Igama lesayensi I-Littoralis elihunyushwe lisuka kwisiLatini ngokuthi "likhona, likhulele noma eduze nolwandle", noma njengesidalwa esihlala esiqhingini. Isiqhingi sesiqhingi Urocyon littoralis isihlobo esiseduze kunazo zonke kwezinhlobo zezwekazi zempunga fox (I-Urocyon cineroargenteus).
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-fox Island fox kukhawulelwe emkhakheni weziqhingi eziyisithupha ezinkulu (iziqhingi zeChannel), esisemakhilomitha ayi-19-60 ukusuka ogwini oluseningizimu yeCalifornia, e-USA. Lokhu kufaka phakathi iziqhingi zaseSanta Catalina, eSan Clement, eSan Nicholas, eSan Miguel, eSanta Cruz naseSanta Rosa.
I-Island Grey Foxes (Urocyon littoralis) - Lolu uhlobo oluncane kakhulu lwezimpungushe olwaziwa e-United States. Kuze kube muva nje, impungushe yesiqhingi ibibhekwa njengendawo eyisisekelo ye-fox empunga. Lincane futhi linomsila omfushane, lapho ama-vertebrae amabili emincane khona kunezimpungushe ezingwevu ezivela ezweni elingumhlaba. Isizukulwane se-fox grey yezwekazi, impungushe yesiqhingi ivele yaba yinhlobo eyingqayizivele ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizi-10 000, ngenkathi igcina izici zokhokho wayo, kepha esimeni sokuvela kwemvelo, ubukhulu bayo busehlile futhi njengamanje isisondele kwisithathu kokhokho kuphela.
Umbono ophelele wempungushe yesiqhingi wakhiwe ngezinhlobo eziyisithupha ezihlukene, esisodwa esiqhingini ngasinye eziyisithupha ezihlala kuzo. Izimpungushe eziqhamuka eziqhingini ngazinye zisakwazi ukuzalanisa, kepha kukhona umehluko ohlukile womzimba nofuzo okwanele ukwamukela ukuzimela kwazo ngokuzimela. Isibonelo, inani eliphakathi kwe-caudal vertebrae lehluka kakhulu esiqhingini kuya kwesinye. Zonke izindlela ezingaphansi kwazo ziqanjwe ngegama lesiqhingi abahlala kuzo: Urocyon littoralis littoralis - impungushe yesiqhingi saseSan Miguel, U. littoralis santarosae - impungushe yesiqhingi saseSanta Rosa. U. littoralis santacruzae - impungushe yesiqhingi saseSanta Cruz, U. littoralis dickeyi - impungushe yesiqhingi saseSan Nicholas. U. littoralis catalinae - impungushe yesiqhingi saseSanta Catalina, U. littoralis clementae - impungushe yesiqhingi saseSan Clemente.
Ukubukeka
Uboya bezimpungushe besiqhingi esingwevu bumpunga-bumsulwa mhlophe ngamathiphu amnyama wezinwele nangaphansi kwesinamoni ohlangothini lwe-dorsal, kanye nomhlophe onsundu futhi ompunga onsundu ebusweni be-ventral. I-chin, izindebe, ikhala nendawo yeso kumnyama, kanti izinhlangothi zezihlathi zingwevu. Izindlebe, intamo kanye nezinhlangothi zamalunga zinsundu. Umsila unentambo emnyama ehlukile ehlukile ohlangothini lwe-dorsal nge-mane yezinwele ezihlangene. Ngaphansi komsila kugcwele ukugqwala. Umbala wejazi ungahluka phakathi kwezimpungushe eziqhingini ezahlukahlukene, yize uhluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abahlukile, kusukela osempunga ngokuphelele kuya onsundu nokubomvu.
Isiqhingi sesiqhingi molt kanye ngonyaka: phakathi kuka-Agasti no-Novemba.
Izimpungushe ezincane zinezimbotshana zoboya obukhulu kodwa obukhulu ezinqeni zazo kunabantu abadala, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlebe zazo zimnyama ngombala.
Isilinganiso somzimba omude esinomsila emadodeni singama-716 mm (ukusuka ku-625 kuya ku-716 mm), kubantu besifazane abangama-689 mm (kusuka ku-590 kuya ku-787), lapho umsila ubala khona ngamasentimitha ayi-11 kuye kwangama-29. Isisindo sesilwane siyehluka kusuka ku-1,3 kuye ku-2.8 kg, abesilisa basinda kancane.
Indlela yokuphila
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi, njengokhokho babo abangaphesheya kwezwe, gibela izihlahla ngokuphelele.
Ekuthunjweni, izimpungushe zingaqala zibonise ulaka kubantu, kepha kungekudala zizothambisa. Okhaliphile, onomusa, odlalayo futhi onelukuluku lokudalwa kwezimpungushe ezihlala ekudingisweni.
Isikhathi sokuphila sisukela eminyakeni emine kuya kwesithupha, kepha ezinye izimpungushe ziphila ziye eminyakeni eyi-15.
Iziqhingi ezihlala khona izimpungushe zeziqhingi ezimpunga zinesimo sezulu esibonakala ngokushisa nokoma ehlobo, nokuphola kanye nomswakama ophezulu ebusika. Noma ubukhulu bempungushe buyahluka futhi bunqunywe yindawo yabo yokuhlala, ayikho indawo ebhekisele kuyo yokuhlala. Lapho inani lezimpungushe lalilikhulu, izimpungushe zazingatholakala futhi zibhekwe cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala kwesiqhingi, ngaphandle kwalezo ezazimpofu kakhulu ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwabantu. Izimpungushe zazihlala ezigodini nasemasimini ezinyawo, ezimpondweni zasogwini, ezigodini zesihlabathi, iziqhingi ezinesihlahla esinameva, amahlathi e-oki asogwini kanye namahlathi ophayini.
Enye yezitha eziphambili zezimpungushe zesiqhingi ukhozi lwegolide. Izinkozi zegolide azihlali njalo kulezi ziqhingi, kepha zakhangwa ngabantu abaningi bezingulube zasendle cishe ngo-1995, lapho izinkozi zifa lapha. Ukunyamalala kokhozi kudale izimo ezinhle zokuhlala kweziqhingi zasenyakatho ngokhozi oluncane lwegolide. Ukhozi lwegolide lwaqala ukuzingela impungushe yesiqhingi ngempumelelo futhi eminyakeni eyisikhombisa eyalandela i-fox yesiqhingi yalethwa ekubhujisweni ngokuphelele. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi impela, ngonyaka ka-2000, inani lezimpungushe eziqhingini ezintathu ezisenyakatho lehle ngo-95%.
Urocyon littoralis (Baird, 1858)
Ububanzi: ISanta Catalina Islands (194 km²), San Clemente (149 km²), San Nicolas (58 km²), San Miguel (39 km²), Santa Cruz (243 km²) naseSanta Rosa (216 km²) eqenjini lesiteshi seChannel ngasogwini lweCalifornia (USA).
I-fox yesiqhingi, isihlobo esinciphile sempungushe empunga (i-U. cinereoargenteus), igcwele eziqhingini zaseChannel. Izimpungushe zesiqhingi zihlala eziqhingini eziyisithupha kweziyisishiyagalombili zeSiteshi futhi zihlonzwa njengama-subspecies azimele esiqhingini ngasinye, njengoba kufakazelwa umehluko wokuphikisana kwezakhi zofuzo nofuzo.
U. l. I-Catalinae - isiqhingi saseSanta Catalina, U. l. clementae - isiqhingi saseSan Clemente, U. l. dickeyi - ISan Nicholas Island, U. l. littoralis - isiqhingi saseSan Miguel, U. l. santarosae - isiqhingi saseSanta Rosa no-U. l. santacruzae - isiqhingi saseSanta Cruz.
I-fox yesiqhingi yehluke ngokwezimpendulo ku-fox empunga futhi isondele kakhulu kubantu besimanjemanje abangama-grey eCarlifonia, hhayi kubantu abamnyama be-fox eningizimu yeMexico noma eMelika Ephakathi.
