1. Ama-guillemots ayizinyoni ezinkulu zomndeni omsulwa ezihlala esifundeni esinamakhaza.
IKayra isabalele eNyakatho Nenkabazwe futhi ingumhlali wasendaweni eNyakatho North.
I-Kayr - ummeleli omningi kakhulu we-Arctic expanses. Bahlala kakhulu ogwini olusenyakatho ye-Eurasia. Namuhla, kunezigidi ezintathu zalezi zinyoni.
3. AmaKayr ahlala ogwini lweNovaya Zemlya, i-Iceland neGreenland. Ikhaya lale nyoni nguFranz Josef Land noSvalbard. Umngcele wempilo osempumalanga ulinganiselwe e-Kodiak Island nase-Aleutian Islands, futhi indawo eseningizimu inqunyelwe ogwini lwe-Alaska.
4. Impilo yabo yonke lezi zinyoni zichitha eduze kokudonsa iqhwa, lapho zizingela khona, zidla khona futhi ziphile.
5. Imvuselelo ekhokhwayo emincane futhi emnyama ekhokhelwa yizinhlobo ezimbili zalezi zinyoni ekhona emvelweni. Ama-guillemot akhokhiswa kancane futhi akhokhayo mncane kakhulu ngokubukeka, uphawu lwawo oluhlukanisa ubukhulu usayizi nobukhulu boqhwaku.
Ama-guillemots akhokhiswe kakhulu
6. Ama-guillemots akhokhiswa kakhulu ngokuvamile ayikhulu kakhulu. Ngokuya kombala, i-guillemot ngikhumbuza ngandlela-thile ipenguin; inesisu esimnyama esifanayo nesisu esimhlophe. Lolu hlobo lwama-guillemot lubonakala ngobukhulu obuphakathi: ubude bomzimba ngamasentimitha angama-45-55, isisindo esingu-900 amagremu - 1.5 kilos.
7. Umzimba we-murre obukhulu obukhokhiswa ubanzi kakhulu engxenyeni ephezulu futhi unyathela phansi. Umsila uvame ukuhlanganiswa futhi ukhuliswe, njengephengwini langempela. Umlomo walolu hlobo lwama-guillemot uqinile kakhulu, awugqinsi, ubukhali futhi ugobe phansi.
8. Ama-guillemots amancane akhokhiswa athanda amanzi e-arctic ngaphezulu. Emihlambini emikhulu, ama-guillemother amnyama ahlala ndawonye ahambisana nabamele abancane bezinhlobo zezinja, ama-visa, izikibha nezinye izinyoni.
9. Ama-guillemot akhokhiswe ngokuqinile, njengommeleli weqiniso wezinyoni zasolwandle, into ebalulekile yesimiso semvelo sendawo eyingqayizivele.
10. Ukuvikelwa kwale nyoni kwenziwa kwezinye izindawo nasezindaweni ezingcwele, kuleyo ndawo lapho kuhlinzeka khona izidleke noma ubusika.
Ama-guillemots akhokhisiwe
11. Ubukhulu bama-guillemot amancane akhokhiswayo cishe ngamasentimitha angama-40-45, isisindo ngokuvamisile asidluli i-1 kilog, kanti amaphiko angaba amasentimitha angama-70.
12. Imvu emfishane ekhakhayo inentamo emfishane, ayinayo izigaxa ezimpunga ezinhlangothini zomzimba, umbala wayo umnyama kakhulu kunowemvuthu egcwele obomvu.
13. Kunezindawo ezinhlanu zokukhokhiswa kwama-guillemot amancane, ahlukile kumasayithi awo wokudlela. Umucu omhlophe obonakala emakhoneni omlomo utholakala kuphela kubamele abancane bezinhlobo ze-guillemot.
14. EScotland, kudalwe izindawo ezikhethekile zama-guillemots amancane, afakiwe ohlwini lwezilwane ezivikelwe. Batholakala esiqhingini saseFula, eCape Samboro Head kanye nesiqhingi saseNoss.
