Ichibi iBaikal - Ilabhorethri yemvelo emangalisayo futhi eyingqayizivele lapho ungatadisha khona impilo kumanzi ahlanzekile akwasha. izinhlobonhlobo okusha nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo njalo asathuthuka echibini. Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, iBaikal uqobo kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezikuwo umhlaba wazo kwenzeka ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yalokhu, leli chibi lihlalwa yizinhlobo zakudala zezinto eziphilayo ezavela echibini elincane ngaphambi kweBaikal, kanye nezinsana ezavela eLake Baikal uqobo. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-300 zama-lenyama futhi abacishe babe ngu-we amphipods kakhulu ezithakazelisayo crustacean, flat ehlukahlukene roundworms, ezinamagobolondo, izinambuzane, ama-mollusk izinhlanzi kanye uphawu (seal).

Izitshalo zeBaikal

IBaikal inezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-1000 zezitshalo zasemanzini! Ngaphezu ulwelwe, mayelana 20 zezitshalo zom zitholakala lapha. Amawindi namachibi aselwandle echibini, izindawo zalo ezivikelekile kanye nemifula yedoti enkulisa okunempilo okunjengotshani, umhlanga omncane, umhlanga, umhlanga, izimpondo kanye ne-sedge.

I-Algae yeBaikal

Eduze nogu lolwandle emaweni zonke eChibini iBaikal, ezindaweni ezisogwini emthambekeni ekujuleni kolwandle nelincane eziqhakazayo. Noma kunjalo, i-algae ihlala lapho. Uma ubheka ngokucophelela amatshe agudle ulayini we-surf ngoJulayi, Agasti nangoSepthemba, uzobona isitshalo esiminyene esiluhlaza njengotshani obomvu - ulocrix. Kancane ezijulile amatshe embozwe Imicu yotshani aphuzi ulwelwe ngokuthi didimosthenia, ngisho ezijulile (3-10 ngamamitha) uzobona ezihlabayo elincane iBaikal draparnaldia, okuyinto kanye kwakhiwa amahlozi aluhlaza. Amanye ama-algae ayabonakala futhi kulokhu kujula.

Inothile futhi ihlukahlukene kakhulu yi-phytoplankton - ulwelwe oluncane oluhlala ikakhulu kungqimba lwamanzi angenhla, lapho luthola khona ukukhanya okwengeziwe. Lawa diatoms ulwelwe segolide lasendulo. Izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zilwanyane zikhula kakhulu ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho ichibi lisagcotshwa ungqimba lweqhwa. Phakathi kwazo kukhona nama-diatoms abanda kakhulu: i-melisir, i-cittotella, ne-sinedra. Ikakhulukazi eziningi esobala ice izindawo kukhona obandayo futhi abandayo abathanda ulwelwe eziphambili.

Ehlobo, lapho amanzi egcwala, umhubhe othanda ukubanda ukhiqiza izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu ezithanda ukushisa - okuluhlaza okotshani, okuluhlaza okotshani, okusagolide nezinye izinhlobo zama-diatoms. Inani le-algae kuBaikal liyahlukahluka kuye ngesizini.

Reindeer

Ekhuluma ngezilwane ezincelisayo zaseLake Baikal, ezibalwe kwiNcwadi ebomvu futhi zisondele ekuqothulweni, akekho ongeke akwazi ukukhumbula imbala edumile. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba abantu baseRussia bazinze eSiberia, izingwe zasendle zazihlala cishe kuyo yonke insimu manje esekuyindawo yase-Irkutsk. Ngempela, lesi silwane esiyingqayizivele: kuba inyamazane kuphela emhlabeni kabani izimpondo sezigugile by kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane.

Uyakwazi nokuthola ukudla ngaphansi kwesithwathwa esisekujuleni kuka-120 cm. Ngokuqala kwentuthuko enkulu yezikhala, ngokulima kwamazwe, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, futhi kamuva ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamabhizinisi nemigwaqo, isibalo sabaqoqelalwazi basendle e-Eastern Siberia saqala ukwehla kakhulu, njengoba isilwane salahlekelwa yizindawo lapho sathola khona ukudla kwaso. Namuhla, kwemvelo emhlabeni jikelele alwa ukulondoloza lesi silwane ezingavamile, ngoba kukhona nakanjani akekho ukuze ufakele enye umnikazi we ehlathini.

I-Red Wolf

Impisi ebomvu ngesinye isilwane esicishe sanyamalala eRussia. Esikhathini esifundeni sase-Irkutsk sihamba emngceleni osenyakatho senhlobo lokhu umhlaseli. Abantu abanenhlanhla eyanele yokubona lesi sidlakela esingajwayelekile bathi kubukeka njengempisi, impungushe nehloka ngasikhathi sinye. Umbala obomvu ovuthayo womhlane, uhlanganiswe nesisu esikhanyayo nama-paws, umsila omnyama wenza lesi silo sibukeke kakhulu.
Ingabe ayithathe kancane amandla ayo: umhlambi omkhulu kwezimpisi obomvu esinganqoba ingwe noma ngwe yaseBengal.

Ukuzilolonga, kanye nokuswakama kancane kancane kwesimo sezulu kanye nomshini wokuchichima ojulile weqhwa nokutshala kwehlathi, kubangele ukuncishiswa kwezimpisi ezibomvu eRussia.

Izakhamizi ezincane kunazo zonke zeBaikal

Izidalwa ezincane kunazo zonke ezihlala eLake Baikal zibandakanya izinto eziphilayo ezineseli elilodwa le-protozoa: ciliates, rhizomes, flagella kanye ne-sporoforms. Alikho elinye ichibi elinokubaluleka okukhulu kangaka kwemikhakha yokuphila kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlala ekujuleni kwamanzi. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinduna zitholakala ngisho ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-600! Amanye ama-ciliates ahlala emanzini ngokwawo (izinhlobo ezingama-84). Abanye baphila ngokuxhamazelayo noma ngokuhlala emikhonweni yezingubo zemoll. Kepha onke ama-protozoa adla njengokudla kwamafomu ahleleke ngokwengeziwe.

Ehlobo, lapho amanzi esehlisa umoya, iziponji ezibanzi zamanzi akhanyayo amnyama aluhlaza wobume obuhlukahlukene, ngayinye enesimo esiyingqayizivele, iyabonakala emanzini.

Zonke izipanji zaseBaikal zihlala emhlabathini onamatye ezindaweni ezivulekile zechibi. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngohlelo lokusebenza olujulile "lolwandle" lukhombisa ukuthi zihlala ekujuleni okufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1000. I-Baikal sturgeon isebenzisa isiponji njengokudla.

Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezikelemu ezihlala eLake Baikal, kunezikelemu ezingavamile ezifuywayo (turbilaria ngesiLatin). Izikelemu ezinje, kanye nemipanji ehlala eduze neziphethu ezishisayo zaseFolikh, iqukethe amaphesenti angaba ngu-60 ekhabhoni yasendulo. Le turbilaria yeBaikal ibonisa ukwahluka okubanzi ngombala nosayizi. Anamaphethini akhanyayo ngemithunzi ehlukahlukene futhi angafinyelela osayizi ngamasentimitha angama-30 ubude namasentimitha angama-4-5 ububanzi lapho ebolile. Zonke lezi zibungu zingukuphela, zihlala kuphela ezindaweni ezivulekile zeLake Baikal.

Izibungu zeBaikal zidla ngaphansi kwechibi, lapho zibheka khona isisulu, zikhubazeke, bese ziyimboza nge-mucus bese ziyidonsa kancane emzimbeni. Ukondla izilwane ezigulayo nezibuthakathaka, ama-flatworms asebenza njenge-oda yezokwelapha.

Ngaphansi kwamatshe obumba futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, ezingxenyeni ezinesihlabathi ezingaphansi kwechibi, ukusuka endaweni ephakeme kuya emanzini ajulile, kukhona izidalwa ezimise okomhlonyane obunjwe - izikelemu - oligochaetes. Leli qembu lezibungu linezinhlobo okungenani ezingama-70, ezingamaphesenti angama-90 zazo ezihlala futhi zihlala emanzini avulekile eLake Baikal.

Phakathi kwezakhamizi ze-benthic, ama-oligocrates ahlala ezikhundleni eziholayo. Ingxenye encane yama-oligichs inyamazane, iningi layo liyingozi. Imvamisa basebenza njengokudla kwezinye izilwane ezihleleke ngokwengeziwe. Izibungu ezesabayo zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ezinqubweni zemvelo echibi. Mina u-Izosimov ukholelwa ukuthi ama-oligycetes angumfanekiso wethala lemvelo laseTertiary, elakhiwa kudala futhi laba yisifo sofuba, kanti iBaikal ibeka izinhlobo eziningi zezinto ezinendawo yazo yokuhlala evumela ukuthi bahlale kulo mzimba omkhulu wamanzi.

Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo zesikhumba, ummeleli onelukuluku lezimpethu okwenziwe ngombungu - policheta maasayunkia baikalica - uhlala echibini. Uhlala kumashubhu amancane akhiwe ngezinhlayiya zesilika nesihlabathi, ezihlanganiswe yinto ethile. Lesi simeleli esivamile sezidalwa zasolwandle noma zamanzi aqabulayo ahlala enhlabathini olunosilika osogwini, emasimini angenalutho, emagatsheni ezitshalo nakwezinye izindawo. Akukacaci ukuthi wafika kanjani eBaikal, kepha kunemibono eminingana ethokozisayo ngalokhu.

Baikal mollusks

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu zama-mollusks ahlala eLake Baikal. Zihlala emhlabathini onosilika noma onesihlabathi, ikakhulukazi ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-15-20. Ama-Shellfish awahambeli ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-30, futhi yizimbalwa ezimbalwa ze -fishfish ezivamile ezingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-100-150. Zincane futhi zinamagobolondo amancanyana abunjiwe ngenxa yamanzi abandayo nokuntuleka kosawoti we-calcium. I-mollusk inikeza ukudla okuhle kwama-sturgeon, i-whitefish, i-grey, i-goby nenyoka.

Cishe wonke ama-mollusk eBaikal angamalungu emindeni eyinhloko yeLake Baikal; atholakala emafomu awo okumbiwa ezindaweni ezigcinwe echibini elineminyaka eyisigidi ubudala. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu umndeni ongapheli wama-baikalid wezimo ezahlukahlukene nosayizi wamagobolondo, ahlotshiswe kahle izimbambo, i-keel, izibambo kanye namanetha amancane omoya.

Izinambuzane iBaikal

Ekuqaleni kwehlobo, ukuphela kukaMeyi-Juni, izimpukane zekadadis, izinambuzane eziboshwe emifudlaneni, ziqala ukundiza ngamandla. Lezi zinambuzane, ezaziwa nangokuthi "yi-broomstick" eningizimu yeLake Baikal kanye ne "lipochan" enyakatho, zigcwalisa umoya ogwini futhi ziqoqana ngoxhaxha lwaminyene emadwaleni, ematsheni nasezihlahleni futhi eduze kwamanzi. isigaba sabo omdala ihlala izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngokubekela amaqanda emanzini, izinambuzane zabantu abadala ziyafa. Izibungu zabo ziba pupae, kanti entwasahlobo zinamaphiko.

Ngenxa ukuchamisela ka caddis izimpukane, amabhere ukusheshe ogwini emithonjaneni yonke, singly noma ngamaqembu alingana nomkhaya, ukudla izinambuzane. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-graylings kanye ne-omuls “elula” ogwini - lolu hlobo lokudla lunempilo kakhulu! Phakathi kwezinye izinambuzane, ama-chironomid amaningi, anezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-60, kodwa yingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yazo ehlala eBaikal evulekile.

I esiyivelakancane iqhwa ingwe

Ingwe yeqhwa noma ingwe yeqhwa iyisilwane esiyimfihlakalo kunazo zonke eSiberia naseBaikal. Abathengisi baseRussia baboleka igama lomdlangi kubazingeli baseTurkey ngekhulu le-17. Kodwa akunjalo kudala, in the 80s yekhulu lama-20, abazingeli wendawo sebekubeke babukholelwe ebukhoneni nomzingeli, ebhekisela yokuthi okhokho noma omkhulu wabona ingwe iqhwa.

Kodwa-ke, okwamanje kuyaziwa ukuthi cishe izingwebe zeqhwa ezibalelwa ku-6- 6 zihlala esifundeni sase-Irkutsk, kanti zingaba ngu-30 eziseBuryatia.Konke, kungenzeka ukuthi kunezingwe zeqhwa ezingaphezu kwe-50 ezihlala e-East Sayan, kubandakanya nezingxenye zayo, eTyva naseKrasasarsars Territory. Lesi silo esingandile, kodwa esiyingozi kakhulu sikhulu kune-lynx futhi, ngokungangabazeki, singumzingeli omuhle kakhulu. Namuhla, ingwe iqhwa likhona Red Book of Russia, futhi izisebenzi zokuzithandela eziningi ezweni lonke abasebenza sokulondoloza ukwandisa zilwane.

I-Siberian Lynx

Isidlakudla somugqa omnandi sazivumelanisa nezimo zobusika obubandayo baseSiberia. Ubude umzimba yama-lynx ase ifinyelela 130 cm, kanti amaduna lingafika ku-70 cm okusezingeni eliphezulu. Isisindo esivamile isilwane 25 kg. Zinomzimba omnyama kanye nomsila omfushane, kanye namabhulashi wesimilo kumathiphu wezindlebe. Ama-Lynxes ahlukaniswa ngama-paws amakhulu kakhulu - imvelo yabavuza ngayo, ngakho kwakulula ukuba izilwane zihambe ngokuhamba kweqhwa futhi zehluleki. Umbala i-lynx yase kuyinto Smoky noma iba nsundu ngokubomvu nge tan.

Ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe

Isifunda saseBaikal namazwe aseduze asendaweni ephakathi kwenyoni enqabile enjengokhozi olunomsila omhlophe. Lena umhlaseli ngobukhulu lokushutheka ku esifundeni sase-Irkutsk, futhi kuyathakazelisa e ukuthi ingashintshwa ngokuphelele ekuphileni eduze nemifula emikhulu, amachibi, emaxhaphozini, ngisho emikhawulweni yolwandle, ekubeni umdobi onekhono. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela kwezinhlanzi, ukhozi luzifaka emzimbeni isikhathi esifushane. Usongo olukhulu kulezi zinhlobo ukubhujiswa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo - ukugawulwa kwamahlathi (kanye nokuphelelwa ngamandla) kwamahlathi aseduze kwezidumbu zamanzi, ukucekelwa phansi kwamaxhaphozi, kanye nokuzingela nakho kuyithonya elinamandla.

Namuhla le nyoni ezingavamile ivikelwe kokubili ngesikhathi Zonke-Russian kanye namazinga omhlaba.

Isihlungi esikhulu seBaikal - epishura

Abahlali bamanzi aleli chibi abaningi kunabo bonke abakwaCopepodae - iBaikal episcura. Sikhuluma usayizi okusanhlamvu esiphethe imana *, ubukhulu 1.5 amamilimitha angu ngaye sithi "giant". Kodwa-ke, yiyona crustacean yezinhlobo ze-crustacean ezibalelwa ku-96% we-Baikal zooplankton. I-Episcura idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kumjikelezo weLake Baikal. Lokhu crustacean kuyinto umthengi oyinhloko ulwelwe planktonic obala amabhaktheriya echibini ukuze filtration obuphelele. Akukhona ukweqiwa ukusho ukuthi i-Epishur isihlungi esikhulu seLake Baikal. Ngokusho kukaProfessor G. Galaza, usosayensi odumile (iLake Baikal, 1979), "ngonyaka, wonke ama-crustaceans alolu hlobo lwezinhlungi asukela ku-500 ayoku-1.

Ukuthuthukiswa ezinamagobolondo ku IChibi iBaikal liyindawo engavamile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi amphipods, iyiphi inombolo mayelana 300 zinhlobo kwechibi (ingxenye yesithathu yazo zonke gammarids eyaziwa emhlabeni!). Ngokuyisisekelo, ahlala ezansi, lapho angakwazi khona ukumbela phansi, acashe ngaphansi kwamatshe, akhasa ngaphansi futhi ahlalise kamnandi kwiziponji zaseBaikal, adle ngezindleko zawo.Emanzini angajulile, ahlukaniswa ngemibala egqamile nombono omuhle, ekujuleni okukhulu anombala, azimpumputhe futhi anezimpondo ezinde afuna ukudla ngazo emhlabathini.

Iningi lama-amphipods angabadli - izidakamizwa ezidliwayo. Zidla ama-invertebrates, izinhlanzi ezifile nezinye izinto. Kwesinye isikhathi abadobi, uma abanaso isikhathi sokuhlola amanetha abo ngesikhathi, bacosha noma izinhlanzi “eziqokiwe” noma amathambo angenayo yonke inyama. Ama-Amphipod angama-oda ahle kakhulu ezokwelapha, futhi futhi adla njengokudla kwezinhlanzi.

Phakathi kwama-amphipods, indawo ekhethekile ingeka pelagic (ohlala ekujuleni kwamanzi) i-crustacean - macrohectopus noma Jurassic, njengoba abadobi beyibiza kanjalo. I-Jurassic ingesinye sezingxenye eziyinhloko zokudla kwe-om, futhi ihlinzeka nokudla kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. IMacrohectopus iyisakhamuzi esihlala eBaikal esivulekile. Esikhathini sasemini, inqwaba yayo igcinwa eduze nongqimba olungaphezulu kakhulu lwamanzi angama-200-250 metres. Ebusuku, ihamba ngezendlalelo ezingaphezulu, izingela izilwane ezincane ze-planktonic.

IBaikal sturgeon

Ekhuluma ngabameleli abangajwayelekile bezilwane zaseLake Baikal, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungasasho izakhamizi zayo ezingaphansi kwamanzi. I-sturgeon yaseSiberia iyindawo encipha ngokushesha yamasurgeon ehlala emanzini angajulile, ezindaweni ezinkulu kanye nasemilonyeni yemifula emikhulu. AmaSturgeons eBaikal aphila iminyaka engama-50-60 noma ngaphezulu, afinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-100-130 wesisindo, amamitha ayi-1.5-1,8 noma ngaphezulu ngobude.

Ekupheleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka leyengcile, bangaphezu kwe-1000 emakhulu ema-sturgeon lebetimbiwa eBaikal nasemifuleni yalo.

Ngenxa yokuthi izingane zacishe zachithwa, ukudotshwa kwama-sturgeon ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwehla kwaba osayizi abangabalulekile. Kusukela ngo-1945, kwethulwa umthetho wokudotshwa kwama-sturgeon, futhi manje amasheya awo ayanda kancane kancane.

Inhlanzi yeBaikal

Izinhlobo ezingama-56 zezinhlanzi zihlala eBaikal. Iningi lazo kungama-gobies - ungqimba obanzi (“ibunzi elibanzi”, njengoba libizwa endaweni yangakini). Akhula eBaikal esuka kwifomu yakudala, efana nezinkunzi zakwa-Anadyr nezaseMichigan, eBaikal zimelelwa izinhlobo ezingama-32, ezingama-29 zazo ezingubhubhane. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, izinkunzi ziyizakhamizi ezijwayelekile zangaphansi, ezihlala kukho konke ukujula kwamanzi.

IBaikal futhi iyikhaya lezinhlanzi zasemanzini ezingenasisekelo ezasha kakhulu emhlabeni. Lezi zinhlanzi zikwazile ukugcina umbono wazo ngisho nasekujuleni okukhulu, yize zibona kuphela isithombe esimnyama nomhlophe.

Izinhlobo ezimbili zo-gobies, i-yellow fin ne-black crest, zihlala ekujuleni kwamanzi. Lezi zinhlobo ze-pelagic zihlala engxenyeni ephezulu yamamitha ayi-100 ubukhulu, zidla ababhishobhi nejura. Ukugcotshwa kwezinkabi ze-pelagic inkunzi (ezincane), ikakhulukazi lezo zezinkunzi eziphuzi, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-poyed (ukudla okujabulisayo), ngenye yezinto zokudla ze-om.

Mhlawumbe inhlanzi ethakazelisa kakhulu eLake Baikal yi-golomyanka (inhlanzi kawoyela), ngezindlela eziningi ehlala imangalisa. IGolomyanka - enkulu nezincane - ihlala eLake Baikal kuphela. Ubukhulu bawo abudluli amasentimitha angama-24, azinasikali, ziyi-pelescent (pelescent) ngombala nangokusobala. Zinamaphesenti angama-35 kawoyela okwelapha aqukethe amavithamini A. Golomyanka inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke eLake Baikal, izinsiza zawo zingaba ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-150. Kodwa-ke, akukho sigaba empilweni yakhe akabhukuda ezikoleni, ngakho-ke akafakiwe ohlwini lwezinhlanzi zokudla. Izakhamizi ezindala zithi kudala, ngemuva kwezivunguvungu, ama-golomyanks aqoqana ngasogwini, amanoni ancibilika futhi asetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-rheumatism, isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi kanye nokwelapha amanxeba angahlukumezi isikhathi eside. IGolomyanka yinhlanzi ethwala bukhoma, okuwukuphela kwenhliziyo yethu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ama-3000 aphilayo bukhoma ayazalwa. Iningi labesifazane liyafa ngemuva kokuzwa ingane. Kuyaqabukela, i-golomyanka ibeletha kabili, futhi ngisho nangaphansi, kathathu. Ama-Golomyanks ahlala emvelweni isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engu-6.

Le nhlanzi encane ingamelana nengcindezi enkulu ekujuleni kwamanzi e-Baikal. Ebusuku lukhuphukela phezulu kwamanzi, futhi phakathi nosuku lintanta ekujuleni okukhulu. Izazi ze-limnologists zathola ithuba lokubona ukusebenza kwe-golominki ekujuleni kwamanzi. Ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-1000 kuya ku-1400 noma ngaphezulu, i-golomyomka ihamba ngokukhululekile ngokulinganayo nangokuqondile, kuyilapho ngisho nakulesi sikhathi sokujula isibhamu singekho ngenxa yomfutho omkhulu.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-golomyanka izwela kakhulu ekushiseni kwamanzi. Izinga lokushisa lakhona elikhulu lifinyelela ku- + 5 ° C, futhi lokhu kugwema amazinga okushisa aphezulu. Akakwazi ukusinda ku-10 ° C noma ngaphezulu.

Inhlanzi eyinhloko yokudla eLake Baikal yi-om. Uma kukhulunywa ngobumnene nezimfanelo zenyama egcwele, u-om akazazi izimbangi zakhe. Inani labantu base-Om linhlanu: uSelenginsky, uChivyrkuisky, i-Ambassadorial, iNorth Baikal neBarguzinsky.

Ekwindla, ngesikhathi sokukhula, inani ngalinye lingena emfuleni walo. Isifiso sokuqhubeka nesizukulwane senza ukuthi u-omul anqobe iziphepho ezinamandla kanye nemifula yomfula. I-Caviar ihlala esihlabathini esinesihlabathi futhi esikhanyayo esinamandla abalekayo, futhi ukukhula kwezibungu zayo kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-8. Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene, iningi le-caviar liyafa: kungenzeka ukuthi lingcwatshwe ngaphansi kwesihlabathi kanye nosilika, noma abadli bezilwane abazidlayo. Ukuze kusizwe ukulondolozwa kwesibalo sabantu, kwakhiwa ama-hatcher echibini leChibi iBaikal, lapho kukhiqizwa khona izinhlanzi ezidliwayo ezibalulekile ngaphansi kwezimo zokwenza.

Ezitshalweni zokuzalela, amaphesenti angama-80 ezithelo zomdabu we-caviar ayaphila, kepha lapho elahlwa eLake Baikal, abhekana nezingozi eziningi. Munye kuphela ku-100 gry osindayo ukubuyela esizeni esidabulayo. Ngokwezindinganiso ze-ichthyology, leli yipesenti elijwayelekile! U-Admiral Nelson wake wathi "ama-cod amathathu azokwanela ukondla iLondon uma isizukulwane sawo sigcinwa ..."

Kuyaziwa ukuthi wonke ama-omuli angamaqembu amathathu emvelo nawokuziphatha: i-bentosabissal, pelagic kanye nogu. Izinsizakusebenza ze-om zinqunywa ubukhulu bezokudoba. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izindawo zokudoba ezinkulu kancane kancane ziyancipha, ngenkathi kunokwanda kokudoba okungamalayisense okudoba. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi namuhla ezindlini ezisogwini lweLake Baikal, abahlali bendawo bangakunikeza usawoti futhi ubheme u-om, osashisayo, ophekwe ngaphambi kwamehlo akho.

I-tastier ukwedlula i-omul yiBaikal whitefish, inhlanzi enamafutha, enamafutha engaba amakhilogremu ayi-12 noma ngaphezulu. Izinduna ezimnyama nezimhlophe zeBaikal zinikeza ukudoba okuhle kwezemidlalo. Ngemuva kokuwa kweqhwa entwasahlobo, impungushe emnyama yeBaikal, inhlanzi enhle enhle ngokumangazayo enemibala ephakeme yesibhakabhaka nemibala egqamile, ikhuphuka ingene emifuleni igelezela eLake Baikal. Unqoba ama-rapid nama-zaiomas (izinqwaba zamapulangwe ezinamathele emfuleni) aze afinyelela kumamitha ukuphakama ukuze kubonakale. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nesikhombisa kamuva, ukhokho unika impilo izibungu ezibuyela emuva eLake Baikal. I-brown grey ihlala emanzini athule echibini nasemifuleni esheshayo yezintaba.

Imisila kanye namalensi ahlala eLake Baikal, kepha i-sturgeon yeLake Baikal ithatha indawo ekhethekile e-ichthyofauna echibini, elihlala ikakhulu ezindaweni ezingumngcwabo weLake Baikal: esifundeni soMfula iSelenga, eProvali Bay, Chivyrkuisky naseBarguzinsky Bay. Ama-Sturgeons athuthela kulo lonke leli chibi, ikakhulukazi ogwini, lapho ebhukuda khona ngamabhayisekili namabhayisekili. Ngesinye isikhathi, ama-sturgeon abamba isisindo esingamaphawundi angama-250. Kodwa-ke, zikhula kancane futhi zivuthwe sekwephuzile. Abesilisa bangena ezikoleni ezivulekile lapho beneminyaka engu-15 kuya kwengama-28 ubudala, abesifazane - beneminyaka engama-21 kuya kwengama-37.

EBaikal kukhona izingwadla, izindlawu, ama-id, i-crucian carp, amaqhude, ama-eels nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, ezigcwele eSiberia. Bahlala ezinhlanzini zechibi, emaphethelweni angajulile nakuma-silt.

Ngawo-1940s, i-Amur carp yehliselwa echibini, manje umgwaqo wasempumalanga uhlala lapha, futhi umkhomo we-Amur ungena echibini ngohlelo lomfula iKhilok-Seleng.

