I-ANTEDON NORTH ATLANTIC (i-Antedon petasus) Umhloli wamazwe odumile waseFrance uGislen waphawula indlela ama-anhedones abalambile ahlala ngayo ngezinsika ezahlukanisiwe, ama-pinnulas aqondile, nemilenze eqondile yama-ambulacral. Lapho nje ukudla kungene e-aquarium, i-lily yolwandle iqale ukusebenza: imvamisa kwakuvulwa izimbotshana ezivaliwe, umlomo uvalwe ngaphambi kokuba ube yindilinga, imilenze ye-ambulensi igobele emcimbini bese ilahla ukudla okuwehlela. Ngokushesha lapho izinhlayiya zokudla kanye nezinto ezincane zingene emiseleni, ngokushesha baqala ukuzimboza nge-mucus enamathela evezwa amaseli glandular we-glandular, futhi kanye nakho, ngenxa yokuhamba kwe-cilia, baqondiswa kanye nemisele yemilomo emlonyeni. UGislen uthole ukuthi kwi-interambulacra yediski yomlomo ye-anhedone kukhona nokugeleza kwe-mucus okubuyela emuva okuqondiswe emaphethelweni ediski. Ngenxa yalokhu okukhona manje, izinsalela zokudla ziyakhishwa bese kuthi idiski ihlanzwe ngezinto ezingcolisayo. Ukuhlaziywa kokudla kubonise ukuthi bekubandakanya ingxube ye-detritus, iplankton kanye nezinto ezincane ze-benthic. Lolu lily lolwandle lutholakala ogwini lweNorway, i-Iceland, neGreat Britain ekujuleni kuka-20 kuye ku-325 m. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu, u-A. petasus ubeka amaqanda ngqo emanzini ngaphandle kokuwabopha ezinqobeni zezandla, njengoba enza, ngokwesibonelo, i-anhedon yaseMedithera (A. medwireanea) ne-Adriatic anhedon (A. adriatica). Kulezi zinhlobo, ukuzala kuqala entwasahlobo noma ehlobo, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala, amaqanda avundisiwe ngosizo lwe-mucus amisiwe kusuka kuma-pinnulas abesifazane, lapho atholakala khona izinsuku ezingaba ngu-5. I-larva ekhulwe ngokugcwele ngezintambo ezinhlanu zezintambo ezivela kuqanda.
Incazelo:
Lokhu ku-oda kufaka zonke izinhlobo ezingama-560 zolwandle olungenakunyaka l no-l no-y. AmaKimatulides ahola indlela yokuphila yamahhala, ayabhukuda noma akhasa, agcina umlomo umlomo uhlala uphakeme. Uma uguqulela amanye ama-comatulides ngomlomo ku-substrate, khona-ke futhi ngokushesha uthola isikhundla esifanele. Ama-comatulides amaningi ahlala ehlukana nokusekelwa futhi abhukude isikhashana, aphakamise ngomusa futhi ehlise imisebe eyodwa noma eminye. Lapho ubhukuda, abantu abasebenza ngogologo abaningi basebenzisa izingxenye ezihlukile zemisebe, zonke izandla zabo zihlanganyela ekunyakazeni. AmaComatulides ahamba ngejubane elingaba ngu-5 m / min, enza imicu emibi engaba yikhulu, kepha angabhukuda ibanga nje elifushane. Ukubhukuda kwabo kudonsela emvelweni, okungukuthi, babhukuda bema, njengoba beshesha ukukhathala futhi baphumule. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngasikhathi sinye ama-comatulides abhukuda angabi ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-3. Ngemuva kokuphumula, abhukuda futhi aze athole indawo efanelekile yokunamathiselwa. AmaComatulides anamathiselwe kwisigatshana ngosizo lwezintambo, inani, ukubukeka, ubude kanye nemvelo yazo kuncike kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, ama-komatulids ahlala kumasilinda athambile anezindebe ezinde ezicishe zivele, ezingacishe zimboze imbobo enkulu yenhlabathi futhi zinikeze "ukunamathisela" okuhle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iminduze yasolwandle, ehlala ezinhlabathini ezinzima, ifakwe izintambo ezifushane, ezilugqinsi oluqinile, ezimboze amatshe ngokuqinile noma ezinye izinto ezinzima. Ekuhambeni kweningi lama-comatulides, izintambo azibambiqhaza.
Ambalwa ama-comatulides kuphela angenandaba nokukhanya, isibonelo iTropiomelra carinata. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlobo ithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinomthunzi futhi igwema ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo. Uma itshe liphendukela ekukhanyeni ohlangothini oluhlanganisiwe ama-comatulides, khona-ke lihamba ngokushesha liye engxenyeni yalo ebomvu.
Umndeni obanzi kunayo yonke we-oda elidingidwa - umndeni wama-Antedonidae (u-Antedonidae) - uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwe-130 ezingohlobo lwenhlobo engu-46. Ama-Anthedonids atholakala kuyo yonke indawo, ukusuka kulwandle oluku-6000 m, futhi ajwayelekile kakhulu endaweni efudumele. Phakathi kwazo, abantu abahamba ngama-10-ray kuqala, kanti abantu abane-beam multi-beam bavame kakhulu. Uhlobo oludumile nolunabile ngaphambili lwe-Ashpedons (Antedon) manje luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-7 zaseYurophu kuphela. Zonke izinhlobo zalolu hlobo ziseduze kakhulu futhi ziyahlukahluka ikakhulukazi esimweni semisebe, ubude nobukhulu be-cirr ne-piniul.
E-Atlantic Ocean ngasogwini lweGreat Britain, i-Ireland, iFrance, nePortugal, kuze kufike e-Azores, ekujuleni kuka-5 kuya ku-450 m, umuntu angahlangana no-A. bifida. Lolu lily lwasolwandle luvame ukunamathiselwa yimisele emifushane, egobekile ngokuqinile kuya ezindongeni zamabhasikidi, zehliselwe phansi ekubambeni izinkalankala, kanye neFrance engasogwini ngamanani amakhulu ihlala kuma-rhizomes neziqu zezinto zasolwandle. Umbala we-A. bifida uhlukahluka kakhulu: upinki, ophuzi noma owolintshi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi onabala, atholakala kanye nabantu onsomi kakhulu onsomi. Imisebe emincane, eguquguqukayo ingaba yide kuze kube ngu-12,5 cm. Yintekenteke kakhulu futhi igqashuka kalula lapho ithintwa kancane. Kuyivelakancane ukuthola isampula ebingaba nazo zonke izandla eziyi-10 ngokuphepha okuphelele, cishe njalo imisebe eyodwa noma ngaphezulu isesimweni sokuphinda yenziwe kabusha. Amandla okudala we-anhedone akhulu kangangokuba uma usika isilwane sibe izingxenye 2, ingxenye ngayinye ibuyisa ingxenye elahlekile, bese idiski yomlomo elahlekile ku-calyx isizothathelwa indawo entsha, enomlomo nokuvuleka komlomo nokuvunguza okuholela. Ukuphindukuzalwa akwenzeki kuphela lapho izingalo zonke zinqamukile esilwaneni. Kulokhu, balahlekelwa ithuba lokudla nokufa.
Lapho usuthisa, i-anhedon inamathele ngokuqinile kumakhilogrethi engxenyeni engaphansi bese yelula izingalo zayo ngemigqa eqondile enwetshiwe kuma-engeli angakwesokudla, akha uhlobo lwenethiwekhi. USiosib odla le minduze yolwandle wafunda uG no-s-len.
UGislen waqaphela emanzini ase-North Atlantic Izinhlobo A. pelasus. Ama-Aitedons alambile ahlala ngemishayo ehlukanisiwe, ama-pinnulas aqondile, nemilenze eqondile eqondile ye-ambulacral. Lapho nje ukudla kungena ku-aquarium, i-lily yolwandle iqala ukusebenza: imvamisa imifantu evaliwe evulekile, umlomo ovaliwe waba yindilinga, imilenze ye-ambulensi igobeke emseleni bese ilahla ukudla okuwe. Lapho izinhlayiya zobuphofu nezinto ezincane zingena emgodini, lapho nje ziqala ukuzifaka emgodini owawugcinwe amaseli we-glandular, ulwelwesi olunamathelayo lwe-mucous kwadingeka ukuthi lungene emiseleni lungene emlonyeni sibonga ukuhamba kwe-cilia. UGislen uthole ukuthi ku-iterambulacra yediski yomlomo we-appedone kukhona nokugeleza kwe-mucus okubuyela emuva okuqondiswe emaphethelweni ediski. Ngenxa yalokhu okukhona manje, izinsalela zokudla ziyakhishwa bese kuthi idiski ihlanzwe ngezinto ezingcolisayo. Ukuhlaziywa kokudla kubonise ukuthi bekubandakanya ingxube ye-detritus, iplankton kanye nezinto ezincane ze-benthic. Lolu lily lolwandle lutholakala ogwini lweNorway, i-Iceland, ne-Great Britain ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-325. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo ezisondelene, uL. Pelasns ubeka amaqanda ngqo emanzini, ngaphandle kokuwabeka ezinqobeni zezandla, njengoba kwenziwa, ngokwesibonelo, yi-anhedon yaseMedithera ( A. Medi-lerranea) ne-Adriatic anhedon (A. adrialica). Kulezi zinhlobo, ukuzala kuqala entwasahlobo noma ehlobo, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala; amaqanda avundisiwe amiswa ngo-mucus kusuka kuma-pinnulas sowesifazane, lapho atholakala khona izinsuku eziyi->>. I-larva ekhulwe ngokugcwele ngentambo yesihlanu yezintambo zokubamba eqandeni iqanda.
E-Atlantic Ocean, abamele olunye uhlobo lwe-comatulid, i-leptmeter (Leplomelra), bavame ukutholakala. Ngakho-ke, emhlabathini osilika ngokujulile okungamamitha angama-50 ukusuka ogwini lwaseGreat Britain, iL cellica ihlala, ibonakala kalula ngombala wayo oluhlaza okotshani noma ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye "nezimpande" ezinde "ezinde" Izintambo ezinjalo ezinde, zisatshalaliswa kepha phezu komugqa ongaphansi, zinika i-leptometer ithuba lokuphila ngenhlabathi ethambile, ebonakalayo ngaphandle kokuwela.
I-heliometer yesingeniso (i-lieliomelra glacialis) ivame kakhulu olwandle lwethu. Lo msuka omkhulu wasolwandle ophuzi olungamabala ayi-10 usatshalaliswa ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-1300 kuwo wonke amalwandle ase-Arctic, enyakatho-okungeyona ingxenye yolwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic Ocean, kanye nasolwandle lwaseJapan nase-Okhotsk. Izinhlobo zaseMpumalanga Ekude zikhulu kakhulu, ubude bemisebe yabo bungafinyelela ku-35 cm, ekujuleni ukusuka ku-150 kuye ku-600 m kwezinye izindawo ama-heliometers akha amaqoqo amakhulu.
Iminduze yolwandle enkulu kakhulu eduze ne-heliometer ebandayo yamanzi, isibonelo, iFlororaetra ai.larctica, ihlala e-Antarctic.
Phakathi kweminduze yolwandle lwase-Antarctic kunezinhlobo ezinakekela inzalo. Ezindongeni zasolwandle zohlobo lweFripsouielra, imibungu ikhula ngokufakwa ezingubeni (amakamelo), futhi izinga lokukhula kombungu liyahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, kwabesifazane uPh. amakamelo we-longipinna brood akhiwe phakathi kwama-niinules futhi ngaphakathi futhi imibungu eminingi itholakala esigabeni sokuthuthuka esifanayo. Lapho nje kwakhiwa izintambo zokwelapha, zishiya umzimba kamama bese zidlulela esigabeni se-pentacrppus emanzini. Enye i-Antarctic pitchfork - i-viviparous phnxometers Ph. i-virx - imibungu kamama kanye namaphakethe we-brood adlula kuzo zonke izigaba zokuthuthuka, kufaka phakathi isigaba se-futureacrinus. Kwabesifazane balolu hlobo, ungabona ama-pentacrinus amancane anamathiselwe isiqu esikhwameni sezikhwama zebele zikanina. I-lily encane encane eyakhiwe ngokuphelele ishiya isitho somama.
