I-heroine yendatshana yethu namuhla ayinakubizwa ngokuthi isilwane esihle. Kwabaningi, lo msele onemigqa ubangela ukuzijabulisa okungathandeki. Lokhu kungenxa yokubonakala kwesilwane, nangendlela ekuthola ngayo ukudla. Kepha akubona bonke abantu abazi ukuthi lo msele onemigqa ubhalwe ku-Red Book njengesilwane, isibalo sawo sincishiswe kakhulu.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi ziyini ngempela ama-hyenas, yiziphi izici anazo nokuthi zihluke kanjani kwezinye ezifakiwe.
Ukusakazeka kwe-Hyena Striped
Lokhu kungummeleli ocacile womndeni omncane we-hyena. Uhlobo kuphela oluvela emndenini olutholakala ngaphandle kwe-Afrika. Sisatshalaliswa eNyakatho ne-Afrika, e-Asia, kusukela olwandle iMedithera kuya eLwandle lweBengal. Kukholelwa ukuthi i-hyena eyimichilo e-Asia iyimbangi yehlosi emzabalazweni wesisetshenziswa esikhulu - inyama. Kutholakala eCentral naseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga neNdiya, eningizimu abantu bayancipha futhi abekho eCeylon, kepha njengasemazweni alele empumalanga.
E-Afrika engaseningizimu yeSahara, i-hyena enjalo iyatholakala, kepha eningizimu yesifunda inani lezilwane liyancipha. Ihlala empumalanga naseningizimu yeTurkey, Pakistan, Iran, Nepal, Afghanistan, Peninsula yase-Arabia, ifinyelela eDzungaria naseTibet. Izifunda ezisenyakatho yendawo yazo yokuhlala kunezintaba zaseKopetdag (iTurkmenistan) kanye nezansi kweGreater Caucasus. Imibala emicu yeCaucasus eRussia ayitholakali kuphela ezindaweni eziseningizimu neDagestan. Kodwa-ke, akahlali lapho unomphela, futhi kwesinye isikhathi unqamula iTerek evela e-Azerbaijan.
Izici zangaphandle
Ukuchazwa kwe-hyena eyimichilo, etholakala ezincwadini eziningi zabathandi bezilwane, kukhombisa ukuthi yisilwane esikhulu esinezinwele ezinde esinomzimba esifushane, esinemilenze emincane egobile futhi esinamandla. Imilenze yangemuva inamandla ngokwengeziwe futhi imfushane. Umsila u-shaggy futhi mfushane. Ijazi alivamile, linzima futhi liqinile.
Ikhanda likhulu futhi kunalokho libanzi, isihlalo somzimba sibunjiwe kancane, izindlebe zikhulu, futhi zikhonjiswe kancane emaphethelweni. Ama-striped hyenas angabanikazi bemihlathini enamandla kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo - ingcindezi yabo ifinyelela kumakhilogremu angamashumi amahlanu ngesentimitha esisodwa.
Ngemuva kwe-hyena kukhona ikamu eliqonde phezulu, elimnyama, eliqukethe izinwele ezinde ezimfishane. Ebungozini, uphakama ku-mane futhi ngasikhathi sinye umhlaseli ubonakala mude kakhulu kunokuphakama kwakhe.
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I-strena enemichilo (i-Latin Hyaena hyaena) ingelinye lamalungu amane asindile omndeni wakwaHyaenidae futhi uhlala ngaphandle kwe-Afrika. Ungolunye lwezinhlobo ezihlonishwa yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature ngokuthi lusondele endaweni engcuphekile. Isamba sonke silinganiselwa kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-5-14. Ezindaweni eziningi zobubanzi obumatasatasa, isilwane siyivelakancane.
EGibhithe lasendulo, inhlanzeko enemigqa yayilungiswa futhi isetshenziselwe ukuzingela izilwane ezincane, kanye nokukhuluphaliswa futhi kudliwe. Lokhu kufakazelwa yimidwebo ethuneni likanumzana wasendulo ohlonishwayo waseGibhithe uMereruki, owatholakala endaweni yaseSakkara, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-30 eningizimu yeCairo.
Le maminy inomqondo okhulisiwe futhi kulula ukuyiqeqesha lapho icabanga ngezimpawu zayo zengqondo. Phakathi kwabantu abaningi, iyadume futhi ibhekwa njengomkhiqizo wamandla angcolile.
ENdiya, ulimi lwe-hyena lubonwa njenge-anti-tumor agent esebenza ngempumelelo, futhi amafutha asetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-rheumatism. E-Afghanistan, kusetshenziswa izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zomzimba wakhe ukwenza izichitho.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Le ndawo itholakala eNyakatho naseMpumalanga Afrika, eNtshonalanga naseCentral Asia, nase-Indian subcontinent. Ama-strena ama-strena atholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinesimo sezulu esomile noma esomile futhi sigxiliwe nezihlahlana ezi-sparse. Igwema amahlathi kanye nogwadule, yize kunabantu abancane abahamba bodwa ezindaweni eziphakathi kweSahara neNhlonhlo yase-Arabia.
Kwa-Israyeli nase-Algeria, lesi silwane sivame ukubonwa eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala. Akusabi abantu futhi, uma ibanjwa isencane, ithambisa kalula.
EPakistan, ibonakale ezindaweni ezifika ku-3300 m, nasezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Ethiopia ezifika ku-2200 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, yize jikelele ikhetha izindawo eziphansi njengendawo yayo. Kuze kube manje, izingcingo ezi-5 ziyaziwa. Ama-subspecies aqokiwe ahlala eNdiya. I-North African H.h. i-barbara inkulu kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye abantu bezizwe.
Ukuziphatha
Ama-stren striped ayathanda isimo sezulu esifudumele futhi agwema izindawo lapho isikhathi esibandayo sithatha khona izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-80. Azikho nasezindaweni lapho kunokwehla kwezinga lokushisa lomoya ngaphansi kuka-15 ° C. Okuthandwayo kunikezwa kuma-semi-desert kanye nama-shrub savannas.
Ubungako babantu buphansi kakhulu. Ayidluli izilwane ezindala ezingama-2-3 kumakhilomitha-skwele ayi-100.
Umsebenzi uzibonakalisa ebusuku. Ngesikhathi semvula nezulu elinamafu izilwane ziyakwazi ukuphuma ziyokondla ekuseni nantambama ntambama. Emini, baphumula emashalofini angaphansi komhlaba, emifantwini yamatshe noma emigodini ngokuzimele eyimbiwe enobubanzi bokufaka obungama-70 cm nobude obufika kumamitha ayi-5.
Ubudlelwano bomphakathi buhlukile. Abamele lolu hlobo bangahlala ngababili noma ngamaqembu amancane emindeni, kepha bavame ukuziphilela bodwa. EKenya, abesifazane banamathela ku-polyandry, bahlala endaweni efanayo nasekhaya ngabesilisa noma abathathu. Abamele abesifazane, njengomthetho, basabela ngolaka ngohlobo lwabo.
Indawo yokuzingela yomuntu oyedwa, kungakhathalekile ubulili, isuka ku-44 iye ku-82 metres. km Banikazi bamaka imingcele yabo ngemfihlo yezindlala zezitho. Inombala ophuzi noma we-beige futhi isetshenziselwa amatshe noma iziqu zesihlahla.
Lapho uhlangana nezihlobo ezinolaka, isilo esithukuthele siyakhula, siphakamisa umsila noboya emhlane wasabisa isitha ngosayizi waso. Uma kukhulunywa ngokulwa, ama-duelists alwela ukuluma umphikisi emphinjeni nasemilenzeni. Unqobile uveze isicelo sakhe sokucela isihawu ngomsila nekhanda lakhe wehlisiwe, wanamathisela umzimba wakhe phansi.
Lapho amalungu eqembu elilodwa ehlangana, akhombisa ubungane bawo ngokuhlwitha izinduna bese edlalisana, ebambe umsila wawo endaweni ephakeme. Umhlangano uthule, izilwane zenza imisindo embalwa, zikhawulelwe kwisikali esibuthakathaka. Isici sokuhleka kwe-idiotic ye-hyena ebonakalayo (i-Crocuta crocuta) ayikho ku-arriers yabo.
Umsoco
Ekudleni kwe-stren hyenas carrion kunqoba. Badla izidumbu noma baneliswa izinsalela zokudla zabanye abazingeli. Abadli nje kuphela inyama, kepha futhi badabula amathambo, izinselo nezimpondo ngemihlathi yabo enamandla. Izidumbu zitholakala ngephunga, ngenxa yomqondo othuthuke kakhulu.
Ngenhlanganisela enhle yezimo, ama-scavenger aziphinda ngamaqanda enyoni futhi adle izinyoni, izirhubuluzi, izinduku ngisho nezinambuzane. Imenyu yabo ifaka izithelo nemifino. Ezindaweni ezisogwini, izinhlanzi ezincelisayo noma zasolwandle ziphonswa ogwini. Eduze nasezindlini zabantu, bazimisele ngokugqwala emaphondweni kadoti futhi bajabulele imfucuza yokudla.
Uma ufuna ukudla, kuhlanganiswa ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-7 kuye kwangama-27.
Ama-Hyenas ayakwazi ukuphuza amanzi kasawoti, kepha zama ukususa ukoma ngezinsuku noma ngeminqumo. Ukuze bagweme ukuncintisana okungadingekile, bavame ukugcina ukutholwa kumakhamusi abo.
Ukuzala
IHyaena hyaena izalela unyaka wonke ngaphandle kokuboshelwa kunoma yisiphi isizini. Abesilisa nabesifazane bavame ukushada nabalingani abaningi. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eneminyaka engu-24 kuya kwezinyanga ezingama-24, kepha owesilisa aqala ukuzala kamuva, lapho ephumelela ukuthatha isikhundla esiphakeme.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-90-92. Owesifazane uletha imbobo kusuka ezingubeni ezimbili kuya kweziyi-6. Ekuzalweni zimbozwe ngoboya obunsundu futhi zinesisindo esingu-600-700 g. Amehlo avuleka ngezinsuku ezingama-5-9.
Izinsana ezinamasonto amabili ziqala ukuphuma emgodini wazo futhi zazi umhlaba ezungezile.