Isigaxa seBaikal, noma uphawu, njengoba luvame ukubizwa kanjalo, bekulokhu kuyisasasa elikhulu. Lesi silwane sihlala kanjani echibini iBaikal, ngoba izihlobo zaso eziseduzane zihlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ye-Arctic nasentshonalanga yoLwandle iCaspian? Ngokomunye umbono, kwabekwa uphawu eBaikal kusuka e-Arctic Ocean ngokusebenzisa uMfula iLena ngezikhathi zangaphambi kohambo, ngenkathi iyingxenye yohlelo olulodwa neBaikal. Lo mbono uqinisekiswa iqiniso lokuthi ukuhlaziya kwe-chromosome neminye imininingwane iqinisekisa ukuthi i-Arctic fur seal iyisihlobo sayo esiseduze kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kunokwehluka okuningi phakathi kwezimpawu zamanzi nezimpawu ezihlobene. Izimpawu zasolwandle zeBaikal zinhle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi izintokazi.Ziyahlukahluka kwezinye ngombala wesikhumba okumpunga kwesiliva nokuthi ezinamalitha ama-2 wegazi ngaphezulu.

Ngokwe kugcinwa abasebenzi Limnological Institute, uphawu uyakwazi dive a ka cishe 300 metres ukujula. Phakathi ukucwiliswa, izinqubo zayo umzimba siphele, futhi ngenxa myoglobin liqhubeka kwezimila intravicereal, kuyilapho izindonga imithambo yegazi balahle cholesterol. labantu bayo, ngokusho ulwazi etholwe abacwaningi E. Petrov futhi M. Ivanov, kuyinto izilwane okungenani 100,000. Noma kunjalo, emakhulu amabili eminyaka adlule, uPeter Simon Pallas wabhala ngokudabukisayo ukuthi "umonakalo ongalungiseki wenziwa ngemikhonto nangezinkemba zeLake Baikal, kanti nezimpawu zomzimba azisabonakali eSouthern Baikal ..."

Ebusika, lapho echibini embozwe ungqimba obukhulu ice, uphawu kwenza izimpiko abukhali ngokusebenzisa yomoya (emigodini iqhwa). Eduze, e umhume seqhwa, inkomo sizala eyodwa noma, akuvamile, ezimbili amawundlu ngophawu. Ekuqaleni zingabantu ophuzi ngombala. Emavikini amabili kamuva, iba mhlophe, futhi kamuva athole indondo enhle yesiliva.

inhlanzi Ama-nerpa udla, okungadingi badlala indima ebalulekile embonini yezokudoba, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba iBaikal-ecosystem (gobies akha amaphesenti angu-20, futhi golomyanka - amaphesenti angu-80 ekudleni kwabo). Nsuku zonke ibusa okungenani 3 amakhilogremu zezinhlanzi (ton ngonyaka!). Awekho amazwi angachaza umuzwa eyayisele ngemva kokuhlangana nge endaweni ethile ephilayo uphawu echwebeni ethule noma eduze eziqhingini Ushkany. Ukukhanya okukhanyayo, okuvulekile kwamehlo amakhulu esibonakaliso, kuyokhanga wonke umuntu. Kwaphela amahora ambalwa, izilwane zingenwa yokuthamela ilanga ngenkathi edlala izihlobo zabo.

Ebusuku whiskered

Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingavamile nelulwane. Kuyaphawuleka ngosayizi wayo omncane nombala obomvu onsundu. Isici se-Intshebe ebusuku ukuma oblong kwezindlebe. Kungatholakala kubhalwe lapha eduze indawo entabeni, ikakhulu ebusuku. Ngobusuku whiskered kuyinto umhlambi wezilwane. Eqenjini elilodwa, kunabantu abathathu kuya kwabangu-20. Lesi silo kuyinto umhlaseli. Yena kuzingelwa ebusuku, eduze umqhele lokhuni.

I nightlight whiskered izimpukane ngokushesha ngokwanele, ngenxa yalokhu, cishe akunakwenzeka ukulandela sayo. Uyasaba amakhaza, ngakho-ke ubhabhela eningizimu ebusika. Isibalo ebusuku Intshebe nge amadevu kuyehla ngonyaka. Ososayensi ungenayo i impendulo ngqo kulokho lokhu ehlangene. Kukhona kucatshangwa ukuthi ukugawula izihlahla ku iChibi iBaikal Uphatha kabi labantu bayo.

Ubusuku baleen Baikal

IBaikal uphawu

Lokhu ummeleli we iBaikal izilwane iyona sendawo kakhulu odumile kuleli chibi. Seal liwuphawu eyinhloko lezi zindawo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuyizingela ukuze kukhishwe uthuthu olubalulekile, inyama namafutha. Namuhla, ukuzingela akuyona uphawu Nokho, akuyona yisigwebo umthetho, ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu emphakathini, iziphathimandla labeka imingcele ukuzingela yayo.

Kuyathakazelisa, kodwa kuze kube yilolu suku-ke Akwaziwa ngokuthé ngqo ukuthi uphawu sahlala iChibi iBaikal. Ngokusho inguqulo ethandwa kakhulu, isilo lapha ngisuka e-Arctic Ocean ku Ubudala Ice.

Eqinisweni, uphawu luphawu olukhulu lokuthi, ukubhukuda emanzini, ngezikhathi ezithile kubhukuda ngasogwini ukuphefumula umoya. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uphawu esincelisayo iBaikal kuphela.

Ukuze uthole inhlanzi, bona ngena ezijulile ngaphansi kwamanzi, amamitha angaphezu kuka-150. Zafika lapho, zatholana kungaba kusuka imizuzu 20 kuya ku-30. INerpa iyisidalwa esiyingqayizivele, ngoba ingaqeda ukukhulelwa ngokwayo, uma kwenzeka iqonda ukuthi azikho izimo ezifanele zokukhulisa inzalo.

Nokho, ngokwemvelo lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu kuyaqabukela. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuthuthukisa umbungu esibelethweni uphawu zesifazane imiswe okwesikhashana, okungukuthi, iwela utiligi. Kulesi simo, aphambukele kuze sokukhulelwa olandelayo. Ngakho-ke, uphawu lwabesifazane lungazala abantu abangu-2 ngasikhathi sinye.

Saker Falcon

njengoba nezilwane ezihlukahlukene iBaikal okuhlukahlukene, kunezinyoni ezihlukile ze-Falconiformes ye-oda. Omunye wabo kuyinto saker. Ngobukhulu, lesi sidalwa sifana igwababa kunokuba ukhozi. Ngemuva saker kuyinto brown, futhi phambi kwalo ulula ngemibuthano omnyama grey. Umbala wabantu abasha unombala ogqamile.

Saker Falcon kuyinto inyoni edla inyama empumalanga ukuthi Usizakala umdlalo encane, ikakhulukazi Gopher.Ubasa izidleke kuphela izihlahla ezinde, ukuze ngenkathi kokuthatha off, uyokwazi ukuba uqalaza County kahle, ziyofuna ukudla. Ngaphansi ngokuvamile, saker luhlala ku yokhalo eduze kwamanzi.

Ngenxa yokuqothulwa okusheshayo kwehlathi lasendaweni kule minyaka eyi-10 edlule, izinsizakusebenza zeFage Falcon sehle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, manje le inyoni edla inyama kuyinto onqenqemeni yokuqothulwa.

IBaikal omul

Lesi silwane ngesigaba sezinhlanzi ze-salmon. bamba wakhe sibaluleke kakhulu embonini yezokudoba Russian. Lesi sidalwa itholakala kuphela emanzini wendawo. Kusukela ku-omuli balungisa indlebe, i-casserole, amaphayi. Bona ukupheka, Fry it, ngibheme ke, njll isidlo ngamunye wenza kusukela le nhlanzi lokudla okumnandi kakhulu, ngakho izivakashi ngokuvamile ubacela ukupheka iBaikal omul.

Esikhathini kusuka phakathi no kuya ekupheleni kwekwindla, usafunda eziyizimbangela. Izibungu ezincane ezi-1 cm ziyavela emanzini ngo-Ephreli. Usayizi ngabanye isilinganiso 50 cm, futhi isisindo 900 g. Akuvamile kakhulu ukubamba omul ezinkulu, ogama Ubungayethemba ukufinyelela 4-6 kg.

Moose elk

Enye yezinhlangano ezinkulu kunazo iBaikal izilwane. Isisindo wesilisa ovamile kuyinto 500 kg, ubude umzimba 2 m. Bahlanganyela axazulule ogwini, kancane kaningi ehlathini.

Lapho indunduma iba mdala, izimpondo zayo ziyakhula. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-15 ubudala, abayeke asathuthuka. By the way, isilinganiso sobude bokuphila kwabantu alesi silo enhle uneminyaka engu-30. Izimpondo zesilwane ziyawa futhi zikhule kabusha unyaka nonyaka.

Shaggy amaphiva iyisilwane uhlaza. Esikhathini nobusika, akudlayo amagxolo lokhuni. Kunjalo isilwane iBaikal esitfombeni Kubukeka zasebukhosini. Kepha izivakashi azivami ukuphatha ukujabulela ukubukwa kwaso bukhoma, njengoba ama-moose eschews abantu.

Ipigogo ebusuku

Lokhu kwezinambuzane oda Lepidoptera ingenye ezisengozini iBaikal abameleli nezilwane. Ihlala kuphela esifundeni sehlathi, ezimfundeni naseziphethweni zokhuni. Lapho imikhuhlane woza, iso ebusuku peacock uphephela oki, willow, ama-raspberry nezinye izihlahla, kanye nezihlahla.

Ngokubukeka, isinambuzane sifana inundu noma uvemvane. Umzimba wayo ufinyelela ku-4-5 cm ubude, namaphiko - ama-6-7 cm. Abantu abaphuzi, abampunga nabpunga batholakala ezifundeni zasendaweni. A black indilinga lencane sibonwa ngasinye sinamaphiko 4.

Lamprey Nzalo

it eziphilayo yezilwane iBaikalivuliwe onqenqemeni yokuqothulwa. Umjikelezo wayo wokuphila wenzeka kuphela emanzini amasha, acebisiswa ngenani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo. Isikhathi isilinganiso isifula lamprey uneminyaka engu 6. Namuhla, kunezinguqulo ezingaba ngaphansi kuka-1000 abantu emanzini wendawo.

Umzimba we-lamprey inyoka. It has amaphiko ngokwanele, ngasinye sazo ehlukaniswa igebe. Amehlo lesi silwane kukhona ampofu, ngakho-ke, ngisho emanzini, awusebenzi ukubona kahle.

IBaikal river lamprey

Snow Leopard

Igama lesibili alesi silo enhle iyona ingwe iqhwa. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, lo ngummeleli oyimfihlakalo kakhulu wezilwane zasendaweni. Akuwona wonke umuntu ophilayo ku iChibi iBaikal kungaba ozibongayo nokuthi wayekubonile ingwe iqhwa okungenani kanye.

Yebo, lokhu kuyinto isilwane ivelakancane. Ensimini yendawo akukho abantu abangaphezu kwe-50. Irbis kuyinto umhlaseli Nokho, cishe never eyohlasela umuntu, ngoba wesaba. Njengoba okuzingela, kunzima kakhulu ukubamba lesi silo enamandla.

Isisindo sengwe yeduna leqhwa besilisa sisuka ku-50 saya ku-65 kg. Izinsikazi ezincane kuno kwabesilisa, ngakho bacabangela kancane, kuze 45 kg. lesi silwane Njengoba kungokwalabo umndeni ikati, ukuzingelwa ngokuyinhloko kusukela ukuqamekela kwakhe.

Ingwe yeqhwa ihlasela ngokuzumayo, njengoba yayisimboze ngaphambili. Lapho wakhetha isisulu, amathuba kangangokuba akakwazanga ukufihla kwaba omncane. Isilo kuzingelwa ungulates, onogwaja, onogwaja, izinqama nezimpongo. Ukudla, ingwe yeqhwa idinga kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-4 kg yenyama entsha ngosuku.

Sandpiper

Lena inyoni encane futhi enhle kakhulu oqhubeka uphila iChibi iBaikal. Kungokwesigaba samabhokisi esihlabathi. Isici se-sandpiper kuyinto ngoqhwaku lwayo engezwa mncane iqonde, okuyinto sifushane kunalokho nezinye izinyoni. Kuthiwa nguye futhi owenza zihlukaniswa kwabanye by eside iminwe mncane.

Ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile semilenze, inyoni ihamba ngokushesha emhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, izivakashi ngokuvamile uphatha ukubona zinyoni ezincane ukugijima ogwini zonke eChibini iBaikal, lapho ukudida izilwane.

Phansi wabo zaveza ezimhlophe, phambi - brown.Ngesikhathi sebusika, iba mnyama kakhulu. Ama-sandpipers enza izidleke eziqongweni zezihlahla, esikhathini esiningi emithini. Ukuze wenze lokhu, basebenzisa utshani bangonyaka odlule noma amaqabunga e-willow.

Ngokungabonakali, isidleke sale nyoni encane sivezwa sibuthakathaka. Kuyindiza enendawo encane yokuphumula. Ama-sandpipers abeka amaqanda ekuqaleni kwehlobo, kamuva maphakathi. Imichilo embozwe izimpaphe kungakapheli izinyanga eziyi-1.5 ngemuva kokuqandeka iqanda.