15. E-Iceland, inani lama-guillemots akhokha kancane liphezulu kakhulu kunelabantu ezweni.
16. Ngaphandle kokuthi bobabili abameleli balezi zinhlobo bafana kakhulu, ama-guillemots cishe awakaze azalwe, akhetha ukukhetha umlingani kuphela phakathi kwabamele abamele abangaphansi kwabo.
17. Akukho okulingana emanzini we-guillemot, lesi isici lapho inyoni izizwa imnandi khona. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, ibhukuda ngokushesha, ilawulwa ngokuphelele ngamaphiko, umsila kanye nemilenze, futhi iyakwazi ukukushintsha masinyane i-trajectory of ukunyakaza. Ngisho nenhlanzi encane ebaluleke kunazo zonke ngeke ishiye umhlaseli onjalo.
18. Kepha emoyeni nasemhlabeni, le nyoni ibukeka ingeyinhle - kulukhuni ukuthi ama-guillemot akwazi ukuhamba eqhweni ngenxa yama-paws amafushane.
19. UKayra udinga ulwandle olunyakatho nezilwandle lapho kunezinhlanzi eziningi. Le nyoni izizwa imnandi kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngempilo ejwayelekile, i-guillemot idinga ukudla namanzi angenawo uqhwa.
20. Ubusika bunamandla enyakatho, ukusondela eningizimu guillemot ihamba phakathi nobusika.
21. UKayra - inyoni enkulu kahle engazizwa ipholile emoyeni. Amaphiko amancane nomzimba omkhulu impela awuvumeli isibhamu ukuba usiphume.
22.Ukwenza lokhu, owesifazane wendabuko wasenyakatho ugibela imimango futhi esukela emaweni aphezulu uyaphuthuma, welula amaphiko akhe, wehle, futhi ukundiza kuya endizeni, ungena emigudwini yomoya, ngokushesha ahlele ngamaphiko akhe futhi abambe ukuphakama.
23. Umsila we-guillemot mncane ngokwanele ukuba uqondiswe, ngakho-ke, ukuguqula ukuqondiswa, i-guillemot isebenzisa ama-paws ayo amakhulu anamandla amakhulu.
24. Ngenkathi indiza, i-guillemot idonsa kakhulu intamo yayo, okuyinto ebonakalayo yenza inyoni ibe nkulu.
25. Ukuze ukhuphukele emoyeni usuka emanzini, i-guillemot kumele ihambisane okungenani namamitha ayi-10 ngaphezu kwamanzi.
26. Ama-guillemots ayizinyoni ezikhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezikhulukazi, zivame ukuhlangana nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, isibonelo, i-shag, ama-puffin kanye nohambo losuku. Ngokubambisana, izinyoni zakha "iminyanya yezinyoni" enkulu futhi enomsindo ehlala kakhulu kangangokuba izinyoni kufanele zihlale eduze.
27. Ekoloni bahlala bememeza, ezimeni zosuku olungenamakhaza bangasebenza ubusuku nemini. Benza imisindo efana ne “ar-ra”, “ar-rr” nokunye okunjalo. Imvamisa ukuxabana: abesilisa ngenxa yokulwa kowesifazane, abesifazane - phakathi kwabo lapho belwela izindawo ezingcono kakhulu zokubopha.
28. Intamo ye-murre nayo imnyama ngombala, njengemuva layo, noma kunjalo, ebusika, isembatho endaweni yentamo iba mhlophe.
29. Akunandaba isizini, uqhwaku lwesigingci luhlala lumnyama njalo.
30. Njengomthetho, insikazi evela kumuntu wesilisa ayihlukile, ngosayizi kuphela.
31. Lezi zinyoni zasolwandle zichitha cishe yonke impilo yazo emanzini abandayo, ukuphuma zifike kuphela ngesikhathi sokudalwa, okungukuthi, ngesikhathi sokuzalela nokuzala amaqanda, kukhethwa ama-guillemots emadwaleni.
32. Isikhathi sazo sokuzala siqala ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho izinsikazi zibeka iqanda lazo lodwa, zikhetha ogwini olunamadwala lokuqunjelwa inzalo.