Ukuba khona kwezimpungushe eziqhingini eziyisithupha ezikude futhi kude nasogwini oluseningizimu yeCalifornia kwavusa impikiswano enkulu ngokuthi yini evumela izimpungushe zenze lezi ziqhingi zikoloni nokuthi kwenzeka kanjani. Ngokomunye umbono, abantu banamuhla bayindlela yokudlalela ebanzi kakhulu yomjaho wezwekazi, ofinyelela eziqhingini zomhlaba ngamabhuloho avelayo ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinga lolwandle ngesikhathi sePleistocene. Ngokusho komqondo ojwayelekile, amakoloniyamu okuqala ayefana ngosayizi wezwe. Izimpungushe ezimpunga mhlawumbe ekuqaleni zafinyelela kwesinye seziqhingi ezisenyakatho Channel phakathi neLate Pleistocene, lapho amazinga olwandle ephansi futhi ibanga elifushane phakathi kwezwe neziqhingi lalingamakhilomitha ayi-8. Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa isikhathi eside, bakhulisa usayizi wabo omncane womzimba. Ukushintshwa kwezinga lolwandle ngesikhathi seLate Pleistocene kuholele ekusatshalalisweni kwezimpungushe ezincane zesiqhingi ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge olusenyakatho lweziqhingi zaseChannel ngokusebenzisa amabhuloho omhlaba. Impungushe yesiqhingi yayihlala nabomdabu baseChumash iminyaka engaba ngu-1000. Kukholakala ukuthi abakwaChumashi bathutha izimpungushe zisuka eziqhingini ezisenyakatho zaya eziqhingini ezintathu ezinkulu eziseningizimu yeChannel (iSan Clemente, iSanta Catalina neSan Nicholas). Mhlawumbe lokhu kwenziwa ngenxa yezikhumba ezisetshenziswa emicikilweni yesiko noma izimpungushe zazinjengezilwane ezifuywayo.
Imininingwane yamangqamuzana nemivubukulo ikhombisa ukuthi izimpungushe zihlala eziqhingini ezisenyakatho iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10-16, nangaseningizimu - iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-2.2-4.3. Muva nje, imininingwane yemivubukulo iphinde yahlanganiswa kabusha, okuqinisekisa ukubukeka kwakamuva kwezimpungushe eziqhingini ezisenyakatho cishe eminyakeni eyizi-7 000 edlule.
I-Island Fox iyimpungushe encane kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika. Kubukeka njengempungushe grey, kepha incane futhi imnyama. Njengomthetho, ubude bekhanda nomzimba kungama-48-50 cm, ukuphakama kwehlombe kungama-12-15 cm, ubude bomsila buyi-11-29 cm, osayizi bancanyana kunamakati amaningi asekhaya. Umsila wempungushe yesiqhingi ucishe ube yingxenye yesithathu yobude bomzimba, futhi imilenze imfushane ngokuqhathaniswa nomzimba kunezimpungushe eziimpunga. Izimpungushe zabantu abadala zinesisindo esiphakathi kuka-1.1 no-2.8 kg. Abesilisa bakhulu kancane futhi basindayo kunabesifazane. Ngokwesilinganiso, izimpungushe ezinkulu kunazo zonke esiqhingini saseSanta Catalina nesincane kunazo zonke esiqhingini saseSanta Cruz.
Umbala we-dorsal unombala onsundu omhlophe nomnyama, isisekelo sezindlebe nezinhlangothi zentamo nemilenze kunemibala yesinamoni. Underbelly mhlophe buthuntu.
Ukuhlukahluka kwesimilo phakathi kwezixuku ze-fox zesiqhingi akubonakali kakhulu, kepha izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka impela kwi-fox empunga. Ukusondela kwe-taxonomic ne-grey fox, kanye nomehluko phakathi kwesiqhingi sabantu besiqhingi, okwamanje akuqondwa kahle. Ngaphandle kwencazelo yasekuqaleni, akukho mizamo yangaphambilini eye yenziwa yokusebenzisa izindlela ezi-multidimensional morphometric ukutadisha ubudlelwane be-biiogeographic kanye ne-taxonomic ye-Urocyon littoralis. Muva nje, ukwahlukahluka kofuzo kwezimpungushe zesiqhingi kuye kwafundwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa karyology okujwayelekile nokuhlaziywa kofuzo. Ngokwe-Morphologically, izinhlobo zezilwane ziveze ukwehlukahluka okuphakathi kwesiqhingi ngosayizi, ukwakheka kwempumulo kanye nokulandelana, kanye nenani le-caudal vertebrae. Imininingwane yezakhi zofuzo iqinisekisile ukwahlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezinkulwini eziyisithupha ezihlukene futhi iqinisekisa iphethini yokusabalalisa.
Kuqokonyisiwe njengamanje 6 subspecies.
Njengama-canine amaningi, izimpungushe zingagijima ngokushesha zibambe inyamazane encane emameleni avulekile. Izimpungushe zisebenza kakhulu futhi zingagibela kalula izihlahla namadwala. Zinesizalo esincane esilinganiselwe, esibavumela ukuba bathole inyamazane kusuka kumifantu nasezinkomeni, futhi banombono omuhle kakhulu. Amandla okubona inyamazane ithuthukiswa ngombono we-dichromatic nobusuku, lokhu kuqiniswa kungqimba olukhethekile olubonisayo egobolondweni lamehlo (i-tapetum lucidum).
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi zikhulumisana ngokuthinta nangomlomo. Ziphawula nendawo yazo. Facks ingatholakala emigwaqweni, emizileni, nakwezinye izindawo ezivelele.
I-fox yesiqhingi isilwane esikhanyayo, ezimeni eziningi ukwesaba kancane abantu. Izimo zengqondo zabantu ziyahluka phakathi kweziqhingi. Eziqhingini lapho izimpungushe nabantu bevame khona, izimpungushe zibonakala zinganakile. Ezindaweni ezinjengezinkundla zamatende, izimpungushe zingaba nesibindi esikhulu.
Isimo sezulu sesiQhingi saseC Chennal esisogwini lweCalifornia sinomile. Imvula iyahlukahluka phakathi kwesiqhingi, kepha ingaphansi kwamasentimitha ayisithupha ngonyaka. Iziqhingi ezinkulu (iSanta Cruz, iSanta Catalina neSan Clemente) zinemisinga ehlala njalo esekela imifino yasolwandle nezinhlobo zezihlahla. Izimpungushe zitholakala ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlala, kepha zithanda izihlahlana noma izindawo ezinamahlathi ezinjenge-chapparaly, izihlahlana zasogwini, kanye namahlathi e-oki. Imvelo yeziqhingi zemvelo ikakhulukazi iyindawo eshisayo ngasogwini, kepha le ndawo ishintshwe kakhulu ngokungeniswa kwezilwane ezidla izihlambi eziqhingini nakwamanye amathonya abantu. Iziqhingi zasenyakatho (iSan Miguel, iSanta Rosa neSanta Cruz) nesiqhingi saseSan Nicholas (eningizimu) zinezindawo eziningi eziphethwe yizinhlobo zezitshalo ezisetshenziswayo, njengotshani bonyaka nezitshalo zeqhwa. Ukubuyiselwa kweHabitat eSanta Rosa naseSanta Cruz kuye kwasiza kakhulu ukubuyiselwa kwezimpungushe zesiqhingi. Iziqhingi zaseningizimu (iSanta Catalina, iSan Clemente neSan Nicholas) zithuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe: izisekelo zamasosha omgwaqo kanye nedolobha lase-Avalon.
Kubalulekile ukucabanga ngomehluko wemvelo phakathi kweziqhingi lapho uqhathanisa izinkumbi zezimpungushe zesiqhingi. Iziqhingi zaseningizimu zinombala olinganiselayo onesimo sezulu esomile futhi ngenxa yalokho, izihlahla ezi-cacti ezengeziwe nezasehlane. Iziqhingi zasenyakatho zinombhalo ongalingani ngaphezulu futhi zithola imvula eningi. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi kube nemifudlana yaphakade esekela imifino yasogwini kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zamahlathi ezingatholakali eziqhingini eziseningizimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lezimpungushe zaseningizimu yesiqhingi alizange lizwe ukwehla okubukhali okubangelwa ukuqagula kokhozi lwegolide. Ngaphezu kokwehluka kwemvelo, isiqhingi ngasinye sinomlando ohlukile wokuhlala kwabantu nezinguquko zokuhlala. Kepha lapho izixuku ze-fox zesiqhingi ziqhathaniswa nokwanda kwezwekazi, umehluko phakathi kweziqhingi uya ungasho lutho.
I-fox yesiqhingi ekukhetheni kwayo indawo yokuhlala iyindawo yonke etholakala kuzo zonke izindawo zemvelo eziChannel Islands, yize ithanda izindawo ezinendawo ehlukahlukene nezitshalo.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezakhiwe yizimpungushe zesiqhingi zifaka amadlelo, izihlahla ezinameva ezisogwini, izihlahla ze-lupine, ama-chaparral, amahlathi ahlanganisiwe nogu, izindawo ezigudle ugu ezinendawo efinyelelekayo ehlukahlukene kuzo zonke iziqhingi. Imvamisa, iziqhingi zaseningizimu zinokwehlukahlukana okuphansi kwezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile. Iziqhingi ezinkulu ezisenyakatho, ikakhulukazi iSanta Cruz neSanta Rosa, zinendawo yokuhlala ehlukahlukene, kanye nemvula ephakeme yonyaka. Izindawo zokuhlala zeShrub nezamahlathi zinikeza indawo yokukhosela ethe xaxa futhi zivame ukugcina ubuningi bezimpungushe kunezindawo zokuhlala zamadlelo.