Hare hare

Lesi ngesinye sezilwane esande kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngenxa yokuzalwa kabusha ngokushesha, inani lama-hare endaweni yasendaweni liyanda minyaka yonke. Naphezu kokubukeka okuhle, bonke abazingeli beLake Baikal bayadla.

Lolu hlobo lwe-hare lukhulu impela. Isisindo sowesilisa ojwayelekile ngamakhilogremu angama-3-4, kanti izinsikazi ziyi-2-2,5. Ukukhula, afinyelela ku-60 cm ubude. Enye into ehlukile yabelungu beBaikal ngumsebenzi wabo owedlulele. Cishe sonke isikhathi sokuvuka bayasebenza.

Umhlanga ungowesigaba sezilwane ezinamakhambi. Ngenkathi efudumele, badla izimpande, amajikijolo kanye namaqabunga, futhi emakhazeni - amagxolo okhuni. Wonke umuntu uyazi lesi silwane njengokuzalela okusheshayo. Minyaka yonke, unogwaja osemdala unika izingane ezimbili kuya kwezingu-5, okungukuthi, onogwaja abangaba ngu-30.

I-sturgeon yaseSiberia

Inani lale nhlanzi eBaikal lehla minyaka yonke. Lokhu kungenxa yokubanjwa njalo kwe-sturgeon. Le nhlanzi isabalele kulezi zingxenye, itholakala emanzini angajulile nasekujuleni echibini. I-sturgeon yaseSiberia yinhlanzi ehlala isikhathi eside. Isilinganiso sokuphila kwakhe esijwayelekile siyiminyaka engama-50. Ubude obujwayelekile bomuntu buzi-1.5 metres, isisindo - 120 kg.

Duck Mallard

Lesi sidalwa esiphilayo, njengophawu, "siyikhadi lokubizwa" leLake Baikal. Mallard duck mallard izikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi 1.5 kunokujwayelekile. Imvamisa itholakala echibini. Ikhanda linombala oluhlaza ogqamile, uqhotho luphuzi, i-sternum ibe nsundu, kanti emuva inge-orenji. Kwabaningi, inyoni enjalo ingahle ibonakale njengemotley, kepha lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya liyehla, kuba mnyama kakhulu.

Amadada eMallard akhulisa izidleke zawo eduze kwamanzi kuphela. Ama-massifs asentabeni e-Baikal awunawo. Eduze nobusika, athuthela eningizimu, lapho amanzi engabandi khona. Ngokumangazayo, inyoni enje nge-mallard duck inomusa kakhulu ekuqopheni inzalo. Umama wesifazane uchitha amasonto amathathu kuya kwamane namantshontsho akhe, angakabi nesikhathi sokubopha, futhi awazithebe njalo. Isikhathi sokuqala, uphatha cishe amaqanda ayi-10.

Mallard Ducks Owesilisa nowesifazane

Inyamazane yedlozi

Ngokuhlangana okokuqala nesilo esinjalo okokuqala, engakaze ezwe lutho ngaye ngaphambili, umuntu angamesaba ngokweqiniso. Ngempela, lapho uqala ukubuka, uyisidalwa esingenazimpondo, kepha kufanele unake umlomo wakhe, njengoba ngokushesha ebukeka eguqula ihlosi. Ukuba khona kwama-fangs amakhulu kulesi silwane kuhlotshaniswa nesidingo saso sokudla kwe-lichen. Usikhipha kalula esihlahleni, ngenxa yamazinyo akhe.

Abahlali bendawo banenganekwane yokuthi umaskandi wezinyoni wazalwa ngenxa yothando lwenyamazane ne-lynx. Impela, abukho ubufakazi besayensi kulokhu. Kuze kube manje, isilo sisezingeni lokuqothulwa.

Isizathu ukunakwa okukhulu kwabazingeli kumaskandi wabo, into eye yathola ukusetshenziswa ekuphekeni, emithini nakwezamakha. Ubude bomzimba womuntu ojwayelekile buyi-90 cm, isisindo - 15 kg. Izinyamazane ezingamaduna ezinde zinde futhi zikhulu kunezinsikazi.

Imuzzle

Inyoka enkulu kangako ayinakubizwa. Ubude bomzimba wakhe buba amasentimitha angama-70. Isici sale nhlobo yintamo eyenziwe kahle futhi eyakhiwe, kanye nekhanda elikhudlwana neliyindilinga, yingakho igama - shchitomordnik.

Kunezinhlobo ezi-4 zenyoka enjalo eBaikal:

Umzimba wonke we-muzzle, noma ngabe uluhlobo luphi, umbozwe amabala ansundu. Kubantu abadala, cishe bangama-40 kubo.

Wolverine

Lesi silwane esidla inyama singokwesigaba se-marten. Ekuqaliseni kokuqala, kungabonakala sengathi iWolverine iyisilo esesabekayo futhi esiqaphile ngokweqile. Lokhu kungumbono ongaqondile. Eqinisweni, ungomunye wabazingeli ababi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokubukeka, lesi silo sifana nebhere elinsundu elinciphile. Ubude bomzimba obumuntu obudala bungama-90-100 cm.

Isici seWolverine ukuthi uthanda ukuhamba ngezinyawo. EBaikal, umuntu angavame ukuthola ukuhamba ngokuthula, okumnandi, ngokubuka kokuqala, izilwane.Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuhamba lapho isilwane sifuna inyamazane.

Idla ikakhulu ngamagundane. Uma bekungenakwenzeka ukuthola ukwelashwa okuthandayo, uWolverine ngeke awadelele amaqanda enyoni, azowathola esidlekeni, futhi futhi u-carrion. Kuyaqabukela, lo mbizi uhlasela ama-herbivores amakhulu, njenge, ngokwesibonelo, inyamazane. Kepha bahlasela kalula isilwane esilimele noma sifa.

I-toad yaseMongolia

Inani lalesi silo lehla minyaka yonke. Ubukhulu be-toad yaseMongolia bujwayelekile - 6 cm - females and 8 cm - men. Isici sayo esiyinhloko umbala omhlophe-oluhlaza. Idala li-toad, liba mnyama umhlane walo. Ukwazi lokhu, umuntu angahlukanisa kalula umuntu omdala nomncane.

Lolu hlobo luhlala emilonyeni yabaphethi bendawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimanzi. Izivakashi ziyakwazi ukuhlangana nesihlabo seMongolia echibini lesimanje leChibi iBaikal, njalo.

Muskrat

Lesi silwane esihlekisayo singokwesigaba samagundane asemanzini. I-muskrat incane kune-natiria noma i-beaver. Isisindo sakhe esijwayelekile singama-1.5 kg. Yize iqiniso lokuthi lesi silwane besisemanzini isikhathi eside, empeleni asibandi. Lokhu kungenxa yoboya obukhethekile obungamanzi.

Isisu se-muskrat silula kunasemhlane waso. Ilungu ngalinye lesilwane linamalungu ambalwa amancane. Lokhu kumvumela ukubhukuda kahle futhi ukuhamba ngokushesha emanzini. Ngendlela, umsila ubamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekunyakazeni kwamanzi kwe-muskrat, yona, njengamanye izinduku eziningi, isebenzisa njenge “wheel wheel”.

EBaikal, lezi zilwane ziphila kusuka eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwengu-8. Ukhetha indawo yokuhlala ngokucophelela. Isimo esibalulekile kuye isamba esikhulu sezimila kanye nokuba khona kwamanzi amasha. I-muskrat idla izinhlanzi ezincane nezimila.

Lesi isilwane esiyingqayizivele, esidalweni esidlala indima yomakhi wangempela. I-muskrat yakha izindlu ezi-2-nyaya uma kwenzeka kukhuphuka izinga lamanzi. Imvamisa bakha izakhiwo ezengeziwe, bezisebenzisa njenge-pantry yokugcina ukudla ebusika. Ukungena "eqhugwaneni" elinjalo, lesi silwane kuyofanela sigqolozele ngaphansi kwamanzi.

IBaikal muskrat

Ibhele elinsundu

Lesi ngesinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ezitholakala futhi eLake Baikal. Lapha angababusi bangempela bemvelo. Ezinye izilwane zesaba ukudliwa ibhere, ngakho-ke azithandi ukuhlangana nazo. Futhi uma, noma kunjalo, lokhu kwenzeka, akukho okusele okufanele kwenziwe ngaphandle kokuphunyuka.

Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuvami ukwelulekwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngoba, njengoba wazi, ibhere eli-brown lihlasela kuphela uma lilambile. Ingozi enkulu kumdlalo omncane ibhere lowesifazane, elinakekela inzalo. Uma afunda ukunyakaza endaweni engaba kude, ngokuqinisekile uzohlasela.

Ubude bomzimba ojwayelekile walesi silo ngamamitha ayi-1.5 futhi isisindo sawo singama-250 kg. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ukudla okuthandekayo kwalesi silwane izinhlanzi. Udla futhi amajikijolo nezimpande. Kepha uthando lwezinhlanzi lwenza ukuthi kube nokuchitha ibhere elinsundu ngasemfuleni isikhathi esiningi. Bacasha emacansini.

Yehla

Lesi silwane esincane singokwesigaba sama-hamsters. Yabizwa ngokuthi "i-dropsy" ngenxa yesifiso sokuhlala eduze kwamanzi: imifula, amachibi, imifudlana, njll. Kuningi eLake Baikal. IDropsy ingenye yamagundane asakazeke kakhulu eRussia, angatholakala cishe kunoma yisiphi isifunda. Ubude bomzimba womuntu bufika kuma-cm angama-30. Isici salesi silwane izindlebe zaso ezincane. Ngemuva kwe-fur enkulu eminyene, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyenza.

Naphezu kokubukeka kwayo okuhle nokuhlekisayo, i-dropsy ibhekwa njengesilwane esiyisinambuzane, ngoba, ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, ithanda ukuhlala ezivandeni, kudabula izimbobo ezijulile lapho.

Ukudla akuthandayo yizibungu. Ngaphezu kwazo, i-dropsy idla amagxolo enkuni kanye namahlumela ezitshalo ezithile. Uthethelela isihloko esithi "inkathazo" ngokudla izitshalo zasengadini. Umuntu oyedwa onjalo ngenkathi eyodwa yezolimo angadala umonakalo kumamitha ayi-50 wesitshalo.

Boar

Into yokuqala ehlukanisa izingulube zasendle zeBaikal nengulube ejwayelekile isigaxa sayo esinde esiminyene esimboza wonke umzimba. Ngendlela, ekhuluma ngomzimba wesilwane, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inokwakheka okuthe xaxa futhi okucashile.

Umehluko wesibili phakathi kwengulube nengulube ukuba khona kwama-2 fangs abukhali aphuma emlonyeni. Zikhetha ukuhlala emahlathini aminyene. Kodwa izingulube zasendle zivame ukuya ezindaweni eziphakemeyo.

Ukudla kwe-baikal boar kufaka phakathi: ama-acorns, amantongomane, ama-bulbs ezinye izimbali, izibungu, ama-rhizomes nezinambuzane. Kwesinye isikhathi abanandaba nokudla amaqanda ezinyoni noma izilwane ezincane.

Ama-boar asendle akavamile ukuhlasela abantu. Ukuze usebenzise inqubo yokuvikela, udinga ukuwela umkhawulo wayo. Zonke izinhlobo ezibhekwe ngathi namuhla, ngokubambisana, zakha umhlaba wemvelo oyingqayizivele ofanele ukukuvikela.

Omama

Elk

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Wolverine

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I-Red Wolf

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Bear

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I-Lynx

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I-Irbis

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Umvundla

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Impungushe

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I-Barguzinsky sable

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Umvundla

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I-Vole

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Altai pika

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I-Groundhog enamakhompiyutha amnyama

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Boar

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Roe deer

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Reindeer

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Izinyoni

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I-Sandpiper

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Mallard

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Umlilo

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Isiliva gull

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Gogo

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Ukhozi lwegolide

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I-Saker Falcon

I-snipe godwit

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IGreater Grebe (Chomga)

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I-Cormorant

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I-Curlew

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I-Eastern Swamp Lun

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Intaba engenalutho

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I-Daur crane

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Ibhokisi lesanti elide

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Izakhamizi zamanzi

I-Baikal seal

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I-Whitefish

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Lenok

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Taimen

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UDavatchan

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Golomyanka

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Omul

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IBaikal sturgeon

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Okumnyama kwe-Baikal grey

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Ubuso obubanzi obubanzi

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I-Yellow-mapiko Goby

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I-Arctic char

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Pike

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Bhizi

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Umbono

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Isiyaluyalu saseSiberia

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Lake minnow

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I-roach yaseSiberia

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IGudgeon yaseSiberia

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IGoldfish

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I-Amur carp

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Ishumi

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Ukuhlwitheka eSiberia

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I-Amur catfish

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IBurbot

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Rotan encane

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Izilwane ezihuquzelayo

I-toad ejwayelekile

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Inyoka emfushane

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Okujwayelekile

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Isikhala sobubi

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Isiphuzo esivamile

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Isiphetho

Izidalwa zeLake Baikal aziqukethe izilwane zasemanzini kuphela, izinhlanzi kanye nezilwane zasendle, kodwa futhi nezilwane ezigudle ugu. Leli chibi lizungezwe amahlathi ama-taiga aseSiberia nezintaba eziningi, okusho ukuthi kunezilwane ezijwayelekile kule ndawo: ibhere, impungushe, iwunga lomdabu nezinye. Mhlawumbe ummeleli omangalisayo kakhulu nohlonishwayo wezilwane zasogwini lweLake Baikal yi-reindeer.

