Isidoda - inyamazane enkulu kunazo zonke inyukela phezulu emoyeni. Lapho kukhulunywa ngale nyoni, abaningi banomuzwa ongathandeki, ngoba imenyu yebha iqukethe i-carrion. Kumakhathuni ahlukahlukene, lesi sidlo esinemibala futhi sihlala sidlala isithombe esingesihle. Masizame ukufunda imikhuba, intukuthelo nezici zempilo yale nyoni ethokozisayo futhi, mhlawumbe, kuzodalula izici eziningi ezinhle.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Ama-Vultures anelinye igama - izimpisi, angabazingeli abanemibala yomndeni wama-hawk, athanda izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele. Akufanele zididaniswe nezinsimbi zaseMelika, yize zangaphandle zifana, aziwona izihlobo ezisondelene. Ama-Hawk vultures ahlobene nezimpungushe, kanti amabala aseMelika asondele kuma-condors.
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, amabala ayebhekwa njengezidalwa ezigcwele ngokuphelele ezinempahla ekhethekile emangalisayo. Uma ubheka intamo, uzizwa ngokushesha ukubukeka kwakhe okuhle, nokukhaliphile, nenhloso. Izinhlobo eziyishumi nanhlanu zomdanso ziyaziwa, ezingafani kuphela endaweni yazo yokuhlala, kodwa kwezinye izici zangaphandle, sizokuchaza ezinye zazo.
Ividiyo: Vulture
Intamo yaseBengal inkulu ngokulingana, amapayipi amnyama, kwesinye isikhathi amnyama ngokuphelele. Endaweni yomsila nasemaphikweni, amabala aqhakazile ayabonakala. Intamo yenyoni ihlotshiswe ngohlanga lwensipho olufana nefrill. Izindawo lapho kuthunyelwa khona unomphela amazwe anjenge-Afghanistan, Vietnam neNdiya. Lo mkhuba awunamahloni ukusuka kubantu futhi ungaphila eduze nezindawo ezihlala kuwo, uthatha indawo enhle emathafeni nasezindaweni eziphansi ezahlukahlukene.
I-voul yase-Afrika inethoni ye-plumage ejwayelekile ekhanyayo, lapho kuvela khona amathunzi ansundu. Intamo yomhlaseli ifakelwe ikhola emhlophe; inyoni inezici ezincane. Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi le ndondo inendawo yokuhlala unomphela ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, lapho ithanda khona izintaba namagquma ezinyawo, ehlala endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-1.5.
I-griffon vulture inkulu kakhulu, amaphiko ayo abanzi. Umbala wempaphe uphuma nsundu ezindaweni ezinobomvu. Izimpiko ziqhamuke ngoba zinombala omnyama. Ikhanda elincane lentamo limbozwe ukukhanya okucishe kube mhlophe (kucishe kube mhlophe), ngemuva kwesizinda salo ugologo onamandla owenziwe ngokubonakala ubonakala kahle. Ihlala ezintabeni zaseningizimu yeYurophu, emaqeleni ase-Asia, ogwadule base-Afrika. Ungahlala endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-3.
ICape Vulture ithathwa njengesiwukuphela kwengxenye eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNingizimu Afrika, lapho yahlala khona endaweni enamadwala esifundeni saseCape, lapho kuhlonishwa igama laso. Le nyoni inesisindo esikhulu, isisindo sayo ingafinyelela ku-12 kg noma ngaphezulu. Intamo yisiliva elinesifuba obomvu namaphiko, iziphelo zawo zimnyama.
Isithwathwa seqhwa (i-Himalayan) sithanda ukuhlala siphezulu, ngakho-ke sihlala eziqongweni zezintaba zaseTibet, iHimalayas nasePamirs, akwesabi nakancane indawo engama-5 km. Ubukhulu baso bamangalisa nje. Izimpiko zale ntamo zingamamitha amathathu ubude. I-collar enkulu yezimpaphe igqama entanyeni yomvini, umbala wayo okhanyayo nge-beige, futhi ukukhula okuncane kunemithunzi emnyama.
