Njengamanje, izinyoni zaqala ukuheha ukunakwa okukhethekile kwezazi zokuziphatha. Lokhu kungenxa yekhono elisanda kutholwa lezinyoni hhayi nje kuphela ekuziphatheni kwepulasitiki okusebenzayo, ekufundeni, nasemisebenzini enengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimfanelo ezinjalo zenyoni zikhonjiswa kokubili endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo kanye nasezimweni zokuhlolwa.
Ekugcineni, ukubandlulula kwamakhono anengqondo wezinyoni nezinye izilwane kwaqala ukonakala. Ngempela, kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ososayensi banamathisela ukubaluleka okukhethekile kwi-anatomy. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kungaba nzima ukubeka zonke izidalwa eziphilayo “ezinyangeni zezitebhisi” ngokuya ngezinga lenkimbinkimbi yazo: ukusuka ku- "protozoa" kuya ezinkomeni. Njengoba indlela yokuziphatha eyinkimbinkimbi yezidalwa eziphilayo, ngisho nama-invertebrates, yayingahambelani nohlaka olunikeziwe lwalesi ngokulandelana, bayeka ukunaka yena. Ngasikhathi sinye, izifundo ezingathi sína zokuziphatha kanye nezoopsychological zazithuthukiswa kakhulu kuphela maqondana nezilwane zasendulo.
Kepha izinyoni, izazi zesayensi yezokwelapha zazikholelwa ukuthi ziphiwe imvelo, ngoba bekukholelwa ukuthi "i-cortex yamakhowe ayiveziwe."
Futhi kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili kuphela lapho umbono wezezinyoni uguqukele khona ngqo. Ukuhlola kukhombise ukuthi banememori enhle kakhulu, amandla okufunda nokukhulisa ikhalipha elimo. Ngakho-ke, izinyoni eziningi zilula ukuziqeqesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekusebenzeni kwabo okunengqondo, izinyoni, ngokwesibonelo amagwababa (noma ama-corvidae), azibekeki phansi kunalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yizilwane ezincelisayo "eziphakeme", kepha ngezindlela eziningi zidlula lezo.
Ake sibheke ezinye izibonelo zamandla okuziphatha namakhono ezinyoni.
Ukubonakaliswa kwenkumbulo
Amandla okuthola imithombo yekhaya nokudla. Izinyoni eziningi, lapho zibuyele ezweni lazo zivela emazweni akude, ngenxa yenkumbulo yazo, zibheka izidleke zendabuko. Ngakho-ke, izingwegwe, ngemuva kokuphela kobusika, zindiza zisuka kude ziye endaweni yazo yangaphambili futhi zakha izidleke endaweni eseduze yesidala. Ngisho nezinkukhu ziyakwazi ukubona ukufuya kwazo kwenkukhu emva kweminyaka embalwa.
Noma abacuphi be-fied. Abesilisa nakanjani babuyela ekuqaleni kukaMeyi baye ezindaweni ezifanayo lapho inzalo yazalwa khona ngonyaka owedlule. Inkumbulo ibavumela ukuba bathole izikhala zabo kanye nama-titmouse, kepha indlela yalezi zingcweti ayiseduze - isuka e-Afrika. Ngesikhathi sohambo, bandiza emazweni angaphezu kwamashumi amathathu omhlaba, futhi lapho bebuya, bathola kalula indlu yabo yendabuko. Izinsikazi zezindiza ezifuywayo ezifuywayo nezinyoni ezincane azinamatheli kangako ezindlini futhi mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba abesilisa abadala babuyele ezidlekeni zabo.
Ezinye izinyoni zamagwababa zihlela ama-storages okudla ekwindla, futhi zisheshe zikuthole ebusika nasentwasahlobo. I-ant woodpecker nayo isitokisi - ngendlela enobuhlakani. Wenza izimbobo emagangeni esihlahla abeke i-acorn kulowo nalowo kubo. Lama-pantries amancane angaba maningi kangangokuba avikelwe ngumndeni wonke, kepha izinyoni ziyakwazi ukukhumbula igumbi ngalinye lokugcina bese zilisebenzisa ngenkathi ebandayo.
Izinyoni ezidla umpe wezimbali nazo zinenkumbulo enhle. Ngakho-ke, abahlaseli baseHawaii bayazi imithombo eyinhloko yokudla futhi bakhumbula kahle izindawo lapho bake bavakashela khona futhi baphuza umpe wezimbali. Ngakho-ke, abachitha sikhathi ekusesheni okuyize.
Ikhono lokulingisa. Izinyoni eziningi ziyakwazi ukukhumbula imisindo yazo zonke izinto ezizwile nezikubonile kubazali bazo, abafowethu abasemhlambini, ngisho nakubameleli bezinye izinhlobo. Parrots, starlings, amagwababa aphathiswe i-onomatopoeia, akazishintshi zombili ezimweni zemvelo nasekuthunjweni.
Isibonelo, umuntu oqale inkanyezi ukhumbula futhi uyazi ukuthi angakwazi kanjani ukukhiqiza kabusha amazwi wezinyoni ezinjenge-thrush, i-oriole, i-Finch, i-jackdaw, i-turntable, i-grouse emnyama. Empeleni kusuka ezingomeni zezingoma zakhe iculo liyabhalwa, elalele okuthi kuyathakazelisa ukuqagela ingoma elandelayo. Kuphakathi kokuthi uzokitaza ngesigwayi, khona-ke uyokhalaza nge-kestrel, noma angaze ajuluke nesihogo inkukhu.
Ukuqalwa kwenkanyezi kufaka phakathi engomeni yayo neminye imisindo eyezwakale yizo yizilwane - ukuqothuka kwamaxoxo, ukubambana kwengwevu, ukukhonkotha kwenja kanye nemisindo evela empilweni yethu yansuku zonke - ukubhonga kwenjini, ukhonkolo lomnyango, amabhakede emnyango kanye nomuntu ongqogqozayo. Ukuhlala ekuthunjweni, umuntu onenkanyezi angakwazi ngekhanda amagama athile enkulumo yomuntu nemisho emifushane.
Ukubaluleka kokulingiswa emphakathini wezinyoni namanje akuqondakali ngokuphelele.
Phakathi kwezingubo zethu zezingoma, umgibeli oyisishwapha angabizwa kufanele ngokuthi ungumhambi ovelele futhi okhuluma izilimi onemibhalo enhle kakhulu. Wanikezwa amakhono amangalisayo okushesha “ukubamba”, ngekhanda isikhathi eside futhi aqonde imisindo eyenziwe ezinye izinyoni.
Le-pichuga encane onsundu ihlala izinyanga ezimbili kuphela ezweni layo, eCentral Europe, futhi ichitha ingxenye enkulu yonyaka eZambia. Indlela yakhe eya eNyakatho Afrika ihamba phakathi neMiddle East, iNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, uLwandle Olubomvu. Futhi ngaphandle kokuthi ama-warblers aqala uhambo lwawo lwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili esemncane kakhulu, ayazi kahle izimpawu zomhlaba ezindaweni zawo zomdabu futhi angalokothi aphambuke, endiza unyaka nonyaka eya ezihlahleni ezifanayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sezindiza, inkumbulo ivumela izinyoni ukukhumbula ukukhala kwezinyoni eziningi ezihlangana nazo lapho zihamba. UWarbler uyakwazi ukulingisa amazwi ezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingaphezu kuka-210. Njengoba ukubonile kubonisile, umgibeli oyisishosha okwemizuzu engama-35 wakwazi ukulingisa izwi lezinhlobo ezingama-76 zezinyoni. Njengoba sezibuyile ezifundeni eziseningizimu zaya eYurophu, lezi zinyoni zilingisa “izilimi” zabafokazi ezinye izinsuku ezintathu noma ezine, bese ziqhubeka zilulimi lwazo lwazo. Ngakho-ke, imvamisa endaweni yaseYurophu ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemuva kokufika kwalezi “polyglots” ezimangalisayo, umuntu angakuzwa ukulingiswa okuqondakala ngokuphelele kokuculwa kwezinyoni eziningi zaseningizimu.
Ikhono lokufunda
Iqiniso lokuthi izinyoni ziqeqeshiwe kahle futhi zinikezwe umsebenzi wokucabanga okuyisisekelo, likhulisa kakhulu izinga lokuziphatha kwazo, zenze le ndlela yokuziphatha ibe yipulasitiki futhi ivumelane nezimo, yanele ekushintsheni njalo kwezemvelo.