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Ukubuyela ezweni elingaphansi kwamanzi, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqaphele ubhubhane lwakudala - uphawu lweBaikal. Luhlobo lwe-seal futhi ubelokhu ehlala emanzini aseLake Baikal iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziningana. Akukho kwenye indawo emhlabeni lapho kunophawu olunjalo. Lesi silwane siyinto yokudotshwa kwama-amateur futhi sisetshenziselwa ukudliwa ngaso sonke isikhathi sokubakhona komuntu ogwini lweLake Baikal. I-Baikal seal akuyona izinhlobo ezisengozini, kepha ukuzingela kunqunyelwe ekuvimbeleni.

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Ogwini lweLake Baikal, isilwane esivelele kunazo zonke emndenini wekati sihlala - ingwe yeqhwa noma ingwe yeqhwa. Inani labantu lilincane kakhulu futhi lifinyelela enanini. Ngaphandle, lesi silwane sibukeka njenge-lynx, kepha sikhulu kakhulu futhi sinobuhle obuhle, cishe obumhlophe obune-black alama fur.

Izimpawu zeBaikal

Bonke abakhileyo kulolu hlobo lwendalo emangalisayo bagcina ukuthula kuhlobene nokuba khona komuntu abajwayele ngenxa yokuqina kwezemvelo. Kepha ithandwa kakhulu Izilwane ze-Baikal zesithombe - kanye nama-lens wevidiyo yezivakashi, lokhu, yiqiniso, izimpawu.

Eqinisweni, izindikimba zaseBaikal ziyizimpawu zamanzi. La machibi abukekayo aseduze kokuqothulwa ngenxa yeminyaka eminingi yokusebenza kwamabhizinisi alahla imfucuza echibini, futhi okwamanje uphawu lweBaikal luvikelwe kakhulu, empeleni sonke isilwane sine-chip yaso kanye "nababukeli".

Ososayensi basaphikisana ngokuthi lezi zilwane ezincane ezinhle zaphelela kanjani emanzini ahlukile echibini. Umbono wokufuduka ngesikhathi sokuhlubuka usuka ohlangothini lwe-Arctic Ocean ubukeka ungethembeke kakhulu.

Izimpawu zokugcina zichitha cishe sonke isikhathi sazo emanzini, zintanta ukuze zithole umoya emaphashini abo. Ngezinsuku ezimnandi nezifudumele, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwekwindla, bashintsha umkhuba wabo bese beya ogwini noma edwaleni ukuze bawe bese benyuka ilanga.

Bazibekela ogwini, ezingxenyeni ezinomswakama, ngaphansi kweqhwa, besebenzisa ubusika nokuzala. Izinsikazi zezimpawu zomzimba zaseBaikal zivuthwe ngaphambi kwabesilisa, zifinyelela eminyakeni yobudala emi-4 kuya kwengama-4,5, kuyilapho “abafana” bezithanda kuphela lapho sezineminyaka engu-5-6 ubudala.

Ukukhulelwa kwabesifazane kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-11, futhi izingane zivame ukuzalwa kusukela ngoFebhuwari kuya maphakathi no-Ephreli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsikazi ziyakwazi ukuzala zineminyaka engama-40-45, yize ama-seals ahlala ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle iminyaka engaba ngu-50. Izingane ezincane zizalwa, imvamisa kuyikubalo elilodwa, kuyaqabukela kube ngamabili. Izimpawu zokuzalwa ezisanda kuzalwa zinesisindo esingu-3.5-4 kg futhi zimbozwe ngoboya obumhlophe qhwa.

Isisindo sesilwane esidala siyahlukahluka kusuka ku-50 kuya ku-150 kg, uphawu luyifaka yonke impilo yayo, idla izinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-golomyanko-goby, zidla ama-4-5 kg ​​ezinhlanzi ngosuku.

Ngonyaka, ngamunye walezi cangi angadla cishe ithani lezinhlanzi, kuyilapho uphawu lusalokhu lubhukuda olunomusa kakhulu, luthuthukisa ijubane lama-20-25 km / h uma kunesidingo.

AmaShats ahlala kulo lonke elase-Eurasia, kepha la izilwane eBaikal – akuvamile, ngoba zihlukile kuzo zonke ezinye izidubu, ngokuyinhloko ngosayizi. Ngokwesilinganiso, isisindo sokhaty esihlala ogwini lolwandle singama-400, kepha abesilisa abaningi babe ngaphezulu kwama-500 kg.

Ukuphakama kwalawa makhaza lapho ebuna emngceleni wawo ophansi ngamamitha ayi-2,5, futhi ubude bomzimba obungamamitha amathathu. Ama-moose aneminyaka engu-15 ubudala anezimpondo ezinamandla kakhulu futhi ezinhle, futhi ahlala ngaphansi kwezimo ezithandekayo iminyaka engama-25-30.

Izimpondo ziwa ngoJanuwari, ukukhula "okusha" kuqala ekuqaleni kukaMashi. UGon uwa ngoSepthemba-Okthoba, kanti ngoMeyi-Juni amathole amathole amathole azalwa. Omisiwe bahlala emaqenjini amancane abantu abangu-4-8, badla amakhambi kanye namahlumela, futhi ebusika badla amagxolo.

Bear

Yize amabhere ansundu, njengama-elks, ehlala kulo lonke i-Eurasia, endaweni yokugcina echibi kuphela angamakhosi wangempela emvelo. Ubude bomzimba walaba bantu abahle abahlala eduze kwamanzi echibini leBaikal bungamamitha ayi-2,5,5, futhi ukuphakama lapho kubuna kuyimitha eyodwa nesigamu. Isilo sibalulekile, sihlala, asithathi. Kodwa-ke, uma kunesidingo, izodlula kalula ifike kumakhilomitha angama-300 lapho ifuna ukudla, bese ibuyela emuva.

Amabhere e-Baikal ayamangaza, njengawo wonke umuntu, kepha akhetha izinhlanzi kunoma yikuphi okunye ukudla. Ngisho noju lungaphansi kwenhlanzi encane entsha, amabhere ngenxa yabo bayakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhashana sosuku. I-Hibernation ogwini lolwandle ihlala izinyanga eziyisithupha, lairs yamabhere ama-teddy akhiwe kakhulu kunabahlobo babo baseYurophu.

Abanaso isikhathi esabelwe sokuzalela, ngesikhathi kusuka enganeni eyodwa kuya kwezine, abachitha imfucumfucu yokuqala kanye nedipper. Futhi amabhere ahlala esitokisini iminyaka engama-20-25.

I-Lynx iyikhadi elivakashelayo lesigcino.Ikati elinamandla elinomusa, ngenxa yokuhlangana lapho kuzodingeka uzame kanzima. Yini i-lynx ngokwayo ethatha izivakashi ngokuzola okukhulu, ngaphandle kokucabanga ukucasha noma ukubaleka. Bahlala ezindaweni ezinzima kakhulu endaweni yokubhuka.

Ikati yikati, noma ngabe ikati iyi-Baikal lynx. Lesi silo siyisizungu. Ama-Lynxes azalela kude njalo ngasikhathi sonyaka, ama-kittens ngokuvamile angama-3-5, futhi ubaba akanandaba nomndeni.

I-lynx izingela konke, ukudla kwayo kungamahaha, izinyamazane, izimpungushe. Konke akubonayo nokukwazi ukukubamba. Akasidlulisi isidleke namaqanda, kodwa kaningi akadli, kodwa umane asonge ngaphezulu ngesihlakala sakhe.

I-lynx ihlasela kusukela kuqamekele, ikhule isivinini ngaso leso sikhathi, futhi iphakeme. Kepha manje, kunamathuba amaningi okubalekela inyamazane, ngoba ikati selivele liqediwe kumamitha angama-70 wokulandela.

Kodwa-ke, uma i-lynx yaphumelela, futhi yagxumela emafutheni ayo, ngisho ne-moose ayinalo ithuba lokusinda. ILynx ayihloniphi konke Isilo sasendle seBaikalkodwa, ngokumangazayo ngokwanele, ihlala ingathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele maqondana namaWolverines.

I-Irbis

Isilo esidumile, cishe esimnandi - ingwe yeqhwa, ingwe yeqhwa eLake Baikal. Lesi silo asikho nje phakathi izilwane zeNcwadi ebomvu yeBaikal, unesimo esikhethekile - akakwazi ukuzimela ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo, kufaka phakathi usongo lwempilo.

Uma ingwe ihlasela, isivakashi singasebenzisa kuphela imicibisholo enamaphilisi okulala, ngokuya ngomthethosisekelo wokuvikelwa kokuvikelwa kwezinhlobo ezingafunekiyo zezilwane.

Ngokuvamile, kuwo wonke umlando wokubhuka. Kusukela ngo-1969, awekho amacala okuhlaselwa kwezingwe kubantu abhalwe phansi. Lezi zinyamazane zihlala kulo lonke ugcino, inyamazane kuma -ululates futhi, ngokuvamile, zifana namakati amakhulu kakhulu. Isilo ngasinye esinjengalesi sicashile. Namuhla, izingwe ezingama-49 zihlala esitokisini.

Isisindo salawa madoda ahle sisuka ku-55 kuye ku-65 kg, ubude bomzimba oqinile ogcwele izicubu zensimbi busuka ku-1,05 kuya ku-1.1 wamamitha. ILeopards ithanda ukushada kusukela ngoJanuwari kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMashi, futhi emva kwezinsuku eziyi-100, kuzalwa amakati amabili amhlophe qhwa noma amhlophe qhwa.

Ekuzingeleni, izingwe zeqhwa zihlala ziqala ngokungathandeki, noma kunjalo, njengoba ingwe ilala isikhathi eside, ingahambi ngokuqamekelana, umhlanga uvama ukugxuma eduzane. Kulesi simo, i-hare eyisiphukuphuku ifikelwa yisiteleka se-paw, eshesha kangangokuba umuntu akavele angakuboni.

Ukuzingela kuphelela lapha, ingwe idla isidumbu somvundla ngokuzolile, futhi uma ngalowo mzuzu inqama, inyamazane noma imbuzi ibonakala, ayinangozi ngokuphelele, kuze kube yilapho ingwe yeqhwa ilambile futhi. Ikati elikhulu leli lidinga ama-3 ukuya ku-5 kg ​​wenyama ngasikhathi.

Uma bekhuluma Izilwane zaseBaikal, okokuqala, bakhumbula izinyamazane, izinhlobo zazo ezingandile nezisengozini, bakhohlwe yi-hare. Umvundla isilwane esincane, ngaphandle kwako iningi “lezilwane ezidliwayo nezihle” bebengeke bavele balambe. Ama-Bunnies ahlala kulo lonke ugcino futhi akhonza njengokudla cishe kwabo bonke abazingelayo.

Ama-squirrels ngokwawo, izilwane ezinkulu. Zinesisindo esukela ku-2,5 kuye ku-5 kg ​​futhi zingafinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-50. Ngokuvamile kuyamukelwa ukuthi ama-hares ayasebenza kusihlwa nasebusuku, kepha ama-hares ahlala esebenza eLake Baikal.

Bemba imbucanyana ejulile, ukusuka ku-8-9 m, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-hres asancamela ukungabi yisisulu sezakhamuzi ezilambile zeBhuku elibomvu. Abamhlophe badla kuzo zonke izitshalo ngokuphelele, ngaphezu kwalokho, womabili amaqabunga, izithelo nezimbali, nezimpande. Ebusika, badla amagxolo namagatsha.

Ama-bunnies athande ukuzalanisa, ngonyaka umhlanga ukhipha amalitha ama-3-4 ukuphuma kunogwaja abangu-2-6. Ama-hares ahlala esitokisini anayo "imindeni" enkulu, futhi anomphakathi impela futhi avame ukusizisana.

Ngokudabukisayo, izimpungushe ezihlala kuwo wonke umhlaba, ogwini lwesichibi echibini, azifani. Lapha kuphela, izimpungushe ezibomvu zizolile ngokuphelele ngabantu, futhi uma zibona iqembu lama-ecotourists, azigcini nje ngokushiya, kepha zamukelwa “ukuzimelela”, zimamatheka ngazo zonke izihlebe zazo ezinhle.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi amaqhinga anjalo athele izithelo futhi ukuthandwa kobuqili obomvu phakathi kwabavakashi kudlulile imanuels engandile, kanye nama-lynxes, kanye nezingwe zeqhwa.

Ngasikhathi sinye, izimpungushe ngokwazo, azinandaba nesidingo sazo, izivakashi nje zihlala zishiya okuthile okumnandi, ngokwesibonelo, amakhukhi, adliwa ngama chanterelles ngentokozo enkulu. Abaqondisi babheka izinto ezinjalo ngeminwe yabo, ngoba ukubuyekezwa ngomdlandla kwe- "chatting" ngezimpungushe kudonsela abavakashi abasha esitokisini.

Impungushe iyisilo somusa. Abantu abahlala ogwini lolwandle bahlukile kancane kulabo abahlala emahlathini aseYurophu. Isisindo se-chanterelle yendawo siyashintshashintsha cishe ngo-10-15 kg, futhi ubude bufika ku-80-90 cm, ngaphandle komsila. Umsila - kusuka ku-60 cm, izimpungushe zakhe zikhula hhayi ngezingubo zoboya bomuntu, kodwa njenge "stabilizer" ngenkathi isebenza.

Ubuhle obunezinwele ezingama-42 buhlala buphila impilo yobusuku, kodwa hhayi eBaikal. Lokhu kungenxa yezivakashi noma ezungeze umsebenzi wewashi wokudla okuyinhloko we-fox - hares, akucaci.

