens). Manje lezi zinkampani ezingaphansi kwazo ngokuvamile zithathwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile ezizimele.

Ama-yak yakudala ayaziwa ngumuntu isikhathi eside, izinkomba kuwo aqukethe umlando weTibet, lapho isilwane sichazwa njengeyingozi kakhulu kubantu. ETibetan, ama-yaks asendle ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-drongs. Lezi zilwane azikwazanga ukumelana nezindawo abantu ababekade bezazi, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu zaqala ukufa, namuhla ingxenye encane yabantu isindile ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseTibet, ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka kumamitha angama-4300 kuya kwangama-4600 ngaphezu kolwandle, futhi ehlobo iphakama kakhulu. Ama-yaks asendle ajwayelekile eTibet Plateau nasezintabeni njengeKarakorum neLadak. Ama-yak yak zasendle akha amaqembu amancane noma imihlambi emincane yabantu abangu-10-12, amaduna amadala ahlala eyodwa ngasikhathi.

Eminyakeni eyinkulungwane yokuqala BC, ama-yaks asendle ayehlatshwa ngumuntu ngabantu. I-yak yasekhaya incane futhi ithobekile ngokwemvelo, ezinye izinhlobo zazo zitholakala ngaphandle kwezimpondo. Ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngemibala, futhi zihlushwa yizifo eziningi ezingadalulwa yizihlobo zazo zasendle. Ama-yaks asekhaya afuywa yizakhamizi zaseTibet, iDzungaria, Pamir kanye nezinye izifunda zaseCentral Asia, iMongolia, iTuva, Buryatia kanye ne-Altai, iCaucasus, iAzerbaijan, intaba i-Iran, iDagestan, China, Pamirs neTien Shan. Ezintabeni, lesi silwane siba esibaluleke kakhulu njengohlobo lwepakethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungumthombo wobisi oluhle kakhulu nemikhiqizo eminingi yobisi (ibhotela, chhurpi), inyama noboya. Ngakho konke lokhu, lesi silwane siyazithoba futhi asikukhathaleli ukunakekelwa.

Lapho zizalaniswa nezinkomo, ama-yaks ezifuywayo akhiqiza inzalo, ayeyibiza ngokuthi amaHainaks, eyokugcina isetshenziswa njengezilwane ezinhle ezingakapheli. Zibelwe eningizimu yeSiberia naseMongolia, ukukhuthazela kwazo kungaphansi kwa-yak, kepha kuncane ngosayizi futhi kunomuntu onokuthula kakhulu. E-Bhutan, ama-yaks ahlangana nezihlobo.

Ukuziphatha

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ama-yaks ahlala eyodwa ngasikhathi sinye, noma akha imihlambi emincane ekhetha izindawo zawo ukuhlala ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha ayi-6,000 ngaphezu kolwandle. Iningi lamaqembu anjalo aqukethe abesifazane nabancane. Abesilisa beza emihlambini yezinkomo kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala. Abesilisa abadala bahlala behlala ngasikhathi sinye. Ama-Yak avumelaniswa kahle nezimo ezingezinhle zezemvelo ezintabeni (ukusweleka kokudla, ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi, inani eliphakathi kwalo lingu-0 ° C, kanti ebusika lingaba futhi -50 ° C). Lesi silwane sinamaphaphu amakhulu nenhliziyo, ungqimba lwamafutha angaphansi futhi akukho zindlala zamathumbu. Igazi lithwala i-oxygen eningi, ngoba igcina i-fetog hemin empilweni yayo yonke. Uhlangothi oluhle lwalesi sifundo somzimba lukuzilimaza okuncane kokuphila ezindaweni eziphansi, amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-15 ° C.

Isitho somqondo esithuthukiswe kakhulu kuma-yaks yiphunga; ukubuka nokuzwa kubuthakathaka kulezi zilwanyana.

Isikhathi sokuhlanganisa

Isikhathi sokuzala e-yak sihlala ngoSepthemba kuya ku-Okthoba. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa beza emihlambini yezinsikazi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona izimpi zangempela, ezinolaka kakhulu futhi ezinolaka. Abaphikisi bashayana ngezimpondo futhi balimaza kakhulu, yize imvamisa ingafiki ekufeni. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, uvame ukuzwa ukukhala kwe-yak, kanti ezinye izikhathi zesilisa zivame ukuthula.