Ukufunda, okuhlanganiswe ngokuvumelanayo ekuziphatheni okungokwemvelo kwezinyoni ezimweni zemvelo, kuyindaba yokutadishwa ngabasebenza ngama-ornithologists. Kuhlaziywa ngokucophelela. Babuka abazali babo, izinyoni zifunda ukuthola ukudla. Ngakho-ke, abanye babo bangqongqoza kumagobolondo, bawaphule, kuyilapho abanye beshaya lapho kuhlangana khona amaphiko, okubenza bavuleke. Lapho nje inyoni encane isizokwazi ukuthola enye yalezi zindlela, ibilokhu iyisebenzisa impilo yayo yonke.
Amakhono okufunda ezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni aqinisekiswa womabili ngokubona ukusebenza kwawo endaweni yemvelo, nangezifundo ezikhethekile elabhorethri.
Inkumbulo yomculo nokufunda. Esiqhingini saseTasmania, kuhlala iqhude lesitho. Ukumuzwa ecula, kungenzeka akholelwe ukuthi kudlala isilungu sangempela. Lo mkhaza uthathwa kalula, futhi ekuthunjweni kungafundiswa ukushaya izingoma ezahlukahlukene.
Inkanyezi enhle inikezwe inkumbulo yomculo enhle kakhulu. Kuyamangaza ukuthi uhambisana nokucula kwakhe njengomqhubi wokushaywa kwamaphiko. Kunamacala amaningi ahlekisayo avela empilweni yalomlingisi onekhono. Omunye umthandi omkhulu wezinyoni wafundisa inkanyezi yakhe ukushaya i-Marseillaise. Futhi lapho esekhulula le nyoni, washeshe wabona umcimbi oyingqayizivele - ikwaya enezimpawu eziningi zezinkanyezi ngobunye yenza leli culo laseFrance. Okusho ukuthi, inyoni ayifundanga nje kuphela iculo, kepha yadlulisela kubafowabo.
Ukubonakaliswa okusobala kwememori yomculo kukhonjiswa futhi noparrots. I-parrot eyodwa edumile, uJacquot, wafunda futhi wakwazi ukushayela ikhwela izingxenye eziningi ezithandwayo ezivela kuma-opera nama-operettas. Wakhumbula futhi wabala imiculo namaqhinga kahle, futhi uma eqamba amanga ngephutha, wayeka masinyane, kwaba sengathi uyacabanga, waphinda futhi lo mculo kuqala.
Omunye upholi, ohlala emndenini owodwa waseMoscow, wahlangana emqondweni wakhe wamemeza izingoma ezifana nokuthi, “Zizwe ukhululekile ukubekezela”, “Kungani nina amantombazane nithanda amantombazane amahle,” aze ayazi nengoma yengane yengwenya uGena.
Amandla okulingisa ukukhuluma kwabantu. Ngokuxakayo, yizinyoni okuwukuphela kwabamele umhlaba wezilwane abanekhono lokuzalwa lokufunda ukukhiqiza kabusha ukukhuluma komuntu. Yize izitho zabo zezwi zihlelwe ngokuhlukile ngokuhlukile kunakuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo nabantu. Futhi izinkawu ze-humanoid, ezinamathuluzi okusebenzisa izwi esakhiweni sazo, kubonakala sengathi, azifani nezethu, azikwazi ukubiza igama elilodwa ngokucacile.
Abamele abaningi bomndeni ogwababa - amahlaya, izingwe, amajezi kanye nama-jackdaws - bangafunda ukukhiqiza kahle inkulumo yabantu. Kusukela lapho kukhunjulwa isikhathi eside, bekulisiko eRussia ukuqhubeka nokukhuluma ngezinkanyezi.
Izihlobo eziseduze kakhulu zazo, imizila yaseNdiya neCentral Asia, zinekhono elihle kakhulu lokuphimisa amagama. Ukuzinza kwemizila eqinile manje sekuyaziwa engxenyeni yeYurophu yezwe lethu. Okhokho balezi zikoloni kwakuyizinyoni ezazivela eTajikistan, ezazitholwa ezitolo zezilwane ngabafundile ukuze bazifundise ulimi lwaseRussia. Imizila inamakhono anjalo, kepha ukugcina inyoni enomsindo efulethini akuyona injabulo. Ngakho-ke, iningi lalezi zinyoni ezincane ezikhulumayo kungekudala zaphelela emgwaqweni, okwenza inani lemigwaqo eMoscow efanayo.
Abalingisi abakhulu nezikhulumi, empeleni, bayaziphasela. Okudume kakhulu phakathi kwabo yiJaco, noma uphizi opholile, ohlala emahlathini ashisayo aseNtshonalanga naseCentral Africa. Ngenxa yenkumbulo yakhe, silulumagama sakhe siqukethe amakhulukhulu amagama, imishwana eminingi, izingcaphuno ezivela ezinkondlweni nasemisebenzini yomculo.
Ama-parrots akagcini ukukhumbula futhi akhiqize konke lokhu, kodwa futhi akopisha ngokufanele umsindo wezwi. Ujantshi we-Jaco's repouire akaqedi nhlobo imisindo yokukhuluma komuntu. Bayakwazi ukulingisa nokukhiqiza kabusha eminye imisindo yemvelo ehluke kakhulu. Ukusuka ekukhaleni kweqhude, ukugawulwa kwekati, ukukhonkotha kwenja, ukuculwa kwezinyoni zasendle nezifuywayo, ukushaya izingcingo nangokungena emnyango.
I-pigeon "mail". Lapho nje abantu bengasebenzisi amajuba, kufaka phakathi ama-prosaic kakhulu - njengento yokudla okunempilo. Kepha ngaphezu kwakho konke, amajuba athosiwe akhonza "njengabaposi." Izinyoni zezinhlobo ezikhethiwe zazisebenza kulo mandla ngisho nangesikhathi sama-pharao emathempelini asendulo aseGibhithe. E-Europe, i-XI - i-XIII emakhulwini eminyaka, ijuba lomthwali lalingaphansi kwe-stallion emsulwa yase-Arabia. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ama-knights ngosizo lwababethuthi abanezinwele babelondoloze ubudlelwano bebhizinisi phakathi kwezinqaba noma baqhuba izincwadi zangasese.
Kungani kwakusetshenziswa amajuba? Impendulo ilula: ziklanywe kahle, zinenkumbulo enhle kakhulu, zinamathiselwa kumasayithi wokudlela amakhono namakhono amahle kakhulu okuhamba.
Imilayezo ebalulekile ebhaliwe edluliswa ngamajuba yabizwa - amajuba. Ukukhiqizwa nokukhethwa kwama “pianson” amajuba kwakuqhutshwa ikakhulu ngezinjongo zamasosha eGibhithe lasendulo, eGrisi yakudala naseMbusweni WaseRoma.
Amajuba amaningi "akhonza ebuthweni" ezikhathini ezizayo. Ngakho-ke, phakathi neminyaka yempi kaFranco-Prussian (1870 - 1871), amajuba okuthwala aletha izinhlamvu ezingaphezu kwesigidi. Amajuba asuka eParis ayevinjezelwe amaJalimane endiza ngezifufula ngomlilo nezibhamu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ayefika kulawo majiba awo elimele aze alahlekelwe nokubona. Ukunqamula izikhulu ezinemigqa enamagquma, amaJalimane aphonsela ama-falcons ngaphambili kweqembu, futhi amajuba aqala ukufela ngawodwa. Kepha amaFrance ekuqaleni axazulula le nkinga ngokunikeza amajuba ngensimbi yokuvimbela - izimpondo ezincane zaqala ukunamathelwa emisila yazo. Amanga ayesaba ukuhlasela izinyoni ezishaya ikhwela.
E-Russia, phakathi neMpi Yezwe yokuQala, amajuba ayehamba ngemigwaqo kuwo wonke amafrathethi. Amajuba asensimini yezempi afundiswa amakhono adingekayo futhi ahlanganiswe enkulisa, eyayise-Ostankino, eyayiyidolobhana kuleyo minyaka.
Ngisho nangesikhathi seMpi eNkulu yokuPhatha, naphezu kokuphelela kwezindlela zobuchwepheshe zokuxhumana, imibiko eminingi yezempi idluliselwe emaphikweni amajuba. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1942, amaNazi alimaza umkhumbi wasemanzini wamaNgisi ngamacala ajulile. Ubengeke azikhiphe emhlabathini futhi ngabe washona ukube ubengagcinanga mbhangqwana enezinwele - ijuba nejuba. Badedelwe babekwa phezulu ekhabhathini elincane ngethhubhu le-torpedo. Ijuba, ngokusobala, lalikhukhulwe yisivunguvungu sombungu, kepha ijuba lisakwazi ukufinyelela esisekelweni. Ngenxa ye-bluegraph, iqembu lomkhumbi langaphansi lasinda, kwagcina kwakhiwa itshe lesikhumbuzo ku "postman" omhlophe.