AmaChanterelles ahlala emhlabeni wonke kusuka eminyakeni emi-3 kuye kweli-10, kanti impilo yawo isinde kule ndawo, ngokusho kwezibalo eziqoqwe ngosizo lwabazingeli, izimpungushe zasendaweni ziqala ukufa zineminyaka eyi-15-17.

Izimbobo ze-Fox zisetshenziselwa kuphela indawo yokufihla ingozi noma isimo sezulu esibi nokuzala izimpungushe. Uma isimo sezulu sihle, azikho izitha ezizungeze kanti impungushe ngeke ibelethe - izolala ngaphansi kwesihlahla nje, ikhungathekile.

Izimpungushe zingabazingeli abahle kakhulu, kepha eLake Baikal nazo zingabantu abahle kakhulu, futhi abathandi badla izikelemu kanye namagilebhisi. Okubuye kuhlukanise "okubomvu" kwasendaweni kuye wonke umuntu.

Abanaso isikhathi esithile 'sobudlelwane bomshado,' kepha bakhetha ukuzala izimpungushe ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Amacala aqoshwa lapho owesimame ngendlela enonya exosha owesilisa, kanti ukube impungushe iphumelele, izimpungushe ngabe zavela "ebusika".

Bobabili abazali bayabandakanyeka ekukhulisweni kwezingane. Unjani umndeni wezimpungushe ngokuphila, njengezimpisi. Umndeni ngamunye unensimu yawo. Kodwa-ke, uma kunokudla okwanele, izimpungushe zixhumana ngokuthula "nabavakashi".

Ngokuvamile, izilwane zeLake Baikal, njengezinyoni nezinhlanzi, bonke badale owabo umhlaba oyingqayizivele, okhethekile. Zonke zixhumene ngokusondelana, zombili omunye nomunye nangechibi uqobo.

Lokhu kungabonakala shazi, hhayi ngaphandle kwesizathu, yize kunentengo ephezulu yohambo, inani labacwaningi bemvelo likhula njalo, futhi labo abakade bekhona bazokuza futhi ekugcineni.

I-Baikal seal

Uphawu lwangempela echibini edume. Seal itholakala kuphela echibini leBaikal. Ngenxa yabazingeli, lesi silwanyana sisengozini yokuqothulwa. Uboya, inyama namafutha alesi silwane esibaluleke kakhulu, kepha ukuzingela akujeziswa ngumthetho. INerpa, njengezimpawu zamanzi, iyathanda ukubhukuda emanzini futhi ifike ogwini lokuphumula.

Omul

I-Omul iyizinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zentengiso (uhlobo lwe-whitefish) yazo zonke izinhlobo zeBaikal. Ngokukhethekile, i-Baikal subspecies (i-endemic) ihlala echibini, abantu bayo abane: uSelenginsky, Severobaikalsky, Ambassadorial, Chivyrkuisky. Kubantu, abaningi kakhulu yiSelenginsky. Ama-biomass asukela kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-25-30. IBaikal omul akuyona inhlanzi enkulu kunayo yonke - ifinyelela ubude obungu-50 cm ubude nesisindo esingama-5 kg ​​ngesisindo.

Golomyanka

IGolomyanka yinhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke eLake Baikal, okuxhumeka ekuxhumeni kokudla kohlelo lwendawo echibini. Kukhona i-golomyanka enkulu futhi encane. Owesifazane omkhulu ufinyelela kubude obungama-25 cm, kuthi owesilisa - cm ayi-16. Owesifazane nowesilisa lowesilisa omncane we-golomyanka bafinyelela kubude obu-15 no-12 cm, ngokulandelana.

I-biomass yeComephorus iyiphinda kabili i-biomass yazo zonke ezinye izinhlanzi zeBaikal. IGolomyanka yinhlanzi ehehayo kakhulu: ngaphandle kwesikali, ngaphandle kwesigaxa sokubhukuda, i-viviparous (ayiveli), i-translucent, iphila kuwo wonke ukujula kwayo (kusukela ebusweni kuya phansi, iphikisana nengcindezi yamanzi ye-bar engu-125) futhi kungukudla okuyinhloko kwe-Baikal seal nezinye izinhlanzi . Uqobo lwayo luzondla nge-plankton nezinye izinto ezincane (i-golomyanka enkulu ingadla okuncane). IGolomyanka ingama-35% (emisipha - ngaphezu kwama-40%) enamafutha. Ngomsila wakhe, ungafunda umbhalo ngombhalo omkhulu. "Ukukhula" okuncane kunxephezelwe ngama-pectoral fins amakhulu, kufinyelela ku-200% okuhlobene nosayizi womzimba.

I-Barguzinsky sable

I-Sable iyisilwane esidumile esatshalaliswa hhayi kuphela eLake Baikal: itholakala kuyo yonke insimu ye-Russia, izwe lakubo lingamahlathi nezintaba zase-Eastern Siberia. Uboya obusebenzayo luyigolide elithambile. Muhle, uqinile, ngakho-ke uligugu. Izinga lentengo lobovu lincike kumbala - mnyama mnyama kangcono. I-Barguzinsky sable iyimnyama kunazo zonke.

E-USSR, inani lezilwane eziseLake Baikal lacishe labhujiswa ngokuphelele, ngoba zazingekho izilinganiso zokudoba. Base beqonda futhi babuyela ezingeni labo lasekuqaleni (ikhulu le-XVII), base behamba kakhulu kakhulu, futhi i-sable bred ngokweqile, okwacasula ibhalansi yokuzingela. Ukuhleleka okugcwele kule ndawo akubonakali sengathi kufakwe kuze kube manje.

Insiza ifinyelela ku-56 cm ubude, kanye nama-20 cm omsila (hhayi isilwane esikhulu). Kusekuseni nakusihlwa kuyasebenza kakhulu. Uthanda ukuhlala emisidari, yize kuyaqabukela enyukela emiqhele yemithi.

Eminyakeni yama-90s yokuqala, isikhumba esikhanyayo endalini yoboya eSt.

Omunye omele izilwane zeBaikal yi-sokhaty. AmaMoose ahlala kulo lonke elase-Eurasia, kodwa echibini ayivelakancane futhi ahlukile ngosayizi kwamanye ama-moose kwasekuqaleni. Isilinganiso isisindo se-elk ehlala echibini singama-400 kgKodwa-ke, isisindo sabesilisa abaningi singaphezu kwengxenye yethani. Ukukhula emngceleni ophansi wokubuna yi-2,5 m, futhi ubude bomzimba obuncane buyi-3 m. Izimpondo ezinhle kakhulu futhi ezinamandla zine-moose eneminyaka engu-15. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, isikhathi se-moose siyiminyaka engama-25 kuya kwengama-30. Ziphonsa izimpondo ngoJanuwari, kanti ezintsha ziqala ukukhula ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Isikhathi sokuzala nguSepthemba-Okthoba, futhi amathole e-moose azalwa ngoMeyi-Juni. AmaMoose ahlala emaqenjini abantu abangu-4-8, adla utshani kanye namahlumela, kanti ebusika - amagxolo.

Umvundla

Isiphetho salesi silwane asikho lula, ngoba i-hare isebenza njengokudla kwabazingeli beLake Baikal. Isisindo sesilo singama-2,5-5 kg, kanti ubude bomzimba bufika ku-0.5 m. Bemba izimbobo ezijulile - 8-9 m.Bondla ngezitshalo, badle amagxolo namagatsha ebusika. Ngonyaka umugqa unikeza amalitha ama-3-4 o-2-6 onogwaja. I-hare elimhlophe lihlala "emindenini" enkulu. Imvamisa beze ekusindiseni kwabo uhlobo lwabo.

Izimpungushe ezihlukile zihlala ogwini lweLake Baikal. Lapha kuphela izimpungushe ezibomvu ukusabela ngokuphelele ezolile kubantu. Sebebonile iqembu lezivakashi, alishiyi, kepha liqale "ukufaka", belula ubuso babo ngokumamatheka. Ukubuya, izivakashi zibashiyela ukudla, ngakho-ke izinzuzo zokuthwebulwa kwezimpungushe ziqondile.

Lesi silo esihle sihlukile kwezinye izihlobo emahlathini aseYurophu. Impungushe inesisindo esingu-10-15 kg, futhi ubude bayo bomzimba buyi-80-90 cm (ngaphandle komsila). Ubude bomsila buqhamuka ku-60 cm; busebenza njenge “stabilizer” ngenkathi kugijima. Izimpungushe zihlala eLake Baikal iminyaka eyi-15-17, yize kwezinye izindawo iminyaka yazo yokuphila iyiminyaka eyi-3 kuya kweli-10. Izimpungushe zidinga imisele kuphela yokuphephela esimweni sezulu esibi noma ebungozini nasekuzalweni kabusha. Impungushe ikwazi ukulala phansi kwesihlahla ngokuzola. EBaikal, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izimpungushe zidla izinhlanzi, izibungu kanye nezibungu. Asikho isikhathi esichazayo sokukhwelana, kepha bakhetha ukuzala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Bobabili abazali bakhulisa izingane. I-Monogamous. Umndeni ngamunye uhlala endaweni yabo "yabo". Uma kunokudla okwanele, "izivakashi" ziphathwa ngomoya ophansi.

Mallard

Idada lase-mallard liyidada lomfula elikhulu, elilingana nalo njengedada lasekhaya. Ikhanda lowesilisa limnyama nge-tint eluhlaza, i-chestnut goiter, uqhwaku luphuzi futhi imilenze i-orange. Amadada angamakhosikazi esifazane apendwe nsundu, enemifushane yombala omnyama, isibuko “esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” ngaphansi komsila, uqhwaku lomlomo opinki oluphakathi nendawo emnyama.

Imallard ejwayelekile eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika yande kakhulu. Ihlala ezindlini ezigcina amanzi ezinamanzi ahlanzekile nezitshalo ezicebile, ithanda izindawo ezakhiwe ngamahlanga, ikhathalogi, umhlanga nezokudotshwa, kepha inezindawo ezincane ezinamanzi ahlanzekile. Imallard yasebusika indizela ezindaweni ezifudumele lapho izidumbu zamanzi zingabandi khona.

Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, indizela kumasiza esidleke. Yakha izidleke eduze kwamanzi, ngaphansi kwesiphephelo sephephithi lomoya, isihlahla esiwile, ngaphansi kwesihlahla noma isihlahla sikaKhisimusi.

Insikazi ibekela amaqanda amhlophe qwa qhwa abe yi-8 kuya kwayi-16 futhi iwafake cishe amasonto amathathu. Amadada ayakwazi ukubhukuda kusukela azalwa, aqandusela eqandeni futhi lapho omile, alandela umama wawo emanzini. Amadada adla ikakhulu izinambuzane kanye nezibungu, ezibanjwa emathafeni ezimila zasogwini, lapho kugcinwa khona yonke imihlambi yezimbali.

Ukusuka ezifundeni ezisenyakatho neziphakathi kwezwe lethu ziya ezifundeni ezifudumele, idada elise mall liyabaleka ekwindla sekwephuzile. Akujwayelekile ukuthi uhlangane namadada ebusika, khona kanye edolobheni, ngokwesibonelo, kumasayithi amakhulu ezimboni, lapho kungekho bungozi kubo ngesimo sezinye izilwane. Ebusika obunjalo, idada lase-mallard lihlala londliwa yizisebenzi, kanti ukungaboli komhlaba wokukhucululwa kwendle okuvela kumabhizinisi kusebenza njengendawo yokugcina yawo. Futhi kuyamangaza ukuthi lawo manzi angcolile awalungele impela.

Umlilo

Isici esibonakalayo sale nyoni amapayipi ayo akhanyayo ka-orange-brown emzimbeni oyinhloko futhi abe mhlophe-buffy entanyeni nasekhanda. Umsila omnyama kanye nengubo yakhe ine-tint eluhlaza okotshani. Uqhwaku, uthingo nemilenze nayo imnyama ngombala, njengezimpiko zezimpiko emaphikweni amhlophe. Amazinyo angavamile namancanyana atholakala emaphethelweni oqhwaku noqhwaku. Ezinyoni, ezindizeni, amabala amhlophe osayizi umxhwele angabonakala kalula engxenyeni engezansi yamaphiko (esembozweni).

Le duck enkulu emilenzeni ephakeme enoqhwaku olufushane, intamo ende nokuma okuziqhenyayo kubukeka njenge-goose encane. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, owesilisa uboniswa yindandatho emnyama eyejwayelekile entanyeni, enyamalala ngesikhathi soshintsho lwenkathi yonyaka, nowesifazane - ngezimpaphe zombala okhanyayo ezinhlangothini zekhanda.

Enye into evelele kulokhu imililo yizwi elikhulu, elikhumbuza ngokuzimela ukubumbana kwembongolo. Ngokundiza, bakhipha umsindo ojulile we- "genge ...", baphenduke isicwebezane. Abesifazane banezwi elibukhali nelilikhulu kakhulu.

Umlilo wedada uthola ukudla kwalo emanzini nasemhlabeni. Ama-prefers atshala ukudla: imbewu kanye namahlumela aluhlaza wezitshalo ezine-herbaceous nezinhlamvu. Kepha azideleli izinambuzane: isikhonyane, izihlanzo, njll. Emanzini kuseshwa ama-mollusks, ama-crustaceans, izinhlanzi ezincane ngisho namasele.

