Amakamela awabizwa nje ngokuthi yimikhumbi yasogwadule. Lezi zilwane zidalwa yimvelo zokuphila ezindaweni eziyomile. Ngakho-ke, zivumelaniswa kahle nezikhathi zohambo olude ezimweni ezedlulele zogwadule oshisayo nama-steppes omile. Noma ilanga elihangulayo, noma ukushoda kwamanzi awusabi.
Ikamela le-Bactrian noma i-Bactrian (lat.Camelus bactrianus) (ikamela lokuzalwa le-Bactrian)
Zithola wonke umswakama odingekayo kanye nezimila eziqhekekile. Ikamela lingaphila ngaphandle kwamanzi cishe amasonto amathathu, futhi uma lifika emthonjeni onika impilo, khona-ke lingaphuza amalitha angama-90 amanzi ngasikhathi sinye.
Emakameleni wezinhlobo, kunezinhlobo ezi-2: ikamela elinamuntu munye - ikamela elinamakamela amabili nekamela elinamabili amabili. Lezi zokugcina zihlukanisa amafomu ama-2: iBactrian (ikamela lasekhaya) neHaptagai (ikamela lasendle). Kulula ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwabo: indle incane kunale efuywayo, ine-leaner physique, futhi azikho izinhlamvu esifubeni nasemadolweni angaphambili.
AmaBactrian
Kuyiqiniso, umehluko obonakalayo kakhulu phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo inani lama-humps, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokhu, iBactrian idlula i-dromedary ngosayizi nobukhulu bejazi. Yebo, futhi bahlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba. Singabona ikamela elinamuntu munye emazweni ase-Afrika.
IHaptagai itholakala kuphela emaqeleni nasogwadule lwaseCentral neCentral Asia, iMongolia neChina. Kuyo yonke “imikhumbi yasogwadule,” cishe ama-90% ngamakamela anomsindo owodwa, kepha amakamela angenamuntu amabili ancibilikisiwe angama-10%. Izibalo ezidabukisayo. Kungaleso sizathu-ke ngiphakamisa ukuthi ngijwayelane "nomkhumbi wamahlane amabili ogwadule", okuyi-haptagai, eduze, ngenkathi kusenokuhlanganwa nawo emhlabeni.
Ukuchazwa kokuqala kwesayensi yalesi silwane kungokw umcwaningi waseRussia uN.M. I-Przhevalsky (1878).
Habitat
Phambilini, lezi zilwane zazitholakala ezindaweni ezinkudlwana, kusukela endaweni ephakathi neKazakhstan yanamuhla entshonalanga kuya emgodini omkhulu woMfula i-Chinese Yellow eMpumalanga. Manje ama-haptagaya angatholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezincane ezintabeni zaseMongolia naseChina. Le yingxenye yeTrans-Altaic eyihlane laseGobi, ezansi kwamagquma ase-Edren naseShivet-Ulan, nase China - endaweni yeLake Lobnor.
Ukubukeka
Sesivele sisho izici ezijwayelekile zaleli kamela. Manje mazi kangcono. Lezi yizilwane ezinkulu ngokwanele. Isisindo se-Bactrian singafinyelela ku-600-800 kg, iHaptagai kulula kancane. Ukuphakama kokubuna kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-2.3 m, ukuphakama kuya phezulu kwephumu le-hump ngamamitha ayi-2,7. Ibanga phakathi kwama-humps lanele ukuthi umuntu alingane kahle lapho. Kuyena, ngisho isilenge akudingekile.
Zonke izici zokwakheka kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kwekamela zihlotshaniswa nendlela yalo yokuphila. Thatha okungenani ama-humps, angama-deposits akhethekile wamafutha.
Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo egcwele yokuthi ingumthombo womswakama onikeza impilo ngesikhathi sokushoda kwamanzi, kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi ama-humps akayona "amanzi" kepha "izitolo" ezinempilo. Ngakho-ke, ngokuntuleka kokudla namanzi, ama-humps wamakamela aba mancane, anciphise isisindo futhi adonsela ezinhlangothini. Kodwa uma eziqabula futhi edakwa ngamanzi, ukhula ngokoqobo ngobukhulu, ikakhulukazi amabala akhe. Ngakho-ke, zisebenza njengohlobo lwenkomba yokukhuluphala kwekamela.
Esikhathini esishisayo, ama-humps asebenza njengemcamelo efaka ukushisa, evikela ingemuva lesilwane ekushiseni kwelanga.
Ezindaweni ezihlala emaCentral Asia, umehluko wokushisa phakathi kwezikhathi zobusika nehlobo ungafinyelela ku-80 ° C. Ehlobo, izinga lokushisa lomoya lingakhuphukela ku-+40 ° C, bese ebusika lehle liye ku-40 ° C. Kepha ikamela elinamanyoni amabili alinazo izinkomba zokushisa ezinjalo. Ijazi likanoboya obukhulu liyalivikela ekushiseni nasekubandeni. Lide kakhulu futhi likhudlwana kunele-dromedary, ngaphezu kwalokho, uvolo we-haptagai unokupholisa okuncane okushisayo.
Ekwindla, ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yobusika, amakamela aqala ukukhula ngoboya obukhulu nobude obude, kanti entwasahlobo bayawususa ngokushesha ngengubo yehlobo emfushane yasehlobo. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho kungabonakala khona ngesimo esingamukeleki kakhulu - kwenye indawo uboya buvele bukhonjiwe, futhi kwenye indawo bulengiswa emabheni amakhulu.
Ikhamera ngesikhathi sokuncibilika
Amakamela, ngenxa yendawo ahlala kuyo ezindaweni ezinamanzi noma anamanzi aphansi, azivumelanisa kahle nokuntuleka kwamanzi. Bahlala bephila uma beshoda ngamanzi ngama-40%. Ngenkathi ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, kufaka phakathi abantu, ukufa okuqinisekile kwanele no-20%. Imfihlo yokuthi “ukusinda” okunjalo kwekamela kusezandleni zezinso zayo ukucubungula ingxenye enkulu yamanzi evela kumchamo futhi ibuyisele emzimbeni.