Amasosha nawo amukele umgomo wombono okhethekile wejuba. Amehlo akhe angazikhethela kuyo yonke insimu yokubuka ulwazi oludingekayo kuphela. Lesi sici sasifundwa futhi sisetshenziswa ongoti benye yezinkampani zezindiza zase-US. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwaqalwa “iso le-elekthronikhi,” noma, imodeli yama-retina amajuba (ama-photoreceptors ama-photosensitive angama-145 kanye nama- “neurons” angama-386 - amaseli ezinzwa ezungezile). “Iso” elinjalo liyakwazi ukubona ukuthi iyaphi nokuthi ijubane entweni, ukwakheka kwayo nosayizi wayo. Isibonelo, angakwazi ukuqaphela ibhomu kanye nomcibisholo ngaphandle kokuqaphela ezinye izinto ezindizayo.
Siza abalimele nabagulayo. Ngokusekelwe embonweni wokuthi umbono wejuba ubukhali kaningi kunowomuntu, i-American Society for the Salvation of the Waters ilungiselela uhlelo lokusebenzisa amajuba aqeqeshiwe ukulandelela abantu olwandle oluphakeme. Izinyoni zizindiza ngezindiza ezinophephela emhlane namaqembu okusiza futhi, lapho zibona ifulegi le-orange (uphawu oluvamile losizo), zinikeze isibonakaliso esinemibandela.
Futhi amajuba asetshenziselwa izinjongo zokwelapha. Isipiliyoni esihle sezibhedlela saziwa, lapho phakathi kwale mibhede nabantu bembhedeni, lezi zinyoni ezinhle zihambahamba. I-dovecote itholakala ngokukhethekile eduze kwekhampasi. Iziguli, zibukela njalo izinyoni ezilungiselelwe kahle nezinempilo, zixoxa ngemibonakalo yazo yemvelo. Konke kuhlangene - imishanguzo, umoya ohlanzekile, amajuba ahlanganisayo nezinkumbulo zeziguli ngobuhle nokubonakala okumangazayo emhlabeni ophilayo kunomthelela ekululameni kwabo.
Umsebenzi wesilawuli. Enye yezinhlelo ezithokozisayo zamakhono amajuba okubamba emqondweni umqondo wesithombe ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinyoni ekuphatheni kwemikhiqizo eseqediwe. Lokhu kwalulekwa yi-zoopsychologists, ngoba amajuba, okokuqala, akhumbula kahle indinganiso yento, okwesibili, anamehlo amahle kakhulu, okwesithathu, awasindwa ngumsebenzi omangalisayo futhi asebenza ngokuzikhandla nangokukhuthala.
Ijuba lafunda umsebenzi onzima wesilawuli ezinsukwini ezingama-3-4. Ikheji elinenyoni, ngaphansi kwalo kwafakwa amapuleti amabili, labekwa eduze kwesihambisi esinemithi eyenziwe ngomumo. Lapho ibhokisi elivaleke kahle ligudluza, amajuba agoqa ipuleti linye, futhi uma ngomshado - elinye. Izinyoni zabonakala zilawula kakhulu. Ukuhlunga iziqukathi zezidakamizwa, akuphuthelwa ibhokisi elilodwa elivalelwe kahle. Amajuba aze athola nezinkinga ezincane kangaka umuntu ongeke azibone.
Abalawuli bePigeon ngamakhono abo angajwayelekile baphinde bahehwa ngokuhlela amabhola okuthwala esihambiseni sefektri yaseMoscow. Ngemuva kwezifundo zesikhashana, bakhumbula isithombe sengxenye yesethenjwa nemisebenzi yabo: lapho le ngxenye ihamba phezu kwebhande lokuhambisa lekhwalithi efanelekile, kufanele uziphathe kahle, kepha uma leyo ngxenye in nokuphambuka, kufanele ulume umuntu obolekayo. Umshini uzokwehla le ngxenye kusuka etheyipini, futhi phambi koqhwaku, kuzovulwa i-feeder isikhashana.
Ngosuku lokuqala, amajuba asebenza kahle, kwathi ngakusasa aqala ukwenqaba wonke amabhola ngokulandelana. Kwavela ukuthi izinyoni ngokushesha "zathuthukisa amakhono abo" - zaqala ukuthumela amabhola ngeminwe emishadweni. Ukuze izinyoni zingazitholi zinephutha, bekufanele zisule amabhola ngaphambi kokuzethula kubalawuli abanamazinyo.
Amajuba akakwazi ukubona hhayi kuphela amaphutha amahle kakhulu ebusweni bezingxenye ezibunjiwe, kodwa futhi nokuqhekeka okuncane engilazini.
Unentshisekelo ngamakhono amangalisayo amajuba nabamele eminye imisebenzi. Isibonelo, iqiniso lokuthi umbono wombala wamajuba ungcono kunomuntu. Amajuba ahlukanisa imibala emincane kakhulu yombala, abalekela amehlo ochwepheshe bezindwangu ezisezingeni eliphakeme abahlela izindwangu.
Ochwepheshe imidwebo ngabadwebi. Izazi zezilwane zasolwandle zaseJapan zenza isivivinyo esijabulisayo ngokufundisa amajuba ukuhlukanisa ama-canvase ama-canvois kuma-canvas angama-cubist. Isazi esinemibala, esijwayele “ukubona” isikole esithile sokudala, “sasihloba” kuphela izithombe ezihambelana naso. Ngenkathi imisebenzi yeMonet nePicasso yethulwa ijuba eliqeqeshiwe, iphutha alizange lidlule ku-10%, noma ngabe inyoni yakhonjiswa imidwebo engabonakali ngaphambili. Lapho abahloli bethula amajuba emisebenzini kaCezanne noRenoir, "ochwepheshe" kalula futhi babanikeze isigaba esifanayo neMonet. Imidwebo ye-Impressionist evela emisebenzini yama-cubists enjengeGeorges Braque, ngokwesibonelo, ahlukanisa amajuba ngaphandle kokusebenza okubonakalayo.
Ngokwesazi-mlando sezobuciko, amajuba avele afunda ukubona izimpawu ezilula ezikhona kulezi zikole - ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwamakhona abukhali noma imibala ecacile necacile etholakala ngokuhlangana kwezithombe ezithombeni. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukuqondisisa kuhambisana nokuhlangana okufiphele nemibala ye-pastel, okufanele ibambe iso lenyoni.
Kodwa-ke, ososayensi basungule ucwaningo oluqinisekisa ukuthi amajuba angachwephesha abangafanele. Izinyoni ziqaphele isitayela lapho zikhonjiswa ngokukhethekile “thwalwa” noma zikhiqizwe kabusha ngamathoni amnyama namhlophe. Izinyoni, njengathi bantu, azisebenzisanga eyodwa, kepha inkimbinkimbi yezinhlamvu lapho zibona isithombe.
Umsebenzi wokubonisana oyisisekelo
Izilwane eziningi zinikezwe amandla okufakelwa okubizwa ngokuthi “ukunyakaza kwenhloso” okukhombisa ukuthi isilwane sizokwenzani. Vumela umuntu nabanye abantu babikezele ngokuziphatha kwesilwane esikhathini esizayo. Okusho ukuthi, izilwane zibikezela ngokuphelele izinyathelo zazo ezilandelayo ekuziphatheni kwazo.
Kwezinye izinyoni, enye yezindlela zokuziphatha zemvelo ezihlobene nezinhloso kuwukuphambanisa okuqondayo - ukubonakaliswa komonakalo wamanga emzimbeni. Uma umhlaseli wesifazane esabisa insikazi ihlala emaqanda ayo, kuyophoqeleka ukuthi iphume esidlekeni, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye izame ukukhombisa ukuthi ilimele. Uzoxhuma, ahudule iphiko okusolwa ukuthi lophukile, ahehe isitha esidlekeni. Kulokhu, inyoni iyakwazi ukuhlola ngokucacile isimo samanje futhi esimweni ngasinye isebenza ngokunenhloso. Futhi yilapho kuphela insikazi ithatha inyamazane ibanga okuphephile esidlekeni, khona manjalo “iyalulama” bese indiza ibuyele esidlekeni ngendlela eyindilinga. Kepha imangele, i-hoopoe imangele, kwesinye isikhathi ibhekelela komunye umgibeli onobuqili: ithe chapha phansi emhlabathini, yelulele amaphiko ayo futhi inganyakazi. Ngakho-ke ubukeka njengegabha le-motley ukwedlula inyoni ephilayo, futhi uvame ukuphatha ukuze anganakwa.