Umdwebo waseNdiya uphakathi ngosayizi futhi unombala onsundu ngombala, amaphiko adwetshwe emthunzini wetshokolethi omnyama, futhi "amabhulukwe we-harem" emilenzeni akhanya. Le nyoni ibhekwa njenge isengozini, ingatholakala ePakistan naseNdiya.
I-Ruffel Vulture iqanjwe ngemuva kwesazi sezilwane u-Eduard Ruppel. Le nyoni incane ngosayizi futhi inesisindo esingama-5 kg. Imibala ekhanyayo ifaka umbala ikhanda, isifuba nentamo, kanti amaphiko acishe abe mnyama. Ingaphakathi lamaphiko, ikhola nendawo ezungeze umsila kumhlophe. Le nyoni ihlala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika.
Umuthi omnyama mkhulu kakhulu ngosayizi, umzimba wawo ufinyelela kubude obuyi-1,2 m, futhi amaphiko awo angamamitha ayi-3. Ukukhula okuncane kwalolu hlobo lwezidleke kumnyama ngokuphelele, futhi abadala bansundu. Ikhanda lale nyoni lihle, kukhona ugebhezi lwensimbi entanyeni yalo. Lo msele uhlala ezweni lethu, futhi phakathi kwazo zonke izinyoni ezihlala eRussia, unamandla kunawo wonke.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Inkukhu Yezinyoni
Ukubonakala kwezidleke kuyinto eyingqayizivele, amaplamu abo asatshalaliswa ngokungalingani. Ikhanda nentamo azinazo izimpaphe, futhi umzimba unamandla futhi umbozwe izimpaphe obukhulu. Isigaxa esikhulu somlomo waso semidlwane siyabonakala sisekude, kanti izigqoko ezinkulu zisongela ngokusobala emilenzeni yaso. Yize imilebe imangalisa, imidlwane yomhlaseli ayikwazi ukudonsa inyamazane yayo noma ibambelele ngqo emoyeni, ngoba iminwe yenyoni ayinamandla. Kudingeka uqhwaku olukhulu ukuze usike izingcezu zenyama kalula lapho udla.
Ikhanda elingenalutho nentamo kunikezwa yimvelo ngenhloso yokuhlanzeka. Umgexo wempaphe, uthambisa intamo, wenza umsebenzi ofanayo. Kuqukethe ukuthi ngesikhathi sokudla, uketshezi lwe-cadaveric negazi lijikijela kalula intambo engenalutho, lufinyelele kukholaji, lapho umzimba wenyoni ushiya ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ihlala ihlanzekile ngokuphelele.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Inani elikhulu lesisu kanye ne-goiter livumela izidleke ukuthi zidle cishe amakhilogremu amahlanu we-carrion ekudleni okukodwa.
Umbala wamaqhubu awufani ngokugqamile nokukhanga; emaceleni awo okhiye aphansi wezinamba eziningi.
Kokubili ngombala nakweminye imininingwane yangaphandle, insikazi nabesilisa kubukeka ngokufana, osayizi babo nabo bacishe bafana. Kepha amancanyana amancane ezinsolweni ahlala enemibala emnyama, egcwele, ngokungafani nabantu abavuthiwe. Ubukhulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zihluke kakhulu. Izinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke zifinyelela ku-85 cm futhi zinesisindo esingamakhilogremu amahlanu, kanti izinyoni ezinkulu kunazo zonke zingaphezu kwemitha ubude futhi zinesisindo esingu-12 kg. Kumele kuqapheleke ukuthi amaphiko ezinselo kakhulu futhi anamandla, ubukhulu bawo uma buqhathaniswa nobude benyoni ngokwayo bukhulu izikhathi eziphindwe kabili nengxenye. Kepha umsila wentamo umfushane futhi uyindilinga kancane.
Uhlala kuphi lo msele?
Isithombe: Isilwane seVietnam
I-Vulture iyinyoni efudumele, ngakho-ke, ihlala emazweni anesimo sezulu esishisayo nesishisayo. Ingatholakala cishe kunoma yiliphi izwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica ne-Australia. Isimo sokusatshalaliswa kwezidleke sibanzi kakhulu, sifinyelela kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- I-Southern Europe (kufaka neNhlonhlo yeCrimea),
- Ephakathi naseNingizimu Asia
- I-Caucasus
- I-Afrika (cishe konke)
- ENingizimu Melika Melika
- INingizimu Melika (yonke).