Ngokulahleka okukhulu komswakama, igazi liyaqina, okubuye kungenye indlela yokuzivumelanisa nokulahlekelwa ngokweqile komswakama. Ngokungafani nezilwane eziningi, amangqamuzana ayo abomvu egazi awazungezi, kepha awokuma okwimo, ngakho-ke, ngokuqina kwegazi, izinga lokusatshalaliswa kwalo empeleni aliguquki, ngoba amangqamuzana amancane egazi adlula ngesizotha ngisho nangama-capillaries amancane.
Esimweni sezulu esishisayo, amakamela acishe awakhiphi umswakama. Inqubo yokujuluka iqala kuphela emva kwe-41 ° C ngaphezulu kwebhodi. Ukuhwamuka okhalweni kuncishiswa, njengoba kugcina amakhaleni abo avalekile, kuvuleke kuphela lapho kuphuma umoya futhi kuphuma umoya.
Indlela yokuphila
Amakamela asendle ayinayo indawo ethile yokuhlala. Zihlala zizulazula emhlanjini omncane osuka ezinhlwini ezi-5 kuye kwezingu-20. Umhlambi ubandakanya owesilisa omkhulu kanye nabesifazane abaningi abanamawundlu abo. Kukhona nezifiso. Abesilisa abancane abavuthiwe ngokocansi bavame ukuxoshwa emhlambini, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Naphezu kokuhamba kancane nokuvilapha kwabo, amakamela asendle ahamba kahle emithambekeni, ngakho-ke angahlangana ngisho nokuphakama kwamamitha angama-3300 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi eshisayo.
Ukucinga umgodi wokunisela wosuku, banganqoba u-80-100 km. Futhi uma umgomo utholakala, ngaleso sikhathi bangaphuza kuze kufike kumalitha angama-90 amanzi, ikakhulukazi uma ngaphambili bekufanele bahlale ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside.
Ngokushona kobusuku, umhlambi uqala ukuphumula. Labo abangakwazi ukulala, bahlafuna insini - ukudla okudlisiwe.
Isimo salawa makamela akusona isipho. IHaptagai inamahloni futhi inokhahlo kunamaBactrian. Uma kwenzeka ingozi encane kakhulu, beshaya run. Ijubane labo lingafinyelela ku-65 km / h. Kuliqiniso, bangakhulisa lelijubane kuphela amabanga amafushane.
Namakamela anezinhlavu ezimbili asathukuthele futhi angavikela isilwane esidabukisayo ngesikhala esihle, okuyingxube enyanyisayo yezinsini nezinsimu zokuqukethwe esiswini.
Umsoco
Kunokudla okuncane ogwadule nasezintabeni ngesikhathi somile, ngakho-ke, la makamela aneliswa yizitshalo ezingakwazi ukunakekelwa kwezinye izilwane, njengezihlahlana ezinamahlumela. Ngokushoda kokudla kwezitshalo, zingadla amathambo ezilwane nezikhumba, kepha lokhu kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Namanje amakamela asendle angenamuntu amabili adume ngokuthi angaphuza amanzi angenamuntu ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo yawo.
Ukuzala
I-Autumn yisikhathi esivunayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa baba nolaka kakhulu. Baqala ukushesha, babhonga kakhulu futhi bahlele izimpi ezinamandla, besebenzisa amazinyo abo futhi bakhiphe ukukhahlela okunamandla. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kuholela ekufeni komunye wabaphikisi. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa angaba yingozi kakhulu kubantu, ngakho-ke ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha afakwa i-leash noma aboshwe ngamabhandishi abomvu exwayiso. Kunezimo lapho amakamela asendle abulala abesilisa emihlambini yezilwane ezifuywayo futhi aqhuba izinsikazi zawo kanye nawo.
Ezinyangeni eziyi-13 ngemuva kokuzalela, kuzalwa kuphela i-1 cub. Imvamisa, inani eliphakeme lokuzala libonakala ngoMashi-Ephreli. Izinsikazi ziyazala zimi, njengendlulamthi. Kunzima ukubiza umntwana osanda kuzalwa ngengane. Isisindo sakhe sifinyelela ku-45 kg, nokuphakama - 90 cm emahlombe. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa nje ezelwe, angalandela umama wakhe ngesizotha.
Owesifazane udla iwundlu unyaka owodwa nesigamu. Ukuthomba kwabesilisa nabesifazane kwenzeka cishe ngasikhathi sinye - eneminyaka engu-3-5.
Inani lamakamela e-Bactrian
IHaptagai ibhalwe ku-International Red Book njengohlobo lwezimo ezibucayi. Manje emhlabeni wamakamela asendle, akukho ngaphezu kwezimbhangqwana eziyikhulu zabantu. Uma ukwehla kwamanani kuyaqhubeka ngesivinini esifanayo njengoba kunjalo manje, ngokusho kwabacwaningi, ngo-2033 lolu hlobo luzonyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba.
Njengezinyathelo zokuvikela nokwandisa amanani abo esifundeni saseMongolia nase China, kwakhiwe izinqolobane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eMongolia, kunohlelo lokuzalela ama-haptagai ezindizeni zezindiza.
I-Bacterian isetshenziswa kakhulu emnothweni njengesilwane sokupaka nesokusebenza. Inyama yakhe, isikhumba nobisi kuyaziswa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwesinye isikhathi iBactrian ingahlangatshezwa ezinkundleni zemidlalo nasezindizeni zezilwane zasekhaya.