Ukuthinta kwentsha emiphaleni yama-brood kuholela ekukhuleni kwe-dimorphism yezocansi. Kwabamele iSoulfinaily Isometrinae ehlala emanzini ase-Antarctic, ukukhahlela kwabesifazane lapho amantshontsho kuqanjwa kukhula njengendawo yokucasha, kuyilapho kwabesilisa, ukukhahlela kuhlala kungashintshiwe. Ngalezi zimpawu, ungakwazi ukunquma ubulili, ngokwesibonelo, kubantu abathile be-isipers viviparous (Fsomelra vivipara). Kuma-pinnulas amakhulu agugiwe lily lily, amaqanda acebile nge-yolk akhula kuze kube yilapho izibungu zakha izintambo zomndeni. Ngemuva kwalokho izibungu zishiya isikhwama sezingane, kepha isikhathi sokubhukuda saso sifushane kakhulu: ngokushesha sihlala ku-cirrus yomuntu omdala, lapho sidlulela esigabeni esilandelayo sokuthuthuka.
Ezinhlotsheni ezinakekela izingane, inani lamaqanda akhiqizwayo lehliswa kakhulu. Isibonelo, ezinhlotsheni ze-Antarctic Notocrinus virilis ezivela emndenini we-notocrinids (Notocrinidae), imibungu emibili noma emithathu kuphela esiteji esisodwa sokukhula ivame ukutholakala kuma-sacs ama-brood. Amaqanda acwilisiwe angena kuma-sacs ama-brood ngokusebenzisa igebe elisodongeni phakathi kwe-ovary ne-brood sac. Kodwa-ke, indlela yokufaka amaqanda kule minduze yolwandle ayikacaciswa.
Abamele eminye imindeni yama-comatulids nabo bakhombisa ukunakekela okufanayo ngezizukulwane ezizayo, kepha sifuna ukunaka kuphela izinhlobo zezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu kusukela ngokombono we-biology noma wokusatshalaliswa.
Okubukeka kahle kakhulu iminduze yolwandle yomndeni iComasteridae (Comasteridae). Lo mndeni omkhulu unezinhlobo ezingaba yikhulu zezizukulwane eziyi-19. Phakathi kwazo, amafomu e-multipath anqoba ngezingalo ezifika ku-20-25 cm ubude, ezihlala emanzini asogwini olwandle. Umbala owenziwe ngezinyawo noma okhanyayo uthuthukisa ukufana kwalezi zilwane ngezimbali. Abamele lo mndeni bahlukile kwezinye iminduze yolwandle ephila ngokukhululeka ngokuthi umlomo wabo uguqulwe emaphethelweni we-disc, kanti i-anus ithathe isikhundla esiphakathi. Enye into ehlukanisayo yama-comasterid ukushaya komlomo okungavamile. Zinde, zinamagumbi amaningi amafushane, acindezelwe kamuva, ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwawo kunamazinyo anika iziphetho ukubukeka okufana nokukhaba. Ngokusobala, lokhu kuyithuluzi lokuthwebula noma ukusika izinto ezincane, kepha ukubonwa kwalolu hlobo kusembalwa kakhulu. UGislen uphakamise ukuthi ngenxa yemikhawulo yalesi sakhiwo, ama-comasterps anendlela eyengeziwe yokondla. Abasebenzisi nje kuphela ukudla okungena ngomlomo kuphela ngemikhondo yezandla, kepha, ngokungafani namanye ama-comatulids, bangabamba ngenkuthalo izilwane ezincane ngamaphinifa we-serne bese bezidlulisela kuma-grooves aholayo. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kubuye kuqinisekiswe yiqiniso lokuthi uhlelo lwama-ambulacral lwama-comasterid lincishisiwe ngokwengxenye, futhi amathumbu abade izikhathi eziningana kuneleminye iminduze engenatafula.
Kakhulu kakhulu phakathi kwama-comasterid, izinhlobo zezilwane ezinobude obuhlukile bengalo ziyatholakala. Kukhona izingalo ezinde zangaphambili (ezinamanyala) nezingafushane ezingemuva, ezinemikhiqizo yokuzala. Iminduze yasolwandle enesakhiwo sesandla esinjalo, isibonelo i-Comatula pectinata, inamathela ngokuqinile phansi futhi ifuhle ngaphandle kwezingalo zamanje zokubamba nge-grooves eyakhiwe kahle ye-ambulacral.
Ama-comasterids ayizilwane ezihamba kancane; bekuqabukela kakhulu ukuzibona zintanta. U-l lark waphawula eTorrey Strait ukuthi ama-comasterid aqhamuka kanjani ngaphansi komhlaba, kancane nangobunzima bokubamba. Lokhu kwenzeka ngale ndlela elandelayo: ingxenye yezingalo iyelulwa, ibambe into efanele nezihloko zikhahlelwe, igqamisa imfihlo enamathelayo. Lapho-ke izinkontileka zezandla ezibunjiweyo bese isilwane sidonswa, ngenkathi sivela endaweni ephansi ngezandla ezikhululekile. Ngale ndlela, i-komasterpda ihamba ngejubane elingaba ngu-40 m / h ize ithole indawo efanelekile yokunamathiselwa. Uma i-lily yolwandle inemisebe yobude obuhlukile (lokhu kuyabonakala kuComatula injongo eyaziwa ngokuthi yi tropical), khona-ke izingalo ezinde zihlala zisetshenziselwa ukwelula nokunamathisela entweni, bese kuthi ezimfushane zisetshenziselwe ukuxosha kusuka kusiqalo lapho kudonsa umzimba.
Imvamisa, iningi lama-comasterid linamathele emhlabathini lisebenzisa i-cirr, kepha kwezinye izinhlobo ezihlala esihlabathini samakhorali, ama-cirr ayancipha, isigaxa esiphakathi sekomishi siphenduka i-pentagon eyisicaba elele cishe endizeni efanayo nemisebe. Iminduze enjalo, ngokwesibonelo iComatula rotolaria, esatshalaliswa ezigodini zamakhorali esiqhingini saseMalay, imane ilele esihlabathini. Ukwehliswa ngokuphelele kwe-cirr kungabonakala ku-198-ray Comathina schlegeli, ehlala eduze nasePhilippine Islands.
Ezimweni ezihlukene ze-multipath comasterid zohlobo olufanayo, inani lezandla lingahluka. I-Comatella stelligera ene-mottled, evame kakhulu kwilitha laseMalay Archipelago, isuka kuma-12 kuya ku-43 imisebe.
Kwamanye ama-comasterid asezindaweni ezishisayo, ukukhukhula kwemikhiqizo yezitho zangasese kuhlotshaniswa nezigaba zenyanga. Kwaqapheleka ukuthi iJapan Canthus (Comanthus japonicus), ehlala emthambekeni waseningizimu yoLwandle lwaseJapan, ibekela amaqanda kanye ngonyaka kwikota yokuqala noma yokugcina. Imikhiqizo yezocansi ihlanzwa njalo kusihlwa, abesilisa bangabokuqala ukukhipha isidoda, esivusa izinsikazi ukubeka amaqanda. Amaqanda akhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa igebe lezingxenye ezicwebe kunazo zonke zekhava, ngazo zonke izandla zolwandle olwehlukanisa imidwebo eminingi yasendlini ngasikhathi sinye. Amaqanda acwilisiwe afakwa egobolondweni, evame ukufakwa ezinhlakeni ezihlukene, izinaliti, njll. Ngaphansi kwesembozo saleli gobolondo, iqanda likhula liye esigabeni sezibungu ezihlotshwe ngezintambo zomusa.
Iminduze yolwandle enemibala egqamile ehlala ezindaweni ezishisayo ingatholakala kweminye imindeni ye-Comatulid oda. I-Amphimetra discoidea yinhle kakhulu, ibanzi ukusuka eJapan iye e-Australia ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-5 kuye kwangama-35. Lo mmeleli womndeni omkhulu wama-chimeter (Himeromelridae), onezinhlobo ezingama-50, unemisebe emikhulu eyi-10 e-brown-yellow rays. ISleplianomelra spicata evela emndenini we-marimetrid (Mnriraelridae) inemisebe engama-20, ipendwe ngombala obomvu nphuzi.
Isigaba Crinoidea. Ama-crinoids, noma iminduze yolwandle
Izici ezijwayelekile. Ama-Crinoids (gr. krinon - lily), noma iminduze yasolwandle, yisigaba esikhulu kunazo zonke kuma-crinozoids, umzimba wawo uqukethe i-calyx efaka izitho zangaphakathi, izingalo ezinhlanu ezivame ukuthuthukiswa kahle ezisetshenziselwa ukuqoqa ukudla, nesiqu noma uhlelo lwezimpondo okuhloswe ngalo ukunamathiselwa ngaphansi kwamanzi izikhonzi. I-calyx ilinganiswe ngokulinganayo, yakhiwa ngebhande lamapuleti e-radial kanye nebhande elilodwa noma amabili amapuleti ayinhloko. Le ndebe imbozwe ngenhla ngesivalo, noma ama-tegmen, lapho kukhona khona izifuyo ezigobhoza zedlulisela ezandleni bese zikhahlela. I-Ordovician - manje.
Ukwakheka komzimba. Izitho zangaphakathi lily lily zifakwe enkomishini, enkabeni lapho kuvulwa khona umlomo ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu. Umlomo uholela emgodini wokugaya ukudla, wenza imigoqo eyodwa noma engaphezulu yelokhi futhi uvula i-anus endaweni engemuva yangaphakathi. Indlela yokugaya isendaweni yomzimba wesibili futhi imiswe odongeni lomzimba isebenzisa ulwelwesi lwe-mesenteric. Izandla ezinhlanu ezingalulwanga noma ezihlanganisiwe zengeza izinkomishi zazo. Indebe kanye nezandla zakha umqhele.Emgudwini wokugaya ukudla kukhona umsele we-annular wesistimu ye-ambulensi, iziteshi ezinemisebe ezinhlanu ezinwebeka eduze kwemilenze ye-ambulacral, zikhonjiswa ngeminduze yasolwandle, ukungabi nawo ama-ampoules, amadiski wokugaya kanye nokwenza imisebenzi yokugaya ukudla, yokuphefumula neyokuzwela. Izinto eziphilayo ze-Planktonic nezinhlayiya ezincane ze-detritus zidla njengokudla kwama-crinoids. Ukudla kuhanjiswa emlonyeni ngemikhondo esezandleni ngosizo lwemilenze ye-ambulacral kanye ne-cilia ye-epithelium equkethe amandla. Inani lokudla okutholwe lily lily lincike ebangeni lokuhlanganiswa kwezandla, futhi, ngobude bama-grooves, noma ama-grooves. Komunye umnduze otshisayo onamagatsha wezandla angama-68, ubude bawo wonke amabanga okudla afinyelela kumamitha ayi-100. Indandatho yezinzwa itholakala ngasemlonyeni, lapho iziqu zemithambo yezinzwa ziye ezingalweni emisebeni eyisihlanu, iqinisekisa ukuhamba kwawo.