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi inani elikhulu kakhulu lamaqhude ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene ahlala e-Afrika. Uhlobo ngalunye lomlimi luhlala kunoma yiliphi izwekazi elilodwa, phakathi kwalezi zinyoni azikho izinhlobo ezifanayo ezihlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba.
Imigwaqo ithanda izindawo ezivulekile lapho izikhala ezivulekile zihlolisiswa ngokuphelele kusuka phezulu, kulula ukubona inyamazane. Lezi zidla zinyoni zihlala ososheni, ogwadule, ogwadule, uthando lwezintaba, lapho zihlala khona emithambekeni. Ukudlula akuzona izinyoni ezifudukayo (i-turkey vulture kuphela ebhekwa njengemfuduko), bahlala bukhoma, bahlala endaweni eyodwa. Ngesikhathi sohambo lokuzingela, imingcele yendawo yabo yenyoni ihlala yephulwa, okuyinto ongeke ukwazi ukuyenza ukuze uthole ukudla.
Izidleke zikhulu ngosayizi, ngakho-ke izidleke ziyafana - zikhulu futhi zihlala isikhathi eside. Bawahlomisa ezindaweni ezikhethekile, ehlane uqobo.
- emithambekeni yezintaba,
- amagobongo afihliwe emoyeni nesimo sezulu esibi,
- amawa angamatheki, angenakungeneka,
- amahlathi asendle, angenakungeneka.
Imisindvo ibuye ihlale emadilini, emahlathini anesiqeshana, eduze nemifula. Lezi zinyoni ziphila ngokubodwa noma emibhangqwaneni eyakhela impilo.
Ngabe idlani lidlani?
Isithombe: Griffon scavenger
Abaningi bayamangala ukuthi kungani izinyoni ezinkulu nezidla kangaka zithanda ukugcwala. Into iyithuluzi lesisu sezinambuzane, elingagaya kuphela isidumbu, size sibole kahle. I-acidity yejusi lesisu esiswini esikhulu kakhulu kangangokuba ibhekana kalula nemikhiqizo yokubola, ngisho namathambo esibelethweni sentamo agaywa ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ukwakheka kwamagciwane asemathuneni entamo, kungaphula ubuthi obuyingozi obuhlukahlukene, obungajabulisa ezinye izilwane.
Imigwaqo ehlela isikhathi eside ibheka phansi inyamazane, ngoba ukubona kwayo kubukhali kakhulu. Lapho sitholakele, izinyoni ziyashona ngokushesha phansi. Esikhathini esiningi, amabhungane adla i-carrion ye -ululates, kepha kukhona okunye ukugcotshwa kwimenyu yabo.
Ukudla kwamaqhubu kuqukethe abafileyo:
- ama-llamas kanye nezihlahlana zasendle,
- izimbuzi zezintaba nezinqama,
- izingwenya nezindlovu,
- izimfudu (ngokuvamile izinsana) nezinhlanzi,
- izilwane ezincelisayo
- zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane
- amaqanda ezinyoni.
Imivamisa ivame ukuhambisana nabazingeli bezilwane abazingelayo, bayabekezela kakhulu futhi balinda isilo ukuba senelise ukudla izinsalela zalowo ohlukunyezwayo. Ayikho indawo yokujaha izimpawu, futhi zingalinda isikhathi eside ukuze kufe isilwane esilimele, bese sihlela idili langempela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umlimi awusoze wahlasela isisulu okhombisa ngisho nezimpawu ezincane kakhulu zokuphila. Ngeke akuqede ukusheshisa ukufa. Isikhali sakhe ukulindela, asisebenzisa ngekhono.
Imidlwane idla emhlambini wonke (kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-10), azichofozi imilomo yazo ngokudla ngeze futhi ingaginya i-anelope enkulu ngemizuzu engama-20. Imvamisa, umvini onama-rouak-hook awo uvula isisu sohlukunyezwa futhi uqala ukudla, ephonsa ikhanda lakhe ngqo enyameni. Lapho ifika emathunjini, inyoni iyawakhipha, iwadwengule izingcezu zayo futhi iwagwinye. Vele, lo mbono awumnandi, ukufanisa ifilimu ethile eyethusayo.
