Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
I-infraclass: | I-Placental |
Subfamily: | E-Equinae |
I-Subtype: | † Tarpan |
- I-Equus f. i-equiferus pallas, ngo-1811
- I-Equus f. gmelini Antonius, 1912
- I-Equus f. sylvestris Brincken, 1826
- I-Equus f. silvaticus Vetulani, 1928
- I-Equus f. tarpan Pidoplichko, 1951
Umnotho kuma-wikids | Izithombe ku-Wikimedia Commons |
|
Tarpan (lat. I-Equus ferus ferus, i-Equus gmelini) - ukhokho ongapheli wehhashi lasekhaya, isizinda sehhashi lasendle. Kwakunezinhlobo ezimbili: i-steppe tarpan (Latin E. gmelini gmelini Antonius, 1912) kanye ne-tarpan yehlathi (Latin E. gmelini silvaticus Vetulani, 1927-1928). Kuhlalwe indawo esezindongeni nasezindaweni ezinamahlathi ase-Europe, kanye nasehlathini le-Central Europe. Kwasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 kuya kwele-19, kwasatshalaliswa kabanzi emaphethelweni emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, izingxenye eziseningizimu nasempumalanga mpumalanga yeYurophu yaseRussia, eSiberia yaseNtshonalanga nasentshonalanga yeNtshonalanga Kazakhstan.
Ukuchazwa kokuqala okuningiliziwe kwe-tarpan kwenziwa ngungoti wemvelo waseJalimane kwinkonzo yaseRussia S. G. Gmelin ku- "Ukuhamba eRussia Ukuhlola Amathathu Realms of Natural" (1771). Owokuqala kwisayensi ukusho ukuthi ama-tarpans akuwona amahhashi asendle, kepha izinhlobo zasendle zokuqala zezilwane, kwakunguJoseph N. Shatilov. Emibili yemisebenzi yakhe “Letter to Y. N. Kalinovsky. Umbiko weTallana (1860) kanye noMbiko weTarpana (1884) kwaphawula ukuqala kwesifundo sesayensi samahhashi asendle. Ama-Subspecies athole igama lakhe lesayensi I-Equus ferus gmelini kuphela ngo-1912, ngemuva kokuqothulwa.
Incazelo ye-Zoological
I-tarpan ye-steppe yayincane ngesiqu futhi inekhanda eligoqekile lokuqina, izindlebe ezikhombe, i-wavy emfishane, ecishe ibe nezinwele ezikhulayo, ibanzi kakhulu ebusika, iDemo emfushane, eqinile, engenamagquma, ngaphandle kobuthi nobude obujwayelekile nomsila. Umbala ehlobo wawunomfaniswano omnyama-onsundu, ophuzi-onsundu noma ophuzi obomdaka, ebusika wawukhanya, umchamo (amagundane), umucu omnyama obanzi ngemuva. Imilenze, i-mane nomsila kumnyama, izimpawu ze-zebroid emilenzeni. UMane, njengehhashi likaPrzhevalsky, umile. Uboya obukhulu babuvumela ama-tarpans ukuthi asinde ebusika obubandayo. Izinselo eziqinile azidingi amahhashi. Ukuphakama lapho izilwanyana zifinyelele ku-136 cm. Ubude bomzimba bubalelwa ku-150 cm.
I-tarpan yasehlathini yayihlukile kunqolobane ngobukhulu obucishe bube bomzimba omncane.
Izilwane zazingumhlambi wezinkomo, kwesinye isikhathi amakhulu amakhulu amakhanda, ayewa ngamaqembu amancane enenwele ekhanda. Amaphayiphu ayemnyama ngokweqile, ecophelela futhi enamahloni.
Ukuchazwa kwe-tarpan njengengxenye ehlukile yehhashi lasendle kuyinkimbinkimbi yokuthi eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule yobukhona bayo endle, i-tarpan exutshaniswe namahhashi asekhaya, ayeshaywa futhi antshontshiwe ama-tarpan stallions. Abaphenyi bokuqala be-steppe tarpan baphawulile ... "vele kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-18, amanethiwekhi we-tarp aqukethe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu noma ngaphezulu zezimpahla zasekhaya eziphukile kanye namabhisikidi". Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, njengoba kuchazwe yi-S.G. IGmelin, ama-tarpans ayesenayo i-mane emile, kepha lapho kuphela kwawo endle, ngenxa yokuxuba namahhashi asezingeni elithile, ama-tarpeans okugcina asephelile ayenama-manes alengayo, njengehhashi elijwayelekile lasekhaya. Noma kunjalo, ngokwezimpawu ze-craniological, ososayensi bahlukanisa ama-tarpans kusuka emahhashini asekhaya, becubungula zombili izinhlobo ezingaphansi kohlobo olufanayo "nehhashi lasendle". Ucwaningo lofuzo lwezinsalela ezikhona ze-tarpan aluzange luveze umehluko kusuka ezinhlafunweni ezifuywayo zamahhashi, anele ukuhlukanisa i-tarpan ibe yizinhlobo ezihlukile.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Izwe laseTarpan yiMpumalanga Yurophu nengxenye yaseYurophu yeRussia.
Esikhathini somlando, i-steppe tarpan yasatshalaliswa emaqeleni naseziphelweni zehlathi laseYurophu (kufinyelela cishe ku-55 ° N), eSiberia eNtshonalanga nasentshonalanga yeNtshonalanga Kazakhstan. Ngekhulu le-XVIII, ama-tarps amaningi atholakala eduze kweVoronezh. Kuze kube yi-1870s, sahlangana emkhakheni we-Ukraine yanamuhla.