Izenzo ezinjalo zemvelo zenyoni ziqondiswa uhlelo lofuzo lokusindisa impilo okuvela kulo. Kepha ukuze isebenze, isilwane kufanele kuqala sinqume ngokunembile ukuthi lingakanani ubungozi bese sisebenzisa ngenhloso noma ngenye indlela yokuvikela.
I-parridge ebanjwe abazingeli yehlisa ikhanda layo, ibubula amahlandla amaningi, kuthiwe iyafa. Kepha lapho nje esededelwe ezandleni zakhe, amehlo enyoni avuleke ngokubanzi, agxume phezulu, kuthi lapho umzingeli eza kuye emangele, asuke bese anyamalala ngemuva kwezihlahla.
Izibonelo eziningi ezimangazayo zinganikezwa lapho izinyoni ziziphatha ngezikhathi zobungozi hhayi nje ngokwemvelo, kodwa ngamabomu nangengqondo eyanele.
Kuze kube muva nje, ososayensi bekholelwa ukuthi ukuzibandakanya kwezinyoni kugcwele ezinyangeni, nekhono lokufunda, futhi ngisho nokucabanga okukhulu, belilinganiselwe.
Kulokhu, kuye kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kokufunda okwenziwe okunengqondo kwezilwane ukuze kuhlolwe izinkawu. Futhi lapho kuphela, ekugcineni, isitayela semibono ngamakhono wezinyoni sichithwa, kwavela ukuthi lezi zivivinyo zingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ezinyoni. Lezi zivivinyo zikhiqiza kabusha lezo zimo eziyinkinga abahlangabezana nazo ezimweni zemvelo yendawo yabo yokuhlala.
Ngenxa yokuthi izinyoni zinamandla okwenza izinto ezihlelekile ezisezingeni elifanele, ziyakwazi ukuthatha imithetho eminingi ebopha izinto nezinto ezenzeka emvelweni. Kungakho izinyoni ngasikhathi sinye, ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa kwangaphambilini, zingakwazi “ukuguqula” ukuziphatha kwazo ezimweni ezintsha kubo.
Umsebenzi "wesibhamu". Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwezilwane zezinto ezisizayo, okusebenza njengokuqhubeka kokusebenza kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba wakhe, kubizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi wesibhamu.
Leli khono lokuqamba izinto ukufeza izinhloso ezithile linikezwa ngezilwane ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi abamele izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni. Ngakho-ke, amaqhude, hhayi wona kuphela, aphakamisa i-mollus emoyeni futhi aphule amagobolondo awo ematsheni. Noma behlisa amathambo phansi ukuze bawahlukanise badle umongo.
I-Bearded hawk kanye ne-voul bathande ukudla inyama yefudu. Ukuze kwephule isihlangu sayo, izinyoni zibamba lesi silwane esimpofu ngezinselo zazo, zikhuphukele phezulu futhi bese siphonsa inyamazane phansi.
Isimbozi sengoma siphonsa ukonkolo etsheni, njengokungathi kukokubi. ILooney yenye yezinhlobo, uma kungenzeki ukuthi wephule igobolondo elinamandla lamaqanda ezintshebe ngoqhwaku lwayo, futhi usebenzise itshe elinesisindo esingu-100-300 amagremu kulokhu. Iwuthathe ngomlomo wayo, i-hawk iyelula ibheke phezulu, iphakamise ikhanda, iphonsa itshe khona lapho eqandeni elilele ezinyaweni zayo.
Kukhona izinyoni okusetshenziselwa kuzo isibhamu ekwakhiweni kwezidleke, ngokwesibonelo, ukuxhuma amaqabunga ngama-cobwebs. Izindlwana zase-Australia ziziphatha ngendlela enelukuluku. Bakha ngokukhethekile isigaxa esivela ezimpandeni, bese baxova amajikijolo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, bacwilisa lesi sihlahla ngejusi labo futhi bafake imibala yamabele abo nodonga lwendlu.
Ama-Galapagos Woodpecker reels angasebenzisa izikebhe zekhakasi ukubamba amacimbi. Emaphethelweni ehlathi nasemahlathini aseYurophu nase-Asia, kwesinye isikhathi umuntu angabona amabhungane nezinye izilwane ezincane ezibethelwe emeveni zezihlahla ezinameva - yile ndlela izihlahla ezigcinwa ngayo.
AmaJackdaw aqhamuka eziqhingini zaseNew Caledonia ngokwawo enza isethi ephelele yamathuluzi ahlukahlukene. Enye yazo inwebeka ekugcineni, enye ikhonjiwe, elesithathu ngamagwegwe. Futhi ngasinye salezi zibhamu senzelwe inhloso yaso. Izinyoni zabo zigcina ngokucophelela eduze nezidleke.
Kodwa ingabe zonke lezi zenzo zinenjongo, zinengqondo, noma ingabe zingumphumela wokuziphatha okungokwemvelo?
Njengoba izinyoni zezinhlobo ezithile zisebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo ngisho noma zisencane, njengoba zihlukanisiwe nezihlobo,-ke, zichazwe ngofuzo kulolo hlangothi olukhethekile lomsebenzi wesibhamu. Okusho ukuthi, kunohlelo lokuthola ifa eliqondisa imisebenzi yabo ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi adingekayo.
Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, ukusebenza kwezibhamu akugcini ekubonisweni kwemvelo. Ososayensi bebenentshisekelo yamaqiniso kusuka empilweni yamagwababa, abameleli bawo baphendukela ekusebenziseni amathuluzi alungiselelwe ngokukhethekile ezimweni ezingalindelekile.
Obunye ubufakazi obukholisayo bokuthi izikhali ezihlakaniphile kwakuwukuziphatha kwama-jay aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
I-jay yokuhlolwa yayishiywe ngaphandle kokudla isikhashana. Lapho ukudla kubekwe phambi kwekheji, waqala ukuzenzela inhloso yokuthola ithuluzi lokufinyelela kulokhu kudla. Le nyoni yaklebhula amaphepha emaphephandabeni elele ekheji, futhi, ebabambe ngezidladla, yagoba uqhwaku lwayo phakathi. Ngemuva kokwenza iphepha "izinti" ngale ndlela, ujay wabadonsa ngemigoqo futhi wacosha izingcezu zokudla ezazilele eduze kwekhokhoji.
Kunobunye ubufakazi obuningi obuqinisekisa ikhono lamagwababa hhayi nje ukusebenzisa izinto njengamathuluzi esimweni esingalindelekile, kodwa futhi nakwezinye izibonakaliso zokuziphatha eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Isimilo esivamile
Ekukhipheni kwamagama ecula futhi amasiginali wezwi, umehluko phakathi kokususelwa kumodumo, ubude nomongo womsindo. Ukucula noma iculo isikhathi eside futhi siyinkimbinkimbi futhi sihambisana nokuziphatha kokuya kwesinye nendawo, kanti amasiginali wezwi noma izikhalazo yenza imisebenzi yokuxwayisa noma yokugcina umhlambi uhlangene.
Ukucula kukhiqizwa kakhulu ezinyangeni ze-Passeriformes ye-oda, ikakhulukazi ama-subgroup kuimba ama-passerines. Imvamisa ukucula kuwuphawu lwabesilisa, hhayi abesifazane, yize kukhona okuhlukile. Ukucula kuvame ukukhishwa kakhulu lapho inyoni ihlala endaweni ethile, yize ezinye izinhlobo zikwazi ukuyishicilela ngenkathi indiza. Amanye amaqembu ezinyoni acishe azithulele, enza imisindo engokwesiko kuphela, ngokwesibonelo, isudu, amane aqhafaza imilomo yawo. Kwamanye ama-manakins (i-Pіprіdae), abesilisa sebethuthukise izindlela eziningana zokwenziwa kwemisindo enjalo, kufaka phakathi ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane.
Ukwenziwa kwemisindo ngezindlela ezenziwa ngomshini, ngokungafani nesymbus, ibizwa ngokuthi umculo wezinsimbi (njengoba kuchazwe nguCharles Darwin) noma imisindo yokwenza , nasemisebenzini yababhali banamuhla, sonation . Ithemu sonation kusho njengesenzo sokwakheka kwemisindo engeyona eyamagama eyakhiwa ngenhloso ethile, futhi kuyizimpawu zokuxhumana ezenziwa yizinhlaka ezingezona zezwi ezifana nomlomo, amaphiko, umsila kanye nezimpaphe.
I-Anatomy
Isitho sezitho zezinyoni yi-syrinx. Lesi yisakhiwo samathambo endaweni yokugcotshwa kwe-trachea. Ngokungafani nezilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni azinazo izindonga zezwi. Umsindo wenziwa ngenxa yokudlidliza kwezicubu ze-tympanic (izindonga ze-syrinx) ne-tragus, okubangelwa ukushaya komoya nge-syrinx. Imisipha ekhethekile iyakwazi ukushintsha ukungezwani kolwelwesi kanye nobubanzi be-lumen ye-bronchi, okuholela ekushintsheni komsindo okhiqizwayo.