U-fig. 263. Ukwakheka kwamakhanzi olwandle: 1a, b - calyx monocyclic, 2a, b - calyx diceclic, 3 - isigaba esicebile ngenkomishi, 4 - ukubuka okuvamile kophiko lwasolwandle olunamathiselwe, i-amk - i-ambulacral canal, i-anus - anus, k - 'izimpande ', cr --qhele, pi - ukukhahlela, umlomo - izandla, izandla, isiqu, ih - inkomishi, amapuleti: bz - basal, br - brachial, ib - infrabasal, rd - radial
I-Skeleton calyx. I-calyx, noma i-theca, yezimo ezahlukahlukene, ezihlanganayo, i-goblet, enomumo we-disc noma i-spherical. Ingxenye yendebe engezansi kwezindawo zokunamathiselwa kwezandla ibizwa ngokuthi i-dorsal, noma i-dorsal, futhi ingxenye engenhla ibizwa ngokuthi i-lid, noma i-tegmen. Ingxenye ye-dorsal ye-theca yakhiwa ngamaqembu amabili noma amathathu amapuleti. Hlukanisa phakathi kwamabhendi: ama-radial (RR), ama-basal (BB) namapuleti we-infrabasal (IB), iqembu ngalinye lakhiwe ngamapuleti amahlanu. Isiqu sisuka esisekelweni sekomishi noma ngesimo sokuma - izintuthwane, noma i-cirri, izandla zinamathele kumapuleti e-radial. I-calyx, ingxenye yangaphakathi yayo, ngaphezu komphetho wamapuleti e-radial, inebhande le-basal, libizwa ngokuthi yi-monocyclic, uma linombhoshongo wamapuleti asisekelo naphakathi kwe-infrabasal - dicyclic. Ingxenye ye-dorsal ye-theca kwesinye isikhathi yakhiwa kuphela ngamapuleti we-radial, ngokuvamisile kuphela ukusuka kulawo asalal. Imvamisa, amanye amapuleti amaningi abamba iqhaza ekwakhekeni kwengxenye yangaphakathi, lapho i-anal (eyodwa noma eminingana) ese-posterior interradius, i-radial, namanye ivelele.Ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo, kukhuphuka usayizi we-calyx kwiminduze yasolwandle. Lokhu kukhuphuka kwenzeka ngenxa yokufakwa ku-calyx kwezingxenye zezingxenye ezingezansi zezandla kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamapuleti amasha, abizwa ngokuthi ama-interradial and interbrachial (bheka Fig. 271, 5-8).
Umthambo wesandla. Izandla ziya kude namapuleti endebe yenkomishi. Akuvamisile ukuthi zihlale zilula, ngoba ingxenye enkulu zibuye zenziwe zibe munye noma ngaphezulu. Izandla zakhiwa izingxenye ezihlukile ezifana ne-vertebrae esesimweni, ezixhunywe komunye nomunye zisebenzisa izicubu noma i-ligament elastic. Njengomthetho, zifakwe nge-appendages amafushane ahlanganisiwe - ama-pinnulas. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezandla kubuye kuvezwe kusetshenziswa amapulatifomu akhethekile, kuvame ukuba nama-ridges owodwa noma amabili. Izandla zinokuguquguquka nokushukumiseka okukhulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle (ukushisa okuphezulu, ukushoda komoya-mpilo, ukuhlaselwa kwezitha), iminduze yolwandle iyakwazi ukugqekeza ezandleni zayo, kanti izingxenye ezilahlekile ziyabuyiselwa emuva kwesikhathi. Izandla nokukhahlela kuhlinzekwa ngemifuno ejulile efakwe ngaphakathi enezindlela zanamuhla ze-epithelium yesilili. Umsele we-ambulacral radial unwebeka eceleni kwesiporo, okuvela kuwo imijondolo yemilenze yama-ambulensi ngaphandle kwama-ampoules (3 ngalinye) ikhefu, afeza umsebenzi wokuthinta nokuphefumula. Amagatsha asezingeni le-radial iziteshi nawo angena ekukhaveni.
Izandla ezokuqoqa ukudla. Imithambo yesibili yomzimba, iziqu zemithambo, nemikhumbi yohlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi kuyaqhubeka ezandleni. Ngokusebenzisa okwezandla zokudla zezandla, ukudla kungena emnyango okuvulwa umlomo okuphakathi enkabeni yamathe. Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ubude nezinga lokuxhunyaniswa kwezandla liyanda. Isandla somugqa owodwa ngezindlela zakudala sithathelwa indawo yimigqa emibili (i-Fig. 264, 2), isandla esinezintambo ezimbili sivumela i-lily yolwandle iqoqe ukudla okwengeziwe. Ukunyuka kobude bezingalo kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhluma kwe-dichotomous noma ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwe-cirrus (Fig. 264, 1). Kodwa-ke, lapho kwenzeka inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kwavela iminduze yolwandle, lapho izandla zayo zincane noma zincishisiwe ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi sokuncishiswa kwezandla, amapuleti endebe ebasekelayo nawo angabaxhasa nawo angashabalala.
U-fig. 264. Ukuhlelwa kwesakhiwo sezingalo: 1 - ukuthuthukiswa kwengalo ye-cirrus kusuka ku-dichotomously branched, 2 - ukuthuthukiswa kwengalo yomugqa emibili kusuka kumugqa owodwa, 3 - ingxenye yengalo (izingxenye ezi-4) ngomsele we-ambulacral kanye namapuleti wokumboza, izingxenye ezi-4 - ezingalweni ezimbili zengalo Diamenocrinus (iDevon) yezandla zinganyamalala kanye nokusekela amapuleti endebe yabo ebomvu
Ama-tegmen ngezindlela eziningi zesimanje cishe anazo ngokuphelele izinto ezinkulu zamathambo. Kungenwa ngama-pores amaningi aholela emgodini womzimba, lapho uhlelo lwe-ambulacral luphinde luphindwe ngamanzi. Imilenze ye-Ambulacral etholakala eduze komlomo iguqulwa ibe ngamatende aseduze nomlomo. Ezindlekeni zasendulo zolwandle, ama-tegmen embozwe ngamathebulethi ayisihlanu ngomlomo, noma ngomlomo, atholwe ngaphakathi. Amacwecwe omlomo athuthukiswa aba ngamazinga ahlukahlukene: kwezinye izindlela zaziwa kuphela esiteji se-larval futhi azikho kubantu abadala, kwezinye zithuthukiswe kahle futhi zixhunywe ngokuqinile komunye, kwezinye ikhava liqukethe amapuleti amancane amaningi, phakathi kwawo kukhona amapuleti amboza imifula yokudla , kanye namathebulethi we-interambulacral akhona phakathi kwawo. Lawa mapuleti, ahlangana nomunye, akha uhlobo lwe-arch ngaphezulu kwenkomishi, umlomo utholakala ngaphansi kwe-arch enjalo, futhi ukudla kungena ngamasondo okudla alele ngaphansi kwesivalo.
U-fig. 265. Izinhlobo zezakhiwo zesembozo (tegmen): 1 - kukhiqizwa amaphilisi omlomo kuphela, 2 - amboze ngezinsimu ze-ambulacral, ama-3 - amaphilisi omlomo ancishisiwe (agcinwe eduze komlomo), ama-4 - ama-grooves okudla atholakala ngaphansi kwesembozo esinamandla, umgodi we-anal, m - i-madreporitis, amaphilisi: am - ambulacral, at - anal, iam - interambulacral, noma - ngomlomo
I-anus ibekwa ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwe-disc ye-calyx yomlomo ngezikhathi ezithile, eduze nomphetho wayo. Ezindongeni zasolwandle ezihlala emanzini athule, angasebenzi, kwavela ishubhu lensimbi, limbozwe ngamapuleti amancane. Ishubhu elinjalo lalivumela isilwane ukuthi sisuse imfucuza ibanga elide ukusuka emlonyeni.
U-fig. 266. Izinhlobo zeziqu zeminduze yasolwandle: 1 - isiqu se-Eifelocrinus sinamathele kwikholoni lama-bryozoans (kabusha), 2 - 'anchor' of Aticyrocrinus, 3 - stalkette stralketette stratte antennae (amadevu) of Myelodactylus, azungeze umqhele (cr), 4 - Isiqu sika-Ammonicus sasihlanganisa i-calyx
Isiqu. Isiqu esiguquguqukayo sinamathiselwe engaphansi kwe-calyx, kuplateti yayo emaphakathi, enezingxenye zezimo ezahlukahlukene: okuyindilinga, okuwubala, obunxantathu, bepentagonal, futhi kuyaqabukela okungunxantathu ne-hexagonal. Kwe-genera ethile, isiqu sifinyelela ubude bamamitha ambalwa, kwezinye sihlala sisifushane noma singama-atrophies ngokuphelele. Kwezinye izindlela, inkomishi yayikhula ngesisekelo sayo. Ngaso sonke isiqu kudlula isiteshi se-axial esinengxenye ehlukile yesiphambano. Ezindongeni zasendulo zolwandle, isiqu sasiqukethe imigqa emihlanu yamapuleti ahlelwe ngokushintshana ngokulandelana. Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuguqulwa ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kwamakhompiyutha nokuhlanganiswa kwamapuleti amahlanu asondelene engxenyeni eyodwa yesiqu. Imvamisa phakathi kwezigaba ezifanayo, kutholakala izingxenye ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-nodal antennae. Iminduze yasolwandle inamathisela kule ndawo engaphansi ngezindlela ezihlukile: ngokukhulisa isiqu sayo endaweni enamadwala ngokuhlukanisa inani elikhulu likamoya elizungeze izingxenye ezinkulu futhi lenza idiski yokunamathisela, ukuthuthukisa amagatsha ezimpande avela ekugcineni kwesiqu, nohlobo lwe-anchor olwenzelwe ukugoba ulwelwe. noma i-polypnyaki coral futhi isebenziselwe ukunamathiselwa okwesikhashana, kanti abanye - basontekile bezungeza inkomishi endaweni evulekile futhi kungenzeka basebenzela ukunyakaza okuhamba kancane nokuseduze eduze kwezansi ngosizo lwe-antennae-imigqa emibili (bheka. 266, 5). Okunye okwaziwayo ukuthuthuka ekugcineni kwesiqu sokuvuvukala okuyindilinga, okuhlukaniswe ngezigaba kube ngamagumbi ahlukile futhi ngokusobala kusebenza njengesibhukuda sokubhukuda esineendlela zokuphila zeplankton. Ekugcineni, ngezindlela eziningi isiqu besingekho futhi besingekho esigabeni sabadala kuma-crinoids amaningi anamuhla. Kuleminduze yasolwandle enjalo engenacala, isiqu sikhona kuphela ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula inyanga nesigamu, emva kwalokho inkomishi yazo ivele ivele isiqaqa bese lily lencane lily idlulela endleleni yokuphila yamahhala. Phansi kwenkomishi, i-antennae, noma i-cirri, ikhula. Ukuhamba kweminduze enjalo kwenzeka ngosizo lwezandla, kepha kokunye babhukuda ibanga elifushane (kufika kumamitha amathathu), okwenza kube ngama-beats ayi-100 ngomzuzu. Inani, usayizi, ubude kanye nokubukeka kwezintuthwane kuya ngezimo zokuphila: Iminduze yolwandle ehlala kumasilinda athambile inezinwele ezinde, icishe iqonde, aminduze ahlala ematsheni afakelwe izimpondo ezimfishane ezigobile.