Isethulo esihlokweni: "Amakamela (lat. Camelus) luhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo zamakamela omndeni (Camelidae) we-Corpus callosum (Camelidae). Lezi yizilwane ezinkulu ezenzelwe lokho." - Umbhalo:
2 Amakamela (I-Latin Camelus) luhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo zamakamela omndeni (Camelidae) we-Corpus callosum (Camelidae). Lezi yizilwane ezinkulu ezenzelwe impilo ezindaweni eziwugwadule zomhlaba, ogwadule. Ukuphakanyiswa kwekhameli kwakusebenza njengesilinganiso esisetshenziswa emazweni amaSulumane. Isisindo samakhemikhali ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene sasihluke kakhulu, isilinganiso samakhemikhali (esiyindilinga) sasisondela enesisindo esingama-250 kg.
4 Scorpions (lat. Scorpiones) arachnids (Arachnoidea), subtype Chelicerata (Chelicerata), uhlobo lwe-arthropod (Arthropoda). Izilwane ezikule khompiyutha zingamafomu asemhlabeni kuphela, atholakala kuphela emazweni ashisayo. Sekukonke, cishe ziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1200 zofezela ezaziwayo. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-arachnid amakhulu kunawo wonke, njenge-scorpion yaseGuinea yasebukhosini, efinyelela ubude obuyi-180 mm, futhi incane, ibude obuyi-13 mm kuphela
Ama-Tarantulas ahlala ezindaweni eziyomile: ama-steppes, ogwadule. Emini, acasha ngezimbungulu eziqonde phezulu, ezijulile zazo zifinyelela kuma-60 cm. Ebusuku, izicabucabu zigibela phezulu emzimbeni bese zihamba ngentshiseko emhlabathini, zizingela izinambuzane. Ama-Tarantulas awaluki amanetha futhi asebenzisa i-web kuphela njengesembozo sezindonga ze-mink nasekwenziweni kwesicoci seqanda. Yize isihlungu se-tarantula sibulala ezinye izilwane, akuyona ingozi empilweni yomuntu.
8 ISand efa (ngesiLatin: Echis carinatus) inyoka enobuthi yohlobo lwe-efa oluvela emndenini we-viper. Enye yezinyoka eziyishumi ezinobuthi kakhulu. Ummeleli kuphela wohlobo olusatshalaliswe endaweni ye-USSR yangaphambili eTurkmenistan, Uzbekistan naseTajikistan iyi-subspecies yeCentral Asia efa (i-Echis carinatus multisquamatus), kwesinye isikhathi ebhekwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile.
Ama-phalanges angama-arachnids amakhulu. I-Central Asia phalanx, ngokwesibonelo, ifinyelela ubude bamasentimitha angama-57. Imizimba nemilenze yabo imbozwe izinwele ezinde. Amatende ezinyawo ezakhiwe ngaphambili afana kakhulu namanqina futhi enza umsebenzi wawo. Onke ama-phalanges aselula kakhulu futhi cishe wonke angabadla ebusuku. Ama-phalanges angama-carnivorous noma ama-omnivorous, adla kuma-termite, amabhungane amnyama, namanye ama-arthropods amancane, kepha angadla nezilwane ezinkulu, isibonelo, izibankwa ..
Isethulo esihlokweni esithi: “Desert fauna” silungiswe nguPhathi weBanga lesi-4 “D” wesiKhungo seMfundo ePhakamileyo saseMoscow uLyceum wase-Istra Skorikov Aleksey Uthisha Sokolova Elena Vladimirovna Novemba 2015
Amakamela angawodwa ancibilika
Ikamela eline-humped eyodwa (Latin Camelus dromedarius), noma i-Dromedary (dromedary), noma i-Arabian luhlobo lwesilwane esinyanyisayo, elinye lamalungu omndeni we-camelidae (Camelidae), okuthi, kanye nekamela elinamamitha amabili (iBactrian), elingelolo hlobo lwamakamela afanele (i-Latin Camelus).
Esikhathini esedlule, imihlambi eminingi yamadrako asendle ayezulazula ogwadule lwaseNyakatho Afrika naseMiddle East, kepha namuhla yizilwane ezifuywayo kuphela ezingatholakala. Emhlabebeni wanamuhla, i-dromederi ivame kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi ze-Eshiya ne-Afrika njengezilwane zokuhambisa izimpahla noma zokugibela.
Ngokungafani neBactrian, izinkumbi zasendle azisindanga esikhathini sethu. E-Australia kuphela kunemihlambi yasendle egijimayo yesibili yamakamela - isizukulwane esikude samadomedaries asungulwa emazwenikazi ngekhulu le-19 nele-20.
Igama elithi "dromedary" livela egameni lesiGrikhi, elisho "ukugijima". Igama elithi "Arabian" livela egameni elithi Arabia, lapho lolu hlobo lwakamela lwaludotshwa khona.
Izimpawu zangaphandle zamakamela angenamuntu
Ngokungafani neBactrian, iDrumedars ine-hump eyodwa kuphela. Zincane kakhulu kunezihlobo zazo ezinamawele amabili: ubude bawo bufinyelela ku-2,3 kuye ku-3.4 m, futhi ukuphakama kubuna kusuka ku-1.8 kuya ku-2.3 m. Isisindo sama-Dromedars sisuka kuma-300 kuye kuma-700 kg. Umsila umfishane, ungabi ngaphezu kwama-50 cm. I-dromedary ihlukaniswa ngumzimba omncanyana kanye nemilenze emide, futhi umbala wayo ubuswa ngamathoni aphuzi. Izinwele zekamela elinomhluzi owodwa zivame ukuba nesihlabathi, kepha eminye imibala iyatholakala: kusuka kokumhlophe kuya kokhilimu omnyama. Ingxenye engenhla yekhanda, intamo nomhlane imbozwe ngezinwele ezinde.
Amakamela anwebekile munye anentamo ende, lapho kutholakala khona ikhanda eliphakeme. Isindebe esingaphezulu senziwe bifurifated, kanti namakhala asethukile futhi ikamela lingabavala uma kunesidingo. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, anama-eyelashes amade kakhulu. Ikamela elinomunyu owodwa linezinhlamvu eziningi emadolweni, ezinyaweni nakwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Emilenzeni, njengawo wonke amakamela, kukhona izinzwane ezimbili kuphela, ezazingenamqhele ngezinselo, kodwa ngemicamelo engabizi. Isisu siqukethe, okufana nezihlobo eziseduze, zamakamelo amaningana, asiza ukugaya ngokudla kwezitshalo.