I-Syrinx futhi kwesinye isikhathi amasheya omoya abawazungezile aqala ukuphendula ukunyakazisa okwenziwa ngama-membranes, lapho kudlula khona umoya lapho uphefumula. Le nyoni ilawula imvamisa yomsindo ngokushintsha ukungezwani kolwelwesi. Ngakho-ke inyoni ilawula imvamisa nevolumu, ishintsha ijubane lokuphefumula. Izinyoni ziyakwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimela zombili izinhlangothi ze-trachea, ngakho-ke ezinye izinhlobo zakha amaza amabili amakhulu ngasikhathi sinye.
Umsebenzi
Kwamukelwa ngokuvamile lokho ecula izinyoni zakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokukhethwa kwezocansi njengesixa sokuziphatha kobulili, ikakhulukazi ukuqomisana nokuheha izintokazi ngabesilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omunye umsebenzi obalulekile wokucula ukuqanjwa kwensimu. Ngokusho kokuhlolwa, ikhwalithi yokuphinyiselwa kwezimpawu iyinkomba yokuvumelana nezimo zezemvelo. Futhi, ngokuya ngokokuhlola, izimuncagazi nezifo zingathinta izici nobuningi bokucula, ngakho-ke ukwenziwa kwamazwi kuyinkomba eqondile yezempilo. I-repertoire yokucula nayo iyinkomba ebalulekile yokuqina komzimba, ikhono labesilisa lokuqokwa kwabesifazane futhi bakhethe indawo. Imvamisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokucula zisebenza kuphela phakathi nenkathi ethile noma ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka lapho kunesidingo sokwenza umsebenzi othile, futhi ngalesi sikhathi kuphela ezinye zezinyoni zibonwa ngaso ngalesi sikhathi. Isibonelo, owesilisa we-Nightingale (ILuscіnіa megarhynchos) Kwenza ukucula okuhlose ukuheha izintokazi kuphela ebusuku (lapho abesilisa abangakhokhelwa kuphela becula), futhi ukucula kuhlose ukukhombisa indawo cishe kuphela kuyo yonke ikwaya yasekuseni (lapho bonke abesilisa becula).
Izimpawu zezwi isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuxhumana. Ukuxhumana okunjalo kwenziwa ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo, naphakathi kwezinhlobo. Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuheha izinyoni ngazinye emhlambini. Lezi zibonakaliso zezwi zibonakaliswa ububanzi obukhulu kanye nokuqala okubukhali nokuphela, futhi ukuphindaphinda kwabo, okuvamile phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi, kukholakala njengokusebenziseka ekunqumeni indawo yomhlambi. Izimpawu ezixwayisa i-Hazard, ngokungafani nazo, ezinhlotsheni eziningi zibonakaliswa imvamisa ephezulu yomsindo, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola ukuthi inyoni ikhipha luphi uphawu.
Imvamisa izinyoni zingahlukanisa kahle amasiginali wezwi, okuwavumela ukuba aqaphele omunye ngomunye. Ikakhulu, izinyoni eziningi ezidla emakoloni ngaleyo ndlela zibona amaphuphu azo.
Izinyoni eziningi ziyakwazi ukunikeza duet. Kwesinye isikhathi ukunakwa okunjalo kuhambisaniswa kangangokuba kuzwakale njengophawu lwezwi elilodwa. Izimpawu ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi i-antiphonic. Izimpawu zeDuet zabonwa emindenini eminingi yezinyoni, kufaka phakathi i-pheasant, shrouds (Malaconotidae), thimelia kanye nezinye izikhova kanye nopholi. Izingoma zezingoma zomhlaba zivame ukukhiqiza amasiginali anjalo uma kwenzeka ukuhlaselwa kwabokufika kwensimu yabo, kuphakamisa iqhaza lezimpawu ezinjalo emncintiswaneni we-interspecific.
Ezinye izinyoni zingalingisa kahle amasigama wezwi. Kwezinye izinyoni, njenge-drongovye, ukulingisa amasiginali kungasebenza ukwakha imihlambi yezinhlobo eziningi.
Ezinye izinhlobo zomhume, ezinjenge-guajaro ne-salangans (uhlobo Collocalia futhi I-Aerodramus), sebenzisa imisindo ebangeni ikakhulukazi isuka ku-2 kuye ku-5 kHz ukuthola i-ekolocation emihumeni emnyama. .
Ulimi nezimpawu zokusebenzisa amagama
Ulimi lwezinyoni kade lwaluyisihloko sezinganekwane nezinsumansumane. Kudala kwaziwa ukuthi amasiginali ezwi anencazelo ethile, ehunyushwa ngokufanele ngabalaleli. Izikhukhukazi ezifuywayo, ngokwesibonelo, zinezimpawu ezahlukahlukene ekuphenduleni indlela yezilwane ezidla zomoya nomoya, bese ziphendula ngokufanele. Noma kunjalo, ulimi, ngaphezu kwamagama ngamanye, kumele lube nezakhiwo ezithile nemithetho yohlelo lolimi. Ukutadisha izakhiwo ezinjalo kwizinyoni kunzima kunokuba kubangelwa inani elikhulu lokuhumusha okungenzeka. Kokunye ucwaningo, nokho, abacwaningi bakwazile ukukhombisa ikhono lophrotheki bakha izakhiwo zohlelo lolimi, kubandakanya ukubakhona kwemibongo enjengegama, isenzo, kanye nesiphawulo. Ucwaningo lwezimpawu zezwi ezinenkanyezi luye lwembula ubukhona bezakhiwo eziphindaphindayo.
Imvamisa, lapho kuchazwa ulimi lwezinyoni, abazingeli kanye nama-Naturalists bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezi-5 eziphambili zemisindo: ucingo, iculo, isiginali yendawo, ubungqomeni ne-alamu. Ezine zokuqala zimelela ukuziphatha “okuyisisekelo” futhi kuvezwa ngokuphepha nokuthula okulingana, kanti okulandelayo kusho ukuba khona komhlaseli noma enye insongo. Ngaphakathi kwesigaba ngasinye, izincazelo zemisindo zincike ekushintsheni kwezwi, ukuhamba komzimba, kanye nomongo.
Ukuzwa kwezinyoni kungadlula imingcele yokuzwa komuntu, kwehle kwezinye izinhlobo ezingaphansi kuka-50 Hz nangaphezulu kwama-20 kHz, nokuzwela okuphezulu phakathi kuka-1 no-5 kHz.
Ububanzi bemvamisa yezimpawu zamazwi kuncike ezimweni zemvelo, ikakhulukazi umsindo. Njengokwejwayelekile, amabanga amvamisa amancanyana, imvamisa ephansi, ukushintshashintsha kwemvamisa ephansi kanye nobude bemisindo nezikhathi eziphakathi kwabo kunesici sezikhala ezinemifino eminyene (lapho ukumunca nokukhonjiswa kwemisindo kwenzeka khona), ngenkathi amaza amfushane, amabanga ahlukahlukene, ukushintshashintsha kwefrikhwensi ephezulu kanye nezinto zezimpawu ezimfushane kuyimpawu izikhala ezivulekile. Umbono ubuye waphakanyiswa ngokuya ngokuthi imvamisa etholakalayo nobubanzi besikhathi bahlukaniswa kanjani phakathi kwezinyoni ezahlukahlukene nezinhlobo zazo, ngenxa yalokho, lapho kulinganiselwe, ubude nobubanzi bemvamisa yezimpawu zomsindo buncishisiwe, lo mphumela waziwa ngokuthi yi- "acoustic niche". Izinyoni zihlabelela kakhulu futhi ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ezisezindaweni zasemadolobheni lapho kunomsindo ophansi kakhulu wemvamisa.
Ukuboniswa
I-vocalization yezinyoni zohlobo olulodwa kwesinye isikhathi ihluke kakhulu, yakha “izilimi”. Lezi zilimi zingavela zombili ngenxa yokwehluka kwemvelo nangenxa yokushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo, yize lesi simo singafundelwa kangako, umthelela wezinto ngazinye uhlala ungaziwa ngisho nangezinhlobo ezifundwe kahle. Lo mehluko ufundwa kangcono ngokucula ngesikhathi sokuzala. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela yale nto ayifani futhi ihluke kakhulu kuye ngohlobo lwezinkukhu.