Eminyakeni yenyanga eyodwa, aqala ukudlala kanzima futhi azame ukudla okuqinile. Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha izinyanga ezi-2. Amanye amalungu eqembu abamba iqhaza ekukhulisweni kwawo. Ukunakekelwa okunjalo kuboniswa isikhathi esingangonyaka. Abesilisa bavame ukukhombisa imizwa yobaba kanye nesizukulwane esincane nokubekezelela amaqhinga ezingane zabo.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba buyi-65-90 cm, nomsila 25 cm cm. Isisindo 26-41 kg. Ukuphakama kubune amasentimitha angama-66-75.Izinsikazi zilula kancane kunabesilisa. I-dimorphism yezocansi ayikho ngosayizi. I-hairline yinde, i-shaggy. Emahlombe, i-mane grey noma i-grey-grey ifinyelela kubude obungafika kuma-20 cm. Ivela ezindlebeni ziqonde kuwo wonke umhlane. Umsila uqwebile futhi ukhululekile.
Indawo yekhanda ne-muzzle imnyama. Izindlebe zide kakhulu, zikhomba futhi ziqondile. Umbala oyinhloko wangemuva uyahlukahluka kusuka kokumpunga okukhanyayo kuya kokuphuzi okuphuzi, kusuka emikhawulweni emihlanu kuya kwabayisishiyagalolunye omnyama odlulayo ohlangothini.
Kunemivimbo eminingi emnyama emilenzeni. Izibambo zangaphambili zinde kunezimbambo zangemuva. Ezinyaweni, iminwe emi-4. Bahlome ngezihlakala ezifiphele ezingabuyi.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-hyena enemithende cishe siyiminyaka engama-20.
Ngifuna ukwazi konke
Ama-Hyenas ahlala kulo lonke elase-Afrika, eMiddle East naseNdiya. Yize ama-hyenas eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-scavenger, omunye wabahlaseli abanekhono nabaphelele bangabezinhlobo zabo.
AbakwaHyenas bavela kwifomu labo lesimanje ekupheleni kweMiocene (iminyaka engu-9 ± 3 million edlule). Okhokho babo babengabomndeni wakwaViverra, futhi abameli bokuqala bezinhlobo ze-hyena babebukeka njengeViverra, noma i-civet. Ngaleso sigaba sokuthuthuka, babenamazinyo aqinile akwazi ukugedla ithambo. Futhi namuhla, amazinyo anjalo ayisibonakaliso senye yezinhlobo ezikhona. EPleistocene, eyaqala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezimbili edlule, kunesilwane esaziwa ngokuthi yi-hyena emhumeni. Yayiphinda kabili ubukhulu bezinhlobo zokuphila ezinkulu kunazo zonke.
I-Spena ehlanganisiwe yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke futhi evame kakhulu e-Afrika. Indawo ahlala kuyo ihluke kakhulu - ogwadule, izihlahlana, amahlathi kulo lonke elase-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara, ngaphandle kwaseningizimu neCongo Basin engaseningizimu. Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zama-hyenas zihlala endaweni eyodwa. Uboya be-hyena obonakalayo bude futhi buyaqina, i-khaki noma nsundu ekhanyayo enamabala amnyama wesimo esingajwayelekile. Amathiphu we-paws nomsila kanye no-muzzle amnyama ansundu noma amnyama, futhi entanyeni nasehlombe kukhona i-mane elukhuni.
I-brown hyena ithatha insimu encane kunazo zonke, kodwa ibonakala ikwazi ukusinda cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala. Itholakala ogwadule, ezindaweni ezigcwele utshani nezihlahlana, ehlathini nasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika. Uboya bayo obumnyama obunsundu bude kakhulu futhi buqinile kunalezo ezibunjiweyo. Iwugqinsi ikakhulukazi emahlombe nasemhlane. Ngakho-ke, i-hyena ibukeka inkulu kunokuba injalo empeleni.
I-hyena enemigqa - encane kunazo zonke zalezi zinhlobo ezintathu - ihlala enyakatho yezihlobo zayo. Ithanda indawo evulekile empumalanga nasenyakatho ne-Afrika, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Arabia, e-India nasentshonalanga eseningizimu yeSoviet Union yangaphambili. Akuvamile ukuba ihlale ngaphezu kwe-K) km ukusuka emanzini. Une-fur noma grey brown brown, duck kanye ne-shaggy, enemidweshu emnyama eshintshashintshayo emnyama, futhi emuva kunethambo eliqinile elingu-20 cm.
Onke ama-hyenas anamahlombe ngaphezu komhlane womzimba, kanti umgogodla awutholakalanga emhlabeni, kepha ngegumbi eliphakeme. Zine-gaiting swinging gait ngoba ngamaphakethe. Ezimpondweni ezinamabala, izindlebe ziyindilinga, zimdaka ngombala onsundu futhi zinemibala - zikhombe.
Yize ama-hyenas evame ukutholakala phakathi nosuku, ayasebenza kakhulu kusihlwa nasebumnyameni, futhi phakathi nosuku ancamela ukuphumula emgodini noma eduze kwawo. Indlu ye-hyena ifakwe ngokwandisa imisele yeminye imfuyo, noma ngokuthola indawo ecashile phakathi kwamadwala noma ehlathini. Ama-Hyenas anamathele kakhulu endaweni yawo, aqaphe ngenkani isikhala esizungeze umhume, futhi abheke nendawo yawo enkulu yokuzingela. Ubukhulu balesi siza bunokwehluka kakhulu, kuya ngobungako nokutholakala kokudla. Ama-Hyenas amaka imingcele yendawo ebunjiwe enemisebe evela kwizindlala zezitho zomzimba kanye nezindlala ezinephunga elimnandi phakathi kwezinzwane, kanye nomchamo nezindunduma. Izindlala ezithuthukisa kakhulu ezinamakha zise-hyena nsundu. Ufanekisa izinhlobo ezimbili zemfihlo - pasta omhlophe nomnyama, ophawula utshani ikakhulukazi.
Ama-hyenas asakazekile mhlawumbe yiwo anokuhlalisana kakhulu kunawo wonke ama-hyenas. Bahlala ngamaqembu amakhulu, noma imindeni, lapho kungaba khona abantu abangafika kwabangu-80. Imvamisa, iqembu linezilwane eziyi-15. I-hyena yabesifazane inkulu kuneyeduna futhi inesikhundla esiphakeme, esingatholakali kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Nalu uchungechunge oluncane lokuqolwa okuvela kuPeter Hugo (owazalwa ngo-1976 futhi wakhulela eKapa, eSouth Africa). Ungumthwebuli wezithombe waseNingizimu Afrika ngokukhethekile obonisa imidwebo, futhi umsebenzi wakhe uhlobene namasiko emiphakathi yase-Afrika. UHugo ngokwakhe uzibiza ngokuthi "ngumthwebuli wezombusazwe obhale incwadi encane p." Eminye yemisebenzi edumile yalomthwebuli wezithombe ngochungechunge oluthi “Hyenas and People People”. Ngomfanekiso wendoda enesifo sempisi, uHugo uthole umklomelo esigabeni se "Portraits" ku-World World Press Photo Contest.
Mallam Mantari Lamal nge Mainasara. (Izithombe nguPieter Hugo)
U-Abdullah Muhammad one-Mainasar Hyena e-Oger Remo, eNigeria. (Izithombe nguPieter Hugo)
Mallam Mantari Lamal nge Mainasara. (Izithombe nguPieter Hugo)
U-Mammy Ahmad noMallam Mantari Lamal nge-Mainasara hyena. (Izithombe nguPieter Hugo)
UMallam Galadima Ahmad noJamis e-Abuja, eNigeria. (Izithombe nguPieter Hugo)
Mallam Mantari Lamal nge Mainasara. (Izithombe nguPieter Hugo)
Umkhosi wokubingelela wabo bonke ubulili nayo yonke iminyaka uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu - isilwane ngasinye siphakamisa isandla sasemuva ukuze esinye sikwazi ukuhogela ubulili baso. Babuye futhi baxhumane nokukhwaza neminye imisindo, okumbalwa kuyo kuphela ethatha izindlebe zomuntu. Ama-Hyenas anezwi elikhulu, elihlukile, angazwakala ngamakhilomitha amaningi. Kwesinye isikhathi i-hyena ebonakalayo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhleka ngenxa yomsindo wayo obukeka sengathi ukuhlekisa. Ama-brown hyenas aphila impilo eseceleni. Bahlala emindenini yabantu abayisithupha, futhi bazingela bodwa. Njengesibonakaliso sokubingelela, amajikijolo ansundu nawo aqhubukusana, ekhanda nasemzimbeni, ngenkathi ehlanganisa umsipha wawo, kepha akhiqiza imisindo engafani nhlobo.
Umsoco
Kuze kube muva nje, bekukholelwa ukuthi wonke ama-hyenas angama-scavenger futhi adla ngezinsalela zezidumbu zezilwane ezibulewe abanye abazingeli. Nokho, kwavela ukuthi i-hyena ebonakalayo, ngenxa yombono wayo obukhali, umuzwa omuhle wephunga, futhi nendlela yokuphila yezenhlalo, ingesinye sezilwane ezinamakhono futhi eziyingozi kakhulu.
Ama-hyena asakazekile angazingela yedwa, kepha isikhathi esiningi aphishekela umhlambi emhlambini. Ama-Hyenas anesivinini esifinyelela ku-65 km / h ngakho-ke angakwazi ukubamba izilwane ezifana ne-zebra ne-wildebeest. Babamba isisulu ngemilenze noma izinhlangothi bese bayibamba ngesandla size siwe. Ngemuva kwalokho wonke umhlambi uyawugxoba bese uwudabula. I-hyena ingadla i-15 kg yenyama esihlalweni esisodwa. Esikhathini esiningi, bajaha izithambo ngemuva nje kokuba babe namawundlu, ngoba izingane ziluthaka kalula.
Umhlathi we-hyena enezinhlamvu ungenye yamandla kakhulu kubo bonke abahlaseli bezilwane. Ngabo, angabesabisa ngisho nebhubesi nehlosi futhi alume kalula emathanjeni amakhulu e-buffalo. Uhlelo lokugaya ama-hyenas lwenzelwe ukugaya amathambo. Ukuhamba kwawo kwamathumbu kumhlophe ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwe-calcium ephezulu emathanjeni adliwayo.