Ekupheleni kwehlobo, emasimini avuniwe, ama-ogars athatha imbewu yezitshalo zasebusika ezihlwanyelwe noma azingele emigwaqweni, abhula okusanhlamvu okuchithiwe. Ogars bathanda ukucinga ukudla ebusuku noma kusihlwa, futhi baphumule phakathi nosuku. Yize ama-ogre ekhishwa ekunakekelweni kwabazali ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-2 ngemuva kokuzalwa, ayavuthwa ngokocansi futhi akwazi ukuba nezingane kuphela ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila.

Isiliva gull

Okukhulu, okunekhanda elimhlophe elinekhanda eline- "angular" ekhanda. Izinyoni ezindala zinesimo sobuso “esingenangqondo”. Uqhwaku lunamandla, ngokugoba okucacile kokufanelekile. Ihlala emaphethelweni emifula, amachibi nezixhaphozi. Imvamisa itholakala emadolobheni kanye nasezindlini zokulahla inhlabathi. Ubude bomzimba 55-67 cm, amaphiko ama-cmpan 138-150 cm, isisindo 717-1525 g.

Kwinyoni endala, ikhanda nezansi zomzimba zimhlophe ehlobo, ebusika ikhanda nentamo enemisipha emnyama noma emnyama. Ingubo ngimpunga okhanyayo, efana naleyo grey gull. Iphethini emnyama eguquguqukayo ekugcineni kwephiko ifinyelela kuzimpaphe ezi-5-6 ezindizayo. Izimpaphe ezedlulele (okweshumi) zivame ukuba nesiphetho esimhlophe ngokuphelele, umakhelwane (wesishiyagalolunye) - onendawo enhle ngokwanele emhlophe. Ezinyoni eziningi, “izilimi” ezimhlophe kulukhiye lwangaphakathi lwezimpaphe eziyinhloko zangaphandle kwesinye isikhathi zihlanganiswa ne-pre-peak emhlophe ku-penultimate penis (yesishiyagalolunye). Imicu emnyama eshintshashintshayo esimpukweni sempukane yesihlanu imvama ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye. Uthingo luphuzi. Amajwabuzi aphuzi, apinki noma abomvu. Uqhwaku luphuzi, lunendawo yewolintshi lapho kugoqwa okuvumayo kanye nesihloko esimhlophe. Imilenze ipinki, iphuzi noma mpunga.

Ibuyela kumasayithi wokudlela (ogwini lwaseMurmansk) ngoMashi. Ukufuya ikakhulu emakholoni, kwesinye isikhathi ophahleni lwezakhiwo. Owesifazane nowesilisa bakha isidleke kusuka ku-moss, amaqabunga, iziqu noma amahlumela abawathola eduze kwesidleke. Ukufakwa kweqanda kuqala ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zikaMeyi.Ku-clutch ephelele, ama-2-3, amaqanda ayi-1 noma amane, umbala wawo uhluka kakhulu, onsundu noma uluhlaza ngombala onamabala amnyama. Bobabili abazali bafaka umhluzi ngezinsuku ezingama-26 ukuya kwengama-32. Imikhaza iqala ukundiza kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-38-45.

Idla izinhlanzi, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinyoni, amachwane namaqanda, ama-mollusks, amajikijolo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungcola, i-carrion. Imvamisa inala ngokushiswa komhlaba.

Gogo

Hazel grouse bird - ehlala emahlathini aseRussia. IHazel grouse iyinyoni ngosayizi, uma uyiqhathanisa nezinye izinyoni, mayelana neqhude. Umbala wezimpaphe zawo ungwevu futhi unemigqa eshintshashintshashintshayo, ngenxa yokuthi izimbumbulu zihamba nawo wonke amaplamu.

Ngenxa yalokhu kuvuvukala, waba negama lakhe. Owesilisa unekhanda ekhanda lakhe, nebala elimnyama emqaleni wakhe. Izimpiko ze-Grouse zimfushane futhi zimfushane. Indizela amabanga amafushane, yenze umsindo ngesikhathi sokuhamba, ishaya amaphiko ayo.

Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwamahlathi eYurophu nase-Asia. IHazel grouse iyinyoni ehlala ngababili, ikhetha amahlathi axutshwe naluhlaza. Kuholela ekuhlaleni kokuhlala phansi, kepha uma ufuna ukudla kungenza uzulazule. Inyoni yaseGrouse, ehlala ehlathini, ichitha iningi lempilo yayo emhlabeni, ingagijima ngokushesha. Futhi uma nje wesabisa i-grouse, bayandizela phezulu ezihlahleni, futhi bayocasha isikhathi eside emqhele wabo.

AmaFritillas ahlela izidleke phansi, phakathi kwezinkuni ezifuze kanye nokuqhuma komoya, ezindaweni ezingenamahlathi. I-grouse yesifazane ibekela amaqanda ayi-6-10, iwadonsa cishe amasonto amathathu. Abesilisa abahlanganyeli ekuqandeni amaqanda futhi abakhombisi ukukhathalela amaphuphu. Owesifazane oyedwa unakekela amachwane aqhamukayo. Ubavikela kubahlaseli nakwisimo sezulu esibi.

Izinambuzane nezibungu zazo zidla njengokudla kwamachwane, futhi zidla nezicabucabu. Amachwane avuthiwe, njengezinyoni ezindala, adla ukudla okusekwe ezitshalweni - imbewu yotshani, amajikijolo, amaqabunga, njll.

Ubusika bunzima kakhulu ku-grouse. Ukuphunyuka eqandeni elibandayo, izinyoni zigobhoza eqhweni, ukuphuma kulo ngezikhathi ezithile, ukuze ukugibela izihlahla, ukuthola ukudla. Ebusika, ama-hazel grouse adla kuma-alder nama-birch catkins.

Ukhozi lwegolide

Ukhozi lwegolide ungummeleli omkhulu womndeni walo: ubude bomzimba buyi-76-93 cm, kanti amaphiko asuka ku-180 kuya ku-240 cm. Izinsikazi, njengokhozi oluningi, zinkulu kunezabesilisa. Isisindo esaziwa kakhulu sowesifazane ngama-6.7 kg, kuthi owesilisa angama-4.6 kg. Lapho unyakazisa, umphetho wangemuva wephiko lokhozi legolide ufana nencwadi yesiNgisi S. Umsila uyindilinga futhi mude kunalezinye izinkozi; ngendiza, ivula ngensimbi. Amapayipi angaba ngombala obomvu noma ansundu ngombala obomvu obugcwele izimpaphe zegolide ngemuva kwekhanda nentamo.

Iningi leNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Itholakala cishe kuyo yonke indawo eRussia, ngaphandle kwesifunda sase-Amur. Ihlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba, amahlathi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ingahlala ogwadule. Izinzwa eziqhingini zasehlathini ezizungezwe amaxhaphozi.

Izinkozi zegolide ziyizidlakela ezingathi sína. Izinkozi zeGolide zizingela amahhebe, izimpungushe, amathole amancane, izinduku nezinyoni ezahlukahlukene. Isikhali sabo esibi kakhulu ama-paws anamandla. Uzipho ngomunwe wokuqala walesi sidalwa esifinyelela kumasentimitha angu-7 ubude, yinyoni leyo lapho ishaya isilwane sayo ngokushaya. Futhi izinkozi zegolide zingamandla aqine: ziyakwazi ukuphakamisa ukukhiqizwa kwamakhilogremu angu-15 - 20 emoyeni!

IGolden Eagles indiza isibhakabhaka ngomoya ophansi, ibheka inyamazane ngamehlo ayo ajulile. Lapho sebeqaphele inyamazane ebingaba khona, izinyamazane zishintshela ngokushesha ezindizeni ezindiza ngokushesha, bese zishona zinezimpiko ezigogeke ngokwengxenye. Babamba izilwane ezincelisayo emhlabathini, futhi izinyoni zingakuthola futhi zihambe. Imvamisa, ukhozi lwegolide oluneqhubu elilodwa lubamba isisulu ngemuva kwekhanda, bese olwesibili lungemuva ukuphula umgogodla. Akukho zitha.

Inyoka emfushane

Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo okuhle emvelweni, kuvamile ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Lesi silwanyana esihuquzelayo sezilwane sitholakala zombili emahlathini aseSiberia aseSiberia nasezindaweni zaseKazakhstan, naseziwugwadule zase-Iran nase-Afghanistan. Ezifundeni ezintabeni zezinyunyana zethu zangaphambili ezingamalungu e-Armenia, Azzer kanye naseGeorgia. Uhlala futhi emasimini erayisi eChina.Isici esiyingqayizivele iphethini enhle nemibala ehlukahlukene nemibala yemibala yomzimba yalesi zinhlobo.

Isizinda esejwayelekile ngimpunga enamabala amnyama. Umzimba mncane futhi unendawo ebushelelezi lapho uthintwayo, okubangelwa ukwakheka kwesikali esikhumbeni saso. Lokhu futhi kuyisici esihlukile salokhu i-amphibian kusuka kwezinye izinyoka. Ubude benyoka yomzimba 1.5 - 1.8 metres. Akuyona into enobuthi futhi iphephe ngokuphelele kubantu.

Izizwa imnandi endaweni yasemanzini nasegatsheni lezihlahla. Ukulungiselela ukuhlala ezihlahleni zezihlahla, emadwaleni amatshe nasemgodini ongaphansi komhlaba. Ukubhukuda futhi ushayele kahle. Kuthatha imisebe yelanga lapho kubanda, ithola amandla adingekayo nokushisa. Lapho kushisa ukucasha.

Kuholela ikakhulukazi empilweni yansuku zonke, futhi, njengazo zonke izidalwa zobusika, ziyacasha, lokhu kwenzeka ngoSepthemba - Novemba, kuye ngendawo yokuhlala nezimo zezulu.

Inyoka, njengazo zonke izinyoka, ingumhlaseli. Luzingela ngamagundane amancane, izinyoka nezinyoni. Ukungabi nobuthi, ukubabulala ngaphambi kokugwinya ngeendlela zokubeletha. Inyoka ingumdobi omuhle kakhulu futhi ifaka nezitsha zenhlanzi kwimenyu yayo.

Futhi azideleli izinambuzane. Ngenjabulo udla amaqanda enyoni, uwagwinya wonke. Kunamacala ahlala njalo e-cannibalism (ukudla uhlobo lwakho).

I-Vole yamanzi

I-vole yamanzi ingeyomndeni wakwa-hamster. Yathola igama layo ngoba ihlala eduze kwemithombo yamanzi - emifuleni, emachibini nasezimbizeni. Ngenkathi yezikhukhula, lesi silwane sigwema imifula, sincamela ukuhlala emacansini nasezivandeni zemifino.

Le nduku ihlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo yaseRussia - okuhlukile yiMpumalanga Ekude, iSiberia Ekude NeseMpumalanga. Ensimini ye-Eurasia isatshalaliswa ogwini loLwandle iMedithera. Ukuze kwenziwe amalungiselelo ezindlu, umgodi usebenzela ukumba izimbotshana, ulimaze izingadi nemifino yemifino.

Ubude bomzimba onomsila bufika kumasentimitha angama-25, umsila ungangena ngaphezu kwengxenye yalokhu ubude. I-rodent inomzimba omkhulu kanye nesiqobongo esifushane esimfushane. Uboya bukhulu futhi bukhulu kangangokuba izindlebe zingabonakala ngaphansi kwawo. I-vole yamanzi inombala onsundu. Umsila wesilwane umbozwe izinwele ezimfishane nezilukhuni.

I-vole yamanzi idla izithombo zezitshalo ezinamanzi, amagxolo ezihlahla, izinyamazane, kanye nezilimo zasengadini - ikoloni elikhulu lale namagundane lingabhubhisa isivuno sonke, njengoba la makati edla inani elikhulu lokudla. Bacekela phansi nezihlahla, njengoba bedla ngokuphelele amagxolo ngaphansi kwesihlahla. Lezi zidondolo, ezidala umonakalo omkhulu emhlabeni wezolimo, ziyalwa. Izibungu azithandwa kakhulu, ngoba zingalimaza izitshalo. Ezimweni eziningi ezinkulu, abathengisi be-ultrasonicentent bavame ukusetshenziswa, zonke izinhlobo zezihibe zibekwa. Abantu abangabanikazi bezingadi ezincane ezizimele bavame ukusebenzisa izicupho zamagundane ukulwa.

Altai pika

AmaVibrissas e-Altai pikas anobude obuphakathi (50-65 mm). Izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngombala nosayizi. Ihlobo lohlobo lwangemuva lama-shades ahlukahlukene obomvu namathoni ansundu, ubusika - kusuka ko-brown kuya kompunga, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala izibonakaliso ezimnyama. Isisu simnyama kakhulu ngenhlanganisela yokugqwala. Izinyawo zigqoke ubuya obunsundu obumnyama. Ubude bomzimba bungu-170-250 mm, ubude bonyawo lwangemuva buyi-24-35 mm. Ubude bebonke bekhesi buyahlukahluka kusuka ku-39 kuye ku-58 mm.

Ingaphambili lesiga lifushane. Isikhala esijwayelekile sedeeve siyisicaba futhi sibanzi (4.2-6.0 mm, isilinganiso esingu-12% wobude bekhanda). Ibhokisi lobuchopho lithambile. Imigqa ye-molars imfushane. I-opener imbozwe ngemiphetho yamathambo we-intermaxillary, i-palatine nokuvuleka kwe-incisal kuyavinjwa.

Izinsalela ze-pikha zasenyakatho zaziwa zisuka emhumeni "Itshe likaHole" emfuleni. I-Chusovoy, isb., Iseningizimu nokusatshalaliswa kwesimanje kwalolu hlobo ku-Ural Range.