U-fig. 267. Suka ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusuka emigqeni emihlanu kuya ku-cyclic
Ukuzala kabusha nentuthuko. Okucwaningwe kahle kakhulu ukukhiqizwa nokukhiqizwa komnduze wesimanje wolwandle, ongafakwanga ongowesitho sofuzo i-Antedon. Iminduze yasolwandle iyahlukahlukana. Amaseli ocansi avuthwa emikhondweni yezandla, ukukhipha imikhiqizo yokuzala kuvame ukwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye, futhi amaqanda avundiswa emanzini. Amaqanda acwilisiwe afakwe egobolondweni, evame ukufakelwa izikhala ezinhlobonhlobo, izinaliti. Kula magobolondo, amaqanda akhula aze afike esigabeni sezibungu. Kuqala, izibungu azinawo umlomo futhi zidla kuphela ku-yolk. Ngasohlangothini lwe-ventral, inendebe yokunamathisela. Ngemuva kokubhukuda isikhashana emanzini, izibungu zijula ziye phansi, zinamathele endaweni engaphansi komzimba. Umaphethelo wangaphambili omncane uphenduka isiqu, bese ububanzi babuyela ku-calyx. I-cilia emboza umzimba we-larva iyanyamalala, futhi inkimbinkimbi yezitho zangaphakathi ijikeleza ama-90 °. Kuvela amaphilisi amahlanu omlomo, enza iphiramidi ohlangothini olungaphezulu, kukhiqizwa amaphilisi amahlanu asisekelo avela ngezansi. Phakathi kwabo nokuqala kwethebhulethi yesibalo se-infem 3-5 infrabasal. Ngalesi sikhathi, umthambo wolwandle olusha lily ngandlela-thile lufana nomphetho wamanye ama-cystoids ama-Paleozoic. Ngokushesha, phakathi kwamathebulethi ayisisekelo nawomlomo, ibhande elinezibhebhe ezinhlanu zemisebe liyakhula, kuqhume izandla. Emngceleni phakathi kwe-calyx ne-stem, kwakhiwa izingcezu ezintsha zesiqu. Emavikini amahlanu seluqediwe, izibungu zemvelo zasolwandle zicijela ngo-4 mm ukuphakama esiqwini. Ngokuzayo, izingalo ziyavuleka kancane kancane, ingalo ngayinye ihlukaniswe baba ngamagatsha amabili, ukukhahlela kuvela ngengalo, ehlangana nenye. Kulesi sigaba, i-lily yolwandle ifana nabamele lo nyawo lwasolwandle olugxilile lwe-genus Pentacrinus. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, amaphilisi omlomo ayancishiswa, futhi engxenyeni engenhla isikhumba siyakhula - tegmen. Amacala we-Basal nawo ancishisiwe. Lapho-ke inkomishi isuka ngaphandle kwesiqu, bese i-lily encane ijika ibe yinto engenacala, iqala ukuhola impilo yeselula, ihamba ngosizo lwezandla. Ukuze unamathiselwe okwesikhashana, i-cirri iba ngaphansi kwenkomishi. Ukutadisha i-inclusionsis yeminduze yolwandle yanamuhla kukhombisa ukubonakala kwabameleli abangenasimilo abavela kokunamathiselwe.
U-fig. 268. U-Ontogenesis wase-Antedon bipida: i-1-2 - izibungu ezinyantisayo ezintantayo ezibheke phansi), isigaba 3 - esinamathiselwe (esifana ne-cystoid), 4 - isiteji se-pentacrine ngezandla ezihlukile, inkomishi yokudonsa, amathebulethi: i-basal, noma - ngomlomo, i-rd - i-radial
Okuyisisekelo kokuthengiswa kwezimali kanye nokuhlukaniswa. I-systematics yeminduze yolwandle isuselwa ekwakhekeni kwe-calyx iyonke, ekwakhekeni kwengxenye yayo eyisisekelo, i-cap (tegmen), izandla kanye nesiqu, ngenani kanye nesimo sendawo amapuleti ahlangene ngayo, ahlangene naphakathi nendawo. Lesi sigaba sifaka izihlokwana ezine: iCamerata, Inadunata, Flexibilia, i-Articulata, okuyilapho ezintathu zokuqala zabakhona ukusuka e-Ordovician kuya ku-Perm, kanye nabamele abesine, abavela ekuqaleni kwe-Triassic, bayaqhubeka nokuba khona olwandle lwanamuhla (Fig. 269-272).
U-fig. 269 Isiqalo seCamerata. Umdwebo wesakhiwo (1-3 - ohlelweni, u-4 - ohlangothini): 1 - Cleiocrinus (Ordovician ophakathi), 2 - Glyptocrinus (Ordovician ongasekho), 3 - Platycrinites (Devon - Perm), 4 - Acrocrinus (ikhabhoni)
U-fig. 270. Subclass Inadunata. Umdwebo we-Structural: 1 - calyx evolution inadunate crinoids, 2 - Cornucrinus (Ordovician): 2a - view back, 2b - top view, 3 - locrinus (middle - late Ordovician), 4 - Cupressocrinites (Middle Devonia): 4a - cup with izandla, 4b - ukubukwa kwe-calyx kusuka ngaphezulu, 5 - Cromyocrinus (kaboni), dc - umsele wedolobho, izibhebhe: i-anal - anal, noma - ngomlomo (ngokuqondene nalo lonke umbono bheka Fig. 263)
I-Ecology kanye ne-tafonomy. Iminduze yasolwandle ePaleozoic naseMesozoic yayingabahlali bezindawo ezingasolwandle ikakhulu. Abanye babo baphila ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwezixhobo zamakhorali, abanye behlela ekujuleni. Iminduze yolwandle yesimanje ihlala kukho konke ukujula: isuka kwisifunda esingaphansi kolwandle kuze kufinyelele kwalasha (kuze kufike ku-9700 m), isuka ezindaweni ezishisayo ukuya ezinhlamvwini ezinamakhaza. Kwesinye isikhathi zakha izindawo ezinkulu - "meadows", enezinhlobo eyodwa. Ngokunokwenzeka, "izithangami" ezinjalo zeminduze yolwandle ibikhona ngezikhathi ezedlule zezwe, ngoba izingqimba zamatshe aqwebile ayaziwa, okuhlanganisa izingxenye zeziqu, imvamisa yezandla nezinkomishi zenkomishi. Iminduze yasolwandle ejulile inezingalo ezinde, ezinamagatsha, izindebe ezondile kanye ne-calyx encane; ukuphela kwesiqu sinobude obungafani bezimpande. Ezindongeni zasolwandle ezihlala emanzini afudumele, i-calyx ikhulu kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ifakwe ngama-spikes, isiqu, njengomthetho, sifushaniswa, kwezinye izimo asikho ngokuphelele, futhi i-lily yolwandle inamathele ngqo kwi-substrate ngenkomishi. Iminduze eminingi yolwandle yesimanje ihola indlela yokuphila yamahhala ibhukuda kancane kancane ngaphansi ezansi ngezandla. Ama-crinoids afanayo ahamba ezintanta atholakala kuPaleozoic (Silurian, Perm), okuyingxenye encane yeminduze yolwandle ngokusobala eyayihola indlela yokuphila yempilo planktonic. Lokhu kufaka ifomu le-Silurian (Scyphocrinites), lapho kwavela khona insiza yokubhukuda eyindilinga (pneumophore) ekugcineni kwesiqu. I-cretaceous, i-lily yasolwandle engasebenzi kahle (i-Saccocoma) ibhukuda ngenxa yobukhona be-calyx encane nezingalo ezinde. Ukuhamba okuphansi kweminduze yasolwandle kuyenza futhi yalenza lafinyeleleka ngaphambili ukuze kuxazululwe ezinye izidalwa kubo, ngokuhlangana okuhlukahlukene, kuze kufike ekuhlaselweni kwesimo samanje. Izibungu zomndeni wakwaMyzostomidae zivame ukuhlala eminduze yolwandle, ezinye zazo zidabukela eceleni kwesiqu ne-calyx, ezinye zakha ukuvuvukala okukhethekile kumapineni ezindlini zazo, kanti ezinye ziyahlakazeka ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Amanye ama-gastropod cishe ayengabavumelanisi beminduze yolwandle. Ohlangothini lwe-ventral lwe-calyx yezinye izinhlobo zePaleozoic crinoids, amagobolondo e-gastropod mollusks (platinoderatids) atholakala ukuze onqenqemeni lwe-estuarine lwalusondele embobeni lily yolwandle; kungenzeka ukuthi la ma-gastropods adla izindwani zamanzi.
U-fig. 271. I-Flexibilia subclass: 1 - inkomishi yeTekisiocrinus evela eDevon ngegobolondo le-gastropod clam Platyceras (Pl), 2a, b - ingxenye yesigaxa sekhabhoni esonakaliswe yi-parostic misostomids (Annelides), 3.8 - Sagenocrinites (Silur), indebe ifaka i-brachial (br) namapuleti we-interbrachial (ibr), i-4 - Protaxocrinus (i-Ordovician ephakathi nendawo - i-Silurian), i-5-6 - inyuka ngosayizi wendebe ngenxa yamapuleti we-brachial, i-7 - Ichthyocrinus (Silurian - i-Dyonary yasekuqaleni), indebe ifaka amaphilisi we-brachial , (ukubizwa nge-fig. 263)
Umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwama-crinoids. Imvelaphi yama-crinoid namanje ayikacaci. Kukholakala ukuthi babehlukaniswe eCambrian besuka kunokhokho abajwayelekile abane-dystoids futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kuhlotshaniswa nokuvela kwemisebe yomzimba ekhipha imisebe - izandla zenzelwe ukuqoqa ukudla. Izandla azinalo ulwazi oluhle lwe-brachioles cystoid ne -chultoid. Kwi-Ordovician yakuqala, abameli bezidumbu ezimbili ezaziwayo bayaziwa: i-camerath ne-inadunate, futhi kusukela ku-Ordovician ophakathi nendawo, isigcawu se-flexibilia. Uma izingxenye ezimbili zokuqala zakha amaqembu aphambukayo, i-Flexibilia subclass ihlala iyiqembu elincane ngesikhathi se-Paleozoic, ifela phakathi kwe-Permian. Okuningi futhi kwahlukahluka kwakuyi-camerata kanye nama-inadunates e-Devonia nasekuqaleni kweCarboniferous.Inani le-camerata lehla ngokunqenqemeni ngasekupheleni kweCarboniferous, futhi abameli bokugcina balesi siqhingi bafa bude phakathi kweRepian. Ama-Inadunates, kunalokho, ku-Perm anikeza i-flash entsha futhi abonakala ngokusatshalaliswa okubanzi. Enye yezinto ezifakwa ngaphansi kwe-inadunate (enkrinin) iqhubeka esikhathini se-Triassic, kepha noma sekupheleni kwe-Triassic iyafa. Abameli bokuqala besiqalo esivelelayo bavela kwi-Triassic, eJurassic naseCretaceous, baba baningi, phakathi kwabo, kanye namafomu anamathiselwe, kuphuma ama-crinoids angenasisekelo. Ezilwandle zanamuhla, izidalwa ezingama-75 (izidladla ezingama-75) nezinhlobo zokushibilika (ezingaphezu kuka-500) zingabameli besigaba esake saba sikhulu nje kuphela se-crinoids, kodwa futhi nesigcino sonke se-crinose.
U-fig. 272. Isihlokwana se-Articulata: 1 - Uintacrinus (Late Cretaceous), 2a, b - Marsupites (Late Cretaceous), 3 - Saccocoma (Late Jurassic - Cretaceous), amapuleti: iber - interbrachial, kanye - ne-pentagonal base plates (konke okunye ukubuka umkhiwane. . 263)
Isimilo
Babonakala ngokuba khona kwesiqu kuphela ebusheni (esiteji se-pentacrinus). Ngemuva kwe-metamorphosis, lapho kunqatshwa khona esiqwini, ama-anhedones ahamba ngosizo lwe-cirrhae (izithasiselo zohlangothi lomzimba), futhi ayakwazi ukukhuphuka kukholamu yamanzi, ngomunwe ngamandla. Ama-Antedones atholakala enhlabathini enamanzi angajulile (ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-200) olwandle lwe-Atlantic nolwePacific.