Ukudla kwe-hyena enezinhlamvu kuncike endaweni ehlala kuyo kanye nenkathi yayo. Imenyu ye-hyena ifaka obhejane, amabhubesi, izingwe, izindlovu, izimbungulu nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinyamazane ezihlala ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala, kanye nezinambuzane, ezihuquzelayo notshani obuthile. Badla noma yikuphi ukutholwa okwenzeka lapho besendleleni, futhi kwesinye isikhathi bamba udoti osendaweni ehlala abantu.Kuhlala kunenqwaba yezicelo zesisulu esibulewe, ngakho izilwane zikhipha ucezwana olukhulu kunazo zonke esidumbu bese zibaleka naso ukuze umuntu angayikhiphi inyama emazinyweni.
Bazondla nge-carrion, bayifuna ngosizo lwephunga elinamandla lokuhogela. Bazingela bodwa futhi ngababili. Imvamisa, ama-vertebrates amancane, kanye namawundlu ezifuywayo nezingane, ziba yisisulu sazo. Ukudla kwabo kuhlanganisa nezinambuzane, amaqanda, izithelo nemifino. Uma i-hyena ithola i-tunga enkulu, ingaluma ingcezu enkulu futhi iyifihle endaweni eseceleni ukuyodla ngokuzayo.
Ama-brown hyenas nawo adla izinhlanzi ezifile nezilwane zasolwandle ezifile.
Isikhathi ama-hyenas asichitha ekuzingeleni nasekufuneni ukudla kuncike ekutholakaleni kokudla. Ama-brown hyenas asebenzisa amahora ayishumi noma ngaphezulu ngosuku efuna ukudla.
Ama-Hyenas azala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, noma kunjalo, inani elikhulu kunazo zonke lezingane lizalwa phakathi kuka-Agasti noJanuwari. Ehlakazekile ama-hyenas mate namalungu emindeni yawo, nangenxa yama-brown hyenas, umgibeli wesilisa ushada nowesifazane ohlala eqenjini elihlangane naye endleleni. Ukukhulelwa in a hyena brown kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-110. Ilitha livame ukuqukatha imidlwane emibili. Ukuzalwa kwengane kwenzeka emgodini - umgodi omkhulu endaweni evulekile embozwe ngotshani (ingxenye yendawo enjalo iyabonakala esithombeni). Izinsikazi eziningana zihlangana emgodini owodwa bese kuthi ndawonye zikhiqize inzalo. Ngokungafani cishe nabo bonke abahlaseli, imidlwane emnyama izalwe inamehlo avulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, asevele enamazinyo. Uma kunesidingo, imidlwane ingagijima ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa.
Yonke imidlwane ihlala ingcwatshwe ngaphansi kokugadwa kowesifazane oyedwa noma ababili. Basondela ebusweni bomhlaba ukuze umama abondle ubisi, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha abayishiyi imbobo kuze kube yilapho bezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili ubudala. Kulesi sikhathi, bahamba nonina lapho beyozingela noma beyofuna ukudla. Ama-Hyenas awalethi izinyamazane zawo emgodini ukuze izinyamazane zingakwazi ukuthola indawo yokuhlala ngephunga elinamandla le-carrion. Izikhala zivela ezinyangeni ezi-4. Ngonyaka nohhafu, imidlwane 'ilunyulisiwe'.
Ngama-hyenas ansundu futhi anemigqa, isikhathi sokukhulelwa sifushane - izinsuku ezingama-90. Udoti we-brown hyena uqukethe imidlwane emibili, enemicu - emihlanu. Kuzo zombili lezi zinhlobo, imidlwane izalwa ingaboni futhi ingavikeleki, amehlo ayo evuleka ngemuva kwamasonto amabili. Emaqenjini emindeni yama-brown hyenas, hhayi umama kuphela, kepha noma yimuphi umuntu wesifazane angondla ingane ngobisi. Ngemuva kokuba imidlwane iqale izinyanga ezintathu, wonke amalungu omndeni ayobaphathela ukudla emgodini.
Ekupheleni konyaka wokuqala, umama uyeka ukondla imidlwane ngobisi, kodwa izinyanga eziningi bahlala emndenini.
Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-XX. Ama-hyenas abhekwa njengezinambuzane ayingozi kubahlali bendawo, futhi abhujiswa. Le nhlobo icishe yaqothulwa eningizimu yeNingizimu Afrika. Ngenxa yokuzingela okuhlanganyelwe kanye nokusatshalaliswa kokudla komphakathi, amajikijolo abona ngempumelelo amelana nolaka lwabantu kunezinye izinhlobo ezimbili, futhi asinda ngamanani amakhulu.
Izimpunga ezi-brown nezemigqa ezifundeni eziningi zisondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni. Lo mlisa wabaqothula, ngoba balimaza indlu yakhe. Esinye isizathu sokwehla kwenani lezinhlobo ukukhula okusebenzayo kwamazwe amasha owenziwe ngumuntu kanye nokuncintisana nezinhlobo eziguqulwe ngokwengeziwe - amabala abonakalayo.
Le yindlela u-Aristotle akhuluma ngayo ngalesi silo: "Babenobuqili futhi bengamagwala, behlukumeza umdlandla futhi behleka njengamademoni, futhi bekwazi nokushintsha ubulili, ngaphandle kokuthi babe ngabesifazane noma abesilisa." U-Alfred Brem naye akazange awathole amagama anomusa:
"Zimbalwa izilwane ezinendaba emnandi njengama-hyenas ... Ngabe uzwa ukuthi amazwi abo afana kanjani nokuhleka kukaSathane? Ngakho-ke yazini ukuthi udeveli uhleka ngempela kubo. Benzile ububi obuningi manje! ”
U-Elian, umbhali wezincwadi ezinemibala ethi “Colourful Stories” nesithi “On the Nature of Animal,” wabhala: “Enyangeni ephelele, lo mbala ufulathela ukukhanya, isithunzi sawo siwele ezinjeni. Behlulwe yisithunzi, bayakhathazeka, abakwazi ukukhuluma umsindo, kepha amabethi ayabathatha bawashwabadele. ”
UPliny waye “ngumusa” omncane kubo, wabheka i-hyena njengesilwane esisebenzayo, ngomqondo wokuthi izinto eziningi zokwelapha zingaqhamuka kuso (uPliny wabalethela ikhasi lonke).
Ngisho no-Ernest Hemingway, owayeyazi kahle imikhuba yezilwane ezahlukahlukene, wayekwazi ngo-hyenas kuphela ukuthi “bangama-hermaphrodites abangcolisa abafileyo”.
Akukho lutho olumangazayo ukuthi isilwane esinjalo esingahloliwe sasingenandaba nabaphenyi kakhulu. Lolu lwazi olungakhethi futhi lwadluliselwa encwadini luye encwadini, lwaphenduka amaqiniso angaziwa muntu.
Futhi kwenzeka ngo-1984 kuphela lapho i-University of Berkeley (lena eseCalifornia) yavula khona isikhungo sokufunda ngemizwa. Ososayensi abasebenza lapho bafunde izinto eziningi ezithokozisayo ngalezi zilwane ezingajwayelekile.
Umndeni we-hyena uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezine: amabala amnyama, ansundu, okokugqwala nemifino yodaka. Lesi sakamuva sihluke kakhulu kwezihlobo zaso: sincane kunezinye izinsalela, futhi sidla ikakhulu izinambuzane, kwesinye isikhathi sidla amantshontsho noma izinduku ezincane. I-Earthwolf iyivelakancane impela, ibhalwe ku-International Red Book.
Manje ama-hyenas abhekwa ngokunembile njengokuhleleka kwezikhala ezivulekile zase-Afrika. Ukudla izidumbu zezilwane ezifile, lezi zilwane zivimbela ukusakazeka kwezifo emithanjeni nasezinkangala. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngaphandle kwalezi zinkulungwane zezidalwa ezidelelekile, i-savannah kungenzeka ukuthi yaphenduka indawo yokuchitha inhlabathi.
Manje kungani lezi zilwane ezihlekisayo zimangalisa? Okokuqala, umzimba wezinhlwayi unokumelana okumangazayo nama-microorganisms. Isibonelo ubhubhane lwe-anthrax eLuangwa ngonyaka we-1897, lapho imvubu engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine ibulawa yilesi sifo. Futhi izidumbu zabo, ezaba nomthelela ekusakazweni kwalesi sifo, zazidla imifino. Futhi akugcini nje ukuzilimaza: ama-oda ahlekisayo nawo akwazi ukwandisa inani lawo ngokudla kuma-grub grub.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imifino inemihlathi enamandla enamandla ekwazi ukuququda amathambo, nezimpondo, nezinselo. Kungakho-ke kungekho cishe amathambo ezilwane kuma-savannah ase-Afrika.
Isici esilandelayo se-hyenas ukuthi ekuboneni kokuqala, futhi kusukela kwesibili, futhi kusukela kwesithathu, futhi kucishe kungenzeki ukuthola ukuthi ukuphi nokuthi ukuphi. Isizathu ukuthi lapho owesilisa enesidoda “esihlanganayo”, izinsikazi zinokuthile okufana nakho, uma zihlolisisa kuvela ukuthi ziyi-hypertrophic clitoris. Yingakho ama-hyenas kade abhekwa njenge-hermaphrodites.
Isizathu salezi “zimfanelo zesifazane” ezihlaba umxhwele yi-testosterone, izinga lapho egazini labesifazane abakhulelwe likhuphuka liphindwe kayishumi, kuyilapho kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo inani le "mpikiswano" yalo - i-estrogen - landa ngaleso sikhathi. I-testosterone ibhekele ukwakhiwa kwezimpawu zobudoda, ososayensi bayazichaza nokuziphatha okunolaka kwabesifazane. Ngendlela, insikazi isekhanda lephakethe. Kwezinye izilwane, umholi angaba owesilisa noma ngowesifazane. E-hyenas, intokazi kuphela engaba yinto ephambili. Ubulili obulungile bama-hyenas ngokuvamile bukhulu, bunamandla futhi banolaka kunabesilisa, abaphila indlela ecashile kakhulu.
Kodwa, ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu, ama-hyenas angomama abakhathalela kakhulu. Ukuxosha abesilisa kude nezisulu, baba ngabokuqala ukuvuma amazinyane kuso. By the way, i-hyena idla ubisi lwezingane zayo izinyanga ezingaba ngu-20. Kodwa-ke, kufanele ngithi umama unemizwa yesisa kuphela ezinganeni zakhe. Lapho ama-hyenas eya ekuzingeleni, amawundlu awo ahlala ngaphansi kokuqashwa "konogada" abazowavikela, kepha awasoze abondla, ububi obungaka bokwenzeka kunina ...