Ukukhulelwa

Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-9, kuthi emva kwalokho, ekuqaleni kwehlobo, kuzalwe iwundlu elilodwa kwabesifazane. Ithole lisebenzisa unyaka wokuqala wokuphila eduze kukanina, owondla ubisi. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni yobudala engama-6-8. Isikhathi sokuphila sama-yaks emvelweni ngamashumi eminyaka eminyaka.

Izitha zemvelo ze-yak

I-Adult yak - ihlome kahle, iqinile futhi inesibindi. Izimpisi ezinkulu zezimpisi zinquma ukuhlasela le artiodactyl kuphela lapho kunembozo enkulu yeqhwa. Kepha ama-yak wona uqobo anolaka olukhulu futhi ahlala ehlasela abantu, ikakhulukazi uma bona uqobo belimele. Ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa, i-yak ibamba ikhanda nomsila wayo phezulu.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo nge-yak

• Ama-Yaks, njengezinye izinkunzi eziningi zasendle, angawezilwane ezishabalala ngokushesha. Lokhu kungenxa ngokuyinhloko ekuzingeleni okusebenzayo, okuholela kulolu hlobo lomuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho ama-yaks asendle awakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezakhiwe ngabantu, ezinciphisa kakhulu indawo yokuhlala yabo.

Yini ama-yaks?

Ama-Yak ahlukaniswa ezindlini nasendle. Ezasendle zibizwa ngokuthi "ziyisimungulu", kanti ezifuywayo - "ukugaya." Ngenxa yokuthi i-yak ehlazekile ingenza umsindo ofana nokugaya ingulube. Ama-yak asendlini mancane kakhulu ngosayizi. Abantu bebelokhu besebenzisa izilwane iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu ukuthola inyama, uboya, ubisi. Ubisi lwabo lukhulu kakhulu futhi lunamafutha, ngakho-ke benza ushizi, ukhilimu omuncu, ibhotela.

Kepha ama-yaks amaningi asetshenziswa kakhulu njengesilwane sokupakisha noma atshala indawo yezilimo. Ama-Yaks ayizilwane eziqinile futhi ezinzima, futhi emsebenzini wezolimo angakwazi ukufaka ugandaganda omncane.

Isilwane esifuywe sinamathela kakhulu kubantu. I-yak ikuvumela ukuba uzishayele ngemuva kwendandatho efakwe ekhaleni.

Izindawo zivikela kakhulu ama-yaks abo, yize zivame ukuzisebenzisela ukuzikhandla. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye bahlotshiswe ngezabo nezichichima ezivela ezimbanjeni ezihlotshisiwe, amabhulashi amahle namaphampu okulenga kubo.

U-Horse yak ungumngane weqiniso waseTibetan. Indoda ezihloniphayo ngeke ibuye ihlale ku-yak futhi, izomholela kulo mcimbi.

Ama-yaks agqamile awela nezinye izinhlobo kusuka kuhlobo lwezinkunzi. Izinsikazi zingazala inzalo, kepha inzalo kaHainaki eyinduna ngesizathu esithile esiyinyumba. Ama-Dz или noma ama-haynaka wesilisa, isilwane esijwayelekile eTibet, esine-yak stamina nekhono lokuhlala ezindaweni eziphansi.

Ama-Wild Tibetan yaks asanda akhuphukela phezulu, lapho kungekho zindawo ezenziwa ngumuntu. Kwesinye isikhathi zikhuphukela ekuphakameni okungaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-6 000 ngaphezu kolwandle. AbaseTibet bababiza ngokuthi iDrum. Ama-yaks anjalo ayingozi kubantu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokulimala. Isilwane sijaha okonile bese sizama ukumbulala. Owesilisa othukuthele uyisimangaliso, uqinile, unolaka futhi uhlome kahle ngezimpondo eziqinile nezinde nezinsimbi.

Umuzwa omuhle wephunga umvumela ukuba abuke isitha kude. Okubi kakhulu ukuthi baye bakhulisa izitho zokuzwa nokubona. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, njengezinhlobo eziningi zalezi zilwane ezincelisayo, ama-yakit asendle amaTibet asendle amile isiyingi futhi avikele izingane kanye nabantu ababuthaka ngaphakathi.

Imihlambi yama-yaks ifinyelela izinjongo eziyi-10-12. Ngemuva kwalokho, njengasesikhathini sePrzewalski lafinyelela amakhulu, noma izinkulungwane. Ngakho-ke, ama-yaks asendle manje abhalwe ku-Red Book.