Imvamisa, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zempuku zizozama inyamazane efanayo ngasikhathi sinye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zithanda izingxenye ezahlukile zesidumbu esifile. Abanye bamunca inyama nobumba, abanye bathanda ukudla ama-tendon, amathambo kanye ne-cartilage, nesikhumba. Izinhlobo ezincane zomvuni azikwazi ukunqoba isidumbu esikhulukazi sendlovu, ngakho-ke zilinda izihlobo ezikhulu ukuthi zizoyikhipha. Lapho ukudla sekulahleka, amaqhubu angahamba ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Njengoba sekushiwo, izidleke ziyadabukiswa, zihlala ezindaweni ezifanayo. Kuyathakazelisa, kepha ngenkathi kuhlukaniswa inyamazane yokulwa phakathi kwezinyoni, bekungabonakala ukuthi, iziphithiphithi nokungqubuzana okuhlukile kulezi zinyoni. Ibhalansi, ukubekezela, ukulingana - lezi yizici zalezi zinyoni. Zonke lezi zimfanelo ziboniswa ngokuphelele ngamahora wokuhlela, lapho umlimi efuna inyamazane, izulazula ngobude.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Izindiza zindiza zihamba kahle nje, isivinini sazo sokundiza singamakhilomitha angama-65 ngehora, futhi nge-dive vertical singakhula sifinyelele ku-120. Kwabhalwa inyoni isehlakalo esibuhlungu ngenkathi ishayisana nendiza, isusa ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayishumi nanye.
Kuyiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi ngesikhathi sikhuphuka, isivini sibukeka kuphela phansi. Unobuhlakani obukhulu futhi ubheka njalo abantu bakubo, uhambahamba eduze, ubona umuntu ehudula phansi, lo msiko ulwela nokulwa. Lapho sesidlile, kungaba nzima ukuthi inyoni indize phezulu, bese ibhula ingxenye yokudliwayo. Ngokumangazayo, amaqhuqhuva awagcini kuphela abashayeli bezindiza abahle kakhulu, kodwa futhi nabagijimi abahle kakhulu, abakwazi ukuzithoba futhi ngokushesha bashiye phansi. Ngemuva kwesidlo esimnandi sakusihlwa, izidleke ziqala ukuhlanza izimpaphe zazo, ziphuze futhi zigeze uma kukhona ichibi eliseduze. Bathanda ukufudumala elangeni ukubulala wonke amagciwane ayingozi emzimbeni.
Ngokwemvelo, lo msebe unokuthula futhi unobuhle, unezinzwa eziqinile, ukubekezelela nokubekezela ukungakuthathi. Yize lo mkhuba umkhulu ngosayizi, awunawo amandla okulwa nabanye abazingeli, ngakho-ke akabonwa ezimpini. Le feathery eyodwa nayo ayinayo i-speakativeness, ngezikhathi ezithile ungezwa imile futhi ihlaba umkhosi, ngaphandle komcimbi okhethekile ungezwa imisindo ephuma entanyeni.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Vulture Cub
Imisuka iyizinyoni ezinyantisa umzimba ezakha umfelandawonye oqinile womndeni wokuphila. Ngaphambi kokuthi isivuno singatholakali, uhlala yedwa. Ukwethembeka kuwuphawu lwalezi zilwane ezinamazinyo amnyama. Izinyoni azizala kakhulu, inzalo yazo ingavela kanye ngonyaka noma iminyaka embalwa.
Lapho kuqala inkathi yokuzalela, owesilisa uqala ukuthanda kwakhe ukudlala, edonsa intokazi yenhliziyo nazo zonke izinhlobo zamaqhinga ezenziwa endizeni. Ishaywe yimizwa, insikazi ngokushesha ibeka amaqanda ayo, yize kuvame ukuba yodwa, kube mancane kakhulu - amabili. Amaqanda e-Vulture amhlophe ngokuphelele noma aminyene ngamachashaza ansundu. Isidleke, esitholakala edwaleni noma esihlahleni, sakhiwe ngamagatsha anamandla, futhi phansi saso simbozwe ngumbhede otshanini obomile.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Esezinhlelweni zokuqothula inzalo, okuthatha izinsuku ezingama-47 kuye kwezingama-57, bobabili abazali babamba iqhaza, esikhundleni somunye. Omunye uhleli emaqanda abo, kanti omunye ufuna ukudla. Njalo lapho unogada eshintsha, iqanda lidonswa ngokucophelela kwelinye icala.