Ukuqina kwesimo sezulu esomile
Ukushintshaniswa nesimo sezulu esomile sivumela amakamela anamahloni amaningi ukuba ahlala ezindaweni eziwugwadule. Bayakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside, bazi ukuthi bangakugcina kanjani ngobuningi babo emizimbeni yabo.
Izindlela ezikhethekile emzimbeni wama-dromedaries anciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi. Ijazi eliminyene alivumeli ukuhwamuka ngokweqile, izindlala izithukuthuku zimbalwa kakhulu, kanti nezilwane ziqala ukujuluka kuphela ekushiseni okungama-40 degree. Ukushisa komzimba wekamela elinomhluzi owodwa kuyehla kakhulu ebusuku, kuthi phakathi nosuku umzimba ugcwale kancane, okuvumela isilwane ukuba singafungi.
Ama-Dromedaries angahamba ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside (isonto ngaphansi kwephakethe nezinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphandle komthwalo). Amakamela ngaphandle kokulimala ngokwawo angasinda ekulahlekelweni okukhulu koketshezi, aze afike ku-40% ngevolumu, kepha aphuza amakamela ngokushesha okukhulu futhi angakhokhela ngokushesha yonke ivolumu elahlekile ye-ketshezi, uma ekwazi ukuphuza cishe i-hectoliter (amalitha ayi-100) amanzi ngemizuzu eyi-10. Ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zimane nje azikwazi ukuthola “umthamo wamakamela” onjalo ngesikhashana esifushane. Isisekelo sokudla kwe-Dromedary somile, imvamisa yezitshalo zasogwadule zinochichima.
I-hump ngemuva iqukethe izinsalela zamafutha, okuthi umzimba wekamela kancane kancane uzisebenzisele ukukhiqiza amandla. Amakamela awalugcini uketshezi ku-hump, kodwa esiswini. Amahlumela wekamela elinomhluzi owodwa akhipha uketshezi ngokucophelela, okushiya umchamo ogxile kakhulu. Cishe lonke uketshezi lukhishwa emgodini ngaphambi kokugcotshwa.
Ngenkathi yesomiso esithile, ikamela elinomhluzi owodwa liyakwazi ukunciphisa isisindo salo esingaphezu kwama-25% ngaphandle kokubulawa ukoma noma indlala.
Naphezu kwekhono lokuphila kahle ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu esishisayo, i-dromedary, ngokungafani neBactrian, ayibekezeleli iqhwa, ngoba ijazi lakhe limfushane futhi alijwayelekile.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Ama-Dromedars ajwayelekile njengezilwane ezifuywayo kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Afrika nakuMiddle East yonke indlela eya eNdiya. Umngcele oseningizimu webanga labo cishe ungama-13 ° enyakatho, futhi indawo esenyakatho kakhulu yendawo yabo yiTurkestan, lapho, njengaseAsia Minor, zitholakala ndawonye namaBactrian. IDrumedars yethulwa eBalkan, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, naseCanary Islands.Ukusuka ngo-1840 kuya ku-1907 bangeniswa ngisho nase-Australia, lapho kuze kube namuhla izizukulwane zezinsizwa ezikhululiwe noma ezaphunyuka zihlala ezifundeni eziphakathi nendawo. Lesi sizwe, esibalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-50 kuye kwezingu-100, singukuphela kwesibalo esikhulu sekamela elinomuntu munye emhlabeni elihlala endle. Inani lamakamela akhanywa wodwa avele ngendlela efanayo futhi ayekhona eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States, kodwa ashona ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19-20 leminyaka. IDromeda ihlala esifundeni eseningizimu yomhlaba ngaphezu kweBactrian, kepha noma kunjalo yenzeka eCentral Asia.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Endle, ikamela livame ukuhlala, noma kunjalo, isilwane esinjalo sihlala sihamba ezindaweni ezihlukile zogwadule, futhi emathafeni amatshe noma emaphethelweni amakhulu ezinyawo, sizama ukuba sezindaweni ezinkulu, esivele zimakwe. Noma iyiphi iHaptagai ithanda ukuhamba phakathi kwemithombo engamanzi eyivelakancane, ebavumela ukuba baphinde basebenzise amanzi abo abalulekile.
Njengomthetho, amakamela agcinwa emihlambini emincane, kufaka phakathi kusuka kubantu abahlanu kuya kwabangamashumi amabili. Umholi womhlambi onjalo ngowesilisa omkhulu. Izilwane ezinjalo zasogwadule zikhombisa umsebenzi ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sasemini, futhi ekuqaleni kobumnyama, amakamela alala noma aziphathe ngobuvila futhi ngandlela thile ngokungafanele. Ezikhathini zesiphepho, amakamela angalala izinsuku, kuthi ngezinsuku ezishisayo ahambelane nokugeleza komoya, okunomthelela ekuqineni okusebenzayo, noma ukucasha emithini nasezigodini. Abantu basendle babonakala ngokuba namahloni kanye nolaka oluthile kubantu bangaphandle, kufaka phakathi abantu.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Lo mkhuba waziwa ngokusho ukuthi amadlelo asebusika awenziwa kanjani, athonya kalula ikhava leqhwa ngezinselo, emva kwalokho amakamela aqalwa kuleyo ndawo, acosha konke okusele okuphakelayo.
Lapho kuvela izimpawu zobungozi, amakamela ayabaleka, akhula ngesivinini esikhulu afinyelela ku-50-60 km / h. Izilwane ezindala zingagijima izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu, zize zikhathale ngokuphelele. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ukukhuthazela kwemvelo nosayizi omkhulu ngokuvamile akunakusindisa isilwane sasogwadule ekufeni, ngenxa yokuthuthuka okuncane kwengqondo.