Ama-yak yak zasendle manje ayisilwane esiyivelakancane, kodwa noma kunjalo angatholakala eTibet naseHimalaya: eChina naseNepal.

Ahlala kuphi ama-yaks?

Izwe laseYak laseTibet, lapho behlale khona iminyaka engaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi. ITibet yindawo enhle ebizwa ngokuthi “Uphahla Lomhlaba.” Futhi yize izintaba eziphakeme namachibi ama-pristine egadla ngobuhle bazo, kunzima ukuzulazula lapha ngenxa yomoya okhishwe, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu ukuthwala noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezimpahla. Amahhashi, ajwayelekile ethafeni, awakwazi ukusebenza ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ngakho-ke abantu abaphila ngeTabet bahanjiswa kwaks ngokuqondile ngenhloso yokuhambisa izimpahla.

Ama-Yak ayifanelekela kahle impilo ezintabeni, awathobeki ekudleni futhi avikelwe kahle emakhazeni. I-yak kayithinteki emoyeni ongafinyeleleki ongafinyeleleki kalula futhi idonsa kalula umthwalo ongafika kumakhilogremu ayi-150 ezindleleni zezintaba, lapho abantu ababili behluleka khona ukusakazeka. Futhi namuhla, njengasesikhathini zasendulo, ama-yaket aseTibetan ephethe imithwalo esindayo asiza abantu ukuphuma.

Ezintabeni zaseMongolia, ama-yak agcinwa kuyo yonke imindeni, asetshenziselwa cishe noma yiziphi izidingo zasekhaya. Futhi yize abaningi manje benezimoto nezithuthuthu, ama-yaks awasuswanga kuma-akhawunti. Zonke izimpahla zithuthwa kuma-yaks, futhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka nanoma yisiphi isimo sezulu, akuyona imoto futhi ngeke ikwazi ukunamathela noma kuphi.

Obunye bobuchwepheshe be-yaks ezindaweni ezisezintabeni ngumthwali wamanzi. Imvamisa, amadolobhana akhiwe ngaphezulu kwemifula ngakho-ke amanzi kufanele alethwe kuze kufike kumakhulu wamamitha, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuphuka. Imvamisa akukho ukutholakala kwamanzi, kanjalo nemigwaqo, futhi ama-yaks nama-hainaks akujwayele lokhu. UHainaki waqeqeshelwa ukwenza umsebenzi wamanzi unyaka wonke ngendlela efanayo: isigodi - umfula, umfula - idolobhana. Azidingi ukuqhutshwa, zona ngokwazo ziyayazi indlela. Isiphathi samanzi se-Yak asivame ukuba semndenini owodwa. Ujwayela indlela yakhe kangangokuba uvame ukuthunyelwa yedwa emfuleni, abantu balapho bagcwalisa amatshe akhe ngamanzi abese eya edolobhaneni uqobo.

Emizaneni eminingi eTibet, uma befuna ukuya kwenye indawo noma bathumele izingane zabo ukuba zivakashele, babiza itekisi, kuphela azikho izimoto, futhi indima yetekisi yenziwa ama-yaks.

Ngokuqala kwehlobo, amakhulukhulu abaholi beHainak bathuthela esigxotsheni, bephethe impahla yabelusi abazulazula baye emadlelweni ehlobo. Abefundisi bangama-nomads futhi baphoqeleka ukuthi baphathe yonke impahla yabo nabo, abavame ukuyihambisa kuma-yaks. Imvamisa imvamisa iqukethe izilwane eziyishumi nambili noma ngaphezulu eziboshwe abahamba ngezinyawo.

Izizwe zamaToket azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokupakisha ama-yak, zithutha yonke impahla ngisho nezingane.

Isiko elidala laseTibetan lokuthumela umakoti nge-yak likhona manje. I-yak iluhlobo lwentandane yentombazane.

Ama-Yaks ayizimpawu ezinhle zeHimalaya. ENepal, izwe elidume kakhulu labagibeli, akukho mkhankaso wokuya eziqongweni zezintaba ophelele ngaphandle kwe-yaks. Kungama-yaks lapho yonke imishini yabakhweli abazokwenyuka i-Everest, ephakeme kakhulu intaba, iqhutshwa khona. Ama-Yaks ukuphela kwezilwane ezikwazi ukuletha umthwalo enkambeni ese-Everest, ukuphakama kwamamitha angama-5400.