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi zitholakala ezigodini nasezindleleni zamapiedmont, izindunduma ezisogwini oluseningizimu, izihlahla ezingasogwini nezingxube ze-sage, izihlahla zamakhokho we-cactus, i-chapar yesiqhingi, ihlathi le-oki eliseningizimu, ihlathi elisogwini oluseningizimu, ihlathi likaphayini, kanye nasezigodini ezisogwini.
Lezi izimpungushe zisebenzisa izimbotshana ezingatshalwa kancane kunezinye izindawo zokuhlala, yize inyamazane inambuzane iningi endaweni yotshani. Ngasikhathi sinye, izihlahla zingaminyene impela futhi zingenza kube nzima ukukhishwa kokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ezinezimila eziphansi, njengamadada, zenza izimpungushe zesiqhingi zibe sengozini kakhulu yezinyamazane ezihlasela umoya.
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi cishe zingajwayelekile futhi zondla izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezahlukahlukene zonyaka. Ukudla kwabo kusekelwe ekutholakaleni kwezinsizakusebenza, ezifaka namagundane, izinambuzane, izibankwa, izinyoni, izithelo, iminenke, neminye imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene. Ukwakheka nobungako bokudla kuya endaweni yokuhlala, isiqhingi nesikhathi. Izakhi eziyinhloko zokudla eziqhingini eziseningizimu ama-mabhungane (i-Coleoptera spp.), I-Deer hamsters (Peromyscus maniculatus), iminenke (Helix aspera), i-carp carp (i-Carpobrotus spp.), Izithelo ze-Cactus zeparey ye-prickly (i-Opuntia spp.) Kanye nezikhokho (iStenopalmat. Izici eziyinhloko zokudla eziqhingini ezisenyakatho nazo zingama-deer hamsters, amabhungane, amakhethini kanye nama-carp-mabhungane ngaphezu kwezibankwa nezithelo zethwane (iHeteromeles arbutifolia) ne-bearberry noma i-manzanite (Arctostaphylus spp.). Ezinye izinto ezingejwayelekile kakhulu ekudleni zihlanganisa ama-crustaceans, amaqanda wezinyoni, i-carrion of ungulates nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.
Bangakwazi nokuzingela amagundane asekhaya (Mus musculus) esiqhingini saseSanta Catalina kanye namagundane (ama-Rattus rattus) eziqhingini zaseSanta Catalina, eSan Miguel naseSan Clemente. Ama-haminde ama-Reindeer ayizisulu ezibaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzalela, ngoba zinkulu, ukudla okunamafutha amaningi nezimpungushe zabantu abadala kungaziletha ezinkulwaneni zazo ezikhulayo. Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izimpungushe zasesiqhingini zidla izinyoni ezidlekayo njengama-lark anophondo (i-Eremophila alpestris) kanye ne-meadow cadavers (iSturnella oblia). Okungajwayelekile ekudleni yilezi ezi-amphibians, ezihuquzelayo kanye ne-carrion zezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.
Kuvele izindaba ezingejwayelekile lapho izimpungushe zesiqhingi zidla ama-skunks amancane (Spilogale gracilis amphiala) - izilwane ezidla ezinye ezihlala eziqhingini zaseSanta Rosa naseSanta Cruz.
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi zidla izitshalo ezahlukahlukene zasendaweni, kufaka phakathi i-bearberry (Arctostaphylos), umiyane (Comarostaphylis), i-heteromeles (Heteromeles), i-prickly pear (i-Opuntia), izihlahlana (i-Prunus, i-Rhus, i-Rosa), i-nightshade (Solanum) kanye ne-berry bush (V). Izimpungushe zeSan Miguel Island zithembela kakhulu ezithelo zomkhiwane wasolwandle (Carpobrotus chilensis).
Ingxenye yengxenye ngayinye yokudla iyahluka ngezikhathi ezithile kuya ngokuya kwesiqhingi. Eziqhingini ezinezitshalo eziningi kakhulu, izimpungushe zesiqhingi zidla inani eliphakeme lezithelo futhi zingcono ngezikhathi zesomiso. Iziqhingi zaseSan Miguel naseSan Nicholas zinezinhlobonhlobo ezincane zezitshalo, okwenza izimpungushe zincike kakhulu ezinhlanzini ezethulwe. Yilezi zizwe ezihlupheke kakhulu ekuqhubekeni kwesomiso eside. Izimpungushe zesiqhingi ezithola ukudla kubantu zisuka nje zibe imilutha futhi zingase zingafundisi izingane zazo ukuthi zizingela futhi zikuthole kanjani ukudla kwendalo.
Izimpungushe zingasebenza isikhathi esingamahora angama-24, kepha ukudla zivame ukubanjwa kusihlwa (umsebenzi wesikhathi sokuhlwa). Umsebenzi wempungushe yesiqhingi uqhathaniswa nsuku zonke ukwedlula owezwekazi elingumhlaba, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokungabi khona komlando kwabazingeli abakhulu eziqhingini nokushushiswa kwabantu.
Izikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu zomsebenzi wezimpungushe zesiqhingi kuthiwa, yize kunomsebenzi wasemini. Uma kuqhathaniswa nomzala omkhulu, impungushe empunga, insular ibonisa imisebenzi ekhulu kakhulu yansuku zonke, okungenzeka ukuthi ngumphumela wokungabikho kwabazingeli abakhulu. Ucwaningo esiqhingini saseSanta Cruz lukhombisa ukusebenza nokuhamba ngezinkathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka, ubulili kanye nobudala bezimpungushe zisebenzisa amakhola we-radio telemetric. Amazinga okusebenza aphezulu kakhulu ebusika, imisebenzi yansuku zonke - ama-64%. Ehlobo, izinga lemisebenzi yansuku zonke lehle laya ku-36.8%, elihambisana nokukhuphuka kokushisa komoya nsuku zonke. Abesilisa babenezindawo ezinkulu zamakhaya kanye nokunyuka okuthe xaxa ngesikhathi sokuzalela (ngoDisemba nangoFebhuwari) ngenxa yokufuna abesifazane.
Imiphumela yokuqashelwa ikhombisile ukukhetha komsebenzi ebusuku ezindaweni zokuhlala ezivulekile nezinotshani. Amazinga womsebenzi ophakeme wobusuku angahle abangelwe yinyama yokudla okweqile kobusuku, njengamagundane nezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane. Uma kwenzeka umsebenzi wokuhlaselwa kobusuku ezindaweni ezivulekile lokhu kusiza ukuhamba kwe-fox. Kubikwa ukuthi kubhekwe izimpungushe ezihamba ebusuku emigwaqweni yobhuqu, ezihlukaniswa njengezindawo ezivulekile.
Njengomthetho, izimpungushe zesiqhingi zinezindawo ezincane, zihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu futhi zinamabanga amafushane okusakazeka kunezimpungushe ezingwevu ezingwevu. Ubukhulu nokulungiswa kwesiza sasekhaya kuya ngokubukeka kwendawo, ukwabiwa kwezinsiza, inani labantu bezimpungushe, uhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala, inkathi nobulili besilwane. Osayizi abahleliwe beziza zasekhaya zisuka ku-0,2 km² ezindaweni ezixubile zaya ku-0,87 km² ezindaweni ezihlala emadlelweni eSanta Cruz Island, futhi zifinyelela ku-0,77 km² emigodini eSan Clemente Island. Ubungako bezindawo ze-fox eSanta Cruz Island zazisuka ku-0,15 ziye ku-0.87 km² futhi zilinganiswe ngo-0.55 km² ngesikhathi sokuxineka okuphakathi nendawo ephezulu yezimpungushe (izimpungushe ezi-7 nge-1 km²).
Ukucwaninga eSanta Cruz Island kwathola ukuthi izimpungushe zasendaweni, njengezimpungushe eziningi, zihlala kwimibhangqwana enobuntu obuhlala ezindaweni ezihlukile. Ukulungiswa kwendawo kuguqukile ngemuva kokufa nokufakwa endaweni yabesilisa, kodwa hhayi ngemuva kokufa nokufakwa esikhundleni ngababili noma kwabesifazane. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi abesilisa abadala bayabandakanyeka ekwakhiweni nasekulondolozweni kwensimu. Naphezu kokuphikiswa ubumbano emphakathini kanye nezwe, izimpungushe zasesiqhingini akuzona ezesizukulwane sodwa. Esiqhingini saseSanta Cruz, amawundlu amane kwayi-16 nabazali bawo akhonjwa ngokuhlaziya ubunikazi baba mndeni ngomphumela wokukhulelwa komuntu ongashada naye. Bonke ubudlelwano obunezandla ezimbili zenzeka phakathi kwezimpungushe ezindaweni eziseduze.