Izinsana kuma hyenas nazo azijwayelekile. Okokuqala, ochwepheshe abakavumi ukuthi bazowabiza ini: amakati noma imidlwane, ngoba abakaze banqume ukuthi imuphi umndeni osondele kakhulu. Kodwa noma ngabe abizwa kanjani, amawundlu azalwa abonwa, enamazinyo akhule ngokwanele futhi ethukuthele kakhulu. Kubo, ukukhethwa kwemvelo kuqala kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa. Ikati ngayinye (noma imidlwane) ayifuni ukuba ngowokuqala phakathi kwezingane zakwabo, kodwa ukuphela kwayo. Isizathu sako konke lokhu yi-testosterone efanayo, eqonde ngqo kulezi zingwebe ezibukeka kahle. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, izinga laso liyawohloka, futhi amawundlu asindile aqala ukuhlala ngokuthula noma okuncane ngokuthula.
Ama-Hyenas anabagijimi abahle. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, angafika ngesivinini esingama-65 km / h futhi awugcine amakhilomitha amahlanu. Ukubuka lezi zilwane, ochwepheshe baphikile futhi enye inkolelo-ze ngokuhleka kwabantu e-Afrika. Ukuzingela, hhayi ukusesha izilwane ezifile, lokho okokuhlanza inzalo okuyindlela ephambili yokuthola ukudla. Badla ngokudla okukhishwa inyathi, badla cishe amaphesenti ayishumi enani labo unyaka ngamunye, ngaleyo ndlela basize ukulawula inani labo.
Futhi izaqathe ezivela ku-savannah zidla u-carrion ezikhathini ezomile zonyaka. Lapho-ke amakhambi ahamba eyofuna amanzi nokudla, eshiya izidumbu zezihlobo ezinzima. Kepha akunandaba ukuthi ama-hyenas akuthola kanjani ukudla, lapho efika kukho, izilwane zidla konke, kufaka phakathi amathambo, izimpondo kanye namahosha, ngisho notshani bungagawulwa buhlanzeke. Ngokwenele yalokhu kugcwala kwesisu, imifino ibamba kahle esidlekeni noma esixekweni somngane ongakhathaleli ngaphandle kokuyibona.
Ngemuva kokudla, izilwane zingena ekuphumuleni ntambama, zilala phansi emthunzini bese zizifafaza ngomhlaba. Ngokuvamile, bathanda ukuthatha amabhati ahlukahlukene - namanzi, nodaka, nothuli. Kunesici esisodwa esihlangene nalokhu kuthakazela kwabo, okusobala ukuthi akwenzeli ukuhleleka kwama-Afrika kukhange emehlweni omuntu: ama-hyenas athanda ukugcwala eziseleni ezihluthisiwe. Kucace bha ukuthi ngemuva kwenqubo enjalo isilwane siyanuka, ukusibeka ngobumnene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ososayensi bethole, lapho leli phunga livakala kakhudlwana, bahlonipha kakhulu umnikazi walo. Kepha ama-hyenas ahlala engenandaba nemithi emnandi esezweni yoboya bezizwe zakini ...
Nanka ama-oda ahlekisayo esibhakabhakeni sase-Afrika.
imithombo
http://shkolazhizni.ru/archive/0/n-29371/
http://www.animalsglobe.ru/gieni/
http://superspeak.ru/index.php?showtopic=540
Nasi isikhumbuzo sezilwane ezihehayo: Bunch, coati noma nje ekhalenifuthi lapha I-Pangolin ehlomile. Hhayi, muhle I-Red Wolf (i-Cuon alpinus)
Iqanda lokuqala likaCarl Faberge
Kwakuyisipho esivela ku-Alexander the Third kumkakhe ngePhasika.
Ngaphakathi eqandeni kwakuno-matte we-yolk we-yolk, inkukhu egolide enziwe ngaphakathi kwe-yolk, futhi ngaphakathi kwenkukhu kwakukhona ikhophi lomqhele wobukhosi ngamadayimane kanye noxhaxha olunepende lika-ruby ngesimo seqanda (Njengasefeni likaKoshchei!).
Umqhele nokumiswa kulahlekile. UMaria Fedorovna wasithokozela lesi sipho. UFaberge waba ngumcwebe wezinkantolo futhi kusukela lapho ubelokhu enza amaqanda minyaka yonke. Kwakunemibandela emibili: iqanda kufanele lihluke futhi kufanele kube nokumangala ngaphakathi!
Izingubo Zesikhumba Salmon
Ngokufana neziketi zangaphansi zenkosi, ijakhethi yehlobo yenziwa ngesikhumba salmon. Uthungiwe ngowesifazane-uNanai ovela eSigodini sase-Amur, yize le nto ibukeka njengejazi elihle kakhulu eqoqweni lase-East-liphefumulelwe uDries Van Noten.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: isikhumba senziwa ngendlela ekhethekile, sasebenza ngabakwaNanai okuthiwa ngekhulu le-XI. Isikhumba sasihlanzwa isikali, simanzwe, somiswe, senziwe ikhemikhali, sicutshungulwa ngamakhompiyutha akhethekile, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho asetshenziselwa ukuthunga.
I-IMZ-8.1031P yezimoto ezinamasosha
Imibandela yokubhekelwa phambili yokwakhiwa kwesithuthuthu yokulwa ne-Irbit ivunyelwe yiPhini LikaMqondisi We-Federal Border Service (FPS), uColonel General M.L. Kushel. Njengomzekelo wokuqala, abathuthukisi bamukele "izivakashi" esezivele zivaliwe futhi zivaliwe.
Kwakudingeka ukuyihlomisa nge-wheelchair drive, faka i-turret kuyo ukufaka isibhamu somshini we-RPK-74M, unikele ngomshini ngokukhanya okwengeziwe nokufaka ithuluzi lomsele - ngeke ubhale konke. I-cradle drive yakhelwe abaklami A. Shelepov noV. Yanin. Imoto entsha eqokiwe I-IMZ-8.1031P (umngcele we-IMZ).
E-Irbit, kwenziwa izinhlobo ezimbili zezithuthuthu zamasosha, ezahluka kuphela ngama-wheel drive. Owokuqala usebenzisa umehluko, owesibili usebenzisa i-clutch. Ukuphothulwa kwesiqukathi esisehlangothini sokudluliselwa okufakwe kuso kwenziwa ngumbumbi u-A.V. Khalturin, futhi wakwenza ngendlela yokuthi isimangalo silingane nesithuthuthu kungakhathalekile ukuthi kufakwe kuso - ukwahlukanisa noma ukubambelela.
Umshayeli we-test A. Yu .. UTyulenev utshele: "Silandele ngokushesha uhlobo olwahlukile. Sasingavunyelwe ukugibela ngezikhali, futhi sazifaka esikhundleni somthwalo olingana. Emgwaqweni owagandayiwe, imoto ihamba kalula, futhi ngenxa yokushintshana okuncane kwamasondo, kwabonakala sengathi amandla enjini akhuphuke kakhulu. Lapho udlula ezigodini, udaka nemigodi bekufanele kuqaphele. Uma kushayisana isondo elilodwa lokushayela, khona-ke isithuthuthu besima, bese kwesibili - kujikeleza emoyeni ngenkani. Ngenxa yalomphumela, umnikazi we "umehluko" udinga ukuthuthukisa indlela ekhethekile yokunyakaza. Ukugibela isithuthuthu nge-cam clutch kuyindaba ehluke ngokuphelele. Emgwaqweni omuhle uphuthuma nenqwelomoya ekhubazekile, njengasekuqaleni kwe- "Ural". Lapho usondela endaweni ebuthaka (ipuddle elikhulu, ukufaka amanzi, isihlabathi), uyama, usike ngesihlalo esinamasondo futhi uqhume njengogandaganda ungashwibeka, ufafaza amanzi, udaka noma isihlabathi. Lapho usunqobile isithiyo, yima bese ucisha i-wheelchair drive. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ku-asphalt, isithuthuthu siyobe singalawuleki (siqonde ngqo kuphela). Futhi-ke - njengasekujwayelekile "Urals" ... "
Ngakho-ke, zombili lezi zinketho aziphelele. Abaqeqeshi bezithuthuthu abanolwazi (abasubathi, abahloli) bathambekele “kusihlukanisi”, kanye nabagibeli bezithuthuthu abanolwazi oluncane okufanele bashayele emigwaqweni engemihle, bashintshe drive. Ngabe ikhambi elilungile kungenzeka?
Ngicabanga kanjalo: umehluko okhiyekayo ngegiya lokunciphisa izigaba ezimbili. Kodwa-ke, ngama-torque akhuphukayo kanye nobukhulu obuncane bokuhlukahluka kweplanethi yezithuthuthu, akulula ukudala umklamo onjalo (futhi ngasikhathi sinye). Lapha ikhasimende linelisekile ngezinketho ezimbili ezisebenziseka kalula.
Ngo-1997, kwa-IMZ, nge-FPS, baqala ukukhiqiza imishini eyi-100. Ukuhlakazeka kwabasakaza ezweni lonke, baya phesheya. UColonel wamasosha ahamba ngezindiza uV.T. Berezenec, osesebenze eKosovo izinyanga eziyi-10 kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2000, uthi: “Ngiye e-Urals ngibe nomehluko. Imoto ihambe kahle emigwaqweni esezintabeni futhi angikaze ngiwehlise. Ngikukhumbula ukukhululeka kokushayela le moto ngisho nomthwalo ogcwele abantu abathathu nezikhali. "
Ngo-2000, "onogada basemngceleni" baqala ukupenda ngemibala ehlukene: i-camouflage (isiRussia neNATO) ne-UN emhlophe. IBorder Guard ikhonjisiwe emibukisweni eminingana. E-Nizhny Tagil URAL EXPO ArM-2000, kuboniswe izinketho ezimbili: ngesibhamu somshini we-RPK-74M kanye nohlelo lwe-Konkurs-M anti-tank missile system (ATGM).
UMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin, obehambele lo mbukiso, wazibona zombili izithuthuthu zakwa-Irbit futhi wakhuluma kahle ngazo. Ekuhlolweni kwakhe kwemoto enamandla, uVladimir Vladimirovich akayedwa.