Indlela yokuphila yabantu abagqitshwayo ingaphansi ngokuphelele kubantu, kanti nezilwane eziqanjiwe zisheshe zisetshenziswe ukuhola indlela yokuphila yokhokho. Abesilisa nabadala abavuthiwe ngokugcwele bayakwazi ukuhlala bodwa. Ukuqala kwesikhathi sobusika kuyisivivinyo esinzima samakamela, okunzima kakhulu ukuzulazula eqhweni. Phakathi kokunye, ukungabikho kwezinselo eziyiqiniso ezilwaneni ezinjalo kwenza kube nzima ukumba ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa.
Amakamela amangaki ahlala
Ezimweni ezivumayo, amakamela angaphila cishe amashumi amane eminyaka, kepha isikhathi esinjalo sokuphila esisezingeni eliphezulu sisezingeni lokucatshangwa ngokuphelele. Phakathi kwe-Haptagai yasendle kuvame kakhulu ukuthi kube nabantu abakhulu impela, abaneminyaka yobudala engamashumi amahlanu.
Izinhlobo Zamakamela
Uhlobo lwamakamela lufanekiselwa izinhlobo ezimbili:
Amakamela anomuntu munye (ama-dromedaries, ama-dromedaries, ama-Arabians) - Ama-camelus dromedarius, asekhona kuze kube namuhla esimweni sendawo yokuhlala ekhaya, futhi angamele futhi amelwe ngabantu abasemazingeni aphansi. I-Dromedary, ehunyushwe isuselwa esiGrekini, ithi "iyagijima", kuthi "izilwane" iqanjwe ngezakhamizi zase-Arabia ezazithambisile.
Ama-Dromedars, kanye nama-Bactrian, anemilenze emide kakhulu futhi ebabazekayo, kodwa ngokwakha okuncanyana. Uma kuqhathaniswa nekamela elinezinhlungu ezimbili, ikamela elithwebile linye lincane kakhulu, ngakho-ke ubude bomzimba bomuntu omdala abudluli ku-2.3-3.4 m, ukuphakama kubune ngamamitha ayi-1.8-2.1 m. 300-700 kg.
Ama-Dromedars anekhanda elinamathambo obuso obude, ibunzi le-convex, nephrofayli eligcinwe emuva. Izindebe zesilwane, ziqhathaniswa namahhashi noma izinkomo, azicindezeli nakancane. Ushizi uyanwebeka, kanti izindebe eziphansi zivame ukuba luswayi kakhulu. Intamo yamakamela angenwebu elilodwa ibonakala ngemisipha ekhule kahle.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Ubukhulu obuncane be-mane bukhula kuwo wonke umkhawulo ongenhla womgogodla wesibeletho, futhi nentshebe emfushane ikhona engxenyeni engezansi, ifinyelela maphakathi nentamo. Ezingalweni ezingaphambili, onqenqemeni abukho ngokuphelele. Endaweni yamahlombe ehlombe kukhona onqenqemeni, onendlela yama- "epauletti" futhi amelelwa izinwele ezinde ezijikajika.
Futhi, amakamela anamaqhubu munye ahlukile kubalingani bawo abanezinhlavu ezimbili ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukubekezelela noma amafrimu amancane. Noma kunjalo, ijazi lama-dromedaries linyene impela, kodwa alinamandla kakhulu futhi lifushane. Uboya bekamela elinomhluzi owodwa akuhloselwe ukufudumeza futhi kusiza kuphela ukuvikela ukulahleka kwamanzi ngokweqile.
Ngobusuku obubandayo, izinga lokushisa lamakamela angenwebu elilodwa lincipha kakhulu, futhi ngaphansi kwelanga ukukhanya kwesilwane kufudumala kancane. Izinwele ezinde kunazo zonke zimboza intamo, emuva nekhanda lekamela elinomuntu munye. Ama-Dromedaries ikakhulukazi anesihlabathi, kepha kukhona abamele izinhlobo zezinhlanga ezinombala onsundu omnyama, obomvu grey noma omhlophe.
Amakamela we-Bactrian, noma ama-Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus) angabameleli abakhulu bohlobo, okuyizilwane ezifuywayo ezibaluleke kakhulu zenani elikhulu labantu base-Asia. Amakamela we-Bactrian akweleta igama lawo eBactria. Le ndawo esemngceleni weCentral Asia yaduma ngokufuthwa kwekamela elinamamatheke amabili. Futhi, njengamanje kunenani elincane labameleli bamakamela asendle anamahlwili amabili, abizwa ngeHaptagai. Amakhulu ambalwa anjalo abantu namuhla bahlala eChina naseMongolia, lapho bekhetha khona ukutholakala kwemvelo yemvelo engafinyeleleki kakhulu.
Amakamela we-Bactrian akhulu kakhulu, izilwane ezinkulu futhi ezisindayo. Isilinganiso somzimba somuntu omdala walezinhlobo sifinyelela ku-2,5-,5,5 m, ukuphakama kungamamitha ayi-1,8-2.2 Ukuphakama kwesilwane, kanye nama-humps, kungahle kufinyelele ku-2.6-2.7 m. Ubude bengxenye yomsila buyehluka kakhulu phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-50-58. Njengomthetho, isisindo sekamela elivuthiwe ngokobulili lisukela ku-440-450 kuya ku-650-700 kg. Owesilisa owondle kahle onamakamela wohlobo oluhle kakhulu futhi odumile waseKalmyk angaba nesisindo esisuka ku-780-800 kg kuya kuthani, futhi isisindo sowesifazane imvamisa sisuka ku-650-800 kg.