Yize izimpungushe zasesiqhingini zikwazi ukuzala ekugcineni konyaka wazo wokuqala, iningi liqala ukuzala zisezingeni elikhulile. Abesifazane bangakhulelwa ngonyaka wokuqala, kepha bavame ukwehluleka ukukhulisa imidlwane. Kuyi-16% kuphela yabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-1 kuya ku-2 ubudala ngokuzala kweminyaka engu-5 esiqhingini saseSan Miguel, ngokungafani nama-60% abesifazane besifazane asebekhulile. Izinsikazi ezincane zinezilinganiso eziphansi zokuzala kunabantu abadala esiqhingini saseSanta Cruz. Kodwa-ke, abesifazane abasanda kungeniswa emvelweni kusukela ekudingisweni esiqhingini saseSan Miguel bakhiqiza udoti lapho eneminyaka engu-1 ubudala. Ngaphambi kokuncipha kwenhlekelele yenani labantu ngonyaka we-1990, izimpungushe zabantu abadala eziqhingini zaziphila ngokwesilinganiso iminyaka engama-4-6. Esiqhingini saseSan Miguel, kuqoshwe abantu abangu-8 abaphila iminyaka eyisikhombisa kuya kwayishumi endle. Kukhona okukhombisa ukuthi abantu basendle abaningana basinda baba yiminyaka eyi-12.
Ukuthandana nokuzilolonga kuvame ukwenzeka ngoDisemba kuya kuFebhuwari, ukuzalaniswa kusuka ngoFebhuwari kuya kuMashi. Abesifazane bakhona kuphela kuma-estrus amahora angama-40, kanye ngonyaka, futhi kuphela lapho owesilisa eseduzane. Imibhangqwana eSan Miguel Island yaqanjwa phakathi namasonto amabili okuqala oMashi 2000, futhi ukuqoqwa kwemibhangqwana ephumelelayo kungenzeka kwenzeka phakathi maphakathi noFebhuwari kuya ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, cishe izinsuku ezingama-50-53, kuzalwa izimpungushe. Lokhu kwenzeka kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube maphakathi noMeyi. Ngo-2015, imidlwane yaqoshwa eziqhingini eziseningizimu ngoFebhuwari. Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 1 kuya ku-Ephreli 25, izinhlobo zokuzalwa zaqoshwa ezimpungutini eziyisiqhingi.
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi zibeletha inzalo emihlathini elula, ngaphansi kwezihlahla noma ezinhlangothini zezigodi. Ukutholakala kokuphakelayo kuthinta usayizi kadoti, ohlukahluka kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-5, ngokwesilinganiso esingu-2-3. Owesifazane onemithombo yokudla okucebile angaba nemidlwane efinyelela kwemihlanu, kanti ukushoda kwezinsizakalo eSan Miguel Island ngonyaka ka-2013 nango-2014 kuholele ekutheni kungabikho ukuzala kabusha kuso sonke isiqhingi. Isilinganiso esilinganiselwe semfucumfucu sokuzala izingane ezingama-24 eSanta Cruz Island singu-2.17. Imfucumfucu ephakathi yezimpungushe zesiqhingi ekudingisweni kusuka ngo-1999 kuya ku-2004 (izelwe ezingama-51) kwakuyizimpungushe ezi-2.4. Njengakwezinye izinhlobo zezimpungushe, bobabili abazali bakhombisa ukukhathalela inzalo yezimpungushe zesiqhingi. Iduna lidlisa insikazi okokuqala, bese lisiza ekondleni izimpungushe eziphuma emgodini ngoJuni.
Ekuzalweni, imidlwane iyimpumputhe, futhi umbala wayo usuka ku-grey omnyama uye kumnyama. Ekupheleni kukaJulayi noma ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, umbala oyinhloko uthathelwa indawo ngumuntu omdala ngokugqwala okuningi, kanti imidlwane isondele ngosayizi kubantu abadala. Ukunakekelwa ngabazali kabili kukhulisa ukusinda kwenzalo, futhi futhi futhi kuyasekela izindawo ezigcwele kakhulu zemibhangqwana. Ukuma komhlaba, ngokusobala, kuboniswa kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezingane. Akucaci noma ngabe le ndawo ibonakala ngezindawo eziphansi zezimpungushe.
Eminyakeni engu-2 izinyanga, izimpungushe ezisencane zichitha isikhathi esiningi sosuku ngaphandle komhume, kepha zihlale nabazali kuzo zonke ihlobo. Izingane ziqala ukuzingela endaweni yokuhlala nabazali bazo ekuqaleni kwehlobo, futhi ukusakazeka kuqala ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba ngokushiya kokugcina kwensimu yabazali ngoDisemba. Eminye imidlwane isuka ezindaweni zayo zemvelo ebusika, yize ezinye zingahlala ezindaweni zazo zonyaka wesibili.
Amamodeli wokusabalalisa adinga olunye ucwaningo. Kwatholakala ukuthi abazali bandisa indawo yabo kusuka ekwindla ekwindla, lapho imidlwane iba matasa kakhulu. Imidlwane ihlala endaweni yendabuko kuze kube nguDisemba, emva kwalokho ukuhlakazeka kuvame ukwenzeka. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ukhuphule ukusinda kwemidlwane ngenxa yokuzingela okuyinhloko endaweni ethile. Ukuqashelwa kwensimu kukhombisa ukuthi abesifazane bonyaka wokuqala bavame ukudala amasayithi abo eduze kwendalo, kanti abesilisa bavame ukuhlakazeka besuka kwelokwendalo, mhlawumbe ukunciphisa amathuba okuthola ithuba lokuganana nabesifazane abahlobene. Ububanzi besilinganiso sokusakazeka esiqoshwe e-Santa Cruz Island bebuphansi kakhulu (1.39 km) uma siqhathaniswa nezimpungushe ezingwevu namanye amalungu omndeni. Ngenxa yobukhulu obunqunyelwe beziqhingi, ukusakazwa kwebanga elide akunakwenzeka.
Ukuqagela kwezinkozi zegolide kuholele ekuqothulweni komhlaba ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 yokuncitshwa kwezimpungushe zeziqhingi eziqhingini zaseSan Miguel, Santa Cruz naseSanta Rosa. Ukuzingela kwezinkozi zegolide kuyaqhubeka kuyisici esikhulu ekufeni kwezimpungushe eziqhingini ezisenyakatho zesiteshi.
Ukubhujiswa kwezinkozi eziyimpandla (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) kuChannel Islands ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) kungenzeka kube neqhaza ekubumbeni kwale ndawo ngezinkozi zegolide. Izinkozi ze-Bald zakha mlando kulezi ziqhingi nolaka lwazo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzalela, zaxosha amankonyane egolide futhi azizange zivume ukuhlala lapha. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwaba kuze kube ngu-1960, lapho ngenxa yokungcola kwe-DDT, izinkozi azizange zichithwe eziqhingini ezisenyakatho. Ukudla kwezinkozi eziyimpandla kuncike emithonjeni yasolwandle, futhi izinkozi zegolide zigxila ekuphangeni okusekwe emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingxenyeni eziningi ezisenyakatho, amadlelo ezimvu ashintsha utshani obukhulu kusuka ezihlahleni buthatha izimila ezilimazayo, okwashiya izimpungushe zincane kakhulu ekuhlaselweni yizinyamazane ezinamabala.
Isidlakudla esiqhutshwa yizimpungushe zasendle esiwukuphela kokuqina kwezidleke zeziqhwaga (i-Buteo jamaicensis), esingahlasela kakhulu imidlwane hhayi izimpungushe zesiqhingi esidala. Kuke kwaba nemibiko engakaqinisekiswa yesikhathi eside yokuqokwa kwezinkozi, kepha abukho ubufakazi bamanje noma bamuva nje bokuthi izimpungushe ziyisisulu esiphambili.
Ezinye izinto zokufa kwezimpungushe zesiqhingi ukufa emigwaqweni, ezinye izifo kanye namagciwane. Okungenani icala elilodwa lokufa kwe-fox ngenxa yokuzingela komuntu (abantu) elingaziwa laqinisekiswa ngonyaka we-2007 esiqhingini saseSanta Catalina. Ukushayisana ngezimoto kuhlale kungusongo kwizimpungushe zesiqhingi eziqhingini zaseSan Nicolas, San Clemente naseSanta Catalina. Esiqhingini saseSanta Catalina kusuka ngonyaka we-2002 kuya ku-2007 ngokwesilinganiso izimpungushe ezi-4 zabulawa minyaka yonke ngomgwaqo. Izimpungushe ezingaphezu kuka-30 zifa ngezimoto minyaka yonke esiqhingini saseSan Clemente. Esiqhingini saseSan Nicholas ukusuka ngonyaka we-1993 kuya kowezi-2013, isilinganiso sezimpungushe ezi-17 zafa kwezokuthutha minyaka yonke, ngonyaka ka-2013 kwashona izimpungushe. Le nombolo ifaka izimpungushe kuphela ezabulawa ngaso leso sikhathi. Kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye izilwane zalimala zabe sezifa, noma ukuthi kwakukhona imidlwane engasindanga ngemuva kokushona kukamama. Ngakho-ke, ukushona kwangempela konyaka okuvela ezimotweni kungenzeka kuphakeme.