I-fluff emhlophe imboza iphuphu elisanda kuzalwa, okuthi ngemuva kwenyanga lishintshe libe yi-beige elula. Abazali abanakekela abazali baphatha ingane ngokudla okushiswa ngebhande. Umuthi wezingane uchitha izinyanga ezimbalwa esidlekeni, uqala izindiza zawo zokuqala ezisondele ezinyangeni ezine ubudala. Abazali basaqhubeka nokwondla ingane yabo.
Lapho inhlwathi encane isaneminyaka eyisithupha kuphela izuzela ukuzimela, futhi ingabe ivuthwa ngokocansi ebangeni leminyaka emi-4 kuya kwengama-7. Umhlando unesikhathi eside sokuphila, lezi zinyoni zingaphila iminyaka engama-55.
Izitha zemvelo zezidleke
Isithombe: Inkukhu Yezinyoni
Kubukeka sengathi inyoni enkulu enjengale futhi enolwamvila, njengensikazi, akufanele ibe nezitha, kepha lokhu akunjalo. Yize amaqhuqhuva emakhulu, izimfanelo zawo zamandla azikakhiwa. Umlimi uqaphela kakhulu futhi awusoze waba ngowokuqala ukuhlasela omunye umhlaseli. Le nyoni enokuthula, kepha kufanele futhi azivikele futhi ancintisane nokuncintisana ngokudla.
Abaqhudelana ngokuyinhloko be-carrion ama-hyenas abonakalayo, izimpungushe nezinye izinyoni zezinyamazane. Lapho umsiko kufanele uvikele izinyoni ezinkulu, wenza lokhu ngosizo lwamaphiko awo, enze amafulethi abukhali futhi asheshayo, abeke amaphiko ngokuthe nkqo. Ngenxa yemikhuba enjalo, onobuhlakani obunemilwelwe uthola ukushaywa okunamandla bese kundizela kude. Lapho ulwa nama-hyenas nezimpungushe, asisebenzisi kuphela amaphiko amakhulu, kodwa futhi nesiqhwaga esinamandla, esigobhozayo, esinomlomo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngisho nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamaqhubu ngokuvamile azihambelani futhi azingeni ekulweni, ngesinye isikhathi zingashintshana kude nesidumbu esifile ngophiko ukuze zibambe into eziyithandayo.
Enye yezitha zalesi simbali ingabizwa ngokuthi ngumuntu othi, ngokwenza kwayo udlame, athinte inani lalezi zinyoni, alithobe linciphe ngenxa yokulima komhlaba, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala kwalezi zinyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani le-ungulates libuye liwe, ngakho-ke kuya ngokuya kuba nzima ukuthola isondo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isilwane seVietnam
Kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala, isibalo sabantu be-voul sehle kakhulu futhi siyaqhubeka sincipha kuze kube namuhla. Isici somuntu siyimbangela eyinhloko kulesi sibikezelo esidumazayo. Abantu sebeshintshe amazinga okuthuthwa kwendle, ahlinzekela ukufakwa kwezinkomo eziwile, nangaphambi kwalokho walala emadlelweni lapho wavukela khona amadlozi aphephile. Lezi zinyathelo zacekelwa phansi kakhulu izisekelo zezinyoni ezidla inyama. Minyaka yonke, kuba nezilwane ezingena ngaphansi zasendle futhi ezingaphansi, ezibuye zithinte isibalo sezimpisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba sekutholakele kakade, le nyoni ayikhuli kakhulu.
Izindawo eziningi lapho kwakuhlala khona izindunduma ezakhiwe manje zihlala izakhiwo zomuntu noma zilinyelwe izidingo zezolimo. Indoda yonke indawo ibutha izinsundu, futhi lokhu kuthinta kabi isibalo sazo. Izimpungushe zase-Afrika zihlushwa ukuzingela kwabantu bomdabu abazisebenzisayo lapho beqhuba amasiko omlingo weVoodoo. Izinyoni ezibukhoma zivame ukubanjwa, bese zidayiselwa nakwamanye amazwe. AmaViking ahlala efa ngenxa yokushaqeka kukagesi, ehleli ezintanjeni ezinamandla aphezulu.