Ama-yaks ezilwane asakazwa kabanzi e-Asia naseNyakatho Caucasus. Kubhekwe ukuthi ama-yaks angabikezela kahle ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Bayenqaba ukudla cishe amahora ambalwa ngaphambi kokuzamazama komhlaba futhi baqala ukukhathazeka.

Ama-Yak eRussia

E-Russia, kukhona nama-yaks. Zihlala e-Altai, eBuryatia naseTuva. E-Altai, i-yak ibizwa ngokuthi yi-sarlyk, igama elithi "sarlag." Zalethwa e-Altai, Buryatia naseTuva ngokuzalaniswa kwezolimo. AmaYak asetshenziswa kabanzi ekulimeni ezintabeni. Bathatha ubisi noboya kubo, baphathe izimpahla kubo, ngosizo lwabo balime umhlaba.

Ama-Yaks Wezemidlalo

Namuhla, ama-yaks asetshenziselwa umsebenzi kuphela, kepha ajwayele ukuzijabulisa. Ngaphandle kokuphambana kwangaphandle, ama-yaks angagijima ngokushesha ngokwanele futhi eMongolia aqale ukusebenzisa ama-yaks emidlalweni ehlukahlukene. Okudumile kakhulu yizinhlanga zama-yak lapho wonke umuntu enesifiso futhi kunikezwa umklomelo obizayo kulowo onqobayo.

Kuma-yaks nokuthile okufana nsethi yaseMelika. Imicimbi enjalo ithandwa kakhulu futhi iheha ababukeli abaningi. Ama-Amateurs avela emazweni amaningi, ngisho nama-cowboy from America, eza kwimibukiso emikhulu kangaka.

Umdlalo uvame eTibet - yak polo, lapho abahlanganyeli bedlala i-hockey yasensimini ngenkathi begibela kuma-yaks, okuthiwa yiSarlagan polo.

Ukusatshalaliswa

E-Russia, ama-yaks ayatholakala, ngaphezu kwe-zoos, kwezolimo zezwekazi laseTuva (izilwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ngonyaka ka-2012), iBuryatia kanye ne-Altai (abantu abangashadile), izindawo eziphakeme zoMfula uKuban, i-Ullu-Yezen (cishe inkulungwane yabantu). Kwamanye amazwe, ngaphezu kweTibet, kuyathandwa ngama-nomad ezindaweni eziseduze nezintaba zaseNdiya, China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Nepal neMongolia. ESoviet Union, ikakwe yasekhaya yathunyelwa eNyakatho Caucasus, ikakhulukazi eKabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Dagestan, Chechen-Ingushetia naseNyakatho Ossetia. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-yak e-Armenia akuzange kube nemiphumela.

Ukubukeka

I-yak yisilwane esikhulu esinomzimba omude, imilenze emifushane, ububanzi, izinselo eziyindilinga nekhanda elisindayo, eliphansi. Ukuphakama kubuna kuze kufike ku-2 m, isisindo esifinyelela ku-1000 kg. Ubude bomzimba wesidoda esidala bufika ku-4,25 m, okuyi-0,75 m ewela emsileni. Ubude besifazane bufika ku-2.8 m, ukuphakama okuyi-1.6 m, isisindo esingu-325-360 kg.

Emaphethelweni e-yak kukhona i-hump encane, eyenza emuva kubonakale sengathi kuyashonisa. Izimpondo zabo bobabili ubulili zinde, kepha azikho aminyene, zibanzi kabanzi, ziqondiswe ezinhlangothini kusukela esisekelweni, bese zigoqa phambili nangaphezulu, ubude bazo bufika ku-95 cm, futhi ibanga phakathi kwamaphethelo liyi-90 cm.