33. Njengoba kunjalo, ama-guillemots awanaso isidleke esinjalo - ukubeka kwenzeka ngqo emaphethelweni angenamatshe, ekucindezelekeni okwenziwe ngamatshe.
34. Ama-guillemots akhetheke kakhulu ekukhetheni indawo yokubopha, njengoba imithetho eminingana kufanele ilandelwe ezokuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze iqanda futhi usinde enkukhu ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo ezimbi.
35. Isidleke akufanele sibe ngaphandle kwemingcele yemakethe yezinyoni, esendaweni engaphansi kwamamitha ayi-5 ngaphezu kolwandle.
36. Inzuzo eyengeziwe esiza ukulondolozwa kwe-clutch yisikhungo esiguquliwe sobugagasi neqanda elibunjiwe ngethanga. Ngenxa yalokhu, ayisusi umkhondo, kepha iyabuya, ichaza umbuthano.
37. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kuqala kulesi sigaba: sekuqalwe impi nomakhelwane, abanye abazali ngokwabo balahla iqanda elilodwa phansi. Uma iphuphu noma iqanda lifa endaweni ethile, insikazi ingabeka enye i-clutch, kuze kube kathathu ngesizini.
38. Umbala wamaqanda ungaba mhlophe, mpunga futhi ube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-clutch ngayinye ihlukile ngephethini yayo yokufakelwa kanye nesiqalo segobolondo. Iqanda ngalinye lihlukile futhi abazali bangaliqaphela kalula phakathi kwabanye.
39. Isikhathi sokufakelwa sithatha izinsuku ezingama-28-36, emva kwalokho bobabili abazali bondla amanye amasonto ama-3 enkukhu. Ama-guillemots angabazali abakhathalela kakhulu okuthi kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila kwabo bondle izinhlanzi zabo ezincane kanye ne-shellfish.
40. Kube sekufika isikhathi lapho kunzima khona ukuthi isibhamu sithwale ukudla okuhlala kukhula futhi ingane idinga ukwehla. Ngemuva kwenyanga kuqhamuke amachwane, abazali bavusa izingane ukuba zingene emanzini, zizifundisa ukuthi zingadoba kanjani futhi ziphunyuke ezitheni.
41. Ukondla kumisa usuku ngaphambi kokuba izingane ziye phansi emanzini. Ngakho ama-guillemots ashukumisa amaphuphu ukuba azingele. Njengoba amachwane engakavezwa ngokwanele, amanye ama-kuzuba aphela ngokufa.
42. Kepha noma kunjalo, iningi lezingane liyasinda, ngenxa yokugcwala kwamafutha kanye ne-Downy, bese zijoyina ubaba wazo ukuya endaweni ebusika (abesifazane abajoyine kamuva).
43. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, isikhathi sezidleke siyaphela, nama-guillemot aguqula indawo akuyo. Ngokubambisana nabazali, ama-guillemots asemasha aya kokuqala.
44. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-guillemot yinhlanzi yanoma yiziphi izinhlobo nosayizi. Ebusika, lapho inhlanzi iba incane, ama-guillemotters ajabulela i-shellfish, ama-mollusks, izibungu kanye namanye ama-invertebrates asolwandle.
45. Izinhlanzi, njengomthetho, zidliwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokubanjwa - ngqo ngaphansi kwamanzi. Emhlabeni, inyamazane yenziwa kakhulu, kuphela ukondla amachwane.
46. Indawo yokuzalanisa yama-guillemot iba yaphakade kuye. Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe, udla kule ndawo, endiza lapho njalo ngonyaka.
47. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-guillemots angakwazi ukuhamba ngaphandle kogu; ngesikhathi sokufuduka, izinyoni zigobhoza ngaphandle kwezinkinga emafulethini eqhwa, zigxumela emanzini nje ukuthola ukudla.
48. Isilinganiso sokuphila kwalezi zinyoni cishe iminyaka engama-30, yize ososayensi beqopha umlando wempilo ende ende yama-guillemots - cishe iminyaka engama-43.