I-pika esenyakatho itholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezintaba, e-char nasendaweni ye-taiga, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhona khona amatshe amatshe amakhulu. Enyakatho yeSiberia, izindawo zokuhlala ama-pikas kwesinye isikhathi azihlotshaniswa nezindawo ezinamadwala.Kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile amakoloni abalulekile. Njengezinye izinhlobo, zenza izinqolobane zotshani ubusika, zizifaka ngaphansi kwamatshe noma emadwaleni aqhephukile. Izwi liyizwi elicwebezelayo uma liqhathaniswa nabanye ababukele ngokukhala kwe-Woodpecker. Cishe akukho datha yokuzala.

I-Groundhog enamakhompiyutha amnyama

Imarmot enamakhompiyutha amnyama iyinyamazane evela emndenini we-squirrel wamagundane. Lesi silwane sibizwa nangokuthi i-Oriental noma i-Kamchatka marmot.

Ubude bomzimba wemarmot emnyama enombala ifinyelela ku-540 mm. Njengomthetho, ubude bomsila we-marmot-emnyama-caped yi-28% yobude bomzimba wayo.

Ezinyamazaneni zaseRussia, lolu uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lwezimbaza. Ijazi lithambile, likhulu futhi lide. Umbala womzimba ongenhla umnyama ngenxa yemikhawulo emnyama-nsundu yezinwele zangaphandle. Ngaphansi komzimba kudwetshwe ngamathoni we-ocher-rust noma i-ocher.

Uboya ezinhlangothini bunombala okhanyayo we-fawn. Uboya obungasemuva emuva buvame ukufakwa imibala ngamathoni abomvu akhanyayo. Ingaphezulu lekhanda lipendwe ngombala omnyama-onsundu noma omnyama. Indawo eyisisekelo ye-vibrissae kanye nezihlathi zilula, kwesinye isikhathi zine-tinge ebomvu. Izindlebe zibomvu ngokugqamile, amabala amnyama athuthukiswa ngaphansi kwamehlo, ukuhlangana kwezindebe kumnyama. Umsila umnyama ngezansi, kanti phezulu unombala wangemuva.

Kwikholoni le-marmot, imvamisa eminyaka engu-4-5 ubudala, cishe imibhede engamafutha eyi-10 (yesikhashana), kanye nomsele owodwa wobusika kuvame ukuba khona. Amakoloni atholakala emithambekeni aseningizimu-ntshonalanga kanye naseningizimu yeqhwa elinezintaba, ngokuvamile endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-4200 ngaphezu kolwandle. Amakamelo kanye namaphasi womgodi wobusika atholakala ekujuleni kwenhlabathi ebandayo. Izinga lokushisa lale nhlabathi ngesikhathi sasebusika lehla lifika ku-16-16 C, kuthi ehlobo lifudumele lize lifinyelele ku-2 ° C kuphela. Ehlobo, ukufudumala okungcono kakhulu kwezihamba kusizwa ubukhulu bazo futhi nenani elikhulu lokuphuma emgodini. Eduzane nezifundo inhlabathi incipha ngokujulile ngamasentimitha angama-40-50 ukwedlula kwezinye izindawo. Ama-marmot enza umhlobiso ongaphakathi ezindongeni zegumbi lokudlela usebenzisa ingxube yotshani obomile nomhlaba.

Roe deer

URoe deer uyisihlobo esincane senyamazane enomzimba omuhle, ubuso obuhle nezindlebe ezinde. Esikhathini esiningi sonyaka, ama-roe deer agcinwa ngokuculwa noma ngamaqembu amancane. Ngesikhathi semidlalo yokuzalela, owesilisa wenza umkhuba, ejaha insikazi, egijimisana isiyingi.

AmaRoe deer agcinwa ngokubodwa noma ngamaqembu ezilwane eziyishumi. Zisebenza kakhulu ekuseni nasekuseni - ngesikhathi esinjalo zingabukwa hhayi emahlathini aqobayo nje futhi ahlanganisiwe nasemaphethelweni, kodwa futhi nasemasimini, ezixhaphozini, emgodini we-heather kanye nasehlathini elihlangene.

Ngengozi encane, inyamazane yensimbi iphakamisa ikhanda yayo futhi ibuke ngokucophelela ukuthi imisindo esolisayo ivelaphi, ngenkathi izindlebe zayo zithunyelwa kulolo hlangothi. Amadoda we-roe kuphela anezimpondo. Izimpondo zomlingiswa ezinenqubo ezintathu ziyavela ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila kwabesilisa. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka wesithathu kuphela wesilwane kuphela abafinyelela ukukhula ngokuphelele.

Izimpondo ezincane zinesikhumba esithambile esivelele esihlatshwe yinethiwekhi eminyene yemithambo yegazi. Entwasahlobo, izimpondo ziyaqhuma, bese iduna lifuna ukulihlanza isikhumba, libanyakazise ezihlahleni nasegatsheni lezihlahla. AmaRoe deer adla ngokudla ekuseni kakhulu nakusihlwa. Udla utshani ngentshiseko, amaqabunga amasha emaqabungeni ezihlahla. Isilwane sibamba ukudla ngezingubo ezingezansi kanye noshizi onzima ngaphezulu (ngamalambu, okokufaka okuphezulu abekho), futhi sikulume.

Ekwindla, lapho utshani buba buncane, inyamazane edonsa inyama idla amantongomane nezinye izithelo zasehlathini (ama-acorns, ama-chestnuts, ama-blueberries, ama-sea buckthorn, izithelo ze-beech). Ngaphezu kwalokho, imenyu yayo ebusika ifaka ama-acorns, kanye ne-rutabaga nezinye izitshalo zezimpande ezitshalwe emasimini - kuze kube kuvela utshani bokuqala emhlabathini entwasahlobo. Ngesikhathi samaqhwa amakhulu, i-roe deer iluma amagatsha amasha ezihlahleni.

EYurophu, ama-roe deer popu axazululekile futhi atshintsha kuphela amadlelo. Ebusika, bakhetha izindawo ezinamakhaza kancane eqhweni, ezinamabhishi amaningi anamahlahla amancanyana. Amapulangwe ahlala ezintabeni enza ukufuduka kwesikhathi sonyaka. Ebusika, behlela ezindaweni eziphansi zezintaba, lapho bethola khona ukudla okwengeziwe.

Kuyathunyelwa

I-Sable iyisilwane esidliwayo esinobuthi obuhle be-fluffy, into ebalulekile yokuzingela. Lesi silwane singesinye "sezihlobo" esiseduzane se-pine marten - usable ubukeka unjengokubukeka, ingxenye yemikhuba yabo nayo ihlangana. Umsila, obabazekayo ehlathini noma emgodini wamatshe, kulesi silwane ucishe ube yingxenye yesithathu yobude bomzimba wonke. Kepha lokhu, njengoba impilo kukhombisile, kubantu akubanga nakancane, ngoba i-sable inenani eliphakeme.

I-Sable akuyona isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke ezi-marten. Izici zokubonakala kwayo zinjengokulandelayo:

• ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala buyi-40-58 cm, kanti owesimame uvame ukuba ngaphansana kowesilisa,
• isisindo sesilwane singamakhilogremu amabili,
• ikhanda le-sable libunjiwe ngendlela yomugqa, libukeka likhulu, isibonakaliso sikhombe, izindlebe zikhulu, zinesisekelo esibanzi, sinxantathu ngesimo,
• Amawashi wesilwane acishe afushane, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, umhlane wawo unokunqobeka okubonakalayo,
• imilenze ibanzi impela ngesimo, i-pubescent ebanzi (ikakhulukazi ebusika, lapho uboya buhlanganisa ngisho namaphisi nezikhafu), okuhambisana nendlela yokuphila enempilo.

Uboya besilwane buthambile, buthambile, bukhulu. Umbala uyacanasela - onsundu omnyama emzimbeni, omnyama-onsundu emilenzeni kanye nomsila, uvame ukukhanya kancane ekhanda kunasemzimbeni. Ebusika, uboya bukhanya kancane, ehlobo kuba mnyama, ngakho-ke iphimbo lawo eliyinhloko lihlukahluka kusuka kwesi-brownish-sandy kuya ku-brownish-mnyama. Akunasici esibonakalayo somphimbo esidume ngaso, kuphela kubantu abathile lapho kukhona futhi sinombala omfushane, ukwakheka okunamandla kanye nombala okhanyayo uma uqhathanisa nombala oyinhloko woboya.

Asikho isilwane noma inyoni elizingela insimbi yokudla. Kepha unabancintisanayo ababili abakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzingela - amakholomu kanye ne-ermine. Nabo, amasheya abelana ngamagundane anjengegundane okumnandi kakhulu kuye. Ngakho-ke, uma kwenzeka ehlangana nenye yalaba bantu abahlukumezayo, khona-ke ukuze abulale lowo "makhelwane" ongafuneki, insiza ishiya ngisho inyamazane yayo ilindelwe bese inaka isitha sayo.

I-Sig yinhlanzi yomndeni wakwaSalmon. Ababili ababhalisile bahlala eBaikal - Sig-pyzhyan naseBaikal whitefish. Zihlukile ngenani le-gill stamens nenani lesikali emugqeni we-lateral. I-Sig-pyzhyan ifomu le-echibi lomfula futhi ichitha impilo ekufudukeni njalo. Iphaphalaza emifuleni, futhi ihamba echibini. I-Baikal whitefish - ifomu lesichibi, ukuhamba nezikwele eLake Baikal.

I-Whitefish isatshalaliswa kuyo yonke iChibi iBaikal, kepha inani elikhulu kunazo zonke lezinhlanzi lihlala eBarrguzinsky, eChivyrkuisky bays, emanzini angajulile eSelenginsky naseLwandle Olincane.

Isisindo se-whitefish sifinyelela ku-10 kg. Ukuthomba ku-whitefish yefomu-lomfula kwenzeka ngokungalingani, abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi ngesihlanu kuye kwesithupha, kuthi abesifazane babe ngonyaka wesikhombisa kuya kwayisishiyagalombili wokuphila. Ifomu lesichibi livuthwa ngokobulili ngonyaka wesishiyagalombili wokuphila. Ukuzala kusuka ku-35 kuya ku-55 000 wamaqanda.
ISig-pyzhyan yenza ukufuduka okungatheni kwemifula kusuka ngo-Agasti kuya ku-Okthoba, i-Baikal whitefish eya ezindaweni ezivundile eChivyrkuisky Gulf naseMukhor Bay ngoSepthemba. Ukusakaza kuthatha izinyanga ezingama-2-3.

Ama-whitefishfish adla ama-mollusks, gammarids angaphansi, ama-crustaceans, izibungu zezinambuzane, nezinhlanzi zamathole amancanyana.

Lenok

ILenok yinhlanzi yomndeni ka-salmon. Kuthunyelwe kulo lonke iLake Baikal kanye nezindawo zalo zokukhokhela.

Ngeminyaka eyishumi, isisindo senhlanzi sifinyelela kumakhilogremu amabili, nangeshumi nanhlanu - kuya ku-5-6 kg. Okukhulu kunakho konke kwalabo ababanjiwe kwakunesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-8 ubude. ILenok ifinyelela ekukhuleni ineminyaka eyisithupha kuya kwayisikhombisa inobude bomzimba obungu-43-46 cm, isisindo esingu-700-1000 g.okuzala kuhambisana nobudala nobukhulu besifazane futhi kuqhamuka kumaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezintathu kuya kweziyi-12. I-Lenk yokuhluma inyuka iye emifuleni egeleza eLake Baikal. Ukunwebeka kwenzeka ngoMeyi-Juni ezindaweni ezinenhlabathi enamathela, endaweni yokushisa kwamanzi ka-2.5-9 ° C. ekujuleni kwe-0.5-1,5 m. Ukudla kwezinhlanzi zabantu abadala kuqukethe izinambuzane, i-gammarids, i-caviar kanye nama-gobies amancane, kwesinye isikhathi i-lenok idla ama -fowl amancane namanzi amagundane abanjwe ngengozi emanzini.

Taimen

I-taimen ejwayelekile, noma iSiberia - inhlanzi yohlobo lweTaimen lomndeni wakwaSalmon. Kusatshalaliswa echibini lonke. Ubude bezinhlanzi bufika kumamitha ayi-2, isisindo ngaphezu kwama-80 kg. I-Taimen isisulu esijwayelekile. Idla izinhlanzi, kanye nezilwane ezincane ezibanjwe ngengozi emanzini. Ifinyelela ekukhulelweni kweminyaka yobudala engama-5-6. Entwasahlobo, izinhlanzi zikhuphukela emithonjeni yemifula egeleza eLake Baikal, izinsikazi zibekele amaqanda ezidlekeni ezivuthayo. Ukuzala komsila wesifazane kungamaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30.

UDavatchan

UDavatchan luhlobo lwezinhlanzi zomndeni wakwaSalmonidae. Ihlala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeLake Baikal, ikakhulukazi endaweni eseFolikha Bay nasezindaweni ezisogwini ukusuka kuMfula iTotma kuya e-Upper Angara, kanye naseLake Lake. IFolikha, lapho umfula ongaziwa ugeleza ungene eLake Baikal. Kuyi-subspecies ye-Arctic char. Inhlanzi ifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-45. Isisindo kufika ku-1 kg. Ukuthomba kuqala eneminyaka eyisithupha. Ukuzala kwezinsikazi kusuka kumaqanda angama-350 - 1300.