Ukubukwa
Ngomusa I-Antedon Izinhlobo eziyi-14:
I-Antedon (Antedon mediganaanea) Ingabe uhlobo lweminduze engahambelani ejwayelekile oLwandle iMedithera, ihlala phakathi kwe-algae endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yiziqu zasolwandle, enamathiselwe emadwaleni noma ngaphansi kwekhorali, ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-220 ukusuka ebusweni bamanzi. Inombala osawolintshi obomvu. Lolu lily lwasolwandle lungaqhekeka kule ndawo engaphansi komhlaba futhi lubhukude ngokukhululekile olwandle oluvulekile, ngokushesha luthinte iminwe ngetende.
Izindondo Zolwandle Laseklasini (Crinoidea) (Z. I. Baranova)
Igama lalesi sigaba lisuka esiGrekini futhi elihunyushwe olimini lwesiRussia "olufana neminduze." Kuyiqiniso, abamele balesi sigaba banomzimba omangazayo ofana nembali. Umbala omuhle kakhulu ogqamile noma umbala ogqamile iningi labo luthuthukisa lokhu kufana. Bangumhlobiso wangempela wezingadi ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Iminduze yolwandle ihlala kuphela olwandle nasolwandle, inamathele ezintweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Omunye wabo - iminduze ebunjiwe - bachitha impilo yabo yonke besesimweni esinamathiselwe, batatazela ngonyawo lwabo. Abanye - iminduze enganyakazi - ushintshele esimweni sokuphila samahhala, walahlekelwa yisiqu futhi wazuza amandla okugqashula kuleyo ndawo engaphansi futhi wabhukuda amabanga amancanyana, ahambisa imisebe yawo njengamaphini. Kodwa-ke, kukho konke ukuthuthuka, iminduze engakhanjwanga ingena esigabeni esinamathiselwe, esibonisa ukusondela kwawo womabili amaqembu omnduze wolwandle wanamuhla.
Isakhiwo Iminduze yolwandle iyingqayizivele kakhulu. Imizimba yabo inesimo sendebe, uhlangothi olwandisiwe luphendukele phezulu, lapho imisebe ye-cirrus eyayihlangene, noma izingalo. Imisebe iyindlela eyakheke ngayo kulesi sigaba, futhi zonke izinhlobo zeminduze yolwandle ihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezinto ezihlelekile zemisebe.
Zombili iminduze yolwandle egobile futhi engenantambo, ngokungafani nenye i-echinoderms, iqondiswa ngomlomo (ngomlomo) eceleni, futhi kuya engxenyeni eseceleni eseceleni, uhlangothi oluhlukile. Onke anesithambo se-calcareous esakhiwe kahle, esiqukethe amapuleti amakhulu ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nobumo, ovame ukubhobozwa ngezimbobo zokuhamba kwezinzwa noma iziteshi zohlelo lwe-ambulensi. Yize amapuleti enamathambo efakwa esikhunjeni sesilwane, abonakala ngokusobala evela ngaphandle, njengoba kuminduze yabantu abadala ubuso bawo budalulwe ngokuphelele. Uhlangothini lwe-calyx oluhlotshiswe embozwe ngegobolondo eliqukethe ezimbili (monocyclic calyx) noma ezintathu (inkomishi diceclic) ama-corollasukushintshana kwamapuleti atholakala emisebeni engxenyeni ye-radii ne-interradius ezungeze ipuleti ephakathi (main) yenkomishi, amapuleti ama-5 ku-corolla ngayinye. Ezindongeni zasolwandle ezicijile ngesisekelo se-calyx, ngokunembile ipuleti lazo eliphakathi nendawo, isiqu esiguquguqukayo sixhunyiwe, futhi esihlinzeka ukunamathisela isilwane emgodini ongaphansi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izindlela zokunamathisela iminduze yolwandle kulolu hlaka olungezansi zihlukile. Kwamanye amafomu, ipuleti yesembozo se-stem inwebeka ngendlela yediski noma ihogwe, kwezinye, izimpande ezincane zanda kusuka kusisekelo sesiqu, kuthi okwesithathu, izinqubo zeselula (amasiga) zihlelwe ngamakhonkolo asondele kuso sonke isiqu kude nobunye. Ngeminduze engenamkhawulo, lapho ipuleti elilodwa lesidumbu lihlala lisuka esiqwini, lihlangana nepuleti eliphakathi le-calyx, ukunamathiswa kwesikhashana kokuphansi komhlaba kwenziwa ngezimpande ezihlanganisiwe (ama-cirrhas), ezihlotshiswe ngemisebe ekugcineni. Izintambo zixhumene nezinto ezifakwa emthanjeni we-calyx, ngaphezu kwalokho, kaningi, njengoba kungabonakala e-leli yethu yasenyakatho ye-Heliometra glacialis, ipuleti eliphakathi nendawo le-calyx likhula futhi lenze okuthiwa ikolishi eliphakathi nendawo, oluphethe imigodi ekhethekile yokufaka i-cirrus. Ngaphansi kwefossa ngayinye kunokuvula okuthi isidumbu sezinzwa sidlule ku-cirrus. I-cirr ingaba ngaphezu kwekhulu.
U-fig. 130. Ukwakheka kophawu lwasolwandle i-Heliometra glacialis: A - ukubukeka komnduze, B - imininingwane ye-calyx nengxenye yemisebe, C - idiski yomlomo yo-lily young (yandisiwe). 1 - Isigaxa esimaphakathi se-calyx, 2 - cirr, 3 - izindawo zokunamathisela isigxingi, ama-4 - imisebe, 5 - ingxenye yokuqala (i-vertebra), 6 - isigaba sesibili semisebe, i-7 - ipuleti elinemisebe, 8 - ukukhahlela umlomo, okuhleliwe nge-papillomas 10 - imifino yokumbambela, 11 - ukuphakama kokuhlaziywa, 12 - i-anus, 13 - isaccula, 14 - ama-pores aholela emingcwabeni ye-ciliary, 15 - amapuleti aqabulayo emthanjeni womlomo
Izandla zeminduze yasolwandle nayo inesikhumba esisekela kahle, esinamacandelo athile, noma i-vertebrae, ebizwa ngokuthi amapuleti brachial. Eyokuqala yamapuleti e-brachial ifakwe kumapuleti e-radial we-calyx yokugcina, etholakala eduze komngcele ohlangothini lomlomo. Amapulangwe emathambo axhumekile ngosizo lwemisipha, enikeza ukuguquguquka kwawo ngokwedlulele nokuhamba. Ukuvezwa okunjalo kwama-rtebrae wemisebe kuyabonakala kusuka ngaphandle ngesimo segebe elibanzi eliphakathi kwawo. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izindawo, ukuxhumana kwamapuleti e-brachial kwenzeka ngaphandle kwemisipha, khona-ke imingcele ephakathi kwawo ayibonakali kalula futhi ivela njengephephisi elincanyana elinomdlandla. Lamajoyinti abizwa syzygal, kanye nekhono leminduze ukuphula imisebe yazo ngaphansi kwezimo eziphikisayo, isibonelo, emazingeni aphezulu okushisa, ukushoda komoya-mpilo, ukuhlaselwa kwezitha, kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nendlela engapheli kangako yokuxhuma i-vertebrae. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi kusuka ku-75 kuya ku-90% weminduze iphula imisebe yayo kumaseli e-syzygal futhi kuyaqabukela ekuhlanganeni kwemisipha. Ngokwemvelo i-autotomy (ukwephula) izandla yinto eyenzeka kakhulu phakathi kweminduze yolwandle, futhi izingxenye ezilahlekile zibuyiselwa ngokushesha (kabusha). Imvamisa, i-ray eyenziwe kabusha ingahlukaniswa kalula kwamanye ama-ray isikhathi esithile ngombala olula nosayizi omncane. Njengomthetho, ama-syzygal sutures ehlukile ngokuhlangana kwemisipha futhi kwenzeka ngemuva kwama-vertebrae ama-3-4. Cishe kuyo yonke i-vertebra yogongolo, amagatsha aseceleni ashintshana ngakwesokunene noma ngakwesobunxele - ukukhahlela, futhi equkethe izingxenye ezithile, noma i-vertebrae, etholakala ohlangothini lwe-abors. Lezi zikhahlele futhi zinikeze imisebe ukubukeka okunezimpaphe. Imisebe yeminduze yolwandle akuvamile ukuba ingagcini futhi ihlale isibalo ezinhlanu. Imvamisa, kusukela kupuleti lesibili le-brachial, kufakwa embili, bese kuba sekuba ngu-10, noma kuphindze kuhlukaniswe, bese linani labo lingafinyelela kuma-200. Ngasohlangothini lomlomo wesigamu, kufaka phakathi wonke amagatsha awo, kuze kufike lapho kuqalwa khona, kudlula indawo yegatsha le-ambulacral ngokulandelana irowu ephindwe kabili yemilenze ye-ambulensi. Ngaphansi kwemisebe, la magreyidi ahlangana ndawonye bese edlulela kwisethi yomlomo we-calyx, lapho ziqondiswe khona emisebeni ukuze kuvuleke umlomo, otholakala ezindaweni eziningi maphakathi ne-disc yomlomo. I-disc yomlomo we-calyx imbozwe kuphela ngesikhumba esithambile futhi icishe ibe ingenawo nhlobo umthambo. Isikhumba sakhe singenwa ngama-pores amaningi aholela emiseleni yokucwilisa bese siqhubekela emgodini womzimba bese sisebenzela ukugcwalisa uhlelo lwe-ambulacral ngamanzi. Imilenze ye-ambulensi esondele kakhulu emlonyeni iphenduka ibe yindawo enomlomo oseduze, ifakwe ama-papillomas abucayi. Ukukhaba kokuqala, okungenamisele yemisele, kuvame ukugoqa ohlangothini lomlomo futhi, njengamachilo omlomo, kusiza ngokudla. I-anus isendaweni ephakeme encane etholakala ezinhlotsheni eziningi kwelinye lama-discradius e-disk yomlomo, eduze nomphetho wayo. Umlomo wezinduna zasolwandle uholela esophagus, udlulela esiswini, bese ungene emathunjini, wakhe umchilo owodwa noma ngaphezulu.
Ukudla kweminduze kuyizinto ezincane ze-planktonic, izinhlayiya ezincane ze-detritus. Indlela yokudla kwabo okudala kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezindlela zokondla amanye ama-echinoderms. Bondla kancane. Ukudla kuhanjiswa emlonyeni ngosizo lwemilenze ye-ambulacral futhi ngenxa yesenzo se-cilia eminingi ye-epithelium ye-ambulacral yama-ambulacral grooves. Iqhaza elibalulekile kulokhu lidlalwa yi-mucus evikelwe amaseli we-glandular yemisele. Imboza izinhlayiya zokudla, yakha izigaxa zokudla, okuthi, ngemisinga yamanzi ebangelwa isenzo se-cilia, zithunyelwe emlonyeni ngama-ambulensi. Ukusebenza kwale ndlela kokondla ikakhulukazi kuncike kubude bemisele. Lapho imisebe ibanda kakhulu, isikhathi eside imisele, ke-ke, ukudla kungalethwa emlonyeni. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi olwandle olugxilile olwe-Metacrinus rotundus, olunemisebe engama-56, ubude bemisele buyi-72 mnaku-68-ray tropical Comantheria Grandicalix, imisele ingafinyelela ku-100 m.
Ingxenye enkulu yeminduze enjalo uma uyiqhathanisa nosayizi wayo omncane omncane isusa isidingo sokuqalwa kohlelo olukhethekile lokuphefumula. Ukuphefumula ngenhliziyo kungadlula esikhunjeni, emilenzeni ama-ambulensi kanye naku-anus.