Ihlathi lase tarpan lalihlala eCentral Europe, ePoland, Belarus naseLithuania.
EPoland naseMpumalanga Prussia, waphila kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwele-18 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Ama-tarpans asehlathini, ayehlala ezindlini zokugcina izingane edolobheni lasePoland iZamosc, asatshalaliswa kwabalimi ngo-1808. Njengomphumela wokuqhekeka ngokukhululeka kwamahhashi asekhaya, banikeza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yiPoland conic - ihhashi elincane elimpunga elifana ne-tarpan ene “bhande” elimnyama emuva nasemilenzeni emnyama.
Ukuqothulwa
Kuyemukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi ama-steppe tarpans aqothule ngenxa yokulima kwamathafula ngaphansi kwamasimu, ukukhukhuleka ezimweni zemvelo ngemihlambi yezilwane ezifuywayo, futhi ngezinga elincane lokuqothulwa ngabantu. Ngenkathi kugadla indlala ebusika, amathafula ngezikhathi ezithile ayedla ukudla okwenziwe ngotshani kwesokunxele ngaphandle kokulondolozwa, futhi ngesikhathi sokukholwa kwesinye isikhathi ayethatha futhi antshontshe izinto ezifuywayo zasendlini, ezazilandelwa yindoda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyama yamahhashi asendle ibibhekwa njengokudla okungcono kakhulu futhi okungavamile kakhulu emakhulwini eminyaka, futhi isikebhe samahhashi asendle sibonisa isithunzi sehhashi ngaphansi komgibeli wehhashi, yize kwakunzima ukuyithambisa tarpan.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, umuntu wayesakwazi ukubona isiphambano phakathi kwe-tarpan nehhashi lasekhaya eMoses Zoo.
I-tarpan yehlathi yaqothulwa eCentral Europe ngeNkathi Ephakathi, kwathi empumalanga yalolu hlelo ngekhulu le-16 kuya kwele-18, eyokugcina yabulawa ngo-1814 endaweni yesifunda sanamuhla saseKaliningrad.
Ebangeni eliningi (kusuka ku-Azov, Kuban ne-Don steppes), la mahhashi anyamalala ngasekupheleni kwe-XVIII - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Amapayipi amade kakhulu asephambili agcinwa ezindaweni ezingena eBlack Sea, lapho zaziziningi emuva ngawo-1830s. Kodwa-ke, ngawo-1860s kwagcinwa izikole zabo kuphela, kwathi ngoDisemba 1879, kwabulawa umgwaqo wokugcina wabulawa endaweni yaseTaurida eduze kwedolobhana lase-Aghaimany (esifundeni sanamuhla seKherson), amakhilomitha angama-35 ukusuka ku-Askania-Nova [K 1]. Esekudingisweni, amaphayiphu aphile isikhathi esithe xaxa. Ngakho-ke, eMoses Zoo kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1880 kwasinda ihhashi, labanjwa ngo-1866 ngaseKherson. Isigaxa sokugcina salokhu kusofa sashona ngo-1918 efeni eliseduze kwaseMirgorod esifundazweni iPoltava. Manje ugebhezi lwale tarpan lugcinwe eMnyuziyamu weZoological Museum yaseMoscow State University, kanti skeleton sigcinwa eZoological Institute of the Academy of Science of St Petersburg.
Izindela ezingamaKatolika zazibheka inyama yamahhashi asendle njengokudla okumnandi. UPapa Gregory III waphoqeleka ukuba ayeke lokhu: “Uvumele abanye badle inyama yamahhashi asendle, neningi, nenyama evela ezilwaneni ezifuywayo,” ebhalela omunye wabanumzane wezindela. "Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, Baba Ongcwele, ungakuvumeli lokhu."
Omunye wofakazi bokuzingela kwe-tarpan ubhala ukuthi: “Bazizingela ebusika eqhweni elinzulu ngokulandelayo: lapho nje imihlambi yamahhashi asendle enomona eduzane, agibela amahhashi ahamba phambili futhi ashesha kakhulu futhi azama ukuzungeza imbobo evela kude. Lapho lokhu kuphumelela, abazingeli bazokwehlela kubo ngqo. Labo bagijimela ukugijima. Ama-Horsebacks abajaha isikhathi eside, ekugcineni, izimpondo ezincane zidiniwe ukugijima eqhweni. "
Imizamo yokuphinda wenze izinhlobo
Abafowethu bezilwane baseJalimane uHeinz noLutz Heck eMunich Zoo ngeminyaka yo-1930 bahlanganisa uhlobo lwamahhashi (ihhashi leHeck), elifana ne-tarpan engapheli. Ingwevu yokuqala yalolu hlelo yavela ngo-1933. Kwakuwumzamo wokuphinda kabusha i-tarpan phenotype ngokuwela ephindelela amahhashi asekhaya anezici zasendulo.
Engxenyeni yesiPolish ye-Belovezhskaya Pushcha, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kubantu ababeqoqiwe kusuka emapulazini abampisholo (okwathi ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene kwakukhona tarpans futhi banikeza inzalo), okuthiwa ama-tarpan-like amahhashi (ama-conics), angaphandle abukeka njengamapayipi, abuyiselwa emuva futhi akhishwe . Ngemuva kwalokho, kwalethwa amahhashi e-tarpan engxenyeni yeBelarus yeChipvezhskaya Pushcha.
Ngo-1999, iWorld Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) yathutha amahhashi ayi-18 eduze kweLake Papes eningizimu nentshonalanga yeLatvia njengengxenye yephrojekthi. Ngo-2008, kakade base bengama-40 wabo.