Abantu besifazane abakhule ngaphansi kwethonya lolunye ulimi abaphenduli noma baphendule okubi ngokucula kowesilisa wohlobo olufanayo onolimi oluhlukile, olwaboniswa, ngokwesibonelo, nge-zzotrichia enamakhanda amhlophe (Zonotrichia leucophrys) Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izintokazi eziqhamuka ezindaweni lapho kukhulunywa khona izilimi eziningi noma izinhlobo zolimi oluhlukile kungakhombisi ukuthi kunesiphi isichazamazwi esisodwa.
Ukuphendula kwabesilisa besifunda lapho kuculwa khona abantu abangaziwa nakho kuyaphenywa. Ngakho-ke, imvamisa abesilisa bavame ukuphendula kakhulu kubaculi bezilimi zabo, beba buthaka kubamele izinhlobo zezinto zabo ezivela kwezinye izifunda, futhi babe buthaka kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezihlobene nokucula, nabesilisa abahlanganyela izingoma eziningi nomakhelwane babo ukuyiqapha indawo yabo.
Mayelana nokuvela kwezigodi, umbuzo wethonya lawo ekuqageleni uvame ukucatshangelwa. Isibonelo, le nto yaboniswa ezifundweni zamarches zaseDarwin. Eminye imisebenzi, kepha, ikhombisa ukungahambelani kwemininingwane kule nkinga.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Ukuculwa kwezinyoni zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kuhluke kakhulu komunye futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuyisici sezinhlobo. Ukucula okuvame kuyisici esivimba ukuxutshwa kwezinhlobo ezihlobene ezisondelene ngofuzo ukudala inzalo esebenzayo. Ocwaningweni lwesimanje, ukucula kubonakaliswa yi-acoustic spectroscopy. Izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ekubhekeni okuyinkimbinkimbi kokucula kanye nenani lezinhlobo zezingoma ezingafinyelela ku-3,000 ku-mockingbird nsundu; kwezinye izinhlobo, ngisho nabantu ngabanye bahlukile kuleso sici. Ezinhlotsheni eziningana, ezinjengezinkanyezi nezinyoni ezihlekisayo, ukucula kufaka izinto ezenzeka ngokungajwayelekile ezikhunjulwa kukho konke impilo yenyoni ngesimo sokulingisa noma “ukwabiwa” (ngenxa yokuthi inyoni isebenzisa umsindo wesimilo sezinye izinhlobo). Emuva ngo-1773, kwatholakala ukuthi ocwaningweni ngokutshala amaphuphu yizinyoni zezinye izinhlobo, i-hemp (Acanthіs cannabіna) ukwazile ukufunda ukucula kwe-lark (Alauda arvensis) Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, kubonakala sengathi yize iculo eliyinhloko lifana kubo bonke abamele izinhlobo, izinyoni ezincane zifunda imininingwane yokucula kubazali bazo, ngenkathi ukuhlukahluka kuqongelela, kwakha “izilimi”.
Imvamisa, izinyoni zifunda izingoma impilo yazo yonke, yize izici ezithile ziqhubeka nokuqongelela kamuva, zakha ukucula kwezinyoni ezindala. UZebra amadina, isidalwa esiyimodeli esidume kakhulu esifundweni sokuculwa kwezinyoni, sakha ingoma efana nomuntu omdala, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20 ngemuva kokuqokwa. Lapho zifinyelela ezinsukwini ezingama-35, iphupho selivele lafunda ngokuphelele ukucula kwabantu abadala. Izingoma zokuqala ziba "zepulasitiki" noma zingashintsha, kanti inyoni idinga izinyanga ezingaba ngu-2-3 ukuletha iculo ngesimo sayo sokugcina esingashintshiwe ezinyangeni ezivuthiwe.
Ucwaningo luphinde lukhombise ukuthi ukuqeqesha ukucula kuyindlela yokuqeqeshwa lapho izigaba ze-basal ganglia zibamba iqhaza. Imvamisa, amamodeli wokufundisa izinyoni asetshenziswa njengamamodeli wokufunda ulimi lwabantu. Kwezinye izinhlobo (ngokwesibonelo, i-zebra amadina), ukuqeqeshwa kukhawulelwe onyakeni wokuqala wempilo, lezi zinhlobo zibizwa ngokuthi "zilinganiselwe ngobudala" noma "zivaliwe". Ezinye izinhlobo, ezinjenge-canary, ziyakwazi ukufunda izingoma ezintsha noma sezikhulile, izinhlobo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi "zivulekile" noma "azinamkhawulo ngobudala."
Abaphenyi baphakamise ukuthi izingoma zokufundisa ngokuxhumana kwamasiko okubanzi kuvumela ukwakheka kwezimpawu zokuxhumana ezisiza izinyoni ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukahlukene zekhezi.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwabazali ngezinyoni kwaboniswa okokuqala kuzilingo zika-1954 zikaWilliam Torpy. Izinyoni ezikhule zahlukaniswa nabesilisa bezinhlobo zazo ziyakwazi ukucula, futhi ukucula kwazo, ngokwejwayelekile, kufana nokwokwezinyoni ezindala, kepha akunazakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuvame ukuhluka kakhulu. Ukucula okunjalo kuvame ukungakwazi ukukhipha izintokazi izinsikazi. Ngaphezu kokucula kwabazali, kubalulekile nokuthi amachwane azizwe ukucula kwawo ngesikhathi sensorimotor. Izinyoni ezilahlekelwe izindlebe zazo ngenxa yokucula kokucula zikhiqiza ukucula okuhluke kakhulu kuleso sici sale hlobo.
Isabelo Nokulingisa
Izinyoni eziningi ziyakwazi ukwamukela ukucula hhayi zohlobo lwazo kuphela, kodwa nezinye zezinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu noma ezingaphansi. Ngakho-ke, amachwane ezinhlobo eziningi ezikhuliswa ngabazali bezinhlobo ezihlobene nawo kwesinye isikhathi ayakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukucula okufana nokwabazali abakhulisa izingane, futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho nezinsikazi ezingaphambili zalolu hlobo. Ezinye izinyoni ziyakwazi ukuzilandela ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, noma zikhuliswa ngabazali bazo. Izinhlobo eziyikhulu zamakhulu emhlabeni jikelele ziyakwazi ukulingisa okunjalo. Isibonelo, igama elithi Mockingbird (I-Mіmus) yanikezwa le nyoni ngokunemba ngokwazi kwayo ukukopisha imisindo yezinye izinyoni iphinde iphinde ziyenze futhi. Enye inhlobo eyaziwayo ekwazi ukukopisha ukubulawa kwenkanyezi okuvamile (Sturnus vulgarіs), ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Melika, lapho le nyoni ingeniswe isuka eYurophu, “ulingisa” imbala. EYurophu naseBrithani, inkanyezi evamile ilingisa ukucula kwezinye izinyoni, okuvame ukuphindaphinda umsindo wezinyoni ezinjenge-buzzard ejwayelekile (I-Buteo buteo), I-Oriolus oriolus, I-Numenius arquataisikhova grey (I-Strіx aluco), amadada kanye nehansi. Kwezinye izimo, lezi zinyoni zingalingisa izwi lezingane noma nemisindo yamabhomu awayo ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II. Ngokweminye imibiko, enye inkanyezi ilingisa ikhwela likanompempe webhola, okwadala ukungaqondani ngesikhathi somdlalo.
Isibonelo esihlaba umxhwele futhi esithandekayo kubantu bezinyoni imisindo yokulingisa ukulingisa ulimi lwabantu. Kunama-budgerigars amaningana akhule ekudingisweni, o-repertoire afinyelela amagama angama-550. Futhi, upholi kaJaco (Psіttacus erіthacus), Upholi wase-Australia onjenge-cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) kanye ne-South America Amazons (Amazona) U-Alexander von Humboldt ngesikhathi kuqhubeka ucwaningo lwaseNingizimu Melika uchaze leli cala ngesikhathi ekwazi ukuzwa esephepheni "ulimi olufile" lwesizwe sika-Atura esanyamalalayo. E-Europe, amacala okwazi ukulingisa izwi lomuntu ayaziwa phakathi kwabamele abathile bomndeni we-corvidae, njenge-jackdaw (UCorvus monedula), Magpie (I-Pica pica) negwababa (ICorvus corax) .
Kodwa-ke, izizathu eziqondile zalokhu kulingiswa azaziwa. Cishe ziyinkinga zokucula kwabo, kodwa imihlomulo yalesi simo sale nyoni isengundaba lokucwaninga.