I-yak ihlukaniswa izinwele ezinde ze-shaggy, ezilengiswa ku-torso futhi cishe ihlanganisa ngokuphelele imilenze yayo. Ijazi linombala onsundu noma limpunga emnyama yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwe-muzzle, lapho kuvame ukuba khona amamaki amhlophe. Kusukela ebusika obubanda amakhaza i-yak ivikelekile yi-undercoat egcwele awugqinsi, okuthi entwasahlobo nasehlobo iwele ngama-shreds amakhulu. I-Yak wool isetshenziswa kabanzi ngabaseTibet, futhi ezilwaneni kuvame ukwenzeka ukubona i-harness elukiwe kusuka ezinweleni zabo. Uma ijazi likhulu futhi liba ngaphezu kwengxenye enkulu yomzimba, khona-ke emilenzeni, ezinhlangothini nasiswini lide futhi li-shaggy, lakha uhlobo “lwesiketi” eliqhubekayo, licishe lifinyelele emhlabathini. Umsila nawo umbozwe izinwele ezinde ezihlanganisiwe futhi ufana nehhashi. Endle (mutus - "oyisimungulu") kanye nezifuywayo (grunniens - ukugaya) yaks.

Yaki esisekisini

Njengoba kwenzeka, le nhlobo ingaqeqeshwa ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ama-yaks aqeqeshiwe angatholakala kumasekethe amazwe amaningi. Emcimbini, bagxuma phezu kwezingqinamba kanye nama-hoops avuthayo, benze imiyalo ehlukahlukene, imvamisa ibonisa ukubamba inkunzi.

Yak ngesiko labantu baseTibetan

Ama-yaks athola ukukhanya okukhulu kusiko labantu baseTibetan. Izithombe zama-yaks zikhona emidwebeni eminingi. UFlying yaks ungenye yezindikimba ezinhle zokupenda ngumdwebi odumile waseChinese uWang Yi Guang.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izibalo zama-Tibetan yaks ziyabonakala emikhakheni emincane ezitshela ngokusebenza kanzima kwabafuyi nokusizwa kwalesi silwane epulazini. Manje, ama-yaks akhonjiswa ngisho nasezigxotsheni zokuposa. Kukhishwe lonke uchungechunge lwezitembu ezinikezwe kulesi silwane eKyrgyzstan.

Futhi yizipho eziyisikhumbuzo ezinhle ongaletha ohambweni oluya eTibet! Izithixo ze-Yak, izinto ezenziwe ngoboya bezingubo ezihlangene, imikhiqizo yokudla, izintambo ze-yak-wool. Izinwele ze-Yak ziyanqunyelwa ngaphandle, aziguqi. Ngenxa yokuthi uboya abamukeli amanzi, imikhiqizo ithunga, ithambile, ifudumele futhi ilula. Imikhiqizo yoWoolen inezinto zayo ezihlukile: azikaze zibangele ukungalwi, zingabi nama- “spools” uma zigqokwa futhi zigezwa, futhi zinciphise izimpawu zobuhlungu besifo.

Ama-Yaks ayizilwane ezithandwa kakhulu eTibet. Noma zinezindlela zesimanje zokuhamba njengezimoto, izithuthuthu kanye nama-ATV, izithuthuthu, ama-yak asetshenziswa njengezilwane zokugibela. Amanye amamodeli awasebenzisela amaseshini awo wezithombe.

Vele, lokhu kuyingxenye encane yolwazi mayelana nalezi zilwanyana ezinhle. Kepha sizojabula uma udaba lwethu lukuthakazelela futhi ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngeTibetan yak nendawo yayo. Kungcono ukuhambela lezi zindawo futhi uzijwayeze nomuntu omele umhlaba wezilwane waseTibet.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Phambilini, abacwaningi bahlanganisa wonke ama-yaks ohlotsheni olulodwa. I-Bos grunniens ngo-subspecies amabili - i-Wild Yak B. g. mutus (Przewalski, 1883) neKhaya Yak B. g. grunniens (ULinnaeus, 1766). Njengamanje, iningi lababhali libheka ama-yak zasendle nezasekhaya njengezinhlobo ezihlukile - I-Bos mutus futhi I-Bos grunniens ngokufanele.

I-Wild yak

Ngokomlando, ama-yaks asendle aqoshiwe ezincwadini zaseTibetan njengesinye sezipho ezinhle zomuntu. ETibetan, i-yak yasendle, ngokungafani nekhaya, ibizwa ngokuthi i-drong.

Ama-yak yakudala awakwazi ukumisa izindawo okwakuhlalwa kuzo ngabantu, ngakho-ke asheshe afe - manje asinda kuphela ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseTibet eziphakeme ezingama-4300-4600 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. m ebusika futhi kuze kufike ku-6100 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. m ehlobo.