E-Afrika, amanxele amaningi abulawa ukumuncwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ne-diclofenac, esetshenziswa odokotela bezilwane ukwelapha ama-ungulates. Onke lamaqiniso akhombisa ukuthi abantu kufanele bacabange ngemisebenzi yabo, esezilwaneni nasezinyoni eziningi iba yingozi.
Ukuvikelwa Kwezinambuzane
Isithombe: i-African Vulture
Ngakho-ke, sekuphawuliwe ukuthi isibalo sezidumo sincipha yonke indawo, emazwenikazi ahlukahlukene endawo abahlala kuyo. Izinhlangano ezinhlobonhlobo zezemvelo ikakhulukazi zigcizelela izinhlobo eziningana zamaqhubu, asesimweni esiyingozi kakhulu maqondana nenani lawo elincane. Kubandakanya izinhlobo zamaKumai, amaBengal nezaseCape ezinhlotsheni ezinjalo.
I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ihlukanisa lo mkhuba wase-Afrika njengenhlobo yezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothuka, yize iqiniso lokuthi abantu bakhona bande kuyo yonke i-Afrika, kepha abantu bakhona bancane kakhulu. Entshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika kwehle ngamaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Izazi zezinzwa, ngemuva kokubala, zathola ukuthi zazingama-270,000 kuphela lezi zinyoni ezazisele.
Olunye uhlobo lwentamo, olunani layo elihamba kancane kancane, kepha ngokuqinile liyehla - i-griffon vulture. Untula ukudla, okungukuthi, izilwane zasendle ezingamkhonzi zawa. Umuntu waphithizela le ntamo esuka ezindaweni ezijwayelekile zokuthuthwa kwayo unomphela, okunciphisa kakhulu inani lezinyoni. Phezu kwazo zonke lezi zinto ezingezinhle, lo msele awukabalwa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezisengozini kakhulu, yize indawo okuhlala kuyo inciphile kakhulu, futhi isibalo sehlile.
Ngokuqondene nezwe lethu, i-griffon vulture ehlala endaweni yaseRussia ithathwa njengento eqoqwayo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuyihlangabezana nayo. Mayelana nalokhu, kubhalwe encwadini ebomvu yeRussian Federation. Isimo esinamaqhubu emhlabeni wonke asikududuzi kakhulu, ngakho-ke umuntu kufanele aqale acabange ngemiphumela yezenzo zakhe, bese eqhubeka nazo, anciphise ubungozi hhayi yena kuphela, kepha nezilwane zasendle ezizungezile.
Ekugcineni, ngifuna ukubuza umbuzo: Ngabe usazizwa unengeka futhi unengekile ngale nyoni ethokozisayo? Isidoda Inezimfanelo eziningi ezinhle, phakathi kwazo ukuthembeka, ukunakekela okumangalisayo, ukukhononda, imvelo enhle futhi-engenangxabano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakhohlwa ukuthi ukuqeda i-carrion, kusebenza njengezicoci zemvelo, okubalulekile.
Izici Zentambo
Imishanguzo i-scavenger ejwayelekile. Zidla izidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo, ikakhulukazi ezingakhanyisi. Umthamo omkhulu wejusi esiswini uvumela inyoni ukuthi igaye ngisho namathambo, nama-microorganisms akhethekile emathunjini entamo athambise ubuthi be-cadaveric.
Lapho efuna ukudla, lo msebe ukhuphuka usuka kumamitha angama-200 kuye kwangama-500. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubheka ngokucophelela ezinye izinyoni zohlobo oluthile nohlobo lwamafinya, okungamholela nasekuphangeni.
Isidumbu esisodwa sesilwane esifile sidliwa ngabantu abangamatshumi ayisikhombisa ukuya emakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, bayakwazi ukusikaza ngokugcwele isidumbu se-antelope kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-10. Umhlanga owodwa omdala udla kuze kufike ku-1 kg yenyama. Umuthi awukwazi ukubhoboza isikhumba esikhulu, kepha ukwakheka kwekhanda nentamo kuvumela inyoni ukuba ibushelelezi izitho zangaphakathi zezilwane kanye nalezo ezivikelwe izimbambo.