Ngisho noma kungekho imithombo eyinhlekelele yokufa kwabantu, izixuku ze-fox zesiqhingi zingashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izakhamizi zesiqhingi saseSanta Cruz kwesinye isikhathi zaziphawula izikhathi zokushoda nobuningi bezimpungushe zesiqhingi. Izinga labemi be-Santa Catalina Island lalingaphansi ngo-1972 nango-1977. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-1994, inani lezimpungushe zabantu abadala baseSanta Catalina Island lalinganiselwa kubantu abangaphezu kwe-1300. Eminyakeni yokuqala yo-1970, inani le-fox yesiqhingi saseSan Nicholas lalibhekwa njengeliphansi kakhulu, kepha ngonyaka we-1984 lase lifinyelele kubantu abacishe babe ngu-500.
Ukubhaliswa okuningana kwesikhonkwane sesiqhingi (izimpungushe zeziqhingi zaseSan Miguel, iSanta Rosa, iSanta Cruz neSanta Catalina) sathola ukwehla okusheshayo kwamanani engxenyeni yesibili yama-1990s. Inani lezimpungushe eziqhingini zaseSan Miguel, Santa Rosa naseSanta Cruz lehle ngo-90-95%. Ngo-1999, bekukholelwa ukuthi izingxenyana zezimpungushe zeziqhingi eziqhingini ezisenyakatho yesiteshi zazisengozini, njengoba kwaba njalo ngezindawo ezingaphansi kweSanta Catalina ngonyaka ka-2000.
Ngo-2004, kwafakwa izingxhaso ezi-4 kweziyisithupha ohlwini lwabumbene e-US ngenxa yokwehla kwenhlekelele kubantu bazo. Inani lezimpungushe zesiqhingi saseSan Miguel (i-Urocyon littoralis littoralis) lehle lisuka kubantu abangama-450 laya ku-15, iziqhingi zaseSanta Rosa (U. l. Santarosae) zehle ukusuka kubantu abangaphezu kuka-1750 zaya ku-15, iziqhingi zaseSanta Cruz (U. l. Santacruzae) zisuka abantu abacishe babe ngu-1,450 banciphe bafinyelela ku-55; iziqhingi zaseSanta Catalina (U. l. catalinae) zehle kusuka ku-1300 zaya ku-103. Izimpungushe zesiqhingi saseSan Clemente (U. lmentmentae) kanye nesiqhingi saseSan Nicholas (U. dickeyi) azizange. zifakwe ohlwini lwenhlangano, njengoba inani labo lingazibonanga lehla. Kodwa-ke, zonke izikhala ezingama-6 zihlukaniswa njengezisengozini esifundeni saseCalifornia.
Izinsongo ezimbili ezaziwa kakhulu eziholele ekuhlukaniselweni kwezindawo ezine zokusekelwa kwesiphephesi sesiqhingi njengoba zisengozini:
1) ukubikezelwa kwezinkozi zegolide (i-Aquila chrysaetos) (Iziqhingi zaseSan Miguel, iSanta Rosa neSanta Cruz),
2) ukuhanjiswa kwegciwane le-canine distemper (iSanta Catalina Island).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba inani ngalinye lezimpungushe zesiqhingi lincane, zisengozini enkulu yemicimbi engahleliwe ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kofuzo okuphansi. Ezinye izinsongo ezibe nomthelela ekwehlekeni kwezimpungushe zesiqhingi noma ziyaqhubeka nokuthinta izimpungushe zesiqhingi futhi indawo yazo ukuhlukunyezwa kwendawo yazo kungukudla emadlelweni, izifo, kanye namagciwane.
Ngenxa yokuncipha okukhulu kwenani labantu eliqoshwe eziqhingini eziningana, kwaqaliswa uhlelo lokufuya abathunjwa eziqhingini ezisenyakatho. Iqembu okugxilwe kulo ngababili abangama-20 kuhlobo ngalunye lokuqashwa olwenziwe njengengxenye yohlelo lokuzala lokuthunjwa.
Ngo-2003, uhlelo lokuzala abathunjiwe lwalususondele ekufinyeleleni emgomweni wababili abangamashumi amabili abantu ngamunye. Izinga lokukhula minyaka yonke labantu abathunjiwe eziqhingini zaseSanta Rosa naseSan Miguel lafinyelela ku-1,2 no-1,3 ngokulandelana.
Uhlelo lokuzala abathunjiwe eziqhingini ezisenyakatho lwagcina kusuka ngo-2000 kuya ku-2008. Kusuka kwabangu-10 kuye kwabangu-20 abantu ababedingisiwe ababededelwa endle minyaka yonke.
Umsebenzi wokubuyiselwa wawubandakanya ukuzalanisa (ukusukela ngo-2001 kuye ku-2008), ukususwa kwezinkozi zegolide, ukuthunyelwa kwezingulube zasendle, izimbuzi zasendle kanye nokulethwa kwezinyamazane ne-elk (konke -ukuzingela ukhozi lwegolide), kanye nokwenziwa kabusha kwezinkozi zama-bald. Zonke izixuku ze-fox zesiqhingi zigadwe kusetshenziswa umkhondo werediyo nokubalwa konyaka. Izimpungushe zesiqhingi ngazinye ezivela kubantu abasengozini zifakwa kuma-microchips wokuhlonza lapho zibanjwa okokuqala. Ezinye izimpungushe zesiqhingi esiqhingini ngasinye zigonyelwa minyaka yonke kuma-canine distemper namarabi.
Izimpungushe ze-Island fox ziphola ngobuningi obuphakeme futhi zisinda eziqhingini eziningi, futhi ezinye izingxhaso ezisendleleni zisazolulama. Izindlela zokubuyiselwa kwemvelo zokuphila kwabantu eziqhingini zaseSan Miguel, eSanta Cruz naseSanta Catalina zingahlangatshezwa ngo-2013, iSanta Rosa - okunokwenzeka ngo-2017.
Kusukela ngonyaka we-2013, inani lezimpungushe zesiqhingi lenyuke laya kubantu abayi-1000 eziqhingini zaseSanta Catalina naseSanta Cruz, laya cishe ku-900 esiqhingini saseSanta Rosa futhi abacishe babe ngama-600 esiqhingini saseSan Miguel. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengamanje yonke imikhakha ye-fox yesiqhingi inesilinganiso sokusinda saminyaka yonke sama-80%.
Isimo sezindawo zasendle ngo-2015: ezinzile (iSan Clemente), ezibuyiselwe (iSanta Cruz, iSanta Catalina), ebuyiselwe (iSanta Rosa). Imiphumela yesomiso ibangele ukuwohloka okuncane eziqhingini zaseSan Nicholas naseSan Miguel, kepha bobabili abantu bahlala bezinzile.
[hlela] Ukuhlukaniswa
- Urocyon littoralis catalinae - Isiqhingi saseSanta Catalina.
- Urocyon littoralis clementae - Isiqhingi saseSan Clemente.
- Urocyon littoralis dickeyi - isiqhingi saseSan Nicholas.
- Urocyon littoralis littoralis - Isiqhingi saseSan Miguel.
- Urocyon littoralis santacruzae - Isiqhingi saseSanta Cruz.
- Urocyon littoralis santarosae - isiqhingi saseSanta Rosa.
[hlela] Ukuziphatha
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi ziyizilwane ezihlala zodwa. Indawo yesakhiwo sabesilisa ifaka izigaba eziningana zabesifazane futhi ingama-0.5-1 mile 2. Abesilisa bamaka insimu, beshiya umchamo nezindunduma phansi. Izimpungushe zesiqhingi zihlala ebusuku kakhulu, kepha zazibonakala ngesikhathi sasemini. Izilwane zingakhonkotha ebusuku. Ukuxhumana komunye nomunye kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izibonakaliso ezahlukahlukene zezwi, zokubonisa ukubuka kanye nokubuka.
Izimpungushe zasesiqhingini ziyizilwane ezithandekayo kakhulu, ezilalelayo, ezidlala futhi ezinelukuluku. Abesabi abantu. Ukudinwa kubantu kungakhonjiswa endle kuphela.
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi zingama-omnivores; lokhu kudla kuqukethe izinambuzane nezithelo. Izithelo namajikijolo kufaka i-manzanites, i-toyon (IHeteromeles arbutifolia), i-quinoa (I-Atriplex) kanye ne-prickly pear (U-Opuntia) Ukudla kwesilwane kuqukethe amagundane ezinyamazane kanye nezinyoni ezahlukahlukene, kwesinye isikhathi izibankwa, ama-amphibians, iminenke yomhlaba kanye nodoti oshiywe ngabantu.