Amakamela we-Bactrian anomzimba ominyene, kanye nezinyawo ezinde eziqondile. Ama-bactrian ahlukaniswa ngokugqamile yintamo ende ende egobile, ekuqaleni enomugqa ophansi, bese iphinda ikhuphuka futhi. Ngenxa yalesi sici sokwakheka kwentamo, ikhanda lesilwane libekwe ngendlela efanelekile ngokuhambisana nehlombe. Ama-humps abo bonke abamele le nhlobo atholakala komunye nomunye ngebanga elingama-20- 40 cm. Isikhala esiphakathi kwabo sibizwa ngokuthi isdalo, futhi sivame ukusetshenziswa njengendawo umuntu angayitshala.
Ibanga elijwayelekile ukusuka esihlalweni somuntu esidlule kuze kube semhlabeni, njengomthetho, cishe amasentimitha angama-170. Ukuze umuntu akwazi ukukhuphuka ngemuva kwekamela elinaminyene amabili, isilwane siyaguqa noma silele phansi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isikhala esitholakala ekameleni phakathi kwama-humps amabili asigcwalisiwe ngama-deposits anamafutha, ngisho nakubantu abadala kakhulu nabondlekile kakhulu.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Amakamela we-Bactrian, anombala wejazi elikhanyayo, angabantu abangajwayelekile, isibalo sawo singaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-2.8 wabantu bonke.
Izinkomba eziphambili zokukhuluphala kanye nempilo yekamela elinamahloni amabili amelelwa ngama-humper aqhamile, amile ngokulinganayo. Izilwane ezinesikhumba zinamahabhu anqenqema ngokwengxenye noma aqonde ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke zilenga okuningi ngenkathi zihamba. Amakamela amadala anamahlwili amabili ahlukaniswa yigqoko eliminyene ngokwedlulele futhi elinobukhulu ngokuba nesembozo esingaphansi kahle esakhiwe kahle, esifanelekile ukuthi lesi silwane sibe khona ezimweni zezulu ezisesimweni esibi futhi esibandayo sehlobo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezindaweni zokuhlala zasebusika ezihlala kuyo izilwane ebusika, ikholomu le-thermometer livame ukuhla ngisho nangaphansi kuka-40 degrees, kepha ikamela elinamahlombe amabili liyakwazi ukuthwala amafrimu anzima kangako ngaphandle kobuhlungu besakhiwo esikhethekile soboya. Izinwele zejazi zinemithambo yangaphakathi, enciphisa kakhulu ukuguquguquka kwesivalo soboya. Izinwele ezicwebezelayo zangaphansi zigcina umoya kahle.
Isilinganiso sobude bezinwele ze-Bactrian singama-50-70 mm, kuthi engxenyeni engezansi yomgogodla wesibeletho nezinsukwana ze-humps izinwele, ubude bawo obuvame ukudlula imitha yekota. Ijazi elide kakhulu lezinwele likhula phakathi kwabameleli bezinhlobo ngesikhathi sekwindla, ngakho ebusika izilwane ezinjalo zibukeka zi-pubescent impela. Entwasahlobo, izimbotshana ziqala ukuncibilikisa, ijazi liwele phakathi. Ngalesi sikhathi, lesi silwane sinokubonakala okungathandeki, okungcolile kanye nokuma emzimbeni.
Ikamela elijwayelekile elinezinyoni ezimbili ngombala onesihlabathi onsundu onamazinga ahlukahlukene obukhulu. Abanye abantu banombala omnyama kakhulu noma okhanyayo ngokuphelele, kwesinye isikhathi umbala obomvu obomvu.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
Amakamela wezinhlobo zombili asakazeke ezindaweni ezisehlane, kanye nasezintabeni ezomile. Izilwane ezinkulu kangako azivumelaniswa nezimo zezulu ezinomswakama kakhulu noma ezihlala ezintabeni. Izinhlobo zamakamela ezifuywayo manje sezivame kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi e-Asia nase-Afrika.
Ama-Dromedaries ajwayele ukutholakala enyakatho ye-Afrika, aze afike kwelinye izinga eningizimu, kanye nasePhalamende lase-Arabia nase enkabeni ye-Asia. Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, izilwane ezinjalo zangeniswa e-Australia, lapho zazikwazi khona ukuzivumelanisa ngokushesha nezimo zezulu ezingejwayelekile. Kuze kube manje, inani lezilwane ezinjalo e-Australia lingabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! AmaBactrian asabalele kakhulu ezifundeni ezisuka e-Asia Minor ziye eManchuria. Njengamanje, kunamakamela acishe abe yizigidi eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye emhlabeni, futhi cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyishumi nane bahlala e-Afrika.
ESomalia namuhla kunabantu abangaba yizigidi eziyisikhombisa, kanti eSudan, ngamakamela angaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu. Dromedaries zasendle yaphela, njengoba kucatshangwa, ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu. Ikhaya lokhokho babo okungenzeka ukuthi lalikhona lalimele ingxenye engaseningizimu yeNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, kepha okwamanje akukaziwa ukuthi okhokho bakhe bangamadrama abukeka emnyama noma babeyikhokho elivamile neBactrian. N.M.
AbakwaPrzhevalsky ohambweni lwase-Asia okokuqala ngqa bathola ukuba khona kwamakamela asendle anamahlwili amabili weHaptagai. Ukuba khona kwabo ngaleso sikhathi kwakucatshangwa, kepha akuqinisekiswa, ngakho-ke kwaphikiswa.
Izidalwa zaseWild Bactrian namuhla zitholakala kuphela esifundeni saseXinjiang Uygur Autonomous naseMongolia. Lapho, ukuba khona kwabantu abathathu abahlukanisiwe kuphela kwaphawulwa, futhi isibalo sezilwane ezikuso njengamanje singabantu abayinkulungwane. Namuhla, izingqinamba eziphathelene nokwamukelwa kwamakamela asendle ase-bactrian endaweni yaseYakutsk Pleistocene park zisacatshangelwa.