Ukudutshulwa okuvela kwa-ATGM kubekwe kwi-IMZ-8.1031P kuvela ukuthi kushibhile izikhathi eziyishumi kunokuqhamukela kuleso sakhiwo esifanelwe ukupaka izimoto eziphethe umkhondo. Kuze kube manje, azikho izilinganiso ezenziwayo zokuthi ukufakwa kwesikhundla sokudubula kushesha kangakanani futhi ijubane lokudubula, kepha akunakuphikwa ukuthi bazoba sezingeni eliphakeme. Okwethu, siphawula ukuthi: IMZ-8.1031P ene-cam clutch ishibhile kunokuhluka futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa.
Ifakwe ngo-2001 ngenjini ye-valve engenhla engu-750 cm3, yaba yiSUV yangempela. Balinde yena eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. Baphupha amakhophi ale moto kule minyuziyamu yasekhaya - i-IMZ kanye nenhlokodolobha iPolytechnic.
IMISEBENZI YOKUFUNDA KWE-IMZ-8.1031P MOTORCYCLE
Ububanzi, mm - 1700
Ukuphakama, mm - 1100
Ukuvunyelwa komhlaba okugcwele kumthwalo ophelele, mm - 125
i-trailer eseceleni - i-lever
Osayizi amathayi, amayintshi - 4,00-19
Ijubane elikhulu kakhulu, km / h - 90
Isisindo esomile, kg - 310
Umthwalo omkhulu, kg - 255
Umthamo wamathangi we-Fuel, l - 19
Lawula ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli nge-100 km yethrekhi eceleni komgwaqo omkhulu ngejubane lama-50-60 km / h, l - 7.8
Uhlobo - unhlangothi-ezine, amasilinda amabili, ngaphezulu kwephikiswa
Bore, mm - 78.0
Isifo sohlangothi, mm - 78.0
Ukusebenza kwevolumu, cm3 - 750
Isilinganiso sokucindezelwa ngu-7.0
Amandla amakhulu, h.p. - 40
Ijubane leCrankshaft ngamandla aphezulu, 1 / min - 5500
Ukwethulwa - umqali, umqalisi we-kick
I-Clutch - eyomile, ephindwe kabili-disc
Igiya eliphambili - i-Cardan ne-pair yama-bevel
Isondo elihamba ngesihlalo esinamasondo - Coupling yeCam noCardan Shaft
U-Oleg Kurikhin "IZIMBALI ZE-RUSSIA ENTSHA"
UGorokhova Nadezhda Mikhailovna. “Puff. Izindaba Zedolobhana ”
Ngazalwa ngoSepthemba 1941 ePykhtino endlini inombolo 2. Kamuva, abazali bathenga ingxenye yendlu epulazini, kwathi ngo-1947 sathuthela kuyo. Kwakungekho ugesi ngaleso sikhathi, bakhanyisa indlu ngamashini, kamuva bathenga amakhandlela bawafaka emathini.
Kusukela ngo-1949, ngafunda esikoleni eVnukovo, ngafunda yonke iminyaka eyi-10. Kamuva, lesi sikole sabelwa inombolo engu-13. Ekilasini lokuqala, sahamba noNina Maslakova, uVova Plokhov noVova Roshkin.
Entwasahlobo, ukuya esikoleni kwakungelula. Ngiyakhumbula ukuthi kwathi entwasahlobo uLyosha Maslakov, umfowabo kaNina, wasihola wawela umfula, sadlula "i-Alyoshin Bochag", saya eShelbutova Hill sadlula enkundleni saya esikoleni. Uhambe ngalesi sikhathi emabhuthini enjoloba. Futhi lapho bebuyela emuva, umfula wachitha ngokuphelele futhi wagcwala ibhuloho. Lapho-ke ibhuloho laliphansi kakhulu, futhi lagxila ngaphansi kwethu. Amanzi ayephakeme kunamabhuthi, kepha akukho lutho olwasala, saqala ukuwela. Amabhuzu athola amanzi abandayo asemifuleni, samvula sabaleka saya ekhaya siyoma.
Kamuva baqala ukwakha idamu, kodwa-ke kodwa abaligcwalisanga kuze kube sekupheleni, kepha bashiya umzila wamanzi. Sike sahamba noVovka Plokhov, wabe esewela kulesi siteshi. Ukusakaza kwakushesha kakhulu. Mina nabafana sikwazile ukubamba uVovka, nebhuthini lakhe labhukuda. Angikhumbuli ukuthi safika kanjani ekhaya, kodwa konke kwaphela kahle. Kamuva, kwafika isikole esikoleni sokuthi izingane zasePykhta akufanele zivunyelwe ukuya ekhaya zodwa. Futhi sasilinde omunye nomunye ngemuva kwekilasi, ukuze sifinyelele edolobhaneni ngokuphepha.
Futhi kanye ebusika kwaba nesivunguvungu esinamandla kakhulu seqhwa kangangokuba akukho lutho olwabonakala. Siphume isikole salibangisa edolobhaneni. Lapho sisondela emfuleni, kuvela ukuthi sesilahlekelwe ngumgwaqo futhi sasingayi ebhulohweni, kodwa siye edamini. Futhi ukusuka lapho ukuya endlini kwakusafanele kudlule ensimini.
Kwakunzima namanzi, bayahamba bayolanda amabhakede okuzothambisa, noma emfuleni, noma echibini. Amabhuloho akhiwa echibini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi sesivele saya lapho siyohlanza izingubo. Kwakungelula futhi ukufika emthonjeni ophuzayo, edabula egcekeni lethu kwakukhona indlela eya emthonjeni ngasemfuleni. Ithambeka elisegcekeni, ngemuva kwegceke lethu, lalinamandla ngokwanele, futhi indlela encane yehla ivela emagqumeni amathathu. Ukubuyela emuva kwakunzima kakhulu, indlela yayincane futhi inesihlabathi. Nge-rocker bekungakhululeki ngokuphelele. Ngesinye isikhathi, baqala ukweba engadini: kungaba ngamabhange azonyamalala ocingweni, noma okunye. Angazi ukuthi ngubani owenze lokhu, kodwa umama wami waya epulazini elihlanganisiwe wangicela ukuthi ngivale indinyana. Indlu yavalwa kungekudala, futhi kwenziwa indlela eya emthonjeni eduze neMalashina Gora (ngemuva kwendlu enguNo. 41). Kwakukhona umthombo osasele ngemuva kwamaBasovs, hhayi kude nendawo yokudlala yamanje. Wayesondele emaphethelweni omfula, kepha ngesikhathi sezikhukhula wayehlala ezikhukhula.
Bezihlala zigcina izinkomo ezazihlala esibayeni. Sasinenkukhu kanye namahansi, kwakukhona imbuzi, njalo sasigcina ingulube. Kwakugcinwa izingulube nomakhelwane. Uma sisika ingulube, bese siyayihlukanisa, ngokwengxenye yathathwa ngu-Aunt Nastya Maslakova, ngokwengxenye ngu-Aunt Vera Odinokova. Kwabe sekufika ithuba labanye, omakhelwane nabo basike izingulube futhi sebesinike ingxenye. Futhi-ke elandelayo elandelayo yanqunywa. Sasihlala sinenyama.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1950s, sasinokuzilibazisa: Mina, umngani wami uNina nonina, u-Aunt Nastya Maslakova, sidwebe imidwebo ngesiphambano saseBulgaria. Bathenga izithombe nezintambo ezitolo bahlala endlini yomunye umuntu, inaliti. Kwakujabulisa kakhulu.
Vele, kwakukhona okunye okujabulisa. Uma umuntu ebedlala umshado, nakanjani bakhuphuke ngamafasitela babone lo mgubho, kanye, emshadweni kaSonya Mokrova, basingenisa esitofu. Kwakugujwa unyaka omusha noZiqu-zintathu, kuthi ngePhasika abafana bendawo babehlala begoqa amaqanda besuka entabeni.
Izithombe ezisendabeni ezivela kungobo yomlando kaGorokhovaya Nadezhda Mikhailovna. Indaba evela encwadini “Puff. Izindaba Zedolobhana ”.
Merkushina Antonina Kirillovna. “Puff. Izindaba Zedolobhana ”
KwakungoMeyi 22, 1937, uNikolov Day, amadoda edolobhana ahlala phansi ukugubha iholide, adlala amakhadi. Ugogo Masha wagijimela endlini wamemeza: "UCyril, uSasha uyabeletha, uhleli lapha?" Ubaba wabe esebenza epulazini elihlangene, wathatha ihhashi lapho, wafaka umama wakhe nowesifazane uMasha enqoleni, waphuthumisa esibhedlela ePeredeltsy. Ayifinyelelanga. Ugogo wami wazala nonina “ngamawundlu”, ihlathi okuthiwa lalisemva kwe-Storytelling, e-sanatorium. Ngakho-ke ngazalwa. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho sifike esibhedlela.
Lapho kuqala impi, ngangineminyaka emi-4 ubudala. Ubaba wabizelwa ngaphambili, ngahlala ekhaya, umfowethu uPetya kanye nomama. Siye epulazini elihlanganisiwe ukuyosebenza, kwenzeka, umama uzosithatha athi: "Lokhu kukhula kumele kukhishwe, kepha lokhu akumelwe kuthintwe." Ngakho-ke sithole "izinti", ezazikhombisa izinsuku zomsebenzi. Ngagcwalisa imibhede, kwathi umfowethu uPetya hoeed, wayemdala kunami, wayeneminyaka eyi-7. Umama epulazini wayeyi-link, kanye no-anti u-Nyusha Basova, futhi wayedinga ukuqhubeka nokuthola izinsuku eziningi zomsebenzi ngangokunokwenzeka. Kwesinye isikhathi udadewabo kamama wayefika ezosisiza, uLisa Utkina, futhi wayeye nathi epulazini elihlanganyelwe nathi ukuze asheshe afeze imvelo kamama wakhe. Ayikho imali ekhokhelwa umsebenzi, kepha bekukhona izisusa zokucutshungulwa, ngokwesibonelo, ihhashi lalivunyelwe ukulima ingadi ngaphansi kwamazambane.
Lapho manje izindlu zedolobhana ezedlulele nalapho zizokwakha khona indlela engaphansi komhlaba, kwakukhona insimu enkulu kakolweni no-rye. Kule nsimu, umama kanye nobabekazi uLisa bavuna lonke lolu hlangothi, futhi thina, abancane, sadonsa izigaxa, sazihlanganisa ndawonye.
Kwakungekho zinkuni zomlilo, singene ehlathini saya ekhefini, elanqanyulwa umugqa onamandla amakhulu. Iziqu ezisikwe phezulu ukuze sikwazi ukufudumeza indlu ngokuthile. Kuyiqiniso, amakhowe namajikijolo ayeqoqwa ehlathini; kwakukhona i-hazel enkulu.