[hlela] Ukuzala
Ezimpondweni zesiqhingi, i-dimorphism yezocansi ayivezwanga kahle futhi nobudlelwano obulinganayo phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane buyabhekwa, okusivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi bayathandana.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana sithatha kusuka kuJanuwari kuya ku-Ephreli futhi kuya nge-latitude. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-50-63, kuthi emva kwalokho kuzalwe amawundlu angama-1 kuya ku-5 (ngokwesilinganiso. 2). Ukuzalwa kwengane kwenzeka emgodini, ongasebenza njengokugobhoza ezihlahleni, izimbobo emhlabathini, inqwaba yamatshe, izihlahlana, imihume ngisho nezakhiwo zokwenziwa. I-lair isebenza ukuvikela izimpungushe esimweni sezulu esibi, ezidla nezinye izingozi.
Izimpungushe ezisanda kuzalwa ziyimpumputhe, zinesisindo esingama-100 g.Ukukhishwa emzimbeni kuthatha amasonto angama-7-9. Ngobusika, ukukhula okuncane kufinyelela esilinganisweni sezilwane ezindala. Izimpungushe zihlala nabazali bazo kulo lonke ihlobo, zizimele ngaphandle kwazo ngoSepthemba.Ukuthomba kwenzeka eneminyaka eyi-10 izinyanga, kanti kusukela ngonyaka, izimpungushe zesiqhingi sezivele zikwazi ukuzala.
[hlela] Ukusabalalisa nokuvikela
Uhla lwe-fox lwesiqhingi luhlanganisa iziqhingi eziyisithupha kweziyisishiyagalombili zeChannel Archipelago. Ihlalwa ngamamitha, ama-sageck asogwini, izihlahlana zasogwadule, ama-chaparral, ama-pine kanye namahlathi e-oki.
Inani lezimpungushe zesiqhingi kusukela ngonyaka we-2002 lalinganiselwa kubantu abangu-1,500, kanti ngonyaka we-1994 bekukhona abacishe babe ngu-4 000. Iziqhingi ezine kweziyisithupha, inani labantu lehle ngokushesha kakhulu eminyakeni emi-4 eyedlule. Esiqhingini saseSan Miguel naseSanta Cruz, inani labantu lehle ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-90 phakathi kuka-1995 no-2000. Ukwehla okufanayo kuyabonakala eziqhingini zaseSanta Rosa naseSanta Catalina. Inani labantu eSan Miguel njengamanje linezimpungushe ezingama-28, eSanta Rosa - izimpungushe ezingama-45, izilwane zigcinwa ekudingisweni kuzo zombili iziqhingi. Esiqhingini saseSanta Cruz, inani lezimpungushe zesiqhingi lehle lisuka ku-1312 ngonyaka we-1993 laya ku-133 ngo-1999. Izilinganiso zango-2001 zibonisa ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo kulesi siqhingi yizilwane ezingama-60-80 kuphela eziye zalondolozwa, kusukela ngo-2002 nazo zizalelwe ekudingisweni. Abantu baseSanta Cruz naseSan Miguel badinga usizo oluphuthumayo lokulondolozwa. Esiqhingini saseSanta Catalina, izimpungushe zesiqhingi zigxilile engxenyeni yayo esempumalanga, okuwumphumela wokuqubuka kwesifo se-canine ngo-1999. Inani labantu baseSan Clement balinganiselwa ku-410 izimpungushe zabantu abadala. Enye yezindawo ezinabantu abakhulu kunazo zonke itholakala esiqhingini saseSan Nicholas - ngabantu abangaba ngu-734 abanobukhulu obuphakeme (5.6-16.4 foxes / km 2).
Enye yezinto ezisongela umphakathi we-fox esiqhingini ukuqagela kokhozi lwegolide (I-Aquila chrysaetos) Izifo ezahlukahlukene zezinja nazo ziyingozi. Bonke abantu bancane, abanye basengozini ebucayi, futhi ngenxa yalokho noma yimuphi umthombo oyinhlekelele wokufa osongela i-fox yesiqhingi, kungaba ngukubikezela kokhozi lwegolide, isifo senja noma inhlekelele yemvelo. Muva nje, eSan Clemente, njengomphumela wokuzingela kwezimpungushe zesiqhingi, enye yezindawo ezithunyelwe ngu-American Julan (Lanius ludovicianus) Izimpungushe zesiqhingi zacekelwa phansi ukuze kulondolozwe le nyoni. Futhi yize ukudubula kuphele, izimpungushe zisabanjwa futhi zigcinwe ekudingisweni ngesikhathi sezidleke ze-American Zhulan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ezidlekayo zigcinwa ngocingo lukagesi olwakhiwe nxazonke zazo, olwesabisa izimpungushe.
I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ichaza isimo se-fox yesiqhingi ngokuthi “sisengozini enkulu”. CR) Ukubuka akufakiwe kuzicelo ze-CITES.
Izinhlobo: Urocyon littoralis Baird, 1858 = Island Grey Fox
ISLAND FOX, ISLAND FOX
Igama lesiLatin: Urocyon littoralis littoralis. Igama lesayensi elithi Littoralis lihunyushwa lisuselwa esiLatinini ngokuthi "elakhiwe noma likhula ogwini lolwandle", noma njengesidalwa esihlala esiqhingini. I-fox yesiqhingi i-Urocyon littoralis iyisihlobo esiseduzane kunazo zonke zezinhlobo zezwekazi le-Urocyon cineroargenteus.
Amanye amagama: ISLAND GRAY FOX, ISLAND GRAY FOX
Ukuhanjiswa kukhawulelwe emkhakheni weziqhingi eziyisithupha ezinkulu (Channel Islands), esisemakhilomitha ayi-19-60 ukusuka ogwini oluseningizimu yeCalifornia, e-USA. Lokhu kufaka phakathi iziqhingi zaseSanta Catalina, eSan Clement, eSan Nicholas, eSan Miguel, eSanta Cruz naseSanta Rosa.
Izimpungushe zase-Island grey ziyizinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke zezimpungushe ezaziwa eMelika. Kuze kube muva nje, impungushe yesiqhingi ibithathwa njengengxenye yengwevu engwevu (i-Urocyon cinereoargenteus), incane, futhi inomsila omfushane, lapho kukhona khona ama-vertebrae amabili angatheni kunezimpungushe ezingwevu ezivela ezweni elingumhlaba. Isizukulwane se-fox grey yezwekazi, impungushe yesiqhingi ivele yaba yinhlobo eyingqayizivele ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizi-10 000, igcina izici zokhokho wayo, kepha esimeni sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ubukhulu bayo busehlile futhi njengamanje buba yingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela yobukhulu bokhokho.
Umbono ophelele wempungushe yesiqhingi wakhiwa izikhungo ezinhlanu ezihlukene, esisodwa esiqhingini ngasinye kweziyisithupha ezihlala kuzo. Izimpungushe eziqhamuka eziqhingini ngazinye zisakwazi ukuzalanisa, kepha kunomehluko ohlukile womzimba nofuzo owanele ukwamukela ukuzimela kwazo ngokuzimela. Isibonelo, inani eliphakathi kwe-caudal vertebrae lehluka kakhulu esiqhingini kuya kwesinye. Zonke izinhlobo zemixhaso zibizwa ngegama lesiqhingi sazo ezivela kulo.
Isihlobo se-Island Fox:
Urocyon littoralis littoralis - I-fox yaseSan Miguel Island
U. littoralis santarosae - Santa Rosa Fox
U. littoralis santacruzae - Fox yesiqhingi saseSanta Cruz
U. littoralis dickeyi - I-San Nicholas fox
U. littoralis catalinae - Fox yesiqhingi saseSanta Catalina
U. littoralis clementae - Fox yesiqhingi saseSan Clemente
Umbala: Uboya bumpunga bumpunga bumsulwa ngamathiphu amnyama ezinwele nangaphansi kwesinamoni ohlangothini lwesikhumba, kanye nomhlophe onsundu futhi ompunga onsundu ebusweni besisu. I-chin, izindebe, ikhala nendawo yeso kumnyama, kanti izinhlangothi zezihlathi zingwevu. Izindlebe, intamo kanye nezinhlangothi zamalunga zinsundu. Umsila unentambo emnyama ehlukile ehlukile ohlangothini lwe-dorsal nge-mane yezinwele ezihlangene. Ngaphansi komsila kugcwele ukugqwala. Umbala wejazi ungahluka phakathi kwezimpungushe eziqhingini ezahlukahlukene, yize uhluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abahlukile, kusukela osempunga ngokuphelele kuya onsundu nokubomvu.
I-fox yesiqhingi iveza kuphela ngonyaka ngonyaka ka-Agasti nangoNovemba.
Izimpungushe ezincane zinezimbambo zoboya obukhulu kodwa obukhulu emhlane wazo uma ziqhathaniswa nabantu abadala, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlebe zazo zimnyama ngombala.
Isilinganiso somzimba omude esinomsila emadodeni yi-716 mm (625-716), kubantu besifazane abangama-689 mm (590-787). Ubude bomzimba obuphakathi yilokhu: 48-50 cm, ubude bomsila: 11-16 cm. Ukuphakama emahlombe kusukela ku-12 kuya ku-15 amasentimitha.