Ukudla Kwamakhamera
Amakamela angabamele ejwayelekile bokukhanya. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zisebenzisa i-solyanka kanye nomhlonyane, kanye nekhamela ameva ne-saxaul ekudleni. Amakamela ayakwazi ukuphuza ngisho namanzi kasawoti, futhi lonke uketshezi olusemizimbeni yezilwane ezinjalo lugcinwa ngaphakathi kweseli le-rumen yesisu. Bonke abameleli be-corpus callosum suborder kahle kakhulu futhi babekezelela kalula ukomisa. Umthombo oyinhloko wamanzi wekamela unamafutha. Inqubo ye-oxidation yamagremu ayikhulu wamafutha yenza ukuthi sikwazi ukuthola cishe i-107 g lamanzi ne-carbon dioxide.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Amakamela asendle ayizilwane eziqaphile kakhulu futhi azethembi, ngakho-ke akhetha ukufa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi noma ukudla, kepha ungalokothi usondele kakhulu kubantu.
Noma ezimweni zokuntuleka kwamanzi isikhathi eside, igazi lamakamela aliqini. Izilwane ezinjalo ze-corpus callosus zingaphila cishe amasonto amabili ngaphandle kwamanzi nhlobo futhi cishe inyanga eyodwa ngaphandle kokudla. Noma ngabe kukhona amandla amangalisayo anamuhla, kulezi zinsuku, amakamela asendle kaningi kunezinye izilwane ahlushwa ukuncishiswa okubonakalayo kwenani lezindawo zokuphuza. Lesi simo sichazwa ngokuthuthuka okusebenzayo kwezindawo zasogwadule ngabantu abakhona kwezindawo ezintsha zokugcina imvelo.
Izitha zemvelo
Njengamanje, amabanga amahlosi nekamela akuhlangani, kodwa esikhathini esidlule, amahlosi amaningi ayehlasela hhayi nje kuphela izilwane zasendle, kodwa futhi ezifuywayo. Ama-Tiger ahlanganyela insimu efanayo namakamela asendle eduze neLake Lob Nor, kodwa anyamalala kulezi zindawo ngemuva kokuniselwa. Ubukhulu obukhulu abuzange busindise iBactrian, ngakho-ke, amacala ayaziwa kahle lapho amakamela e-tiger evinjelwe, ewela phansi emgodini kasawoti. Ukuhlaselwa kwehlosi njalo ngamakamela agcinwe ekhaya kube yimbangela enkulu yokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu ezindaweni eziningi zokuzalela amakamela.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Izifo ezivame kakhulu zamakamela zifaka i-trypanosomiasis kanye nomkhuhlane, isifo samakamela kanye ne-echinococcosis, kanye nokhakhayi lwe-itchy.
Enye into eyingozi yekamela yile mpisi, ethi njalo ngonyaka inciphise inani lama-artiodactyls asendle. Kumakamela asendlini, impisi nayo ibeka engcupheni enkulu, futhi ummeleli omkhulu we-corpus callosum suborder uhlushwa umhlaseli onjalo ngenxa yokwesaba okungokwemvelo. Lapho kuhlaselwa izimpisi, amakamela awazami nokuzama ukuzivikela, avele amemeze kakhulu futhi afafaze ngentshiseko nokuqukethwe okuqongelelwe esiswini. Ngisho namaqhude ayakwazi ukugoqa amanxeba emzimbeni wesilwane - amakamela, lapho, akhombisa ukungavikeleki ngokuphelele.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Ngokungafani namakamela anwebekile, anyamalale endle ngezikhathi zangaphambili futhi manje atholakala esimweni semvelo kuphela njengoba izilwane zasendle ezigijimayo okwesibili, lezi ezinamahloni womabili asindile endle.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Amakamela asendle abhalwe ku-International Red Book, lapho isigaba se-CR sabelwe izilwane ezinjalo - uhlobo olusengozini enkulu.
Noma kunjalo, amakamela asendle angenamuntu amabili ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka edlule ayengandile kakhulu, ngakho-ke, namuhla asondele ekuqothulweni. Ngokweminye imibiko, amakamela asendle manje asendaweni yesishiyagalombili phakathi kwazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ezisengozini yokusengozini.
Amakameli nomuntu
Kusetshenziswa amakamera isikhathi eside ukuthi abe ngaphakathi kwabantu futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu emisebenzini yebhizinisi:
- «Nar"- Isilwane esikhulu, esilingana nethani. Le nzalo etholakala ngokuwela i-arvana enomuntu owodwa enekhamela elinamakhaza amabili amaKazakh. Isici esihlukile sabantu abanjalo sifanekiselwa ukuba khona kwenamba eyodwa enkulu, okufana nokuthi kunengxenye yezingxenye, i-hump. AmaNaras azalwa ngabantu ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezimpawu ezifanele zokusengwa. Isilinganiso esivelanayo sobisi somuntu ngamunye ngonyaka singamalitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili,
- «Kama"- i-hybrid ethandwayo etholwe ngokuwela ikamela-idomedary ne-llama. Isilwane esinjalo sibonakaliswa ngokukhula okuphansi ku-125-140 cm kanye nesisindo esiphansi, kuyaqabukela kudlula ama-65-70 kg. Akunayo i-hump ejwayelekile ku-kam, kepha isilwane esinjalo sinomthwalo omuhle kakhulu wokuthwala, ngoba sisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo njengephakethe ezindaweni ezingenakufinyeleleka kakhulu,
- «Inera", Noma"Iners"- Imidondoshiya enomuntu munye nejazi elihle kakhulu. Le nzalo etholakala ngokuwela ikamela lowesifazane waseTurkmen ozala nge-arvana yowesilisa,
- «IJarbai"- cishe i-hybrid engasebenziseki futhi engathandeki, ozalwa ngenxa yokubhanqa amakamela we-hybrid,
- «Kurt"- I-hybrid ene-humped eyodwa futhi engathandwa kakhulu etholakala ngokuzalela iner yowesifazane ngohlobo lwekhamela-lowesilisa waseTurkmen. Isilwane sihlukaniswa ama-milkings amahle kakhulu, kepha ubisi olutholakalayo luphansi kakhulu ngamaphesenti wokuqukethwe kwamafutha,
- «Kaspak"- ifomu elithandwa kakhulu le-hybrid elitholwe ngokuganisa iBactrian yesilisa nowesifazane uNara. Izilwane ezinjengalezi zikhuliswa ikakhulukazi ukuthola isivuno esikhulu sobisi kanye nenqwaba yenyama ethandekayo,
- «Kes-nar"Ingabe ingenye yezindlela ezijwayelekile zokuzalwa ezihlanganisiwe ezitholwe ngokuwela i-kaspak ngekamela lokuzalela amaTurkmen. Enye yezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu ngobukhulu kanye nobisi.