Iminduze yolwandle iyizilwane ezihlala phansi kakhulu. Iminduze yesinde ingakwazi ukuhamba nje ngezandla, ezinye izinhlobo zama-tropical ezingenasici ezingenamithi eziningi zinqamuka kancane ukusuka endaweni kuya kwenye, kuyilapho abamele umndeni I-Antedonidae ingabhukuda amabanga amancanyana (afinyelela kumamitha amaningana endaweni eyodwa). Ukubhukuda i-anhedones hhayi kaningi. Uma izimo zivuma, khona-ke izinyanga ezimbalwa zingaba sendaweni eyodwa, zinamathele nezintambo zazo. Ukuhamba okuphansi kweminduze kubenza batholakale ekuthelelekeni ngezinye izidalwa, kuze kufike ezimeni zangempela. Ngakho-ke, izibungu zomndeni wakwaMyzostomidae zingatholakala ngaphezulu kwekhulu kolunye unyawo, futhi ziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile: ezinye ziduka ngokukhululeka ebusweni lily, ezinye zakha kuma-pinnules, ama-rays, ama-swellings akhethekile, lapho zibekwe khona, ezinye ziba yizinambuzane zangempela zangaphakathi.
Phakathi kwezitha ezesabekayo kakhulu zeminduze yasolwandle kuyadingeka ukuthi igama lama-mollusks amancane adlekayo umndeni UMelellidae. Begobhoza eduze kweminduze, beshayela izingxenye zabo zamathambo kanzima nge-proboscis yabo, bahlangana izicubu ezithambile bese bezidla. Iminduze ivame ukuthintwa ama-crustaceans amancane ahlukahlukene ahlala endaweni yokugaya ukudla, noma kwikholamu ye-anal, noma kwidiski phakathi kwecirr.
Yonke iminduze yolwandle iyadida. Imikhiqizo yezocansi ikhula emaphondweni asondelene ne-calyx. Kaningi, abesilisa bakhipha isidoda kuqala ngokuvula okuyisipesheli okwenziwe ezinhlangeni ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwemikhiqizo yokuzala. Lokhu kuvusa ukuqunjelwa kwamaqanda ngabesifazane. Lezi zokugcina azinazo izimbotshana ezikhethekile zokuzala, futhi amaqanda akhutshwa ngokuphula izindonga zabakhanyi. Amaqanda ezinhlobo eziningi avundiswa ngqo emanzini. Kuqala kwakhiwa i-larva ebunjiwe emgqonyeni iqanda elivundisiwe lobar, enempilo emfishane ye-plankton ngokuqhathaniswa nezibungu zamanye ama-echinoderms. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-2 noma ezi-3, ishona phansi futhi inamathele endaweni esetshenziswayo noma ezintweni ezithile eziqinile, kubandakanya nabazali bayo. Okunamathiselwe kwe-lobar kwenziwa ngokuphela kwangaphambi, ngemuva kwalokho kulahlekelwa i-cilia bese kuba yimoto.
Umzimba we-izibungu uqala ukwelula nokuhlukanisa phakathi isiqu kanye calyx, phezu kwalokho umlomo ke owakha. it cystoid isigaba se-larval. Ngokushesha, inkomishi ithola ukwakheka kwezigxobo ezinhlanu, izandla ziqhakaza eceleni komlomo, isiqu siyaqhubeka sanduleka, isinamathiseli sokuxhuma siyakhula, izibungu ziba njengolwandle oluncane olunyakazisa phezu kwesiqu salo. Lesi sekuyisigaba pentacrinus. Igama lakhona kungenxa yokuthi phambilini, lapho ukuthuthukiswa komdwebo we-Atlantic stemless lily u-Antedon bifida kwakungakafundiwe, izibungu ezinjalo zathathwa zohlobo oluzimele lweminduze eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Pentacrinus europeus. Osayizi be-pentacrinuses bancane - kusuka ku-4 mm kufinyelela ku-1 cm, kepha izinhlobo ezinkulu zingavela emanzini abandayo e-Antarctic, aze afike ku-5 cm eside.
U-fig. 131. Izigaba zokuthuthuka kwezinwele zamanzi olwandle: 1 - the lobola lily lily, 2 - the lily lily at the cystoid phase, 3 - the pentacrinus phase, 4 - kicker the stalk-bear viviparous sea lily Phrixometrus virx nge pentacrinoids that grow in the brood louch
Ukuthuthuka okwengeziwe kwalawa maqembu womndeni wanamuhla wolwandle kuqhubeka ngokuhlukile. Ezindlekeni zasolwandle ezigobhozile ezisalokhu zinamathele impilo yazo yonke, izingxenye ezengeziwe zesitayela ezintsha ziba ngasohlangothini lwe-calyx. Isiqu siyanda ngosayizi. Inezigaba ngazinye (ama-vertebrae) akhiwe enye ngaphezu kwenye, efana nesitaki sezimali. Izingxenye zesisekelo, ezixhunyaniswe ngokuhamba ngosizo lwemisipha futhi zibhobozwe enkabeni ngomgudu lapho kudlula khona izinzwa nezinye izitho, kukhula i-ciruse ehambelana nakho kwezinye izinhlobo kuso sonke isiqu, kwezinye kuphela kusisekelo sazo. Iminduze yolwandle iba ngokuphelele njengembali. Ubude besiqu seminduze yanamuhla bufika ku-75-90 cm, futhi izinhlobo zamathambo zazingama-giants real, aze afike ku-21 ubude m.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kweminduze yolwandle enga-stentless. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esingangenyanga nesigamu, inkomishi yabo ivele yahlukane nesiqu bese ishintshela esimweni sokuphila samahhala, bese kuthi lesi sikhwanyana sife kancane kancane.
Iminduze yolwandle egxilile iyizilwane ezindala kunazo zonke phakathi kwama-echinoderms anamuhla, kepha iye yatholakala muva nje olwandle. Ikhophi labo lokuqala latholakala ngonyaka we-1765 eduze nesiqhingi saseMartinique (olwandle i-Atlantic) futhi lichazwa ngaphansi kwegama "lolwandle". Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezingama-75 zeminduze ephilayo eyaziwayo, isatshalaliswa ikakhulu ekujuleni okukhulu, kuze kube ngu-9700 m. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iminduze yolwandle engenantambo ikhetha amanzi angajulile, ingatholakala ngisho nakuthambeka, ngakho-ke, izazi zezilwane zasendulo zaziwa kakhulu ukwedlula iziqu. Okushiwo ngezinhlobo zaseMedithera zase-Antedon kungatholwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVI. Iminduze yolwandle ephilayo yamahhala ithuthukiswa imangalisa ngokwengeziwe. Ezilwandle zanamuhla, izinhlobo ezingama-540 ziyaziwa, ezitholakala esifundeni esishisayo nasemanzini e-Antarctic nase-Arctic. Kodwa-ke, indawo esemqoka yokusatshalaliswa kwalezi zilwane ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Indian and Pacific Oceans. Yonke iminduze yanamuhla ingeyodwa ukulamulaiminduze ehlanganisiwe (I-Articulata) kanye ne izinkontileka ezingezansi, ezintathu zazo ezihlanganisa iminduze egobile futhi munye kuphela - ongenamithi (Comatulida).
Phakathi kweminduze egobile, abamele abaziwayo isizindaisocrinide (Isocrinida). Zinezindebe ezinde, ezicishe zibe yisihlanu, zithwele izindandatho zamakhola amakhulu kulo lonke ubude bawo, izintambo ezinhlanu ngazinye zitholakala kude. Imisebe yeminduze ihlotshiswe kakhulu, futhi umqhele wayo ufana kakhulu nembali. Le minduze cishe yayitholakala njalo ngokudayiswa lapho iphukile, ngakho-ke indlela yokunamathiselwa kwayo emgodini ongaphansi yahlala ingaziwa isikhathi eside. Muva nje, konke ukutholwa kutholwe kumakhebula we-telegraph. Kwavela ukuthi iminduze yolwandle lwalesi sifatshana inokukhuphuka kancane esisekelweni sesiqu, esinamathiselwe kwisendlalelo. Okunamathiselwe ku-substrate kuntekenteke, iminduze ivame ukuhlukana bese ihola indlela yokuphila engatheni noma encane, enamathiswa okwesikhashana yi-cirrus yesiqu entweni efanelekile. Kwakunokwenzeka ukubuka iminduze ephakanyisiwe kusuka phansi kwabaphukile, lapho indandatho yekirr eyayiseduze kakhulu nekhefu yayisongelwe ngaphakathi, isb. Yayisesimweni sokubamba.Iningi lezinhlobo zalesi sendatshana lingelokuqala uhlobo lweMetacrinus, emelelwe kakhulu esifundeni sase-Indo-Malay. Lapha ungathola iMetacrinus nobilis (Ithebula 17), ehlala ezinzulwini ze-250 m. Le ntwala inesiqu esicishe sibe mhlophe nesiphuzi esikhanyayo noma obomvu-umqhele osawolintshi.
Ekujuleni kwe-145-400 m ngasogwini lwaseJapan ungathola enye inhlobo - Metacrinus ukuphazamiseka. Inamathela kalula kunoma iyiphi into, njengoba icacisile izintambo ezifakwe ngozipho.
Emanzini ethu ungahlangana nabamele enye i-suborder yeminduze egobile - isizindamillericrinide (I-Millericrinida), ebonakala ngosayizi abancane, imisebe enamagatsha angaphansi, kanye nesigaxa esiyindilinga, sithwele amaseshele ngaphansi kwawo. Kulezi, kufanelekile ukusho okokuqala ezinye izinhlobo zohlobo olujulile lwasolwandle iBathycrinus, izinhlobo eziyi-9, ezisatshalaliswa ekujuleni okukhulu kwamanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo nasendaweni eshisayo.
Olwandle iPacific Ocean in the Commander Islands ekujuleni kwama-2840 m I-Bathycrinus complanatus yatholakala. Leli lincane elincane, elingamasentimitha ambalwa, lintekenteke linamathela endaweni engaphansi enezimpande ezimfushane ezitholakala kuphela esisekelweni sesiqu. Isiqu saso sonke singenayo i-cirr.
Eduze kakhulu nohlobo lwangaphambilini iBathycrinus pacificus, olutholakala eningizimu yeJapan ekujuleni kuka-1650 m. Ubukhulu bayo bancane, ama-calyx nemisebe aphuzi ngombala (Ithebula 22).
Uhlobo olukhudlwana lweNyakatho ye-Atlantic yi-Bathycrinus carpenteri. Ubude besiqu sabo bungama-27 cmnezandla - 3 cm. Isiqu siphela ngezimpande ezimbalwa kunalokho ezilukhuni okunamathisela isilwane endaweni ephansi. Kutholakele umbazi we-batikrinus eduze ne-Iceland, Greenland, Norway ne Svalbard ekujuleni kwe-1350-2800 m.
I-Rhizocrinus lofotensis yande kakhulu e-Atlantic Ocean. Uhla lwayo lusuka eNorway luye e-Bay of Biscay empumalanga ye-Atlantic Ocean nokusuka eDavis Strait kuya eFlorida engxenyeni esentshonalanga. Encane, inomusa lofoten rhizocrinusithwele inhloko-ugongolo emihlanu (kwesinye isikhathi i-4- ne-7-beam) ekhondweni elincanyana elingamasentimitha ayi-7, futhi inobubanzi obukhulu bokuhambisa ukusuka ekujuleni kuka-140 iye ku-3 000. m. Inamathela kwisakhiwo esingaphansi komhlaba, njengezinhlobo zangaphambilini, ezinezimpande ezincane, ezinhlamvu kakhulu.