Isisindo: Izilinganiso zomzimba kusuka ku-1,3 kuye ku-2.8 kg (amakhilogremu angu-2,4,4), kanti abesilisa banesisindo esingama-2 kg ngokwesilinganiso, nabesifazane banesisindo esingu-1,9 kg.
Ukulindelwa Kwempilo: Isilinganiso sokuphila esijwayelekile emvelweni sasisetshenziswa isikhathi eside ngokwanele izimpungushe ngoba zazingahambisani nezilwane ezidla lubi nezifo. Njengamanje, isukela eminyakeni emine kuya kweyisithupha, kepha ezinye izimpungushe ziphila ziye eminyakeni engu-15.
Izwi: Ukukhulumisana okwenzekile phakathi kwezimpungushe kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa amagxolo futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuyabuna.
I-Habitat: Iziqhingi zinesimo sezulu esibonakala ngokushisa nokoma ehlobo, nokuphola nomswakama ophakeme ebusika. Noma ubukhulu bempungushe buyahluka futhi bunqunywe yindawo yabo yokuhlala, ayikho indawo ebhekisele kuyo yokuhlala. Lapho inani lezimpungushe lalilikhulu, izimpungushe zazingatholakala futhi zibhekwe cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala kwesiqhingi, ngaphandle kwalezo ezazimpofu kakhulu ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwabantu. Izimpungushe zazihlala ezigodini nasemasimini ezinyawo, ezimpondweni zasogwini, ezigodini zesihlabathi, iziqhingi ezinesihlahla esinameva, amahlathi e-oki asogwini kanye namahlathi ophayini.
Izitha: Enye yezitha eziphambili zezimpungushe zesiqhingi ukhozi lwegolide. Izinkozi zegolide azihlali njalo eziQhingini, kepha zakhangwa yiningi labantu bezingulube zasendle cishe ngo-1995, lapho izinkozi zaphela emhlabeni. Ukunyamalala kokhozi kudale izimo ezinhle zokuhlala kweziqhingi zasenyakatho ngokhozi oluncane lwegolide. Ukhozi lwegolide luqale ukuyizingela ngempumelelo impungushe yesiqhingi futhi eminyakeni eyisikhombisa eyalandela i-fox yesiqhingi yalethwa ekubhujisweni ngokuphelele. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi impela, ngonyaka ka-2000, inani lezimpungushe eziqhingini ezintathu ezisenyakatho lehle ngo-95%.
Usongo olukhulu kuso sonke isiqhingi sesiqhingi sezimpungushe ngengozi yezifo ze-canine ezethulwa ezweni elingumhlaba, njenge-leptospirosis, amarabi, ezingasusa ngokuphelele isibalo sezimpungushe. Ngonyaka owodwa nje, cishe amaphesenti angama-90 wabantu abezimpungushe baseSanta Catalina Island acekelwa phansi ngenxa yegciwane le-canine elibangela ukukhubazeka nokufa. Ukwanda kwenani labantu, njengoba bekulindelekile, kuyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla.
Ngenxa yokuba khona kwayo okwehlukile, izimpungushe zesiqhingi azinakho ukuzivikela kwemvelo kwamagciwane nezifo ezilethwa ezweni, futhi zithinta kakhulu lezo ezithwelwa izinja zasendaweni. Inani elikhulu lezimpungushe liyafa ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto eziqhingini zaseSanta Catalina, San Clement naseSan Nicholas. Isibalo sezimpungushe zesiqhingi sesihle sisuka kubantu abayizi-6,000 ngonyaka we-1994, saya ngaphansi kuka-1,500 ngonyaka we-2002. Esiqhingini esisenyakatho, lapho ukwehla kubangelwa ikakhulu ukuqagelwa kwethonya lezinkozi zegolide, izimpungushe ziningi kakhulu ezindaweni ezivaliwe kakhulu ezivela ngaphezulu, kufaka phakathi izihlahla zamakhasi ezinameva nokutshala. dill omnandi (Foeniculum vulgare) neminye imiphakathi yezitshalo zesihlahla.
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi zizingela ikakhulu ebusuku, kepha futhi ziyasebenza phakathi nosuku. Ukudla kuncike kakhulu lapho izimpungushe zihlala khona futhi kunqunywa yisikhathi sonyaka. Kepha isisekelo sokudla kwabo, okokuqala, zonke izinhlobo zezithelo namajikijolo (kufaka phakathi i-tan bearberry, ithoyizi, i-quinoa, i-peick prickly nabanye), kodwa futhi kufaka izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izinyoni, izinyoni, iminenke yomhlaba, amaqanda nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane, futhi izinsalela ezidliwayo ezivela kumfucumfucu yabantu.
Lapho ifinyelela ukuvuthwa, izimpungushe zesiqhingi zakha i-pair ehlala isikhathi sokuzala nokukhulisa imidlwane. Kwenye inkathi yokuphila, bahola ubusuku bebodwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi imini indlela yokuphila enempilo kuze kube yisizini elandelayo yokuzalanisa. Owesilisa nowesifazane kwababili bavame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezihlukene ezindawo ezinendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-0,5, yize izigaba zabo ngazinye, ngokwezinga elithile noma kwenye, zingambozwa ngokwengxenye phakathi kwabo nezigaba zababili abangomakhelwane. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimpungushe kungumbono, imisindo kanye nephunga. Ebusuku bonke, umuntu uyakwazi ukuzwa izimpungushe ezikhonkotha zikhonkotha phakathi kwazo. Ukuxhumana ngomlomo ngesimo sokukhonkotha nokukhonkotha, ngokubamba iqhaza kobuso nokuma komzimba, kusiza ukukhomba ababongayo noma abangaphansi kwabodwa. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhanjiswa kungakhonjiswa lapho uhlangana nokwehliswa kwekhanda, ukuqondisa izindlebe, ukugoba, ukukhotha umlingani nokungabikho koxhumano lwamehlo ngqo (iso ngamehlo). Iphunga elibukhali lidlala indima ebalulekile ekumakweni kwezindawo, ezenziwa umchamo nodoti, okubekwe emngceleni weziza kanye nezindlela eziphambili zokuhamba kwezimpungushe.
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi, njengokhokho bazo abangaphesheya kwezwe, zigibela izihlahla kahle.
Ekuthunjweni, izimpungushe ekuqaleni zingakhombisa ulaka kubantu, kepha maduze zizothambisa futhi zizithobe. Izicwecwe, ithenda, ziyadlala futhi zinelukuluku lokwazi ngezimpungushe.
Ukwakheka komphakathi: Izimpungushe zesiqhingi zihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu kune-fox empunga, futhi cishe imayela elilodwa lesikwele nge-fox. Isiza sendawo yomuntu ngamunye sihlukaniswe nesiseduze ngamaphara kadoti futhi abhalwe umchamo. Imingcele yensimu yabesilisa iguquka kaningi kunensikazi, kuyilapho ingxenye yowesifazane eyakha umbhangqwana phakathi nesikhathi sokuzalela yenza isiko lomndeni elivamile nowesilisa futhi ivikelwe ngokuhlanganyela.
Ukuzala: Kucatshangwa ukuthi, phakathi kwesibalo sezimpungushe kunesilinganiso sobulili esilinganayo, bayazikhohlisa.
Amakamelo atholakala ezingxenyeni zomhlaba, iziqu zemithi eziyize, izinqwaba zamatshe, izihlahla, imihume nezinye izinto zokwenziwa. Yize imvamisa bengazakheli izindlu zabo zokukhosela bebodwa, kepha lapho kungekho thambo elifanele, bakubumba bodwa ngesimo somgodi omncane emhlabathini. Imidlwane izalelwa emgodini ovikeleke kahle futhi uvinjwe ngokucophelela ngodoti womile wesitshalo.
Njengamanye ama-canines, abesilisa badlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuliseni abantu abasha. Izimpungushe ezincane, ngemuva kokusuka emgodini futhi zizimele, zivame ukuhlala ziseduze kwendawo yazo, esizeni sabazali bazo isikhathi esithe xaxa. Bafinyelela usayizi ogcwele wabantu abadala ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, kepha bavame ukushiya abazali babo ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba.
Isizini / Isikhathi sokuzalela: Isikhathi sokukhwelana nokukhwelwa kuhla ngoJanuwari - Ephreli futhi kuya ngobude bendawo.
Ukuthomba: Izimpungushe ziba nokuzimela ekuqaleni kwekwindla, zifinyelele ekuthweni cishe kwezinyanga eziyi-10 ubudala, bese izinsikazi zibeletha cishe unyaka owodwa.
Ukukhulelwa: Ukukhulelwa: izinsuku ezingama-51-63.
Isithombo: Usayizi wamalitha ngokwesilinganiso ziyizinjana ezi-4, kepha zisukela ku-1 kuye kwele-10. Izimbungulu ziyimpumputhe futhi azisizi ngalutho ekuzalweni futhi zinesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-100. Umama unakekela imidlwane futhi ayondle ubisi emasontweni okuqala angama-7-9, yize evela emthonjeni futhi aqala ukukhipha ukudla okulethwe ngabazali, kuqala kusukela eseneminyaka engaba yinyanga eyodwa ubudala.