Umuntu usebenza ngenkuthalo ubisi lwekhamela namafutha, kanye nenyama yabantu abasha. Kodwa-ke, uboya bekamela bekhwalithi, osetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwezingubo ezifudumele kakhulu, izingubo zokulala, izicathulo nezinye izinto ezidinga abantu, zibaluleke kakhulu namuhla.
Ukuziphatha
Ama-Dromedars ayasebenza ngesikhathi sosuku. Amakamela ahlala endle ngokuvamile akha amaqembu amakhulu okuhlanganisa owesilisa oyedwa, izinsikazi eziningana nenzalo yawo. Abesilisa abancane bavame ukujoyina amaqembu ama-bachelor, okuyinto, noma kunjalo, abamba isikhashana. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nokulwa phakathi kwabesilisa (ukuluma nokukhahlela) lapho kuzonqunywa khona indima yomholi eqenjini.
Ama-dromedaries asendle
Lapho i-Dromedars yasendle yayihlala khona kanye nalapho inyamalala ayiqondakali ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yokutholwa kokutholwa kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi nangenxa yokuthola ithuba lokuwela imifula i-Dromedars kanye nama-Bactrian, abanye izazi zezilwane basikisela nokuthi ama-Dromedars asendle awakaze abekhona nhlobo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ubufakazi obukhuluma ngezindlela zasendle zasendulo zalezi zilwane. Lokhu kufaka imidwebo yomhume yeminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu eyedlule eNhlonhlo yase-Arabia, okubonisa ukuzingela kwamakamela asendle, kanye nomhlathi ophansi wedromederi otholakala eningizimu nentshonalanga yeSaudi Arabia, ubudala bayo kulinganiselwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuqashwa kwamakamela. EPleistocene, kungenzeka bahlala eNyakatho Afrika cishe ngabo-3000 BC. e. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu futhi kufakwa kolunye uhlobo lwenyama engapheli i-Camelus thomasi. Ama-Dromedars asendle afa ngokuphelele ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu.
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-Australia inenqwaba yamakamela asendle. Lezi zilwane okwesibili ziqanjiwe. Amakamela ethulwa e-Australia ngekhulu le-19 njengoba izilwane ezifuywayo zivumelana nesimo sezulu esomile. Kusukela lapho, eziningi zazo ziye zasendle, kanti umhlambi ukhuphukile ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezilwane ezidla izambane likapondo kule ndawo. Lokhu, njengasendabeni yokungeniswa konogwaja nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlaselayo e-Australia, kuthinta kabi imvelo yezwekazi, amakamela ajika abasizi baphenduke izinambuzane futhi, ngokwengxenye, baba yizitha zabantu nezilwane zasendaweni.
AmaDomedaries Aekhaya
Lapho ama-Dromedars ayethulisiwe, akunakwenzeka ukusho ngokuqinisekile kuze kube namuhla. Kuyaziwa nje ukuthi inqubo yokubuswa kwabantu yenzeka eNhlonhlo Yase-Arabian futhi kungenzeka ukuthi yayiba phakathi kwenkulungwane yesithathu BC.
Ukukhulunywa okokuqala kwabagibeli bamakamela kuse-obelisk yase-Asiriya, lapho ohlwini lwalabo abahlanganyela empini yaseKarkar ngonyaka ka-853 BC. e. kukhona impikiswano yabagibeli bamakamela base-Arabia abayi-1 000. Izithombe zalabagibeli abanjalo ziyatholakala nasezindlini zokuphumula eNimrud zesikhathi se-Ashurbanipal (661-631 BC) Bakhombisa abagibeli bamakamela amabili behlome ngeminsalo. Ingaphambili lazo ngokuyinhloko lihlala ngokulawulwa kwamakamela, kanti elesibili liyaphenduka futhi lishaye amasotsha ezinyawo zase-Asiriya. Ikamela ligqokwa ngokufana nezinwele, kepha lilawulwa induku njenganamuhla. Amabhande azungeze isifuba nomsila wesilwane esinamathiselwe kudoti we-saddle.
Njengesilwane esifuywayo, i-dromedari yasakazeka sekwephuze kakhulu, mhlawumbe hhayi ngaphambi kwengxenye yesibili yeminyaka yokuqala yeminyaka BC. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu, ibanga layo belilokhu likhula njalo, kufaka phakathi ngenxa yokuchithwa kwezindawo eziningi. Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamakamela angenamuntu munye, ahunyushwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemisebenzi. Amakamela okuhanjiswa kwezimpahla, ukugibela amahhashi, umjaho, amakamela asentabeni nasethafeni, kanye nezindlela zokushintshana, ziyahluka.
Kulezi zinsuku, ama-dromedaries asetshenziswa yonkana njengezilwane zokupakisha (imvamisa zithwala kuze kufinyelele ku-150 kg wezimpahla) nezilwane ezigibele, futhi ezingxenyeni ezingapheli zohlobo olusuka eNyakatho-Ntshonalanga Afrika kuya e-Asia Ephakathi kanye neNhlonhlo yase-Arabia, zinika abantu bendawo ubisi, inyama noboya.
Emazweni amaningi ase-Asia nase-Afrika, kanye nase-Australia, izinhlanga emakameleni anamuntu munye ithandwa kakhulu, kwamanye amazwe izinhlobo ezikhethekile zohlanga nazo ziyafuywa.