U-fig. 132. Iminduze yolwandle egobile: 1 - Rhizocrinus lofotensis, 2 - Holopus rangii
Indlela ehluke kakhulu yokunamathiselwa yabamele eminye imindeni yama-millericrinids. Isibonelo, iProisocrinusruberrimus, yomndeni wama-Apiocrinidae, igxunyekwe emhlabathini ngesisekelo esilula saso. Le lily ihlangana ekujuleni kuka-1700 m eduze neziqhingi zasePhilippine. Isici saso sombala ngombala obomvu ngokumangazayo. Kunokucabanga ukuthi le minduze ingaqhuma bese intanta phezu kwesigcawu sesikhashana esithile.
Indlela eyingqayizivele ngokwengeziwe yokuthola umuntu omelele wesithathu isizindaiminduze ebunjiwe - I-Koretocrinida. Ukuphela kwezinhlobo eziphilayo zalesi sigatshana esikhulu esake saba sikhulu - iHolopus paint - yatholakala ngonyaka we-1837 oLwandle lweCaribbean ekujuleni kuka-180 m. Kusukela lapho, cishe yizimboni eziyishumi nambili ezimayini. isigqilakutholakala endaweni efanayo ekujuleni kuka-10 kuye ku-180 m. Le fossil ephilayo yangaphandle ifana nenqindi kugqekezu lwe-knight's (Fig. 132, 2). Isiqu sifinyeziwe, futhi okunamathiselwe engxenyeni engaphansi yenziwa ngesisekelo sendebe. Kulokhu, wonke amapuleti e-calyx, kungenzeka ukuthi amanye amapuleti esiqu, kanye ne-vertebrae yokuqala neyesibili yogongolo ihlangana ndawonye futhi akha ishubhu, isiphelo esingezansi salo siyanwebeka, sibambe ingxenye yedwala futhi sinamathele ngokuqinile kulo. Ngakho-ke, izitho zangaphakathi kanye nediski yomlomo yenyibiliko ifakwa ngaphakathi kwe-calyx enjenge-tube. Umlomo uvuleka maphakathi ne-disc futhi uzungezwe amapuleti amakhulu amahlanu abunxantathu. Zonke izandla eziyishumi zomnduze zinobukhulu obuhlukile, ngakolunye uhlangothi zikhulu kunezinye, ngakho-ke lapho zigoqwa ngendlela yoxhapho, isilwane sithola uhlangothi olugobile. Ukukhahlela ezandleni, ngokungafani neminye iminduze, kuguqukele ngaphakathi, kuya ngemuva komunye, kwakheka ishubhu elicishe liqhubeke njalo ngakunye kwe-ray. Ama-holopus adla, njengeminduze eminye, kwizilwane ezise-planktonic, ezilethwa emlonyeni ngemisinga yamanzi eyakhiwa amashubhu e-pinhole abangelwa isenzo se-ambulacra cilia.
IHolopus ingenye iminduze emincane yesimanje. Ubude besilinganiso sawo esikhulu kunazo zonke sifinyelela ku-6 cm.
Zonke izinhlobo ezingama-540 zeminduze engahambisani nenye yazo khiphacomatulide (Comatulida). AmaComatulides ahola indlela yokuphila yamahhala, ayabhukuda noma akhasa, agcina umlomo umlomo uphakeme njalo. Uma uguqulela amanye ama-comatulides ngomlomo ku-substrate, khona-ke futhi ngokushesha uthola isikhundla esifanele. Ama-comatulides amaningi (ngaphandle kwabamele umndeni I-Comasteridae) ihlala ihlukana nosizo bese ibhukuda isikhashana, iphakamisa ngomusa futhi yehlise imisebe eyodwa noma eminye. Abantu abaningi lapho bebhukuda basebenzisa izingxenye ezihlukile zemisebe yabo kuze kube yilapho izandla zihlanganyela ekunyakazeni. AmaComatulides ahamba cishe ku-5 m ngomzuzu, ngenkathi benza imivimbo ecishe ibe yi-100, kepha abakaze babhukude nakanye amabanga amakhulu. Ukubhukuda kwabo kunomlingisi odonsa ngamandla, okungukuthi, babhukuda bema, njengoba beshesha futhi baphumule isikhashana. Kukholelwa ukuthi akusekho ngaphezu kwama-3 ama-comatulides okubhukuda kokunye mkodwa ngemuva kokuphumula bayabhukuda futhi kuze kube yilapho bethola indawo efanelekile yokunamathiselwa. AmaComatulides anamathiselwe kwisigcawu ngosizo lwamakhola, inani, ukubukeka, ubude kanye nemvelo yazo kuncike kakhulu ekuhlaleni kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zeminduze. Isibonelo, ama-komatulids ahlala kumasilinda athambile anezindondo ezinde, ezacile, ezicishe zimboze ezingamboza izindawo ezinkulu zenhlabathi futhi zinikeze nokugcinwa okuhle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, iminduze ephila ematsheni ifakwe imisipha emifushane, egobile, igoqa ngokuqinile kunoma yiziphi izinto eziqinile. Ekunyakazeni kweminduze eminingi, izindiza azibambi iqhaza.
Ambalwa kuphela ama-comatulides angenandaba nokukhanya, njengeTropiometra carinata. Ingxenye ebalulekile yazo ithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinomthunzi futhi igwema ukukhanya kwelanga ngqo.
Uma ibhulokhi iminduze linamathiselwe iguqiselwe ekukhanyisweni, khona-ke ngokushesha isuka futhi iyingxenye yayo ephansi, enombala.
Umndeni omkhulu kunayo yonke le suborder uyi umndenianhedonide (Antedonidae) - zizonke izinhlobo ezingama-130 ezizihlobo ezingama-46. Hlangana anhedonides yonke indawo kusuka ku-littoral kuya ku-6,000 m, futhi zivame kakhulu ngaphandle kwezindawo ezishisayo. Phakathi kwazo, abantu abahamba ngama-10-ray kuqala, kanti abantu abane-beam multi-beam bavame kakhulu. Uhlobo lwe-Antedon oludume kakhulu futhi ngaphambili lwalunobungako manje luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-7 zaseYurophu kuphela. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zisondelene kakhulu futhi ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngobunjalo bemisebe, ubude nobukhulu be-cirr nokukhahlela.
Ku-Atlantic Ocean ngasogwini lweNgilandi, i-Ireland, iFrance, nePortugal, kuze kufike kuma-Azores ekujuleni kuka-5 kuye ku-450 m kungatholakala i-Antedon bifida. Lo mmbila uvame ukunamathiselwa ngemisele yawo emifushane, egobekile ngokuqinile ezintanjeni zamabhasikidi, wehliselwa ekubambeni izinkalankala, kanye neFrance engasogwini ngamanani amakhulu ahlala kuma-rhizomes kanye neziqu zasolwandle. Umbala wayo uhlukahluka kakhulu: kanye nabantu onsomi kakhulu onsomi, opinki, ophuzi noma owolintshi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abanamabala, bayatholakala. Imisebe emincane, eguquguqukayo ingafinyelela ku-12,5 cm. Zintekenteke kakhulu futhi zihlukana kalula nokuthinteka okuncane. Njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi, i-Antedon bifida iphula kalula imisebe yayo ekucasheni okuncane noma ingozi. Kuyivelakancane ukuthola isampula ebingaba nazo zonke izandla eziyi-10 ngokuphepha okuphelele, cishe njalo imisebe eyodwa noma ngaphezulu isesimweni sokuphinda yenziwe kabusha. Amandla okuvuselela kabusha we-anhedon akhulu kangangokuba uma usikwa waba izingxenye ezimbili, isigamu ngasinye sikhula sifinyelele kuso sonke isifaniso, bese kuthi idiski yomlomo esethwe ku-calyx isheshe ithathelwe indawo entsha, ngomlomo, ukuvuleka kwe-anal ne-grooves okuholela. Ukuphindukuzalwa akwenzeki kuphela lapho zonke izandla zisikiwe ku-lily. Kulokhu, lesi silwane siphelelwa amandla okudla nokufa.
U-fig. 133. I-lintless sea lily Antedon bifida
Lapho usuthisa, i-anhedon inamathele ngokuqinile kumakhilogrethi e-substrate futhi yelula izingalo zayo ngamaphinikhodi asatshalaliswa kuma-engeli angakwesokudla ezinhlangothini, enza uhlobo lwenethiwekhi. Indlela yokudla le minduze isaphenyisisiwe. IGislenom (UGislen T.).
UGislen waqaphela emanzini ase-North Atlantic Izinhlobo ze-Antedon petasus. Ama-anhedones alambile ahlala nemishayo ehlukanisiwe, ama-pinnulas aqondile kanye nemilenze ye-ambulacral eqondile. Lapho nje ukudla kungena ku-aquarium, yonke lily iqala ukusebenza: imvamisa imihlambi evaliwe ye-ambulacral, umlomo ovaliwe uyisiyingi, imilenze ye-ambulacral igobeke emseleni bese ilahla ukudla okuwe. Ngokushesha lapho izinhlayiya zokudla kanye nezinto ezincane zingene emiseleni, ngokushesha baqala ukuzimboza nge-mucus enamathela evezwa amaseli glandular womsele, futhi ngayo, ngenxa yokuhamba kwe-cilia, yathunyelwa kanye nemisele yemilomo emlonyeni. UGislen waphawula ukuthi kwi-anhedon yomlomo yediski bekubuye kube nokubuyela emuva kwe-cilia ku-interambulacra, okwakuqondiswe emaphethelweni ediski. Lokhu kugeleza kwendondo kuqhubekele izinsalela zokudla emaphethelweni ediski, lapho zazilahlwa khona lapho zahlanza idiski yokungcola. Ucwaningo lokudla luveze ukuthi luqukethe ingxube ye-detritus, iplankton kanye nezinto ezincane ze-benthic. I-Antedon petasus itholakala ogwini lweNorway, i-Iceland, ne-England ekujuleni kuka-20-325 m. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu, ibeka amaqanda ngqo emanzini, ngaphandle kokuwasondeza kuzikhonkwane zezandla, njengoba zenza, ngokwesibonelo, IMedithera (Antedon med bidianea) no i-adriatic anhedon (I-Antedon adriatica). Kuzo zombili izinhlobo zezilwane, ukuzalwa kwazo okuqala entwasahlobo noma ehlobo, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, amaqanda avundisiwe amiswa ngosizo lwe-mucus ovela kumapinnulas sowesifazane, lapho atholakala khona cishe izinsuku ezi-5. Isibungu esikhulwe ngokuphelele ngezintambo ezinhlanu zezintambo zokubamba eqandeni kusuka emaqanda.
Abamele olunye uhlobo lwama-comatulides bavame ukutholakala olwandle i-Atlantic. Ngakho-ke, emhlabathini onodaka ekujuleni kwama-50 m ngasogwini lwaseNgilandi kuhlala iLeptometra celtica, ehlukaniswa kalula ngemibala yayo eluhlaza okotshani noma omfushane kanye "nezimpande" zayo ezinde kakhulu - eziqine. Izintambo ezinjalo ezinde, ezidlula eceleni komugqa ongaphansi, zinike i-leptometer amandla okuphila ezinhlabathini ezithambile, ezibonakalayo ngaphandle kokuwela kuzo.
Ezilwandle zethu, amanzi abandayo ajwayelekile kakhulu i-heliometer (IHeliometra glacialis). Le lily enkulu ebunjiwe ophuzi ebubende isatshalaliswa ekujuleni kuka-10 kuye ku-1300 m kuzo zonke izilwandle zase-Arctic, enyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean, nasolwandle lwaseJapan nase-Okhotsk. Izinhlobo zaseMpumalanga Ekude zikhulu kakhulu, ubude bemisebe yabo bungafinyelela ku-35 cm, ezindaweni bakha ama-thickets wangempela ekujuleni kusuka ku-150 kuye ku-600 m.