Ukusondela kwesikhumulo sezindiza iVnukovo kwenze yazwakala, izindiza zezitha zazihlasela njalo. Izinyoni zasolwandle zazisebenza, zababamba. Sasihlala emqashweni, sasichitha lesi sikhathi emisebenzini yethu. Futhi sikuphi isiteshi segesi manje, eduze nendawo yokumisa, indiza yethu iphahlazeke ngandlela thile. Umuzi wethu ngaleso sikhathi wawungowokugcina edolobhaneni, futhi abashayeli bezindiza ababenegazi bafika kithi benyuka, kanti umama no-anti uLisa babelapha amanxeba abo. Bafike ngokushesha ngokwanele futhi babathatha, babona ukuthi indiza iphahlazekile.
Lapho kumenyezelwa ukuthi impi isiphelile, sonke sakhala futhi sakhala ngenenjabulo, ukuthi bekumnandi kanjani, kumnandi kanjani! Besilinde ngempela ukuthi ubaba abuye ekhaya.
Ngesikhathi sempi, ubaba wakhe wathunjwa wabiwa eJalimane. Silinde isikhathi eside ukuthola incwadi evela kubaba, kodwa ibingakatholakali incwadi. Badedelwa, kepha phambilini, njengoba bekunjalo, bathunjwa - lokho kusho ukuthi ungumhluphi. Ukusuka eJalimane, ubaba wangeniswa e-Ashgabat. Usebenze lapho njengombazi nombazi weplastiki. Izincwadi bezingavunyelwe ukuthi zidluliselwe, futhi angazi ukuthi wasidlulisela kanjani incwadi ngo-1947 kuphela. Lapho sithola izindaba ezivela kuye - kulapho sajabula khona!
Ngangihlala ngiphethe isithombe sakhe. Ekuqaleni kuka-1948, uPapa wakhululwa eholidini, weza kithi. Njengoba ngikhumbula manje, endlini yakudala phansi yami, futhi ungena emnyango. Impela, kwakukhona izinyembezi, nakho konke okusemhlabeni ... Ubaba ngokuphelele wakhululwa ekhaya kuphela konyaka.
Ngikhumbula kahle ukuthi iziboshwa zempi zaseJalimane zaziholwa kanjani edolobhaneni lakithi. Baqhutshwa bangena eVnukovo. Ngemuva kwempi, amaJalimane akha izindlu eziningi lapho, nezinye izakhiwo zezindiza.
Ngemuva kwempi, ngaya esikoleni, ngafundela e-Izvarino. Kamuva sashintshwa sisuka e-Izvarino sayiswa esikoleni sePakhul. Baye esikoleni begqoke amajakethi agqitshwayo, abagqoke kalula, okuthile ngezinyawo kwakungu: amabhuzu noma amabhuzu athile amadala ezwa amabhuzu. Ubani ongahamba kulokho obekuhamba. Kusuka ebangeni lesihlanu, kwavulwa isikole eVnukovo, lapho ngaqeda khona ukufika ebangeni lesi-7.
Ngamaholide edolobhana, imishado yayihlale igujwa ngokugqamile. Ngikhumbula ukuthi u-anti wami uNastya Maslakova wanikezwa umshado wendodakazi yakhe uNina. Umama wayejabule, eshiseka, ehlela bonke abantu besifazane, ebaqoqa, futhi baba nesithunzi. Phambilini bewuhlala uhlonipha, umakoti ubapha izipho ngalokhu. Ngosuku olulandelayo banikezwa ikhekhe elalibhakwa ngumakoti, ibhodlela. Umama, u-anti Vera Odinokova, u-anti Tanya Sugrobova ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uzoya epulazini ayodansa futhi adanse.
Ebuntwaneni, kwenzeka, ama-hooligans. Sasino-Obidin Tolya, ayecebile ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ubaba wakhe, uMalume uSeryozha, wamthengela isikebhe senjoloba. Futhi faka uZoyka Odinokova kuphela kuye, futhi bayobhukuda ndawonye. Kuliqiniso, sikhathazekile - uyabhokoda, kepha asikho. Sizongena ngaphansi kwesikebhe, kepha sikuguqule. UZoyka uzophuma ngaphandle, kanti izingilazi zakhe kuphela ezibheke emanzini.
Ngisho noTolya wayekuthanda kakhulu ukuhamba emfuleni, samlandela. Uzokwehlisa kuphela amanzi, azongena emanzini ayogeza, futhi sibambe ibhulukwe lakhe elihlangene ne-T-shirt, sizodla isidlo sasekuseni ezimpondweni nasezisula lapho.
Konke kwakusekhaya: amajikijolo nezithelo. Kepha, njengoba besho, "engadini eyinqayizivele kunqabile." Eduze kweShelbutovo bekukhona ingadi enkulu, kukhula ama-gooseberry kanye nama-currants amnyama, futhi lapho saya lapho amajikijolo. Mina, uZoya Odinokova noVovka Obidin, umfowethu ka-Anatoly. Ngama, ngibhidliza futhi ngisonga amajikijolo emaphaketheni ejantshi lami, kanti uZoya Vasilievna noVovka bahlukana nami, usihlalo wababamba lapho. Futhi njengoba ngangiphuthuma ukugijimisa insimu kakolweni futhi ngivele ngezwa ukuthi baqubuka kanjani kusuka kumphathi wezinsimbi - ngakwenza lokho otshanini futhi ngaphuma ngenxa yokwesaba, ngagxuma ngagijima futhi. Ngiphume ngaphuma ekilabhini eVnukovo ngagijimela edamini. UVovka noZoyka bayiswa emkhandlwini wedolobhana. Kade ngivela edamini engihamba kulo idolobhana elinabamabhizinisi kangako, ngibheka, abazali bethu bemi eduze kwendlu, umama nomalume uSerezha Obidin, futhi ngithola ama-gooseberry ephaketheni lami ukuwaphatha. Umama, kunjalo, uqalekisiwe, wathembisa ukuyigeza le gooseberry ukuze angahlazisi.
Impilo yabantu abadala yaqala ekuseni, ngaya emsebenzini kusuka ngineminyaka engu-15. Usebenze esitolo sezemidlalo eMoscow eSolyanka.
Baphila kakhulu ngokubonga emnothweni wabo. Umama wayenenkomo, njengoba ngikhumbula. Ukube bekungengenxa yenkomo, singafa yindlala. Umama waya eDorogomilovo, wayenamakhasimende akhe, wayephethe ubisi emaflethini. Babemlindile embuyisele ngama-bagels, ushukela.
Sasiba nezinye izilwane. Uma ubaba wayesika ingulube, wayehamba ayothengisa inyama kuma-dachas aBabhali BaseMoscow. Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu baphila ngokucebile kunathi. Uma sebehambile nomyeni wami uZhenya, bangena endlini ka-Utesov, futhi nangu ephuma ehamba nomuntu osebenza endlini. Benzela yena inyama yabo, bese kuba nengxoxo:
Ubaba uyabuza: “Thela amagremu ayikhulu.
- Wozani, yini odabukela ngayo?
“Kulungile, bathulule kancane lapho,” kusho u-Utesov etshela umninindlu.
Ngenxa yalokho, bahambe ngemuva kokuphuza, futhi endleleni eya ekhaya, eLikovo, eduze komuzi kaPasekov, bantshontsha inja. Le nja ihlale emndenini wethu cishe iminyaka eyi-10, inja leyo yabizwa ngokuthi yiBaikal.
Izithombe ezisendabeni ezivela kungobo yomlando yeMerkushina Antonina Kirillovna. Indaba evela encwadini “Puff. Izindaba Zedolobhana ”
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Izithombe: Hyena Striped
I-Hyaena hyaena inyamazane eyinyamazane ye-genus hyena. Ungowomndeni kaHyaenidae. Izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka komunye komunye. Kunokwehluka okuncane ngosayizi, umbala kanye nejazi.
Ngokuyisisekelo, ahlukaniswe yindawo yokuhlala:
- IHyaena hyaena hyaena ivame kakhulu eNdiya.
- I-Hyaena hyaena barbara - emelelwe kahle eNtshonalanga Afrika.
- I-Hyaena hyaena dubbah - ihlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ne-Afrika esempumalanga. Kuthunyelwe eKenya.
- I-Hyaena hyaena sultana - isatshalaliswa kwiNhlonhlo yase-Arabia.
- Hyaena hyaena syriaca - Kutholakala kwa-Israyeli naseSyria, okwaziwa e-Asia Minor, ngamanani amancane eCaucasus.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: I-hyena enemicu ibukeka njengezilwane ezine ngasikhathi sinye: impisi, ingulube yasendle, inkawu nehlosi. Igama lama-hyena lanikezwa amaGrikhi asendulo. Babona ukufana nengulube yasendle, babiza i-hun. Ubuso obucashile be-hyena bufana nobuso benkawu; imichilo eshintshashintshayo yenza ihlathi lifane.
Abantu bezizwe ezahlukahlukene abahlala emazwenikazi ahlukahlukene baveze izimfanelo eziyimfihlakalo ku-hyena ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo okungajwayelekile. Ama-amulets ngendlela yohlobo lwama-hyenas asasebenza njengezicholo zezizwe eziningi zase-Afrika. I-Hyena ithathwa njengesilwane se-totem. Kudalwe njengomvikeli wesizwe, owokuzalwa nomndeni.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: I-Animal striped hyena
I-hyena enemicu, ngokungafani nezihlobo zayo, ayikhiphi ukukhala okubukhali kokukhwehlela, ayikhali. Ingahlukaniswa kwezinye izidalwa ngendlebe. Ikhiqiza imisindo ejulile yokujikijela, imicibisholo nokububula. Ine-sloping, njengokungathi yehla ngomzimba. Imilenze yangaphambili yomhlaseli yinde kakhulu kunemilenze yangemuva. Inhloko enkulu, ebanzi enesihlakala esimfushane namehlo amakhulu ahlala entanyeni ende. Izindlebe ziphazamisa ingxenye yekhanda. Bahlukaniswa ngunxantathu abakhulu, ababonisiwe.
Ividiyo: I-Strena eyi-Strena
Imichilo emichilo inezinwele ezinde shaggy ezine-grey mane entanyeni ende nasemhlane. Umbala ungwephuzi ophuzi ngemivimbo emnyama ethe mpo emzimbeni nemivimbo eqondile emilenzeni. Ku-hyena endala enemigqa, ubude ukusuka esisekelweni senhloko kuya esisekelweni somsila kufinyelela ku-120 cm, umsila - 35 cm. Owesifazane angaba nesisindo esingama-35 kg, owesilisa aze afike ku-40 kg.