Kukhona futhi izimo zokwabiwa kwezimpawu zezwi kunezezinyoni. Isibonelo, i-euphonia enkuluEuphonia laniirostris) kuvame ukukhipha isisongo sezinye izinhlobo zezilwane lapho umhlaseli engaba khona esondela esidlekeni saso, ngenkathi esaphephile. Lokhu kuziphatha kubuye kube nama-jay (Garrulus glandarіus) kanye ne-red-red redartart (I-cosypha natalensis) Kwezinye izimo, mbumbulu isetshenziselwa ukubamba isisulu, ngokwesibonelo, ihlathi elinukayo lentuthu (I-Micrastur mirandollei) Ikwazi ukulingisa izingcingo zokucela usizo kwizisulu zayo, bese ibamba izinyoni endize ephendula ucingo.
I-Neurophysiology
Lezi zingxenye ezilandelayo zobuchopho zibamba iqhaza ekulawulweni kwezimpawu zezwi:
- Indlela yokuhlabelela: iqukethe isikhungo esikhulu sezwi (isikhungo samazwi hih noma hyperstrіatum ventralіs pars caudalіs, HVC), i-Arkopillium cores (i-rubust nucleus ye-arcopіllіum, RA) nengxenye ye-hyoid nucleus eya kwi-trachea ne-syrinx (nerve tracheosyrіngeal) ,
- Ingxenye engaphambili yomgogodla, ebhekele ukuqeqeshwa: inengxenye yamuva ye-nucleocellular nucleus ye-anterior new striatum (ingxenye engemuva ye-magnocellular nucleus ye-anterіor neostrіatum, I-LMAN, i-gangal ye-basal ganglia yezilwane ezincelisayo), isifunda X (izingxenye ze-basal ganglia) kanye nengxenye ye-dorsal-lateral ye-thalamus ephakathi (DLM).
Kuhlolwe futhi kufakazelwe
Ososayensi benza ucwaningo lapho behlukanisa inkukhu kuzo zonke izihlobo zayo, ukuze kuthi, lapho ikhula, ingezwa imisindo eyenziwe yizo. Lapho inkukhu ikhula, amasiginali ayo emisindo ayengafani nhlobo nezinkukhu ezichitha lesi sikhathi kuzinkukhu. Isipiliyoni sekufakazele ukuthi izinyoni azifundi ukucula (i-twitter, ukumemeza). Kungofuzo kuzo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinyoni zibuye zikhiqize izwi lezihlobo zazo ezinamalungu. Ikakhulu, sikhuluma ngomuntu ohlekisayo, alitholela igama lakhe. Esinye isibonelo i-canary. Wake waba semkhakheni wezinyoni zezingoma, ngokwesibonelo, ama-nightingales, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uthola amakhono okucula kwawo. Kepha impahla yondlunkulu yokulingisa izwi lokuhlabelela ayisiyantengo. Enye inkohliso engenakulinganiswa phakathi kwezinyoni yisipholi. Futhi yize ekwazi ukufundisa ukukhuluma kwabantu, ukulingisa izwi nokuhamba kwesikhathi, akanakuqaphela lokho okushiwoyo.
Izinyoni zazingenaphi amakhono okucula
Abaculi abahle ngokweqiniso kunezinyoni, ngeke ubathole embusweni wezilwane. Futhi esinye sezizathu zamakhono abo ekhethelo eyingqayizivele iqiniso ukuthi “insimbi yomculo” wabo wangempela kakhulu. Lokhu akuyona ihaba: imishini yezwi yenyoni, njengemishini efanayo yabantu, isho “izinto zomculo womoya”. Ngamanye amagama, kuzwakala okokusebenza kwephimbo kwakhiwa ngenxa yokuhamba komoya okuphuma emaphashini. Ukugeleza komoya kuleli cala kuholela ekuqothulweni kolwelwesi oluphambili, olwakha amaza omsindo.
Lezi zingqimba ezingabantu ziyizintambo zezwi ezisethweni larynx. Ngokuqondene nokuphakama komsindo okhiqizwayo, kuya ngezinga lokuxineka kwemisipha yezintambo zezwi: lapho liqine, liba nezwi eliphakeme. Ngokuqondene namandla ezwi, kuya ngokuthi ingcindezi enkulu kangakanani emaphashini, nokuthi umuntu uvaliwe kangakanani: ukukhuphuka kwengcindezi nokuqinisa ukuvalwa, ukuphakama kanye nokuqina komsindo.
Kodwa-ke, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ukuthi noma iyiphi insimbi yomculo eyedwa ayiyona imithombo yomsindo eyanele: udinga okungenani i-resonator eyodwa ezothuthukisa lo msindo. Ebantwini, i-trachea, izinzwa zamakhala zamlomo nezomlomo, kanye ne-pharynx zingama-resonators anjalo.
Izinyoni zingabaculi bezilwane phakathi kwezilwane.
Isikhathi eside, bekukholelwa ukuthi izixhobo zamazwi zezinyoni zakhiwe ngendlela efanayo neyomuntu. Kodwa-ke, lapho kuqhubeka ucwaningo, kwavela ukuthi izinyoni azinalo uhlevane olulodwa olunjengabantu, kodwa ezimbili ngasikhathi sinye: enye ephezulu, ehambelana nalezi ezincelisayo kanye ne-larynx engezansi, okungajwayelekile kwezinye izilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekwakhekeni kwemisindo, i-larynx yesibili, ephansi, idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwensiza ephansi kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi futhi kunokwehluka okubonakalayo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezinyoni. Ngenxa yalokhu kuba yinkimbinkimbi nokungefani, ososayensi basaphenya indlela esebenza ngayo i-larynx ephansi. Ayinayo i-vibrator eyodwa, njengakwezilwane ezincelisayo, kodwa ezimbili noma ngisho ezine.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke ama-vibrators asebenza ngokuzimele komunye nomunye. Uhlelo lolu olumangalisayo lutholakala engxenyeni engezansi ye-trachea, lapho igatsha khona libe ngama-bronchi amabili. Ngenxa yedivayisi eyinkimbinkimbi kangako, imishini yezwi yenyoni iyakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi onjalo we-fosso.
Izinyoni zenza kahle izingoma zazo.
Iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi sokuvela engxenyeni engezansi ye-trachea kwenziwa i-larynx yesibili, lanikeza lezi zilwane ithuba lokuzisebenzisa njenge-resonator yesibili, enamandla amakhulu. Futhi ngesibalo esikhulu sezinyoni, i-trachea ikhula kakhulu, ikhuphuka ububanzi nobude. Amaphaphu nawo ayakhula. Isebenzisa lezi noma ukuhamba kwalomzimba kanye nokuxaka kwemisipha ekhethekile, inyoni iyakwazi ukuguqula ngokuqinile ukwakheka kwalesi simiso sezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu sabacebisi bese ilawula izakhiwo nezwi lokuphakama kwezwi layo.
Lalela izinyoni zicula
Ngokuqondene nezimpawu zesigqi somsindo, zincika emsebenzini wethala elingaphezulu, elisebenza njengevalvu ethile yokumisa endleleni yomfudlana womsindo. I-larynx ephezulu isebenza ne-larynx engezansi emphakathini we-Reflex.
Ngenxa yesakhiwo esimangazayo semishini yezwi, izinyoni ziyakwazi ukwenza imisindo ye-melodic.
Ama-larynx nama-resonator (izixhobo zamazwi zezinyoni) zihlaba umxhwele ngosayizi okuhlobene nomzimba. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezinyoni ezincane. Ngalesi sizathu, cishe sonke isidalwa somzimba sibandakanyeka enqubweni yokucula ngezinyoni.
Ingcindezi umzimba wenyoni eyembulwa ngayo ngenkathi kuculwa inkulu kakhulu kangangokuba umzimba uyathuthumela uqobo.
Umsila osabalele omncane nezimpiko ziyathuthumela ziye ekushayweni kokucula, uqhwaku oluncane luvuleka ububanzi, lwenze isikhala esikhulu semisindo edlula esifubeni sale nyoni, nentamo iphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndaba ayikhawulwanga ekucindezelekeni ngokomzimba kuphela. Ukucula kubamba inyoni ngokuphelele futhi nangokomzwelo.
Eminyakeni yama-60s yakuqala yekhulu lama-20, abacwaningi bathola kumazwi wezinyoni eziphezulu ze-ultrasonic ukuthi izindlebe zomuntu azikwazi ukukuqonda. Ama-overtones anjalo atholakala ezingomeni ze-greenfinchs, ojongilanga, zaryanok nakwezinye izinyoni.
Ukuhlabelela kubamba inyoni ngokuphelele nangokuphelele, kokubili ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo.