Iminduze emikhulu efanayo, eduzane kakhulu ne-heliometer ebanda ngamanzi, ihlala e-Antarctic, ngokwesibonelo uFlorometra antarctica.
Phakathi kweminduze yase-Antarctic kunezinhlobo ezinakekela inzalo yazo. Iminduze unomusa Imibungu yePhrixometra ikhula emagumbini abantwana, futhi izinga lokukhula kombungu liyahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, e-Prixometra longipinna females, amakamelo we-brood akhiwe kanye nokukhahlelwa futhi kubekwa imibungu eminingi kuyo, yonke esesigabeni sokuthuthuka esifanayo. Lapho nje besakha izintambo zokubamba, bashiya umzimba kamama babhukuda emanzini ngaphambi kokudlula pentacrine isigaba. Ngokuphambene, enye inhlobo ye-Antarctic yomndeni kaBathymetridae - viviparous ama-freexometers (I-Phrixometra virx) - Imibungu emigqonyeni yezinkukhu zomama ihamba kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula, kufaka phakathi isigaba se-pentacrine. Kwabesifazane balolu hlobo, ungabona okuncane pentacrinusenamathiselwe yisigaxa esikhwameni sezingane zomama. Abancane bashiya isidumbu somama se-komatulidkoi encane eyakhiwe ngokuphelele.
Ithebula 17. I-echinoderms yanamuhla. Iminduze yolwandle: 1 - Metacrinus nobilis. I-Holothuria: 3 - Cucumaria japonica, 4 - iTrochostoma arcticum. I-Starfish: 2 - I-Ceramaster patagonicus, i-7 - i-Asterias enqesi. Ama-urchins wasolwandle: 5 - iRotula orbiculus, 9 - Stylocidaris affinis. I-Ofiura: 6 - I-Gorgonocephalus caryt, 8 - Ophiura sarsi
Ithebula 17. I-echinoderms yanamuhla. Iminduze yolwandle: 1 - Metacrinus nobilis. I-Holothuria: 3 - Cucumaria japonica, 4 - iTrochostoma arcticum. I-Starfish: 2 - I-Ceramaster patagonicus, i-7 - i-Asterias enqesi. Ama-urchins wasolwandle: 5 - iRotula orbiculus, 9 - Stylocidaris affinis. I-Ofiura: 6 - I-Gorgonocephalus caryt, 8 - Ophiura sarsi
Ukuthinta kwentsha kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-dimorphism yezocansi. Abamele umndeni Ama-Isometridae ahlala emanzini ase-Antarctic, i-pinata yezocansi yabesifazane ephethe izingane inwebeka ngendlela ye-arch, kuyilapho emadodeni kuhlala kuyinto evamile. Ngalezi zimpawu, ungahlukanisa ubulili ngokushesha, ngokwesibonelo, kwezinhlobo ezinjenge-Isometra vivipara. Kuma-pininulas amakhulu we-viviparous isometers amaqanda acebile nge-yolk akhula kuze kube yilapho ama-larva akha izintambo zomdlavuza. Ngemuva kwalokho izibungu zishiya ikamelo le-brood, kepha isikhathi sokubhukuda kwaso sifushane kakhulu: ngokushesha lihlala ku-cirrus yomuntu omdala, lapho lidlula khona isigaba esilandelayo, sokukhula kwe-pentacrine.
Maqondana nokunakekela inzalo, inani lamaqanda akhiqizwayo lehliswa kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ezinhlotsheni ze-Antarctic Notocrinus virilis, imibungu emibili noma emithathu nje kuphela esakhiweni esisodwa sokukhula ingatholakala ezikhwameni zama-brood. Izikhwama ze-Brood zalolu hlobo zinesimo segumba elifanelana nesisekelo sokhethiwe. Amaqanda angena kuwo asevele evundisiwe, ngokwephula udonga phakathi kwesikhwama se-ovary kanye nesikhwanyana sezinkukhu, nokho indlela yokufaka amaqanda ingakacaci.
Abamele eminye imindeni yama-comatulids nabo bakhombisa ukunakekelwa okufanayo ngenzalo, kepha lapha sifuna ukunaka kuphela izinhlobo ezihehayo kakhulu kusukela ngokombono we-biology noma ukusatshalaliswa kwabo.
Iminduze iyakhanga kakhulu ngokubukeka kwayo. umndeni Comasteridae. Lo mndeni omkhulu unezinhlobo ezingaba yikhulu zezizukulwane eziyi-19. Phakathi kwazo, amafomu e-multipath anqoba ngengalo aze afike ku-20-25 cmehlala emanzini osogwini wethropiki. Umbala wazo onezinyawo noma ogqamile uthuthukisa ukufana kwalezi zilwane ngezimbali (ithebhu 18-19). Abamele lo mndeni bahluke kwezinye iminduze ephila ngokukhululeka ngokuthi umlomo wabo udluliselwe emaphethelweni ediski, kanti i-anus ithathe isikhundla esiphakathi. Esinye isici sabo esihlukile yikhanda lomlomo eliyingqayizivele. Zinde, zinamagumbi amaningi amafushane, acindezelwe kamuva, ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwawo kukhona amazinyo anika iziphetho ukubukeka kwe-kick-sawtooth. Ngokusobala lokhu kuyithuluzi lokuthwebula noma ukusika izinto ezincane, kepha kukhona okumbalwa okuqaphelekayo kokusetshenziswa. UGhislen uphakamise lokho amahlaya ngenxa yama-pinnulas anjalo, anendlela eyengeziwe yokondla. Abasebenzisi ukudla kuphela ngokungena ngomlomo ngemikhondo yabo, kodwa, ngokungafani namanye ama-comatulides, bangabamba ngenkuthalo izilwane ezincane ngamaphinifa endle bese bezidlulisela kuma-grooves aholayo. Le ndlela yokucabanga ibuye ihambisane neqiniso lokuthi uhlelo lwe-ambulacral kuma-comasterids luyancishiswa ngandlela thile, futhi amathumbu isikhathi eside kunangeminye iminduze emide.
IThebula 18. Ama-echinoderms wamanzi angajulile ashisayo. Iminduze yolwandle: 1 - UGomatella stelligera, 2 - Pterometra pulcherrima. Holothuria: 4 - Brandtothuria arenicola, 7 - Stichopus chloronotus, 10 - Ludwigothuria atra. I-Starfish: 5 - I-Linckia laevigata, 11 - Oreaster nodosus. Ama-urchins wasolwandle: 6 - Heterocentrotus mammillatus, 8 - Colobocentrotus atratus. I-Ofiuri: 3 - i-ophiotrix coerulea, 9 - Ophiomastix annulosa
IThebula 18. Ama-echinoderms wamanzi angajulile ashisayo. Iminduze yolwandle: 1 - UGomatella stelligera, 2 - Pterometra pulcherrima. Holothuria: 4 - Brandtothuria arenicola, 7 - Stichopus chloronotus, 10 - Ludwigothuria atra. I-Starfish: 5 - I-Linckia laevigata, 11 - Oreaster nodosus. Ama-urchins wasolwandle: 6 - Heterocentrotus mammillatus, 8 - Colobocentrotus atratus. I-Ofiuri: 3 - i-ophiotrix coerulea, 9 - Ophiomastix annulosa
Ngokuvamile phakathi kwama-comasterid kukhona iminduze enobude obuhlukile bengalo. Izandla ezinjalo zihlukaniswe ngaphambili (ukudonsa) kanye nomuva (amafushane), okuveza imikhiqizo yokuzala. Iminduze efanayo, efana neComatula pectinata, inamathela ngokuqinile ezansi futhi ikhiphe izingalo ezinde zokubopha ezinde ezenziwe nge-ambulacral grooves fan-shape perpendicular fan ukugeleza.
U-fig. 134. I-lily lily Comatula pectinata (buka ohlangothini lwe-aboral)
IComasteride ayibonakali kangako intantayo, iyizilwane ezihamba kancane. Impilo yabo yabonwa nguClark (Clark, H.) eTorres Strait. Uqaphele ukuthi lapho ama-comasterid ephuma ku-substrate, ahamba kancane futhi kanzima ngokwelula izandla ezithile futhi abambe into efanelekile ngezihloko zokukhahlela, aqokomise imfihlo enamathelayo.Ngemuva kwalokho, inkontileka yezandla eziboshwe kanye nomnduze uyadonsa, ucindezele ngasikhathi sinye kusuka endaweni engaphansi enezandla eziphambene. Lokhu kukhasa kungaqhubeka amahora amaningi ngejubane lama-40 m ngehora, kuze kube yilapho lily ithola indawo enhle yokunamathiselwa. Uma i-lily inemisebe yobude obuhlukile, obonwa futhi ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseComatula, uzosebenzisa izingalo ezinde njalo ukwelula nokunamathisela entweni, futhi emifushane - ukuxosha kusuka endaweni engaphansi lapho udonsa umzimba -
Imvamisa, iningi lama-comasterid linamathele emhlabathini lisebenzisa i-cirr, kepha kwezinye izinhlobo ezihlala esihlabathini samakhorali, ama-cirr ayancipha, isigaxa esiphakathi sekomishi siphenduka i-pentagon eyisicaba elele cishe endizeni efanayo nemisebe. Iminduze efana, ngokwesibonelo, iComatula rotolaria, esatshalaliswa ezigodini zamakhorali esiqhingini sase-Indo-Malayan, imane ilele esihlabathini.
Ukwehliswa ngokuphelele kwe-cirr kungabonakala ku-198-ray Comathina schlegelli, ehlala eduze nasePhilippine Islands.
Inani lama-ray kuma-comathid e-multipath lingahluka ezimweni ezihlukile zohlobo olufanayo. I-Comatella stelligera (Ithebula 18) eneziqubulo, evame kakhulu emathambekeni e-Indo-Malaan Archipelago, isuka kuma-ray angama-12 kuye kwangama-43.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwamanye ama-comasterid asezindaweni ezishisayo, ukukhukhula kwemikhiqizo yezocansi kuhlotshaniswa nezigaba zenyanga. Kubonakele ukuthi ukuhlala emathafeni eningizimu yeJapan i-japanese commandus (Comanthus japonicus) ubeka amaqanda kanye ngonyaka engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Okthoba, lapho inyanga ikwikota yokuqala noma yokugcina. Imikhiqizo yezocansi ihlanzwa njalo kusihlwa, abesilisa bangabokuqala ukukhipha isidoda, esivusa izinsikazi ukubeka amaqanda. Amaqanda akhiqizwa ngokuklebhula izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu eziphakeme zokukhahlela, futhi yonke imisebe yama-lily ekhipha imikhiqizo yezocansi ngasikhathi sinye. Amaqanda agcotshwe afakwe egobolondweni, evame ukufakwa ezinhlakeni ezihlukene, izinaliti, njll. Kulesi membrane, amaqanda akhula aze afike esigabeni se-larval, afakwe izintambo zomusa.
Iminduze emihle eyenziwe ngopende ehlala ezindaweni ezishisayo ingatholakala phakathi kweminye iminduze yeminduze engahambisani. I-Amphimetra discoidea yinhle kakhulu, ibanzi ukusuka eJapan iye e-Australia ekujuleni kuka-5- 35 m. Ummeleli omkhulu umndeni I-Himerometridae, enezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50, inemisebe eyi-10 enhle ehlelwe kahle ngamathoni ansundu-ophuzi, kanti uStephanometra spicata (Ithebula 19) ovela emndenini waseMarimetridae unemisebe engama-20 apendwe ngamathoni abomvu-aphuzi.