I-hyena inamazinyo aqinile nemisipha yomhlathi eyakhiwe kahle. Lokhu kuvumela umphangi ukuba abhekane namathambo aqinile ezilwane ezinkulu, njengendlulamithi, obhejane, indlovu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Izinsikazi zabesifazane zihlukaniswa yizimpawu zobulili ezingamanga. Zifana kakhulu nabesilisa. Isikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi i-hyena hermaphrodite. Elinye iqiniso ku-piggy yasebhange inganekwane eyingozi. Ezinganekwaneni nasezinganekwaneni, amandla okushintsha ucansi aqondiswe ku-hyena.
Izinsikazi zikhulu, kepha zilula ngesisindo. Banolaka ngokwengeziwe futhi, ngenxa yalokho, bakhuthele ngokwengeziwe. Ama-hyenas anemigqa adala ngababili, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ahlala ngamaqembu amancane. Umholi uhlala engowesifazane. Endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo, isikhathi sokuphila komhlaseli uvame ukuba yiminyaka eyi-10-15. Ezindaweni ezingcwele nasezindaweni eziseduze, ama-hyena ahlala iminyaka engama-25.
Ihlala kuphi i-hyena hyena?
Photo: Striped Hyena Red Book
I-hyena enemichilo njengamanje iyona kuphela izinhlobo ezitholakala ngisho nangaphandle kwe-Afrika. Ingatholakala eCentral Asia, eMiddle East naseNdiya. AbakwaHyenas bahlala eMorocco, ogwini olusenyakatho ne-Algeria, ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho yeSahara.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Hyenas awalokothi azinze ezindaweni ezimbozwe yiqhwa isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, i-hyena enemichilo ingaphila ezindaweni ezinobusika obuzinzile obuhlala ezinsukwini ezingama-80 kuye kwezingama-120, lapho izinga lokushisa lehla lize lize ku-20 ° C.
Lezi yizilwane ze-thermophilic ezikhetha isimo sezulu esishisayo nesomile. Bayakwazi ukusinda ezindaweni ezomile ezinamanzi amancane. Ama-hyena amthende ancamela ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile ezomile. Lawa ngokuyinhloko ama-savannah omile, amahlathi acacia nezihlahlana, ama-strpes awomileyo kanye nogwadule. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba, ama-hyena ama-striped angabonakala endaweni ephakeme aze afike ku-3300 m ngaphezu kolwandle.
ENyakatho ne-Afrika, lo muthi onemigqa uncamela ukuvula amahlathi nezintaba ngezihlahla ezisakazekile.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Naphezu kokumelana kwabo nesomiso, ama-hyenas awalokothi axazulule ezindaweni eziwugwadule. Izilwane zidinga ukuphuzwa njalo. Lapho kukhona khona amanzi, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ama-hyenas ahlala eza emithonjeni yokunisela.
Izibalo ezisesigodini se-hyena enemicu zinobubanzi obungu-60 cm kuya ku-75 cm. Ukujula kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-5. Lokhu umgodi onesihlalo esincane. Kunezimo lapho ama-hyenas amithende akha ama-catacombs afinyelela kumamitha angama-27-30 ubude.
Ubukhulu kanye nesisindo
Ubude bomuntu abadala ukusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni buba ngamasentimitha ayikhulu namashumi amabili. Umsila ungamasentimitha angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu ubude, cishe amasentimitha angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ukuphakama, futhi isisindo luqala kusuka kumakhilogremu angamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuya kwamashumi amane nanhlanu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lezi zilwane empeleni azihlukile ocansini kungaba ukuphakama noma ubude, kepha abesilisa kungaba nzima kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, i-hyena enemicu ayiphili iminyaka eyi-12, naku-zoos - kuze kube yiminyaka engama-25.
Ngabe sidlani imicu emigqeni?
Izithombe: Hyena Striped
I-Striped Strena yi-scavenger yezilwane zasendle ezingenamkhawulo kanye nemfuyo. Ukudla kuncike endaweni yokuhlala nezilwane ezishiywe kuyo. Ukudla kuncike kwezinsalela zezinyamazane ezibulewe ama-carnivores amakhulu, njenge-hyena ebonakalayo noma izidakamizwa ezinkulu ze-feline: ingwe, ibhubesi, ingulule nehlosi.
Ama-hyenas angamapheya angaba yizilwane ezifuywayo.Ngemuva kokulandela imihlambi yezilwane ezifuywayo emadlelweni, oonjiniyela bayazulazula beyofuna abantu abagulayo nabalimele, bedlala indima yokuhleleka. Lolu hlobo luhlala lusolwa ngokubulala imfuyo nokuzingela ama-herbivores amakhulu. Kunobufakazi obuncane balokhu kucatshangwa. Ucwaningo lwezingcezu zamathambo, izinwele nezindunduma maphakathi neKenya zikhombisile ukuthi imifino enemichilo nayo idla izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinyoni.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Ama-Hyenas awanandaba nokudla izimfudu. Ngemihlathi yawo enamandla, bayakwazi ukuphula amagobolondo avulekile. Ngenxa yamazinyo aqinile nemisipha yomhlathi eyakhiwe kahle, ama-hyenas ayakwazi ukugqekeza nokugaya amathambo.
Ukudla kufakwe imifino, izithelo nama-invertebrates. Izithelo nemifino zingenza ingxenye ebalulekile ekudleni kwazo. Izilwane zingaphila ngempumelelo namanzi amancane kasawoti. Izithelo nemifino, njengamakhabe namakhukhamba, kudliwa njalo njengendawo yokubambelela kwamanzi.
Ekufuneni ukudla, imifino enemichilo ingahambisa amabanga amade. EGibhithe, amaqembu amancane ezilwane abonwe ehambisana nabakharavane ebangeni elihloniphayo futhi ethuthukisa isivinini esingamakhilomitha ayi-8 kuye kwangama-50 ngehora. AbakwaHyenas babehamba ngethemba lokuphangwa ngesimo sezilwane ezigcwele ezigcwele: amakamela neminyuzi. Khetha ukudla imifino ebusuku. Okuhlukile yisimo sezulu esinamafu noma isikhathi semvula.
Izwi
Ukukhulumisana okwenzekile akusakhiwa, njengomthetho, kuqukethe imisindo engacoleki nemisindo emincane eyenziwa phakathi kwezingxabano nabantu bezizwe. Umsindo omkhulu owenziwe yilesi silo ongazwakali kakhulu ngukukhala “kokubhaka”. Umhlaseli wenza imisindo efanayo lapho ejabule.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Animal striped hyena
Indlela yokuphila, imikhuba, kanye nemikhuba yemizimba emifushane ehlukahlukene ngokwezindawo. E-Asia Ephakathi, ama-hyenas ahlala ngokuxubha ngamabili ngamabili. Izingane zonyaka owedlule zihlala emindenini. Basiza ukunakekela udoti osanda kuzalwa. Izibopho zomndeni ziyagcinwa kukho konke impilo.
Maphakathi neKenya, onjiniyela bahlala ngamaqembu amancane. Lezi yizindawo lapho owesilisa oyedwa enabafazi abaningana. Kwesinye isikhathi izinsikazi zihlala ndawonye. Lawa ngamaqembu abantu abathathu nangaphezulu. Kwesinye isikhathi izintokazi azixhumene nomunye, ziholele indawo yokuhlala ehlukile.
Kwa-Israyeli, amafutha ahlala yedwa. Ezindaweni lapho kuhlanganiswa khona imifino eyimigqa ngamaqembu, isakhiwo senhlalo sihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi abesilisa babuse. Ama-Hyenas amaka insimu yawo ngobuningi bezinduna zezitho zomzimba futhi ancishisiwe.
Kukholelwa ukuthi lo msele onemigqa uyisilwane esibuya ebusuku. Kodwa-ke, amakhamera wesicupho aqopha i-hyena enemicu emikhawulweni ebanzi yasemini ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kubantu.
Habitat
I-hyena enemigqa ithanda ugwadule lobumba, kepha ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinamatshe. Ihlala ezindaweni eziyinyumba kakhulu, evame ukumbozwa ngezihlahla ezinameva. I-Hyena itholakala phakathi kwamagquma anamadwala nasezitaladini, nasezindongeni ezivulekile ezinezitezi zotshani obukhulu. Uzama ukuthi angahlali ogwadule, udinga ukufinyelela mahhala emanzini. Ichibi lelo kufanele libe sendaweni engamakhilomitha angaphezu kweshumi.
Lesi isikhafu ngendlela yokondla. Ukudla kwesilwane kuqukethe i-carrion ehlukahlukene kanye nemfucuza yokudla. Akenqabeli ukudla izidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu nezinkulu, ezinjengamabhele, insimbi, amadube. Uma izicubu ezithambile sezivele zidliwe ngumuntu, ama-hyenas agona emathanjeni.
Ama-strena ama-strena aphinda futhi ukudla kwawo ngembewu, izithelo, imbewu, inhlanzi, izinambuzane, ngezikhathi ezithile zibulala izilwane ezincane: ama-rod, hares, izinyoni, nezirhubuluzayo. Abaphenyi bakhomba izinhlobo eziyishumi nanhlanu zezilwane ezincelisayo ezingaba yinyama yemifino emithende. Abanye abantu bafundile ukuzingela izilwane ezifuywayo (izimbuzi, izimvu, izinja). Ingxenye enkulu yezinsalela zezilwane ezifuywayo ngisho nabantu ekudleni kwalezi zilwane kwezinye izindawo zobubanzi zifakazela ukuncika kwama-hyenas kumasiko nakwindlela yokuphila yabantu bendawo. Isibonelo, eMiddle East, amatshe ethuna, ngaphezu kokusebenza kwawo kwendabuko, ayizithiyo ku-hyenas: awabavumeli ukuthi bambe amathuna badle izinsalela zabantu.
Indlela Yokuphila Yama-Strena
Lesi silwane sisebenza kakhulu ebusuku. Ebusuku, i-hyena ihamba esizeni sayo iyodwa, yize ithanda ukuphumula emphakathini wezihlobo eziningana. Ntambama ucasha ngezimila eziminyene noma emifantwini yamatshe. Yakha imisele yayo ezimbizeni zamanzi ezomile, emihumeni noma emijondolo ezindala zamabheji, kumakhompiyutha nezinye izilwane.