I-African Vulture (amaGyps africanus)
Le nyoni iphakathi ngosayizi. Ubude bamaphiko busuka ku-55 kuya ku-64 cm, amaphiko afinyelela ku-218 cm. Umsila ubude bawo bube ngama-24 kuye ku-27 cm, buzungezwe. Umbala we-plumage onsundu noma ukhilimu, abantu abadala bakhanya kunezingane. Esisekelo sentamo kukhona "ikholaji" emhlophe yaphansi. Umlomo unamandla, mude. Ikhanda nentamo ngaphandle kwezimpaphe, zimnyama. Amehlo amnyama. Imilenze imnyama.
Izinhlobo lezi zidlangile emazweni aseningizimu yeSahara (i-Senegal, Gambia, neMauritania, iMali, iNigeria, iCameroon, iSouthern Chad, iSudan, iTopiya, iSomalia, iMalawi, iMalawi, iZambia, iZimbabwe, iNingizimu Afrika, iBotswana, iNamibia, iSouth Angola).
Le nyoni ihlala kuma-savannas, emathafeni nasezigangeni ezinamaqabunga. Kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala ezindaweni ezinamakhaza, ama-shrubbery, kanye namahlathi aseduze nemifula. Umlimi wase-Afrika uhlala ezindaweni eziphakeme aze afike ku-1,500 m ngaphezu kolwandle nangaphezulu.
Amabhubesi ase-Afrika ayizinyoni ezihlala phansi ezihlala phansi, futhi angazulazula nje emva kokuphanga kwazo.
I-Bengal Vulture (ama-Gyps bengalensis)
Inyoni enkulu enobude bomzimba obungamasentimitha angama-75 kuya kwangama-90. Izimpiko ezinamaphiko angama-200 kuye kuma-220 cm. Isisindo sabantu abadala sisebangeni ukusuka ku-3.5 kuya ku-7.5 kg.
Ezingweni ezindala zaseBengal, amapayipi amnyama, acishe abe mnyama, anemifula yesiliva emaphikweni awo. Ikhanda nentamo akunalutho, kwesinye isikhathi kube nsundu phansi. Esisekelo sentamo kukhona "ikholaji" emhlophe ekhanyayo. Umsila umhlophe. Amaphiko angezansi nawo amhlophe, abonakala kahle endizeni. Umlomo unamandla, mfushane, umnyama. Amachaphaza amnyama, anezinhlaka eziqinile. Iris nsundu. Intsha ilula kunabantu abadala.
Indawo yokuhlala yalolu hlobo ifaka i-India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Iran. Futhi, le nyoni itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eMyanmar, eCambodia, eLaos, eThailand naseVietnam. Umlimi waseBengal uhlala emathafeni nasemathafeni aphakathi kwezintaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uvame ukuhlala eduze komuntu, eduze namadolobhana aseba indawo yakhe yedoti. Izinyoni zidla endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
I-Griffon Vulture (Ama-Gyps fulvus)
Ubude bomzimba busuka ku-93 kuya ku-110 cm, amaphiko acishe abe ngu-270 cm. Inhloko encane yenyoni imbozwe nge-fluff emhlophe, uqhwaku luboshiwe, intamo yinde nge "khola", amaphiko mide futhi ububanzi, umsila umfushane, uyindilinga. I-plumage emzimbeni iba nsundu, esiswini ilula kancane, ibomvu. Izimpiko zinombala onsundu, zicishe zibe mnyama. I-iris nsundu ephuzi, imilenze ingwevu. Izinyoni ezincane zilula, zibomvu.
Izinhlobo lezi zihlala eningizimu yeYurophu, enyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika nase-Asia, lapho zihlala khona ezintabeni noma ezintabeni ezomile nezindawo eziwugwadule ezinamadwala. Le nyoni ivame ukutholakala ezintabeni ezindaweni eziphakeme kuze kufike ku-3000 m nangaphezulu.