Usizo / ukulimaza abantu:
Izinsongo ezintathu eziyinhloko esihlathini sempunga esisiqhingi ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo, ukuncintisana namakati asendle ngaphezu kokudla, kanye nosongo lwezifo olwethulwe ezweni elikhulu. Ngakho-ke, inani lezimpungushe esiqhingini saseSan Miguel liye lehla ngokudabukisayo eminyakeni emihlanu edlule: uma ngonyaka we-1994 inani lezimpungushe lalilinganiselwa ezilwaneni ezingama-450, khona-ke ngo-1998 lalingaba yizilwane ezingama-40 kuphela.
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngezimpungushe eziqhingini zaseSanta Rosa. Kukholelwa ukuthi akuvamile, futhi kukholelwa ukuthi izinkozi zegolide zabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekwehlekeni kwazo. Isibalo sezimpungushe esiqhingini saseSanta Cruz sinezilwane ezingaba ngu-100-133. Imbangela eyinhloko yokufa yizinkozi zegolide. Esiqhingini saseSanta Catalina, izimpungushe eziningi zafa ngonyaka we-1999 kusuka kumarabi angeniswa nezinja. Ukugoma okwalandela kwezimpungushe kuholele ekubuyiselweni okuyingxenye kwabantu bendawo zezimpungushe futhi njengamanje ziningi kakhulu. Inani lezimpungushe esiqhingini saseSan Clemente liphezulu, futhi eSan Nicolas inani labantu lihlala lishintsha njalo. Konke lokhu okungenhla kuholele ekutheni okwamanje i-fox gray fox ivikeleke ngokuphelele kuzo zonke iziqhingi eziyisithupha.
Umsoco
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi bazingela ikakhulukazi ebusuku, kepha bayasebenza naphakathi nosuku. Ukudla kwabo ikakhulukazi kuya ngokuthi izimpondo zihlala kuphi futhi kunqunywa yisikhathi sonyaka. Kepha isisekelo sokudla kwabo, okokuqala, zonke izinhlobo zezithelo namajikijolo (kufaka phakathi i-tannic bearberry, i-quinoa, i-prickly pear nabanye). Kuyiqiniso, lesi sidlakudla asinakukwenza ngaphandle kwamaprotheni ezilwane, sisebenzisa izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izinyoni, izidalwa ezifuywayo, iminenke yomhlaba, amaqanda nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane kanye nezinsalela ezidliwayo zomdaka womuntu.
Ukuziphatha Komphakathi Nokuzala
Izimpungushe zesiqhingi lapho ifinyelela ukuvuthwa, izimpungushe zakha i-pair ehlala isikhathi sokuzala nokukhulisa imidlwane. Kuwo wonke unyaka, izimpungushe zihola ebusuku, futhi kwesinye isikhathi, indlela yokuphila kuze kube yisizini elandelayo yokuzalanisa. Owesilisa nowesifazane kwababili bavame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezihlukene eziseduze nendawo efinyelela kumakhilomitha-skwele ayi-0,5, yize izigaba zabo ngazinye, ngokwezinga elithile noma kwenye, zimbozwa ngokwengxenye phakathi kwabo nezigaba zababili abangomakhelwane. Izimpungushe zesiqhingi zihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu kune-fox empunga, futhi cishe imayela elilodwa lesikwele nge-fox eyodwa. Imingcele yensimu yabesilisa iguquka kaningi kunensikazi, kuyilapho indawo yowesifazane eyakha umbhangqwana phakathi nesikhathi sokuzalelwa ihlanganiswa endaweni evamile yomndeni nowesilisa futhi ivikelwe ngokuhlanganyela.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimpungushe kungumbono, imisindo kanye nephunga. Ebusuku, uvame ukuzwa ukukhonkotha kwezimpungushe, imisindo yomunye nomunye. Ukuxhumana ngomlomo ngesimo sokukhonkotha nokukhonkotha, ngokubamba iqhaza kobuso nokuma komzimba, kusiza ukukhomba ababongayo noma abangaphansi kwabodwa. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhanjiswa kungakhonjiswa emhlanganweni ngokwehlisa ikhanda, ukuqondisa izindlebe, ukukhala, ukukhotha umlingani nokungabikho koxhumano lwamehlo ngqo (iso ngamehlo). Iphunga elibukhali lidlala indima ebalulekile ekumakweni kwezindawo, ezenziwa umchamo nodoti, okubekwe emngceleni weziza kanye nezindlela eziphambili zokuhamba kwezimpungushe.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana nokukhwelwa kwehla ngoJanuwari - Ephreli futhi kuya ngobubanzi bendawo. Izimpungushe zeziqhingi zihlela ezindaweni zokuphumula zomhlaba, iziqu zemithi eziyize, izinqwaba zamatshe, izihlahla, imihume nezinye izakhiwo zokwenziwa. Yize imvamisa bengazakheli izindlu zabo zokukhosela bebodwa, kodwa lapho kungekho thambo elifanele, basalimba bodwa ngesimo somgodi omncane emhlabathini.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-51-63. Imidlwane izalelwa emgodini ivikelwe kahle futhi ifakwe ngokucophelela emfucumeni wesitshalo owomile. Njengamanye ama-canines, abesilisa badlala indima ebalulekile ekondleni kwabo, ekuvikeleni nasekuqeqesheni. Usayizi welitha ulinganisa izimpungushe ezi-4, kepha zisukela ku-1 kuye ku-10. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ziyizimpumputhe futhi azisizakali ngokuzalwa futhi zinesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-100. Umama ubondla ubisi emavikini okuqala angama-7-9, yize evela emgodini futhi aqala ukukhipha ukudla okulethwe ngabazali babo eneminyaka eyodwa yenyanga. Izimpungushe ezincane, ngemuva kokusuka emgodini futhi zizimele, zivame ukuhlala ziseduze kwendawo yazo, esizeni sabazali bazo isikhathi esithe xaxa. Bafinyelela usayizi ogcwele wabantu abadala ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, kepha bavame ukushiya abazali babo ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba. Izimpungushe zifinyelela esikhathini sokuthomba sezinezinyanga eziyi-10 ubudala, kanti izinsikazi ziyazala zineminyaka engaba unyaka owodwa.
Izinsongo zokuba khona
Kunezici ezintathu eziyinhloko i-Island grey fox - Ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala, imbangi ngamakati asendle ngaphezu kokudla, kanye nosongo lwezifo olwethulwe ezweni elikhulu. Ngakho-ke, inani lezimpungushe esiqhingini saseSan Miguel lehlile ngokumangalisayo eminyakeni emi-5 eyedlule: ukube ngonyaka we-1994 inani lezimpungushe lalilinganiselwa ezilwaneni ezingama-450, khona-ke ngo-1998 bekuqukethe izilwane ezingama-40 kuphela. Kuncane okwaziwayo ngezimpungushe eziqhingini zaseSanta Rosa. Isibalo sezimpungushe esiqhingini saseSanta Cruz sinezilwane ezingaba ngu-100-133. Imbangela eyinhloko yokufa yizinkozi zegolide. Esiqhingini saseSanta Catalina, izimpungushe eziningi zafa ngonyaka we-1999 kusuka kumarabi angeniswa nezinja. Ukugoma okwalandela kwezimpungushe kuholele ekubuyiselweni okuyingxenye kwabantu bendawo zezimpungushe futhi njengamanje ziningi kakhulu. Inani lezimpungushe esiqhingini saseSan Clemente liphezulu, futhi eSan Nicolas inani labantu lihlala lishintsha njalo. Konke lokhu okungenhla kuholele ekutheni njengamanje lesi siqhingi sempunga esivikelekile sivikeleke ngokuphelele kuzo zonke iziqhingi eziyisithupha.
Ngenxa yokuba khona kwayo okwehlukile, izimpungushe zesiqhingi azinakho ukuzivikela kwemvelo kwamagciwane nezifo ezilethwa ezweni, futhi zithinta kakhulu lezo ezithwelwa izinja zasendaweni. Inani elikhulu lezimpungushe liyafa ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto eziqhingini zaseSanta Catalina, San Clement naseSan Nicholas. Isibalo sezimpungushe zesiqhingi sesihle sisuka kubantu abayizi-6,000 ngonyaka we-1994, saya ngaphansi kuka-1,500 ngonyaka we-2002. Esiqhingini esisenyakatho, lapho ukwehla kubangelwa ikakhulu ukuqagelwa kwethonya lezinkozi zegolide, izimpungushe ziningi kakhulu ezindaweni ezivaliwe kakhulu ezivela ngaphezulu, kufaka phakathi izihlahla zamakhasi ezinameva nokutshala. dill omnandi (Foeniculum vulgare) neminye imiphakathi yezitshalo zesihlahla.