I-hyena ihamba buthule ngokuphelele, endaweni ephakeme noma esinyeni, futhi ingahamba inganakwa noma ngabe uhlala eduze nomuntu. Ijubane layo alidluli amakhilomitha ayisishiyagalombili ngehora. Ukuthola indlela yokufuna ukudla, i-hyena ayisebenzisi ukuqondisa komoya, kuyilapho izwa khona iphunga le-carrion elethwa yizimbotshana zayo. Uyisimenywa esivame kakhulu ezindaweni zokulahla udoti ezitholakala ezindaweni zokuhlala, ezivandeni ngesikhathi sokwenza izithelo okukhulu.
I-hyena enemigqa iqaphela kakhulu. Unokuzwa okuhle nokunuka kokuhogela: lezi zilwane zizwa imisindo engafinyeleleki endlebeni yomuntu. Babamba kude kakhulu nemisindo eyenziwa abanye abahlaseli. Imvamisa zihola amabhungane ekuphangeni, ezingaba kude kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-hyenas ayimigqa ayizilwane ezinendlela yokuxhumana esekwe ngephunga. Zine-anal gland elimnandi, imfihlo yalo ephawula imingcele yendawo yazo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isilwane ngasinye sinephunga elihlukile.
Isisetshenziswa senhlalo
I-hyena enemigqa ithathwa njengeyisizungu, ngoba ikhiqiza ifolishi ngalinye. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi imvamisa eyimichilo ihlala emaqenjini amancane aholwa ngowesifazane omkhulu. Lamaqembu abonakala enhlanganweni ethile yezenhlalo. Amalungu amancane omndeni asiza ekondleni abasebasha ngokuletha inyamazane labour.
Yize ubudlelwano bendawo bungajwayelekile ngokuziphatha kwe-hyena enemicu, kepha ngasikhathi sinye bakhona. Ama-Burrows, njengomthetho, asetshenziselwa isikhashana futhi ngenxa yalokho awazivikeli. Abasha bakhombisa ukuzithoba kwabo kubantu abadala. Izithikamezo eqenjini zivame ukuba yimpi yesiko, lapho phakathi kwayo ama-hyenas azama ukubamba izihlathi zomunye nomunye. Olahlekile empini ukhombisa ukuzithoba ngokukhombisa i-anal gland.
I-hyena enemicu evame ukusebenzisa inyamazane yezinye izilwane. Eziqhamukeni ezinkulu, ngokwesibonelo, amabhubesi, zigcinwa kude nenhlonipho (cishe amamitha angamashumi amahlanu). Ngezizathu ezingaziwa, onjiniyela abanemichilo baziphatha ngokuzithoba bebhekise kwiCroccuta crocuta (enabala amabala) futhi bayivumele idle inyamazane. Abesifazane abadala banolaka komunye nomunye, futhi banamandla abesilisa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Imigqa yeHyena Cub
Kwabesifazane be-hyena eyimichilo, i-estrus yenzeka kaningana ngonyaka, okubenza bande kakhulu. I-Hyena hatching amawundlu cishe izinyanga ezintathu. Ngaphambi kokubeletha, umama okhulelwe ufuna umgodi noma azimbele yena. Ngokwesilinganiso, imidlwane emithathu izalwa udoti, imvamisa eyodwa noma ezine. Ama-hyenas asencane azalwa eyimpumputhe, isisindo sawo singama-700 amagremu. Ezinsukwini ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye kamuva, amehlo nezindlebe zabo zivulekile.
Eminyakeni ecishe ibe inyanga, imidlwane isivele ikwazi ukudla nokugaya ukudla okuqinile. Kepha insikazi, njengomthetho, iyaqhubeka ibondla ubisi, ize iphenduke izinyanga eziyisithupha ibe unyaka. Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili kwabesifazane bezimpawu zemichilo eyimichilo kwenzeka ngemuva konyaka, futhi bakwazi ukuletha udoti wabo wokuqala eneminyaka eyi-15-18 izinyanga. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni, ama-hyenas azala okokuqala ezinyangeni ezingama-24-27.
Ukunakekelwa kwesibeletho kwenziwa kuphela ngabesifazane. I-hyena yesilisa ayiveli ngisho nasemgodini. Ososayensi balinganise imijondolo emibili ogwadule lwaseKarakum. Ububanzi bama-inlet babungamasentimitha angama-67 no-72. Kulokhu, izimbobo zangena ngaphansi komhlaba zaba ekujuleni kwamamitha amathathu no-2,5, futhi ubude bazo bafika ku-4.15 no-5 m, ngokulandelana. I-lair ngayinye imelela isikhala esisodwa ngaphandle “kwamakamelo” namagatsha.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izindawo zokukhosela zama-hyenas ezitholakala kwa-Israyeli zinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi nobude obukhulu ngokwedlulele - kufika ku-27 m.
Izitha zemvelo ze-hyena ezimthende
Photo: Striped Red Book Hyena
Endle, lo msele onemichilo unezitha ezimbalwa. Akusona isitha esikhulu kunoma yisiphi isisulu esihlala endaweni efanayo.
Lokhu kungenxa yemikhuba ye-hyena kanye nokuziphatha kwakhe:
- I-hyena ihlala yodwa, ayihambi emhlanjini,
- Ufuna ukudla ikakhulukazi ebusuku,
- Lapho uhlangana nezinyamazane ezinkulu, ugcina ibanga okungenani lamamitha angama-50,
- Ihamba kancane, ku-zigzags.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi i-hyena ayinayo ingxabano nezinye izilwane nhlobo. Kunezimo lapho ama-hyenas kwadingeka alwe nengwe kanye namakati ukuze awaxoshe ekudleni. Kepha lezi kungenzeka izehlakalo zesikhathi esisodwa ezingazenzi izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu izitha zemvelo zama-hyenas.
Ngeshwa, lokhu ngeke kushiwo ngabantu. Imichilo eyimichilo inedumela elibi. Kukholakala ukuthi bahlasela imfuyo ngisho nokuhlasela amathuna. Yingakho inani labantu abahlala ezindaweni zama-hyenas libabheka njengezitha futhi bazama ukuliqeda ngokushesha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hyena enemicu evame ukuba yinto yokuzingela.
ENyakatho Afrika, kukholelwa ukuthi izitho zangaphakathi ze-hyena zingaphilisa izifo ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, ama-hyenas wesibindi kade azama ukwelapha izifo zamehlo. Kukholelwa futhi ukuthi isikhumba se-hyena enemicu siyakwazi ukuvikela izilimo ekufeni. Konke lokhu kuholela ekutheni ama-hyenas abulewe abe yimpahla eshisayo emakethe emnyama. Ukuzingela ikakhulu ama-hyenas kuthuthukiswa eMorocco.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-femal striped fem
Ayikho imininingwane eqondile ngenani lama-hyenas. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-hyena enemigqa, ngokungafani ne-hyena ebonakalayo, ayisona isilwane sephakethe. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi naphezu kwebanga elibanzi kakhulu, inani lama-hyenas amathekile endaweni ngayinye lincane.
Inani elikhulu lezindawo lapho kuke kwaqalwa khona ama-hyenas ahlanganisiwe eMiddle East. Izixuku ezisebenzayo zasinda eKruger National Park eNingizimu Afrika nasehlane laseKalahari.
Ngo-2008, inyunyana i-International Union for the Conservation of Natural and Natural Resources yengeza imifino eluhlu olunezinhlobo ezisengozini. Ama-striped hyenas nawo abhalwe ku-International Red Book. Isizathu sokufakelwa yimisebenzi yabantu abanobutha. Ubandlululo lwama-hyenas asenamakhulu eminyaka luye lwazenza izitha zabantu bendawo, kokubili eNyakatho Afrika naseNdiya naseCaucasus.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-hyenas ahlala kuma-zoo emhlabeni wonke, ngokwesibonelo, eMosco, inhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe, iCairo, i-American Fort Worth, i-Olmen (Belgium) nezinye izindawo eziningi. I-hyena enemicu futhi yayihlala eTbilisi Zoo, kodwa, ngeshwa, lesi silwane sashona ngo-2015, lapho kwenzeka uzamcolo omkhulu eGeorgia.
Unogada we-hyena onemigqa
Photo: Striped Hyena Red Book
I-hyena enemigqa inikezwa izilwane eziseduzane nezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Yangena kwiNcwadi Elubomvu Yomhlaba wonke ngonyaka we-2008, kanye naseRussia Book Red ngo-2017.
Ukuze kulondolozwe inani labantu, imigqa eyimichilo igcinwa ezinqolobaneni nasemapaki ezwe. Namuhla, lesi silwane sitholakala emapaki ezwe lonke lase-Afrika - ngokwesibonelo, eMasai Mara (Kenya) naseKruger (South Africa). AbakwaHyenas bahlala bobabili e-Badkhyz reservation (Turkmenistan) nasezindaweni ezivikelwe yi-Uzbekistan.
Ekuthunjweni, isilinganiso sokuphila esidingekayo se-hyenas cishe siphindwe kabili ngenxa yokunakekelwa ngokucophelela nokulawulwa ngabadokotela bezilwane. Ezindaweni zasekhaya zohlobo lwe-hyenas, kodwa ngokuvamile abantu kufanele bondle imidlwane. Ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane bendawo yokukhosela, amafisi abesifazane ahlala ehudula amawundlu futhi ngenxa yalokho angawabulala.
Endle, ukuzingela kuyingozi enkulu ku-hyena enemicu. Kujwayelekile ikakhulukazi e-Afrika. Emazweni ase-Afrika kuye kwamukelwa izinhlawulo ezinqala zokuzingela ngokungemthetho. Ama-Hyenas ahlala egadwe ngamaqembu wokuhlola ahlomile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-hyenas abanjwa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi, athuliswe ngama-tranquilizer, ama-chips afakwe. Ngosizo lwabo, ungakwazi ukulandelela ukuhamba kwesilwane.
Imisipha emicu - Lesi yidlakudla esihlaselayo esinemikhuba nokuziphatha okuhle kakhulu. Isithunzi esingesihle sikaHyena sisekelwe ikakhulu ekukholekelweni kwezinkolelo nokubukeka kwayo okungavamile. Ngokuvamile, yisilwane esiqapha kakhulu futhi esinokuthula, okuluhlobo lomphathi wezilwane zasendle.