Ukuba ngabaculi bangempela, izinyoni azikhawulwanga ekusetshenzisweni kwezwi elilodwa ekwakheni imisindo. Ngale njongo, baxhuma amanye amakhono abo. Izintambo, ama-paws, umlomo kanye nomsila kuyathinteka. Isibonelo esihle salokhu yi-Woodpecker, eyaziwa yibo bonke njengesigubhu esingakhathali. Ukuhlela amakhonsathi akhe okuqasha entwasahlobo, akawasebenzisi hhayi nje umlomo wakhe, kodwa futhi nezinto ezahlukahlukene azisebenzisayo njengesigubhu. Uhla lwezinto ezinjalo lukhulu impela - kusuka ezinkuni ezomile kuya kwezingcezu zensimbi namathini angenalutho.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi uqhwaku njengethuluzi lothando lwe-serenade lusetshenziswa ngamaqhude. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuchofoza kukaqhwaku zingene esikhundleni sokuxhumana ngezwi ngamaqhude. Lolu hlobo lokuxhumana luvame kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni ezahlukahlukene zezinyamazane, ezinjengezikhova noma izinkozi. Lokhu kuchofoza kuphela okukhishwa njengophawu lokusongela.
Izingoma, imisindo nezimpawu zomuntu ngamunye emhlabeni wezinyoni zidlala indima ehlukile.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukucula komsila", okungabukwa ngenkathi indiza ibaleka lapho inyoka. Ngale ngoma, umsindo ukhiqizwa ngenxa yokuvevezela kwezimpaphe eziqondayo ezivela kumoya wamanje ozayo. Umsindo ophakamayo kuleli cala ufana kakhulu nokukhonya kwewundlu. Ngenxa yalokhu kufana, inyoka leyo yaqanjwa ngegama elithi "imvu yamahlathi" kubantu. Izinyoni eziningi zenza imisindo zisebenzisa amaphiko azo. Lokhu kufaka, ngokwesibonelo, i-capercaillie kanye ne-grouse emnyama, okuthi, ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ifanele yenze umbhede onjalo.
Kodwa noma kunjalo, lezi zinhlobo ezingejwayelekile zokukhiqiza umsindo, noma zithakazelisa, kepha ziyisecond, kanti ne-larynx ephansi ihlala ingumthombo ophambili womsindo ezinyonini. Ngenhlanhla, ukulungiswa kwemishini yezinyoni zezinyoni kuyinto emangalisayo. Ukuqinisekisa lokhu, khumbula nje ama-Nightingales kanye nama-canaries ngezingoma zawo ezimnandi, namakhono okulingisa aphambili kanye nezinye izinyoni eziningi.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
UBlackbird (Turdus merula) ungumculi odumile futhi ongatholakali owethumba amajikijolo. Le nyoni ehlathini elihlanzekile isijwayele ukuthi isondele kumuntu, manje isingoma sayo esinomsindo siyizwakala emadolobheni. Ngaphezu kwengoma emnandi, ubukhona be-thrush bunikezwa nezimpawu ezibhekiswe ezihlotsheni: "Dachshund-Dachshund", "Gix-Gyx". Isithombe somlobi
Ngisho nabantu abakude ne-ornithology bakhombisa ukuthakazelela izimbotshana, ngoba lezi zinyoni zihlakaniphe, ziyakwazi "ukukhuluma" futhi zibe nokubukeka okuhlekisayo. Kodwa-ke, kunezinyoni eziningi “ezikhuluma” emvelweni, futhi eziningi zazo azibonisi nje kuphela ithalente lomculo, kodwa nobungcweti.
Omunye engangimazi, umcwaningi, wayehleli endaweni yokudlela emabhishi aseMekong. Lapho baphendukela kuye bathi: "Unjani?", Waphenduka, kepha akabonanga muntu, ngaphandle kwezinyoni ezimbili ezimnyama ekheji. Izinyoni zaqhubeka nengxoxo:
"Sithandwa, ufuna ubhanana nelayisi?"
- Ngifuna. .
- Kepha ubani ozobanika thina?
- Ah ...
Umcwaningi, ngokulahleka, wasondela kuleyo kheji - amapharothi akhulunywayo ngabe awanamahloni ngaye, kepha izinyoni ezimnyama ubungako bokuzibhubhisa?!
Akusikhona okokuqala ukuthi abamele umndeni onenkanyezi (iSturnidae), noma imigwaqo engcwele (iGraculaenkoloiosa), bangethuse futhi bahlabe abahambi. Ngabona amakheji nalezi zinyoni emigwaqweni yaseChina naseVietnam, futhi uma zonke izivakashi ziqonda ukuthi inyoni ebabazekayo isho ukuthi “Sawubona” futhi, ngenxa yalokho, yathuthumela lapho isimanga. Inkanyezi yethu ejwayelekile (iSturnus vulgaris) nayo ikhophi enhle kakhulu - ifaka imisindo yezingcingo ezingomakhalekhukhwini, ukuculwa kwe-Orioles, umsindo we-chainaw, kanye nezinkanyezi ezenziwa ngesandla zingafunda imishwana embalwa.
Uma iningi lopholi likhuluma ngamazwi "e-cartoonish", "ukugwinya", futhi abanye abangama-Amazons noJacques abaneziphiwo kuphela ababiza amagama kahle, bese kuthi labo abanenkanyezi balingise inkulumo yabantu ngokunemba. Ukuqinisekisa lokhu, akudingekile ukuya e-Asia noma ukuba nezinyoni ekhaya - ngokwesibonelo, ungabheka eSparrow bird Park, etholakala eduze komgwaqo omkhulu. Kukhona umgwaqo ku-cafe othi "sawubona!" Kuzivakashi nokuthi "Sawubona!" ihlanzekile kangangokuba abantu baqala ukubheka ngamehlo enhliziyo yomsunguli womsunguli. Ngaphandle komzila, ezinye "izikhulumi" nazo zihlala epaki, amakheji akhonjiswe esitobhini eseceleni, iZinyoni Ezikhuluma.
![]() Ngubani owathi "ay"?Amandla wezinyoni ku-onomatopoeia kuncike ezintweni eziningi - ngokwesibonelo, insiza ye-larynx kanye nokuthambekela kokuxhumana okuzwakalayo. Ithi, imizila, njengazo zonke izinhlobo zezingoma, isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nomunye ngemisindo ehlukene. Kunzima ukulandela umkhondo ehlathini eliminyene, futhi i- "roll call" ivumela izinyoni ukuthi zihlale zixhumana. Izinyoni ezingaphezu kwesigamu zezinyoni eziphilayo zingaphansi kwengoma enjenge-Passerine (Passeriformes L.). Imisipha yabo ye-larynx nemisindo yezwi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngesakhiwo, ngakho-ke akukho lutho olumangazayo lokuthi zombili lezi zibazi "ezingcolile" eziklolodayo nezimpempe ezinamakhorali ziyakwazi kahle ukukhuluma komuntu. AmaJay, starlings, remixes ngisho (Menura superba), amahle futhi ngaphandle kwezingoma, angadida - noma ngabe "akhwehlela", bese akhukhula ne-nightingale, bese "meow". Kungani izinyoni “zilingisa” ezinye izinto eziphilayo? Lo mbuzo sekuyisikhathi eside bekhathazekile ososayensi, kodwa akukho mpendulo eqondile kuwo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukucula okuyinkimbinkimbi kusiza ukudukisa izimbangi futhi kuqinise nokuvikelwa kwendawo, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi uma ukucula kungafani, yilona eliheha abesifazane. Uma inyoni ingeyona eyeqembu lezimbumbulu, khona-ke owesilisa uhlanzekile ngokuphelele futhi "kwesokudla" ukwenza iculo elithile. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwesazi sezinto eziphilayo saseCanada uScott McDougall-Shackleton (Scott) nodokotela wezokwelapha baseMelika uStephen Manjeitzki, uSusan Peteres noJeffrey Podos (uStephen Nowicki, uSusan Peters, uJeffrey Podos), abesilisa abangadli kahle ebuntwaneni abahlabeleli kahle, kanye ne-repertoire yabo umpofu. Ngokuzwa ukuculwa kwe- “hilyachka” enjalo, insikazi iyokhetha kuye owesilisa okhulele esimweni esihle - kuye inzalo mhlawumbe iyaqina. Ngale ndlela, izinyoni eziningi zidinga ukuqeqeshwa ngokucula “okuyikho” - lapha “amakhonsathi” aphilayo amaduna amadala nokuqoshwa kwawo ngamatayitile kufanelekile. Imisindo eyenziwe yinyoni yehlukene kakhulu - lokhu kungamasiginali wokubiza, futhi avikelayo, futhi (insimu imatasa!), Futhi, nokuculwa kwentsha. Ngakho-ke, ehlobo ungezwa "ukububula" okunomusa epaki, futhi uma ubheka ezihlahleni, ungawubona nomsuka womsindo - feather's robin (yi-Erithaucus rebecula), enambitha izwi.
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