I-yak ihleleke kahle ngezimo eziphakeme kakhulu. Inamaphaphu amakhulu nenhliziyo ngokuqhathaniswa nezinkunzi ezisezansi.Igazi le-Yak liyakwazi ukuthwala umoya-mpilo omningi ngenxa yokuba khona kwengxenye ebalulekile ye-hemoglobin ye-fetus kuyo yonke impilo. Uhlangothi lwe-flip ukubekezelela okungekuhle kokuphakama okuphezulu nokushisa ngokweqile kumazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-15 ° C Phakathi kokunye okuhambisana nezimo zokushisa eziphansi kukhona ungqimba lwamafutha angabonakali kanye nokungabikho okuphelele kwezithukuthuku zesithukuthuku.

Itholakala eTibet Plateau nasezintabeni eziseduze nasezintabeni (Karakorum, Ladak). Bahlala emindenini enamakhanda amaningi noma emihlanjini emincane yamakhanda ayi-10-12, amaduna amadala ahlabelela. Kodwa-ke, njengoba uN. M. Przhevalsky, echaza okokuqala i-yak yasendle, uyafakaza, emuva ngekhulu le-19. Imihlambi yezinkomo ze-yak enamathole amancane ifinyelela amakhulu amaningana, ngisho nezinkulungwane zamakhanda. Eminyakeni engu-6-8 yobudala ifinyelela ebusheni, isikhathi sokuphila esibalelwa eminyakeni engama-25.

UJak ugijima ngoSepthemba - Okthoba. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinkabi zijoyina amaqembu ezinkomo. Izimpi ezinamandla zenzeka phakathi kwezinkunzi, ngokungafani nezimpi ezenziwa kwamanye ama-bovid. Abaphikisi ngesikhathi sokulwa bazama ukushaya ngamunye ngophondo eceleni. Umphumela obulalayo walezi zimpi awuvamile, futhi le ndaba ilinganiselwe emanxebeni, kwesinye isikhathi iba yimbi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, i-yak yokuncenga izwakala, ngezinye izikhathi athula kakhulu. I-Yak calving yenzeka ngoJuni, ngemuva kokukhulelwa izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye. Leli thole selingakahlukani nonina isikhathi esingangonyaka.

Ama-yaks amadala ahlomile ngokuphelele, aqine kakhulu futhi acasulayo. Izimpisi zinquma ukuwahlasela kuphela ezimweni ezihlukile ngomhlambi omkhulu naseqhweni elijulile. Futhi, izinkunzi ze-yaki, ngaphandle kokungabaza, zihlasela umuntu ozixoshayo, ikakhulukazi uma izinkunzi ze-yaki zilimele. I-yak ehlaselayo ibamba ikhanda nomsila wayo phezulu nge-sultan yezinwele ezindizayo.

Kwezinzwa ezikwi-yak, umuzwa wokuhogela uthuthuka kangcono. Umbono nokuzwa kuncane kakhulu.

I-yak yasekhaya

Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, kule nkulungwane yeminyaka engu-BC. e., njengoba aphethwe ngumuntu. Ama-yak asendlini mancane futhi amnandi kakhulu kunawasendle, abantu abangenazimpondo bavame ukutholakala phakathi kwabo, umbala wabo uhluka kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, bathambekele ezifweni. Basebenzisa i-yak eTibet, iDzungaria, iPamir nakwezinye izindawo zaseCentral Asia, eMongolia, Tuva, Buryatia nase-Altai (hhayi ama-purebred yaks asetshenziswa, kepha iHainaki - isiphambano phakathi kwe-yak nenkomo), iCaucasus, iAzerbaijan, intaba i-Iran, iDagestan, China, UPamir noTien Shan. I-Yak isilwane esingenakubalwa sepakethe ezindaweni eziphakemeyo. Inikezela ngemikhiqizo emihle yobisi nemikhiqizo yobisi (isb. Ibhotela, ushizi), inyama noboya ngaphandle kwesidingo sokunakekelwa.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-Brockhaus ne-Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary iyabika:

Ama-yak asendlini ahlobanisa nezinkomo, kanti iHainaki (Mong. Hainag, iTib. Dzo) ilula kakhulu njengezilwane ezihlanjwayo. Zibelwe eningizimu yeSiberia naseMongolia, zihlukaniswa ngokukhuthazela okuthe xaxa, kodwa futhi ngobukhulu bazo obukhulu nokuthambekela okuthe xaxa.