49. Emvelweni wemvelo, ama-guillemots cishe awanazitha - ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibuhlungu. Phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, eziyingozi kumachwane, kungahle kube nezinhlobo ezinkulu zama-gulls, i-arctic fox, amagwababa, isikhova. Imvamisa izinyoni zingawela emanethini okudoba noma zichotshozwe yi-ice floes. Imvamisa, amaqanda awela ngenxa yokuthi abazali baye bakhetha hhayi indawo enhle yokubekwa. Kepha lezi zehlakalo ezincane nezizodwa azithinti ukukhula kwesibalo sabantu abahamba ngamakhompiyutha amancanyana nabakhokhayo.
50. Izinyoni zalezi zinhlobo azesabi abantu - zingavumela ososayensi basondele ngokwanele, okubavumela ukuba bazifunde kakhudlwana. Abantu ngazo zonke izindlela ezingavikela inyoni ezindaweni ezigcinwa kuzo lapho ama-guillemot hibernates.
Ukubukeka kwe-guillemot
Lezi zinyoni zingamasayizi aphakathi, imizimba yazo ifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-40-50. Umuntu omdala unesisindo kusuka kumagremu angama-800 kuya kwayi-1.5 kilog.
Lezi zinyoni zinamaphiko amancane, ngakho-ke ziya ngobunzima. Kulula ngabo ukundiza besuka ezintabeni eziphakemeyo, kwanele ukushesha wehle uqonde eweni bese usakaza amaphiko akho nje. Ukusuka ebusweni, inyoni kufanele iqale iwele ebusweni bamanzi cishe amamitha ayi-9-10.
Amagadi afuna ukudla.
I-plumage yomzimba ophezulu imnyama, ephansi imhlophe. Umbala wentamo uncike ngenkathi: ehlobo imnyama, ebusika imhlophe. U-Beak umnyama. Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 zama-guillemot: aminyene-akhokhayo futhi anombala omfishane. Ngaphandle, azisafani. Zihlala ndawonye, kepha ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka kuphela ezinhlotsheni zazo.
Ukuziphatha kanye nokudla kwama-guillemots
Lapho isikhathi sezidleke siphela, ama-guillemot asuka emaweni nasezintabeni aze emaphethelweni eqhwa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti - ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, ngalesi sikhathi izinyoni zihlala ebusika. Ngesikhathi sezulu esibandayo, indawo ekhava ngeqhwa iyanda, ayanda bese izinyoni ziqhubekela eningizimu, kanye nazo.
UKayra yinyoni esenyakatho.
Izinyoni azifihli emihlambini emikhulu, kodwa ngamaqembu amancane, abanye abantu bangaphila impilo bebodwa. Ukuzingela kwenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ama-guillemots angamamitha ayi-15-20 ajulile nezinhlanzi lapho. Isisekelo sokudla yi-cod, herring, capelin, gerbil ne-polod cod. Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi, usebenzisa izimbungulu, imfudlana kanye nezibungu zasolwandle. Ngosuku olulodwa lwe-polar, le nyoni idla ama-300 noma ngaphezulu amagremu wokudla, kanti umkhiqizo wokungcola ushiya amathumbu, isisindo sawo esishiya cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zesisindo sokudla.
Izinsalela zalezi zinyoni ziqukethe izakhi eziningi zomzimba futhi zingukudla kwezinhlanzi nokwembaza. Okuphakelayo kokugcina ekudleni kwama-guilleman, akhule, ande futhi abe ngukudla kwalezi zinyoni.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Lezi zinyoni zidla ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu. Ukuqala kwalesi sikhathi sekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Umhlambi wezinyoni uhlala emaweni nasemaweni. Izinyoni zinomsindo omkhulu futhi zinomsindo omkhulu. Ngesikhathi semidlalo yokumatanisa nokulwa kwabesilisa kwabesifazane bamemeza kakhulu. Abesifazane benza imisindo efanayo, basabalalisa insimu futhi bazama ukuzuza ucezu lwedwala elingcono. Ubungane bezinyoni abufani ngisho naphakathi komhlambi wabo.
Izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda ezindaweni zazo ezinqotshwe. Ukuhlangana kwenziwa iqanda elilodwa. Lezi zinyoni azibandakanye ekwakhiweni nasekuhlelweni kwesidleke. Owesifazane ubeka iqanda emathangeni akhe futhi amboze umzimba wakhe.
Bobabili abazali bahlobisa amaqanda. Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesinye isikhathi sihlala inyanga. Owesifazane nowesilisa bahlala phezu kweqanda bona, kanti omunye uhlala nezingane ezizayo, owesibili uyazingela futhi ondle. Njengoba amaqanda elele emadwaleni angenalutho, ukuze amvikele ekuweni, imvelo yamnika ifomu elingajwayelekile obunjiweyo bekhamba. Ushintshe isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi. Ngenxa yakho konke lokhu, iqanda aliweli, kodwa limane lichaze i-arc uma icindezelwe.
Guillemots esidlekeni.
Umzimba wamachwane asanda kuzalwa umbozwe kanzima phansi. Bobabili abazali bayondla futhi balethe ukudla. Eminyakeni yamaviki ama-3, i-fluff ithathelwa indawo yiplamu. Kunzima kakade ezinyoni ezikhuluphele ukuletha ukudla enkuthwaneni kuze kufike kumashumi amamitha ngaphezulu komhlaba.
Abazali abanemizwa baqala ukwenza imisindo yokwenza ukuthi inkukhu yehlele emhlabathini. Amancanyana asabalalisa amaphiko awo, ashesha phansi bese ahlela kancane emanzini. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amaphuphu ehla ngokungafanele futhi kusuka endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-50, awakaze aphule. Lokhu kungenxa yesisindo sabo esincane somzimba. Enye inzalo ifunda impilo futhi ikhule emanzini nasogwini lolwandle. Ngokwesilinganiso, ama-guillemot ahlala iminyaka engaba ngu-30.
Izitha
Endle, lezi zinyoni cishe azinazitha. Usongo lwenyoni lungaba semanzini kuphela, ngoba izinyamazane ngeke zikwazi ukufinyelela emadwaleni lapho kuhlala lezi zinyoni. Kodwa-ke, emanzini e-Arctic cishe akukho zinhlanzi ezidliwayo, ngakho-ke kuvela ukuthi isitha esikhulu se-guillemot ngumuntu.
Imvamisa lezi zinyoni zithola abadobi emanetheni abo. Imvelo ingadlala ihlaya elinesihluku nezinyoni: iqhwa olwandle liyashintsha futhi inyoni iwele emgodini omncane. UKayra akakwazi ukuhamba futhi ngokushesha afela lapho.
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I-guillemot ekhokhiswe ngamandla
Elinye igama lezinhlobo yi-guillemot ekhishwa ngamafuphi (i-Uria lomvia). Imishini emnyama ekhokhwayo inomhlane omnyama onsundu. Isifuba nesimhlophe qhwa, izinhlangothi ezinemivimbo ephuphuthekile onsundu. ENyakatho Melika, izinhlobo zezilwane zivamile e-Alaska nase-Aleutian Islands. Yakha amakoloni amakhulu. By the way, kwaba ukukhala okukhulu kwama-guillemans okwenza ukuthi amagama athi "makethe wezinyoni". Izidleke zazo zitholakala emaceleni ezinsimbi ezinamawa nangamawa amancane. Isisulu esikhulu inhlanzi encane, ikrill kanye nemollus, ngemuva kwalokho izinyoni zigxila. Swallow ebanjwe ngqo ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ama-guillemots akhokhiswa kanzima athuthela ebusika aze onqenqemeni lwamanzi angenazinga leqhwa.
E-Russia, izidleke zama-guillemots aminyene ezisukela ogwini lwaseMurmansk ziye eKamchatka naseChukotka, futhi zihlala naseFranz Josef Land. Ku-clutch kuneqanda eli-1 elinamabala amnyama nemivimbo; umbala walo uhluka kusuka kokumhlophe kuya kokuluhlaza okotshani.