Isithwathwa seqhwa noma i-Himalayan (Gyps himalayensis)
Inyoni enkulu enesisindo somzimba engama-8 kuya kwayi-12 kg, ubude kusuka ku-116 kuya ku-150 cm, namapiko afinyelela kuma-310 cm. Umbala weplamu ufana nomlindo onamakhanda amhlophe, kepha ngokuvamile inyoni ilula, "ikholaji" layo aligcwele phansi, kepha izimpaphe. Izinyoni ezincane, kunalokho, zimnyama.
Izinhlobo zivame ezintabeni eziphakeme zeHimalayas, eMongolia, Sayan, Tibet, Khubsugul, Pamir, Tien Shan, eDzungarian naseZailiysky Alatau (ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka ku-2000 kuya ku-5000 m). Ebusika, azulazula ebheke phansi.
I-Indian Vulture (ama-Gyps tenuirostris)
Inyoni ephakathi nendawo, efana kakhulu ne-Indian vulture. Ubude bomzimba wakhe buvela ku-80 kuye kuma-95 cm. I-plumage igcwele ngwempunga, ikhanda limnyama. Intamo ende ayinamibala.
Izinhlobo zitholakala eNdiya, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar naseCambodia.
Ukusakazeka kwentamo
Imishanguzo ifinyelela eminyakeni yobudala engama-6. Lezi zinyoni zodwa kuphela, kanti owesilisa unaka owesifazane oyedwa, futhi bobabili abalingani bakhulisa amaphuphu.
Isizini yokuzalela iqala ngoJanuwari futhi iqhubeke kuze kube nguJulayi. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa unakekela insikazi, uyinaka ngokukhethekile, enza imidanso yokugomela phansi nasemoyeni. Owesilisa nowesifazane bangagijimisana, basuke bese bechaza imibuthano lapho befika. Izinyoni ziyasebenza ikakhulukazi emidlalweni enjalo ngoMashi nango-Ephreli.
Ngokubeka amaqanda, amabele akhetha indawo ephakeme ngamamitha amaningana ukusuka emhlabathini. Imvamisa, lokhu kuyisihlahla noma umgobongo esihlahleni esiwile noma esiqwini esomile. Imisindvo ihlala nasezindaweni ezivikelekile, embozwe ungqimba oluningi lwezimila, ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu noma ngisho onqenqemeni lwethafa. Izinhlobo eziningi azesabi izidleke eduze kwezindlu zabantu, ngokwesibonelo, emifantweni yezindlu noma ezakhiweni zezolimo.
Imishanguzo ayizakhi izidleke ngokwayo, kepha zama ukuthola indawo efanelekile kakhulu ngalezi zinhloso, lo mbhangqwana ozoyisebenzisa iminyaka eminingi.
Kwibhodwe elilodwa, insikazi ineqanda ama-1 kuya kwayi-3, imvamisa 2. Amaqanda aqanduselwa amasonto ambalwa. Ababelethi bondla amantshontsho asanda kuzalwa izinyanga ezingama-2-3, bebasondeza ukudla kwabo.
Lapho eneminyaka emibili izinyanga, amaphuphu womhlume agcwele ngokuphelele.
Iminyaka yokuphila okulindelwe kufinyelela eminyakeni engama-40. Ekudingisweni, kwaqoshwa amacala lapho inyoni isinda ifinyelela eminyakeni engama-50.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngenyoni
- Ngenxa yokuncipha kwenqwaba yezidleke, namuhla lezi zinyoni zingaphansi kokubhekwa nokuvikelwa. Izinyoni zivame ukulinyazwa ubuthi nezidakamizwa abantu abajwayele ukuzisebenzisa kwezolimo. Ngakho-ke, emazweni lapho kuhlala khona izidleke, kuvame ukwenqatshelwa ukusebenzisa, ngokwesibonelo, i-diclofenac kwezokwelapha. Ukuzingela i-Vulture nakho kukhawulelwe.
- Emicikilweni yemilingo yaseNingizimu Afrika, umuthi wokubhema omile ubuchopho ubikezela ikusasa. Ngesikhathi seNdebe Yomhlaba eSouth Africa (2010), abantu basebenzise le ndlela yasendulo kaningi ukubikezela imiphumela yalo mqhudelwano kangangokuba bacishe basabisa ngokuba khona kwamaqhubu.